2500 Problems Hydraulics

2500 SOLVED PROBLEMS IN Revised First Edition Learn the best strategies for solving tough problems in step-by-step detail. Prepare effectively for exams and save time in doing homework problems. Choose from the largest selection of solved problems yet published on this subject. Use the index to quickly locate the types of problems you most need help with. Save this book for reference in other courses and even for your professional library.SCHAUM’S SOLVED PROBLEMS SERIES 2500 SOLVED PROBLEMS IN FLUID MECHANICS AND HYDRAULICS4 hak Eve, Ph.D, Pofenor of Cal Enginering, a Chong iu, MS. Associate Profesor of Ciel Enginecring Technology: both at the Univeriy of North Carolina at Charlot Both authors have extensive eachng experience i the domain of fd mechanics and. hydauls. They are coauthors of = textbook in fuid Imeshanis forthe McGraw-Hil College Division, Project supervision by The Tota! Book Cover design by Wanda Siedlecks Index by Hugh C. Maddocts, PhD. Liar of Congres Cataloging in Publiation ata vet Jack 8 1800 soled problems in Aid mechanics and hyérauis (by Jack B. ved, Cheng Li ‘pcm. — (Schaum’ solved problems seves) ISBN os7oivet Ie Flu mechanses- Problems, exercises, ec. 2. Hydraulics Problems, ‘xeric ete Lis, Cheng i. Tae foived problems in lid mechanie and hydra ‘Taser Ese 9a 620 1080742 9 aun cr S4se7s90sunsur 9921 ‘ISBN 0-07-O1A784-4 (Formerly published under ISBN 0-07-01978-0) Copyright © 1989 McGraw Hil, Ine. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America Except as permed under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or sdutnbuted in any form or by any means, or sored ina database ot retnieval System, witout the peice writen peemision ofthe pablahe.CONTENTS, To the Student List of Abbreviations List of Conversion Factors Chapter 1 Chapter 2 ‘Chapter cuter Chapter 9 Canter 10 Cater tL Captor 2 ape apie ¢ Chanter Chaper 16 Captor 17 caper casper 19 chapter 20 Capter 2 Chapter 2 PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS FLUID STATICS FORCES ON SUBMERGED PLANE AREAS DAMS FORCES ON SUBMERGED CURVED AREAS BUOYANCY AND FLOTATION KINEMATICS OF FLUID MOTION FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID FLOW FLOW IN CLOSED CONDUITS SERIES PIPELINE SYSTEMS PARALLEL PIPELINE SYSTEMS BRANCHING PIPELINE SYSTEMS PIPE NETWORKS FLOW IN OPEN CHANNELS FLOOD ROUTING FLOW OF COMPRESSIBLE FLUIDS FLOW MEASUREMENT DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS AND SIMILITUDE, UNSTEADY FLOW PUMPS AND FANS ‘TURBINES HYDRAULIC AND ENERGY GRADE LINES “a a 1 2s s 7 ss 108 ry a7 w 6 a an 31s 2356 49 ro 20 om 89 «10 es “7 itTo the Student ‘This book contains precisely 2500 completely solved problems in the areas of fuid mechanics and hycraulics. Virtually all types of problems ordinarily encountered in study and practice in these areas are covered. Not only you, but teachers, practitioners, and graduates’ reviewing for engineering licensing examinations should find these problems valuable. "To acquaint you with our “approach,” particular step taken in presenting the problems and their solutions are itemized below. + Fint and most important of all, each problem and its solution are essentially independent and