Assignment

Submitted to: 

                          Sir Rehan Chaudry

Submitted by: 

                      Abdul Rauf (2017-BME-126) 

Subject: 

                        Electromagnetic Theory

       UET LAHORE (Narowal Campus) 

Date: 
08-05-2021
METRIC COEFFICIENTS
In vector calculus and electromagnetics work we often need to perform line,
surface, and volume integrals. In these cases, we need to find the differential
length change (dl), differential area change (ds), and differential volume
change (dv) in the chosen coordinate system.
DIFFERENTIAL LENGTHS
From the above discussion, we can see the differential length
changes dl1, dl2, dl3 are:
dl1 = h1 du1
dl2 = h2 du2
dl3 = h3 du3
where h1, h2, h3 may be functions of u1, u2, and u3.
A directed differential length-change dl in an arbitrary direction can be written as
the vector sum of the component length-changes:

where au1, au2, au3 are the base vectors.

DIFFERENTIAL AREA:

In general orthogonal curvilinear coordinates the differential area ds1 (dA as shown

in the figure above) normal to the unit vector au1 is:
ds1 = dl2 dl3
thus
ds1 = h2 h3 du2 du3
Similarly, the differential areas normal to unit vectors au2, au3 are:
ds2 = h1 h3 du1 du3
ds3 = h1 h2 du1 du2 
For example, in Cartesian coordinate system:
dsx = dy dz
dsy = dz dx
dsz = dx dy
where h1 = h2 = h3 = 1.
DIFFERENTIAL VOLUME
The differential volume dv formed by differential coordinate changes du1, du2,
and du3 in directions au1, au2, and au3, respectively, is (dl1 dl2 dl3):
 dv = dl1 dl2 dl3 = h1 h2 h3 du1 du2 du3
Cartesian Coordinates:

Cylindrical Coordinates:

Spherical Coordinates:
For convenience, the base vectors, metric coefficients, differential lengths,
differential areas, and differential volume are listed in the following table.