10170394_Dinh Tien Dat_SFM_A1.

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Contents
I. Part A................................................................................................................................... 3

II. Part B................................................................................................................................... 4

 Frequency tables and pie/bar chart for qualitative variables: Q1, Q4, Q6, Q8, Q9, Q10
..................................................................................................................................... 4

 Summary statistics for quantitative: Q2, Q3, Q5, Q7..................................................13

 Using appropriate chart, table and correlation calculation to explore the relationship
between Q1 and Q10, Q8 and Q9; Q2 and Q3...........................................................14

 Summarise Q2 and Q3 classified by Q1 and Q8, make comment on the results

(compare Q2 and Q3 between male and female, amongst behaviour of reading Q8).16

III. Part C.............................................................................................................................. 18

 Using t-test to compare GPA (Q2) of male and female...............................................18

 Test for the significance of each independent variables Q3, Q5 and Q7.....................18

 What is R2 and explain the meaning of this value......................................................19

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I. Part A
 Data sources in Business and Economics
According to Dr.Saman Kelegama, Executive Director, Institute of Policy Studies of Sri Lanka
(2016): Statistics is a mathematical study including the compilation, review and estimation of
evidence, and also efficient communication and presentation of data-based findings. While
using various tools and techniques in statistics, raw data becomes meaningful and generates
information for decision-making purposes. Statistics are really important when it comes to the
summary of data analysis. Statistical tools and evaluates are also used to interpret study results
and to provide evidence to study observations and conclusions. (Sama Kelegama, 2016).

Professor David Lane in the University of Houston (2003) also mentioned that: Statistics help
businesses make informed decisions by providing accurate estimates of costs, demand, prices,
sales, etc; support the company to plan its business on the basis of reasonable predictions and
assumptions; improve measuring changes in the performance of products, employees, business
units. (David Lane, 2003).

 Data collection method in Business and Economics

There are many ways to collect statistics in a business, but the most common is still collecting
via: internal and external data, or primary and secondary researches. (David Lane, 2003).

- Internal data: through the number of employees, employee demographics (For examples:
gender, ethnicity, marital status), finance (like revenue, profit, cost of goods sold, etc.).
- External data: through the number of suppliers used, the number of customers, size of the
industry (things related to the number of branches of the company, total capital).
- Primary research: Information that the company collects itself by forms such as company’
interviews, surveys, self-assessment, internal analysis.
- Secondary research: This is analytical information from other companies.
The methods of collection based on internal or external analysis are derived from two criterias:
qualitative and quantitative. (David Lane, 2003).

- Qualitative: Numerical in general and require meaning or utility context, time or variance.
For examples: gender, politics, exercise, etc.
- Quantitative: Most are measurable and more specific than Qualitative.
For examples: prices, working hours, headcount, etc.
 Methods of data analysis: Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics
- Descriptive statistics are used to explain, display or synthesize data in a realistic way, such

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 that correlations may, for example, derive from the data. (Zulfiqar Ali and Bala Bhaskar,
2016).
However, descriptive statistics do not allow the company to reach conclusions beyond the
information they have analyzed or any hypotheses they have made. This kind of statistic are
really significant as it would be hard to see what the data means, especially if the company
had provided their raw data. Therefore, descriptive figures allow organization to present the
data more meaningfully, which makes it possible to easily interpret the data. (Zulfiqar Ali and
Bala Bhaskar, 2016).
- Inferential statitics are methods for the generalization of the populations from which samples
are taken by utilizing such trends. (Zulfiqar Ali and Bala Bhaskar, 2016).
Thus it is essential to correctly present the representative samples. This is known as a
sampling process. Sampling naturally generates sampling errors and would therefore be a
perfect example of the population by an unwanted sample. Methods of statistical reasoning
are: (1) estimation of the parameter and (2) statistical hypotheses testing. (Zulfiqar Ali and
Bala Bhaskar, 2016).
II. Part B
 Frequency tables and pie/bar chart for qualitative variables: Q1, Q4, Q6, Q8, Q9, Q10

Gender
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent
Male 48 50.5 50.5 50.5
Valid Female 47 49.5 49.5 100.0
Total 95 100.0 100.0

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5
Comment:

JobMkt
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative
Percent
2 6 6.3 6.3 6.3
3 27 28.4 28.4 34.7
Valid 4 42 44.2 44.2 78.9
5 20 21.1 21.1 100.0
Total 95 100.0 100.0