seltcontained, That i to say, each contains ll the data, equations, and’ compttations ‘necessary to find the answers. Thus, you should be able to pick a problem anywhere and follow its solution without having 10 review whatever precedes it. The exczption to this is the occasional problem that specically refers to, amd carries over information from, previous problem ‘In the solutions, our objective has been 10 present any needed equation frst and then clearly to evaluate each term in the equation in order t0 find the answer. ‘The terms may be evaluated separately or within the equation itself. For example, when solving an equ tion that has the parameter “area” as one of is terms, the area term (A) may be cv Tuated separately and its value substituted into the equation (as in Prob, 14.200], or it may he evaluated within the equation itself [as in Prob. 14.94) + Virwally every number appearing in a solution is either “given” information (appearing as data in the statement of ‘the problem or onan accompanying illustration), 2 previously ‘computed value within the problem, a conversion factor (obtainable from the List of Con. ersion Factor), or a physiel property (obtainable from a table or illustration in. the Appendix), For example, in Prob, 1.77, the number 1.49, which does not appear elsewhere in the problem, i the dynamic viscosity (2) of glycerin; it was obtained Irom Table A-3 in the Appendix. “+ We have tried to include all but the most familiar items in the List of Abbreviations and Symbols. Hence, when an unknown sign is encountered in a problem or its solution, a scan of that list should. prove helpful. Thus, the infeequently used symbol y is encountered in Prob. 25.6. According to the list, y represents the stream function, and you are quickly on your way to a solution Every problem solution in this book has been checked, but, with 2500 in all, it is ine cevitable that some mistakes will sip through. We would appreciate it if you would take the lime to communicate any mistakes you find to 1s, 30 that they may be corrected in future printings. We wish to thank Bill Langley, of The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, ‘who absisted us with some of the problom selection and preparation.? iv a a te Be © al eb. c q G g & “ Abbreviations and Symbols acceleration o aren shone angle between absolute velocity of uid in hydraulic machine an ines velocity ofa point on a ‘otating body or coeficient of thermal expansion or dimensiones ratio of smite | atmosphere imospherc {pple between relative velocity in hydraulic machines and tinea velocity of pint on rotating ‘ody or eoeticent of compresbty or ao of ebsiructon damete o duct amet! ‘rface with or other with Stace with or ober with brake horsepower brake power Brin thermal wie speed of sound or wave speed (celery) Cosas or dachargecoefient or speed of propagation ‘alorepit force oma darn ‘ert fore Acceleration dv to gravity or gage eight or gram ‘eign rate talon Tignema) Specie (or un) weight F(Gamma) creation GN giganewton (10'N) GP ——_igapscal 0" Pa) fallons per minute nthalpy per ait mass r height or depth or pressure ead or hour erage height or depth or head tal per nit weight nergy hed o tal energy head ‘rit