Mobile and Wireless Communication Experiment No.

10
Department of Electrical Engineering GCU ,Lahore

Syed Muhammad Ahad Ali 024-BscEng-17

Experiment No. 10

Calculation of Bit Error Rate as a Function of Modulation Scheme and Error Per Bit

Objective:

 Analysis of Bit Error Rate

 Plot the Logarithmic Graph between BER and Eb/No

Software:

 MATLAB Software

Theory:

In wireless communication, digital modulation technique offer several advantages. Eb/No is the
measure of signal to noise for a digital communication system. It is measured at the point to the
receiver and is used as the basic measure of how strong the signal is. Different forms of
modulation
– BPSK, QPSK, QAM, etc. – have different curves of theoretical bit error rates versus Eb/No.

In this respect, it is the fundamental prediction tool for determining a digital links performance.
Another, more easily measured predictor of performance is the carrier-to-noise or C/N ratio. So
let’s pretend that we are designing a digital link, and see how to use Eb/No and C/N to find out
how much transmitter power we will need.. so will use Differential Quadrature Phase Shift
Keying (DQPSK) and transmit 2 Mbps with a carrier frequency of 2450 Mhz. it will have 30 dB
fade margin and operate within a reasonable bit error rate (BER) at an outdoor distance of 100
meters.
Remember that when we paly with dB or log-type operation, multiplication is replaced by adding
the dB’s, and division is replaced by subtraction the dB’s. our strategy for determining the
transmitter power is to:

 Determine Eb/No for our desired BER.

 Convert Eb/No to C/N at the receiver using the bit rate.
 Add the path loss and fading margins

We first decide what the maximum BER that we can tolerate is. Looking at the above Figure 1,
we find that for DQPSK modulation, a BER of 10-6 requires an Eb/No of 11.1dB.

In digital transmission, the number of bit errors is the number of received bits of a data stream
over a communication channel that have been altered due to noise, interference, distortion or bit
synchronization errors. The bit error rate (BER) is the number bits errors per unit time. The bit
error ratio (BER) is the number of bits errors divided by the total number of transmitted bits
during a studied time interval. Bit error ration is unit less performance measure, often expressed
as a percentage. The bit error probability (Pe) is the expectation value of bit error ratio. The
(BER) is considered as an approximate estimate of the bit error probability. This is accurate for
long time interval and a high number of bit errors. The table below gives the BER formulas for
different modulation techniques.
In digital communication or data transmission, Eb/N0 (energy per bit to noise power
spectral density ratio) is a normalized signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) measure, also known
as the "SNR per bit". It is especially useful when comparing the bit error rate (BER)
performance of different digital modulation schemes without taking bandwidth into
account. As the description implies, Eb is the signal energy associated with each user
data bit; it is equal to the signal power divided by the user bit rate (not the channel
symbol rate). If signal power is in watts and bit rate is in bits per second, Eb is in units
of joules (watt-seconds). N0 is the noise spectral density, the noise power in a 1 Hz
bandwidth, measured in watts per hertz or joules.
Procedure:

 Make a folder at the desktop and name it as your current directory within MATLAB.
 Open MATLAB editor and type your code.
 Plot and observe the effect.

Program:

The program is given below:

clc;
close all;
EbNo=0:30;
berQ=((1-1/4)/log(4)/log(2))*erfc(sqrt(3*(log(4)/log(2)/(4^2-1)*(EbNo))));
berQS=((1-1/6)/log(6)/log(2))*erfc(sqrt(3*(log(6)/log(2)/(6^2-
1)*(EbNo))));
berQT=((1-1/8)/log(8)/log(2))*erfc(sqrt(3*(log(8)/log(2)/(8^2-
1)*(EbNo))));
berQV=((1-1/16)/log(16)/log(2))*erfc(sqrt(3*(log(16)/log(2)/(16^2-
1)*(EbNo))));
cpsk=0.5*erfc(sqrt((EbNo)));
cdsp=erfc(sqrt(EbNo))-0.5*erfc(sqrt(EbNo)).^2;
ncpsk=erfc(sqrt(EbNo))-0.25*erfc(sqrt(EbNo)).^2;
nc8psk=erfc(sqrt(2*(EbNo))*sin(pi/4));
c8psk=erfc(sqrt(3*(EbNo))*sin(pi/8));
nc8psk=erfc(sqrt(2*3*(EbNo))*sin(pi/(2*8)));
semilogy(EbNo,berQ,EbNo,berQS,EbNo,berQT,EbNo,berQV,EbNo,cpsk,EbNo,cdsp,Eb
No,ncpsk,EbNo,nc8psk,EbNo,c8psk,EbNo,nc8psk);
xlabel('Eb/No (dB)');
ylabel('BER');
legend('16-QAM','32-QAM','64-QAM','256-QAM','Coh-PSK','Coh-DPSK','Coh-
QPSK','Coh-8PSK','Ncoh-8PSK(Dif)');
grid;
Results:
Conclusion:
In this lab experiment we observed BER and implement it on MATLAB. In digital transmission,
the number of bit errors is the number of received bits of a data stream over a communication
channel that have been altered due to noise, interference, distortion or bit synchronization errors.
The bit error rate is the number of bit errors per unit time . And also studied the modulation
techniques for BER calculations.

Exercise:

1. Write a short note on modulation technique?

In electronics and telecommunications, modulation is the process of varying one or more

properties of a periodic waveform, called the carrier signal, with a separate signal called
the modulation signal that typically contains information to be transmitted. Modulation is the
process of converting data into radio waves by adding information to an electronic or optical
carrier signal. A carrier signal is one with a steady waveform -- constant height, or amplitude,
and frequency.

2. What is effect of BER on wireless communication?

Too high a BER may indicate that a slower data rate would actually improve
overall transmission time for a given amount of transmitted data since the BER might be
reduced, lowering the number of packets that had to be resent.

3. What is energy per bit and its bit-on-Bit Error Rate?

In digital communication or data transmission, Eb/N0 (energy per bit to noise power spectral
density ratio) is a normalized signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) measure, also known as the "SNR per
bit". N0 is the noise spectral density, the noise power in a 1 Hz bandwidth, measured in
watts per hertz or joules.

4. Write any five built in commands of MATLAB related to BER calculation used
in communication?

1: [number,ratio]=biterr(x,y)

2: [number,ratio]=biterr(x,y,k)

3: [number,ratio]=biterr(x,y,k,flag)
4: [number,ratio,individual]=biterr()

5: ber=berawgn()