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Comment:

Politics
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Terrible 16 16.8 16.8 16.8
2 49 51.6 51.6 68.4
Valid
3 30 31.6 31.6 100.0
Total 95 100.0 100.0

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Comment:

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 NewsRd
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Never 23 24.2 24.2 24.2

1 58 61.1 61.1 85.3
Valid
2 14 14.7 14.7 100.0
Total 95 100.0 100.0

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Comment:

Foreign
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

No 48 50.5 50.5 50.5

1 31 32.6 32.6 83.2
Valid
2 16 16.8 16.8 100.0
Total 95 100.0 100.0

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Comment:

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 Exercise
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Not at all 11 11.6 11.6 11.6

1 38 40.0 40.0 51.6
Valid
2 46 48.4 48.4 100.0
Total 95 100.0 100.0

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Comment:

 Summary statistics for quantitative: Q2, Q3, Q5, Q7

Descriptive Statistics
N Range Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Variance
Deviation
GPA 95 3.0 1.0 4.0 3.163 .4520 .204
WorkHrs 95 60.0 .0 60.0 25.600 12.1256 147.030
Miles 95 35 0 35 15.21 9.565 91.487
RelSrv 95 216.0 .0 216.0 18.700 31.9862 1023.114
Valid N
95
(listwise)

Comment:

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 Using appropriate chart, table and correlation calculation to explore the relationship between
Q1 and Q10, Q8 and Q9; Q2 and Q3

Gender * Exercise Crosstabulation

Count
Exercise Total
Not at all 1 2
Male 6 12 30 48
Gender
Female 5 26 16 47
Total 11 38 46 95

Correlations
Gender Exercise
Pearson Correlation 1 -.195
Gender Sig. (2-tailed) .058
N 95 95
Exercise Pearson Correlation -.195 1
Sig. (2-tailed) .058

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 N 95 95

Comment:

NewsRd * Foreign Crosstabulation

Count
Foreign Total
No 1 2
Never 15 5 3 23
NewsRd 1 27 22 9 58
2 6 4 4 14
Total 48 31 16 95

Correlations
NewsRd Foreign
Pearson Correlation 1 .159
NewsRd Sig. (2-tailed) .124
N 95 95
Pearson Correlation .159 1
Foreign Sig. (2-tailed) .124
N 95 95

Comment:

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Comment:

 Summarise Q2 and Q3 classified by Q1 and Q8, make comment on the results (compare
Q2 and Q3 between male and female, amongst behaviour of reading Q8)

Gender
Male Female
GPA WorkHrs GPA WorkHrs
Mean Mean Mean Mean
3.1 25.9 3.2 25.3

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 Female

Regularly
Sometimes
Not at all

Male

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Comment:

NewsRd
Never Occasionally Regurlaly
GPA WorkHrs GPA WorkHrs GPA WorkHrs
Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean

3.2 27.2 3.1 24.5 3.3 27.5

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 Regularly

Occasionally More than one

Only one more
No

Never

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Comment:

III. Part C
 Using t-test to compare GPA (Q2) of male and female

Group Statistics
Gender N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error
Mean
Female 47 3.209 .3850 .0562
GPA
Male 48 3.119 .5093 .0735

Comment:

 Test for the significance of each independent variables Q3, Q5 and Q7

Coefficientsa
Model Unstandardized Standardized t Sig.
Coefficients Coefficients
B Std. Error Beta
1 (Constant) 3.157 .135 23.434 .000
WorkHrs -.005 .004 -.146 -1.425 .158

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 Miles .007 .005 .148 1.455 .149
RelSrv .002 .001 .148 1.446 .152
a. Dependent Variable: GPA

Comment:

 What is R2 and explain the meaning of this value

Model Summary
Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the
Estimate
a
1 .246 .060 .030 .4452
a. Predictors: (Constant), RelSrv, Miles, WorkHrs

Comment:

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Reference list:

1. Saman Kelegama (2016). Ft.lk. 2020. Role Of Statistics For The Economic And Social
Development Of A Country | Daily FT. [online] Available at:
<http://www.ft.lk/article/587967/Role-of-statistics-for-the-economic-and-social-development-
of-a-country> [Accessed 11 June 2020].
2. David Lane (2003). Introduction to Statistics.
3. Zulfiqar Ali and Bala Bhaskar (2016). Basic statistical tools in research and data analysis.
[online] Available at: <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5037948/> [Accessed
11 June 2020].

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