head tour ‘etal depth to center of gravity ‘etal depth to center of presse ead fas de to friction ranneg merry Lyrae grade tine total bead oss. tea los devo minor ones second) Inow or moment of nein Inde diameter ‘och Sometimes wed a subscript indicate upsteam joule {rk modus of elasticity or Kelvin or minor los coeticient specie heat rato ocloni (10 ea) Atlogra (1) aja (10°) Iilometr (10m) Ailonewton (1078) iopacal(10"Pa) iomat (10° W). Jeng Fit force o iter lamba) mode tio or wave eng Pagter Sse~ EST i 7 t q : BpEECR ETT Imus fw rate or molecular weight or momento torque ‘stance fom center of buoyancy to metacenter guperesereys ‘lib (10"*bat) milion gallons per daypi Pe Pry ze agoRs ae sesage oft ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS 0 smtiliter(10-°L) tllimeter (10°? meter) ‘meqaneton (17N) ‘megapascal (10 Pa) tile per hour ‘manometer reading absolute or dynam vicosty ‘megawatt (10° W) Manning oughnes cocicent or number of moles ‘newton or rotational speed, Brinkman number Fromde number Mach number net postive suction head Reynolds umber specie speed of pump or turbine ‘emate vscouty ‘Weber umber outow | ‘uti diameter rotational ate ‘angular velocity reue or poe {orce (sual esling fom an apled pressure) or power ound per were inch oe rvs for Codon By = 1/VE por pres seed penne ow at per nt who eat per wn mass Socket beat or vole fow rte heat tafered pe nit weight of uid ohume flow rt pe nt wth canal out ‘due fs conta or Rantoe or ean fore or hye adios nome eng ‘an Cia Ryden is ‘parle as ‘to Senay ‘ie ris cutie adieexyecapecss ereerec ge ats “tt or weight or weight flow rate or work. ‘Satance from center of gravity fo center of premureinx direction romanConversion Factors .0001667m'/s= 1 L/sin 1013kPa= 1am ooze =| gal/min Mig 1 (0.0145 yin! = 1 bar sS0ftib/e= hp O30em= If ‘rst =1 Bes 2Stem= tin 10001 kN’ S2mttoim 1000L= 1m Sat teat 1000 m= ATena eat 1000 Pa 1k AMSNoID 17k = 1A (KN = Lin? 200016 = 100 Sapa Saas 1 150i 1 aog ‘250¢~ 1 mile 2amm=tin ‘400s= day fmnin= 1h 1000000 = MN = min 1000000 Pa= 1 MPs 100cm=1'm {000000 0008=1 GN 10KPe bar 1000000000 Pa 1 GPau a ua as us CHAPTER 1 Properties of Fluids [Note For many problems in this chapter, vales of various physical properties f fis are obtained from “Tables AI through A-Bin the Append ‘A reservoir of glyern (le) has amass of 1200 kg and a volume of 0.952 m. Find the gyceri's weight (W), ‘mas density (P), specie weight (), and specie pravity (8). ' F=W=ma=(1200)9.81)=1.7ON or 1.T7N (p= m/V =1200/0.952 = 1261 kg? = W/V =11.77/0952=12.364N/er 18 Yon! mons 236/981 1.25 ‘A body requires a force of 10 o accelerate ‘grams andi sug. ' Pome 100 = (my 0.20) m= 500g = 00/1459 = 34.3 slags rate of0.20m/s. Determine the mass of the body ia {A reservoir of carbon tetrachloride (CCL) has a mas of 500g and a volume of 0.315 9. Find the carbon tetrachloride’ wight, mas density, specific weight, nd pec gravy. ' F=W=ma~(500)9.81)=4905N or 490SKN p= m/V =$00/0.315 = 1857 kg/m? y= W/V= 4.900.315 =15.57N/m? SE Yea Tons 1557981 = 1.9 ‘The weight ofa body i 10018, Determine a) is weight in newton, () its mass in kilograms, and (e the rate ‘of aceeraton fn both feet per second per secon (and meters pe cond per second (m/s) ia met {force of Tbs applied othe boy te W= COnyA448)= 448 0 Poe tas eee © m= 45 3/0459 = 3.108 tags Fama S03 1084 4 = 1609/8 = (16.0890 308) = 4.904 m/s? ‘The spect gravity of ety aeabo i 0.79. Cale its specie weight (in both pounds per cubic fot and Ilonewton per cute meter) and mas density (in bath gs per cb foot and Klograms pe eble mete). ' Y=O79624)=49.31/? y= (0.79)9.79)=7.794N 9=(079X1.94)= 1.53 ag? p= (079) 1000) = 90 kg? ‘A quart of water weights about 2.08 Ib, Compute its mass in sags and in Kilogram 1 few am) 2mm) me =0.0606stop m= (10646) 1459) =O943 kg (One cabi fot of lyerin asa mas of 2.4 tgs. Find ts specic weight in both pounds per cubic foot and Islonewions per eubie meter BF =W =ma=(2.49(32.2) = 78.61. Since the Qyceria's volume is 11°, = TL6Ib/A = (18.6, 448)/(0 308) = 12390 N/m or 1235 KN2 0 CHAPTER 1 18 AgquirtofSAE 30 il a 68°F weighs about 1.851. Calelte theo pei weight, mass demity, and ‘speie raviy 1 Ver fier 9] = 0083408? ye WIV = 85/0 0880 = 55 46/8? p= ig=S54/022= LP spy £6: talYngonve = SSAIO4= 0888 19 The youre ofa rock is found to be 0.00015’ Ifthe ross speci ravity is 2.60, wha i its waht? FB ¥ng 2.04979) =255EN/m? Wy =(25.5{000015) = 0.00882RN oF 3482 1.10 A certsin pone weighs 46 18/f°. What res mas easy, specie volume, an specif gravity? ' /e=465/922= 144 sgt? — Ve I/p=i/l.44 = 604 tug see Luyi9e=070 LAL the specie weight ofa substances 8:2 N/m, whats is mass density? 1 = vle = 320/981 = 836! LAD An object at a certain location hat a mass of 20g ad weighs 19.0 Non a spring balance. What isthe acceleration de to gravity a this estion? ' F-Weme 190-200 9500/8 LEB fan objec has amas of 2.0 sug see lve, What oad its mass be ata location where the eceeration de togeviy 630.0857 1 Since the mass of an objet doesnot change its mass wil be 2.0 slugs at that locaton. |LI¢ What would te the weight of «kg mast on a plant where the acsertion due to gravity 1000ms"? ' FW = ma = (2300.00) = 20.00 LAS Detemine the weigh of St boulder aa pice where the aceleration de gravity 3.7 ' B= Wma =(981.7)= 15516 136 1f 2008 ofl weighs 105201, calelate its specific weight, density, and speci gravity. ' YrWIV=10520/200~S2616/"0 p= y/g~S2.6/32.2~ 1.65 ups? $8:= Fal none 52.6/024= 0.845 417 Find the height ofthe free surface if 0.8 of water poured into «conical tank (Fig. 1) 205m igh with base radius of Iie, How much adlomal wae egud ol the tak? ' Vue APH/S = a(10P7QO)3= 20845 Vay 0.84 = 132 Actions water aeded = 2005 ~ 12 ~ 71 From Fig. 1, (10—h/2, ot = h/2.05 Vocwumene™ #(/207h 3" 713;h,~ 136m re efce wl be 3013.96, oF 604 na a1 aa in 1a as 16 PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS 0 3 the tank of Prob, 1.17 holds 30.5 of salad, what the dem ofthe oi? iO Vonw=2084in? (rom Prob. 1.17) = (0.3048) = 0.03431 p= mV =305/0.0351 = 889g? Under standard conditions certain gas weighs 0.141, Caluat its density, specie volume, and specie ‘rity relative oat weighing 0.075 ' pe rle=0.14/322=0.00835 sgl? V,= Lip=1/0.0085 =2308/ug sg. = 0114/0078 = 1.87 he specie volume of gs 3601s, what isis speci weight? ' palm y= 0002778 slg/s? y= pg =(.002778X32.2)= 10885 ‘A vertical lass eylnde contains 900.0 ml of water at 10°C; the eight ofthe water column s 30.00 cm, The ‘torn fs container ae bested to °C Assuming no evaporation, what wil be the eight ofthe water Hf the ‘Covticent of thermal expansion (a) forthe ses 3.6 10-*°C-"? B Mas of water pV =px¥e= Puen (010X500 % 10%) =971Ve, Vg 926.9% 10-* m= 926:9 em? ‘Anv= Vln = 900,0/90.00 = 10.00 cr? A= Ary 10000 272, e171 cm io hh + (AT Ka) = (78D + (9 ~ 10{8.6 10°} = 1.7845 cm ‘Aum arn a{1TEAS) 10.006? hg = Vel Aus 926:9/10.008= 92.68 cm a vessel that contin 3.50 of water at SO°F and atmosphere pressures heated 1 160°F, what wil be the atcnnae change ints volume? What weight of water mst be removed fo maintain the original volume? Do Weigh of water = W = raVn= YuaVin (C2AY3.500)= 61.0% ie Yon = 3.580300 “Change in volume = (3.5818 ~3.50)/3.000 = 0.027, or 2.7% (increase). Mast remove (358 ~3.500)61.0), ort 900. ‘Avesta, eyindi tank with diameter of 12.00 m anda epth of 4.00 is fled tothe top with water at 205 ithe waters heated to 50°C, bow much water wl sill ver? ' Via = (Van 4(12.00/2)(4.00) = 452.410? Wino (0.79YAS2A)=AO9KN (Vy) 4429/9. = AST? Volume of water spied = 457.1 = 4524 4.7m? ‘A thick, cloted tcl chambers fled with water at 50°F and atmospheric presue. Ifthe temperature of water ‘A Sptber sand wo 00°F, fd the new pressure ofthe water. The coeticent of thermal expansion of tel 65x10" per. 11 The volume of water would atempt ta increas the cube ofthe linear dimension; bebe, Vom Val + (100 50K6.5 10-79) = LOFTS weight of water = YV = Yn Vin= YoY, AV = 7G OOOTSV i), Yu 2341/1 From Fig. A'S; ue = 130 psa (approximately). ‘A igi compressed ina elder has volume of 100m? at MN/m and a volume of 95 cm? at 2 N/m ‘What is bulk modulus of eaicty(KY? 7 2 ee AV IV~ ~ @iS~ 10071000 200 MPa Find the bk modus of elasticity ofa igi pres of 150 sl apled to 101 ofthe gu causes a ‘olume eduction of 0.020 1 Ke “aviv ~40 CHAPTER 1 ww 10 CK =22GPais the butk mods of elasticity for water, what pressure required to reduce volume by 0.5 erent? Ps=00132GPa or 132MPa Find the change in volume of 1.0000 of water a °F when subjected to pressure increase of 30 ps ‘Water's bulk modal of elasticity at this temperature 33500 pt ~ He re : Aare oe gnmeh From the folowing est data, determine the bulk. mols of elasticity of water: at 500 pi the volume was 1.0004? and at 300 pi the woe was 0980 A ke AP 00-3500 ~BVIV™ ~ (ram0 = 090). 000~ 20 ‘Ari ste container is partly Sled with iguid a 15 atm. The volume ofthe ils 1.23200. Ata resure of 3 atm, the volume ofthe liquids 123100. Find the sverage blk modus of clastic of he guid ovr the given range of pressre if he temperature after compression is allowed fortune eed value, What the coeticient of sompresbaty (9)? A e880 19013) BVP" ~ TB =1 20/1. ST2xUKPA or 187200 Bm UK 1/197=05846P" ‘A eavy tank contains oi (A) aod water (B) subject to variable i presue; the mensions shown in Fig. 12 ‘orespondto 1am. fait is slowly added trom a pump to tring pressure p upto 1 MPa gage, what wil the total downward movement ofthe fie surface of oan a? Tae verge vac of bul el of cane a {he liquids a 2059 MPa for of and 205 MPa for water. Asume te container docs at change tlie Neg Indrostate pressure, ' ap 1-0 "avin" —SzeomremayTa] 4% 2060 mer ans= 1-0 AV ~23850 0? ~ WaT OFA Va 44540 me {Let = distance the upper tree surface moves. 44 0 = —[n(300/4f, x = 0.630 mm 2300 mm pressure of 66 pig: the tank's volume i then 805.407 ihe waters relemed from the tank, how many pounds wl be coleie at stmonpheic pressure? 90S13s in rt 0 ua PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS 0 5 ‘when the pressure is 466 pig. Use 305 00 pas an average value of he tik modules of elastic, ke MP a . By iv OR — =a 0 8A W = (2.4 ¢817.74/1728)= 29510 Ven 817.73i Water in a hydraulic press, ntally a 20 pis subjected toa pressure of 17000 pia a 68°F. Determine the percentage decrease inspec volume ithe average bulk modulus of elasticity is 68 00 ps 1700-20 av, aviv aim 0.0465 or 4.485 decrease ‘Ata depth of 7k inthe ocean, the presure is 7.6MPa. Asume a speic weight a he surface of 10.08 KN/an an an averoge bulk modulus of elastic of 2-4 GPa for that pressure range Find (a) the change ‘magic volume between the srface and Thm; (b) the specie Ylume at 7 Km: e) the Specie weight st Tm te (),= Mp. B17. =9.81/10089 = 0.000761 mas, 8 asa —BSEMRO ay gona Keoaui 21 — xy roommmt 44 ~O" me o (%).=(%), + 88. 0.009761 ~ 0.000099 = 0.0006 mh ry Yoo = 9 81/0046 = 10370 Approximately what pressure must be applied o water at to redoce its volume 2.8 percent? == -8F, sn1000= ' a= st, som. ‘Agus 20°C and 021 MPa abs has a volume of 4 anda gas constant (R) of 210m: N/(kg -K). Determine the density and mas of he gas. Bp pyr r =0121% 10/210)20+ 273) = 341 epi? m= pV = .4140.041) «0.140 eg Wat ethe specie weight of aia 70 pia and 70°F? 1B y=p/RT. From Table A-6, R= 53.31/°R; y= TOMA)/(53.3Y7 + 460)] = 0.3571) [Note p/RT gives» (Prob. 1.36) ory (Prob. 137), depending oa the value of R used. Corresponding values of Rin Tile Ace by a actor of CCatetate the density of water vapor at 350s bs at 20°C ite gs constant (Re O.A62 KPa meg K ' p= pIRT = 350/(0.462)20 +273)]=2.59 kg/m [Nitrogen ga (molecular weight 28) ocupis a voame of 0a 2001b/f abe and 750°R, What a is speci olume and specie mega” ! = RJM = 4970/28 = 1775 - (ag °R) here Ry, the universal gas constant, = 49709 yap") po UWe=pIRT = 2500/(1775)730)) Ve =S325 4 /shug y= pe = (UVa) = (0/592.5}82.2) = 0.040100 (One kilogram of hydrogen it confined in volume of 2001 at ~45°C. What the presate Rs susie"? 4B pmprer=(m/vyer= (1/0. 200,4115) 45 +279) = 4081 10°F oF 4.601 MPa abs ‘What isthe specie weight of aia temperate of 30°C ad a pressure of {70 kPa abs? ' Y= BIRT = 470/(29.3)30+275)] = 0.0529 8N/e6 0 CHAPTER 1 ua Ls as ar a8 Find the mass densty of helium a temperatre of 39°F anda presure of 5.9 pig if stmospherc pressure 149 psi, ' p= pIRT = (149+ 2699(14)/{(12 420939 + 460)) "= 010000711848 or 0.000871 sagt? “The temperatere and pressure of nitrogen in a tank re 28°C and 0 kPa abs, respectively. Determine the speci weight ofthe nitrogen, ' y= pIRT = 60/[(30.3)28 +273)]= 0.0688 N/m? container are 60°F and 20.0 psig, spectively. Determine the "S147 pi 1 p= pIRT = (200+ 4.7, LA) /{(1SS2X6O + 46)] = 00619 opt? ‘Calaat the specie weight and demity of methane a 100° and 120 pi 1 Y= PIRT= (120444) /(962,000 + 460)}=0:321 p= ig 001/322 = 0957s? ‘90° an 50.0 pi, th specie weigh of cera gut wa .0E71/f. Determin the ga conan and ey of i gx 1 YoPIRT 0087 = GOOCHYURYEO+40)]_ R=PHMR p= i= 007/322 = 0.0072 s/t? ‘Acoinder contin 125 far at 120°F and 4 pia. The ars the compressed to 2.504%. () As ictal codons, what rte pears x he aw volume ta he bulk med fesse? (0) Assamng aba cndtons, whe eh oa ret temperate ad the balk moses stetaty te Pv=PAY, —(Corisoberml conditions) ayiz)=(p9250) p00 oa aviv" ~Tas-257s = 20 psi (©) piv =p.¥3 (lor abate conditions) From Table A, k = 1.40. 40)12.5)"* = (p25) pen Bh pie, TFT, = (ea, TI 4460) = (BYP, To TOUR, oF NF, A= kp = Caixa) = $3 pa ‘Airis kept at a pressure of 200Pa anda temperature of 30°C in a $00 container. Wha is the mas of the ae BF p=piter = 200) 1000)257)30+273)]=2.300 kg/m m= (23009) = ASK ‘An ideal gas has its pressure doubled and its specie volume deceased by twothed. If the inital temperature ‘860°F, what the Bal temperature? ' PaUW=p/IRT MRT — pV RT, pV RT: (PP AW MWI=CRIRVTIT) —QX3) = Ty(60+460) Ty =360"R or ~100°F1 12 158 156 PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS 0 7 “The tank of esky sr compresioroigialy holds 90Lof si at 33°C and 225 kPa. Dring a compression proces, grams of lon: the remaining sir occupies 42 at SSOP. What the tomperatre ofthe Femaining ai? Beem pl RT.~ (25 x y/{ST(93-+279)]=2.562 bef? m= 2.560.090) = 02006 eg Pr=PURT, — (02906~0.004)/0.082= (550% 10Y/(STT) —T=38SK oF 82°C Ina paton-andlinder apparatus he ntl volume of sr is 0 Lata pressure of 150 kPa and temperature of 26°C. I the peur is doled while the volume fe decease o S61, compte the fal temperatre and ‘ensy of thew. Boy pi R= (130% 10/2826 4279)]=1.S1Ske/m? mm (1.515)(0.050) = 1368 eg ee PIRT O1MA y= OXI XIOV ANT) T=I2K or WC 1 =0:1364/(0.056)=2.44 kg/m? For 21bmol of air with a molecular weight of29, temperature f 10°F, ands presure of. atm, wha the volume? ' PV InM= RT [25)047)(088)(V/IEX29)} = (533004 460) V = 3280 nitrogen has «molecular weight of 8, what its density according othe perfect gas law when p = 0.290 MPa sad = 30°C? ' R= RJM =8812/28=297)(eg-K) _hete R, = 89125/(kg-K)] (b= pIRT = 29000297430 +273)]= 3.22? Ita gas corupies 1 a atm pressure, what pret is equred to redice the volume ofthe gat by 2 percent ‘der nthermal conditions ifthe uid i (a) tr, () argon, and () hydrogen? 1. pv = aR ~ conta fr tothermal condition. Therefore, i V drops t0 OSH, p must ris 0 (1/098), or Lap There for any perfect ge (4) Calculate the density, specie welght, and specie volume of oxygen a 10) and 1S pi. (6) What woul ‘ete temperature and presue ofthis gu were compressed entropy to 4 percent fis nga! ‘lume? (e) the process described i (b) had been sothermal, what woul the temperature and pessre have teen? te RT = (1514) 182) 100+ 460)} = 0.0004 ogi y= ep =(0O248)22)=OU7R9Ib/R —¥,=1/p= 1/A.00R48 = 405 tog pe PAUDE [ANH KA03)'* =p UAIIO.AOK)!* py = S41 psi Pim PART, (S41)(88) = (00248040552), + 460) T= 350°F () isothermal, T,= 7,= 100°F and p¥ = constant. Lass) = (p40 4(0.40,403)) ps =37.5p ‘Clealate the dest, specie weight, and volume of corde ga a 25°C and pressure of 10000 N/m? abs. ' (b= PIR ~ 600 00/118) 25 +273)]=17.14g/ Y= 98 =(TAYGS1) = 166N/aP? Vy 1/p =1/17.1 = 0.0585 meg methane ga hs specie gravity of 0.55 relative to aca 147 pin and 68°F, what are its specie weight and specific wolume at tha sme presure and temperature? What isthe vale of R forthe gs? ' Yue PIRT = (14-7K148) [53.3468 + 460)] = 0.07522? Ys (0SSKOATS22) = 0.0414 yt? (Vou ™322/00814= 7750/95 ‘Sine varies inversely with demi for red pressure and temperature, Ry, =533/0:55=9698°R.8 0 CHAPTER 1 158 Agassi 40°C under pretsureof21,68 bar abs has aunt weight of 352 Nin. What the valve o fortis (ga? What gas might ts be? ' Y=PIRT 362= (21.858 107/(RY0+713)]— R=193m/K ‘This pamight be carbon ride, snc ts gs constant 193 m/K (rom Table A). 1.59 tt water vapor (R = 85.7 Rn the amosphee has apart pressure of 640 pia and the temperature is 80°F, whats specie weight ' Y= PIRT = (0.60) 14)/(8.7(80 + 460) = 0.00187 U6 Refer to Prob. 15. 1th barometer reads 1440 pi, cleulata the partial pressure of the air, ts specie ‘sight, and the specie weight ofthe atmosphere [air plus water Vapor. ' Pur H@~06~1600psia—y=pIRT Yoo (4 00)148)/158.3}80 + 460)] = OOTIOTE Yam = Yar * Yo Yuoinn*OOO1ETIB/EY (Foe Prob. 1.59) Yam = 0.0700 + 0.0187 = 0.0719 1/8? 161 (a) Calelate the deny, specie night, and specif wolume of exygen at 20°C and 40 kPa abs. () Ifthe ‘sygen enclosed in igi atime, what wil be the presse if the temperature reduced © ~100"°C? to ‘a= pIRT~ (40) 4000/[250K20 +273) 0.525 kw? yo e5=(OS9)881)=515N/mv ——V,= ip =1)0.25" 190mg /V, = pIRT. Since V, na Rate constants, VR Tip = constant, (204273940 = (~100* 273)/ps, pen 26h o 1.62 Helium at 49 kPa as and 10°C is itentropllycompresied to one-fourth fis ongnal volume, What sits final presare? | ' ee 1.6 (a) T9fP ofan ideal gas at 75°F and 2 pias compressed isothermal 10240, what ithe retaingpresore? (@) What sould the pressure end temperature have heen ithe process had been ents! to Plinpah @2Y9)= (02) pee pas o PIPE C2X9)*=(pIO'™ Pym 15S TICS +460) RY Te AOR oF 380°F 1.66 (a) 12 of strogen at 30°C and 125 kPa asi permite to expand inthermally to 30m, whats the ‘esukng pressure? (b) What would the pressure an temperature have been ithe proces fa ben entopic? te pMinpels (12912) =(9:)00) _py=50.0%Pa abs o PVi=pVE (25912'*= (79180! p= 34. 7APaads (004273) — G42)" TaDOK of ~B'C 1.65 tthe vacoity of water a 68°F is 0.01008 pote, compute it abvolute vest (x) in pound-sconds per square {oot the speci ravi at 68"F in 0 998, computes kinematic vison (¥) nage fet pet cand. 1 The poise is measured in dyneseconds per square cemimetr. Since 11b = 44800 dyzes and I f= 30.48em, Ho -s/ft = 448 80 dyne-/(30.48 cm) = 478.8 poses 22.8108 oar tostbeytt ve Ba HM 2H M1022) 69 194 eet ae tia ya GRaTD= .09% 10° 1.66 Convert 15.14 poises to kinematic vse i square fet per second ifthe liquid bas a specie gravity of 0.964. '’ 1ib-s/f=498.8 poses (rom Prob. 1.65) = 1514(878.8= OSGI s/f v= we/y = 408162\(92.2)/10.968)(624)] = 0169 /ry 1 PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS J 9 ‘The Mud owing in Fig 1-3 has an absolute vicosty (1) of 0001015 -/ft and spect gravity of 0.913. Calelte the velocity gradient and intenty of seat tree atthe boundary abd at pints 1in, 2, and 3in ‘hom the boundary, asuming (a) a straight-line velocity dribution and (b) «parabolic velocity dstibatin. ‘The parabola lathe sketch has te vertex at A and orgs a 1. (a) For he sraight sine assumption, te relation between velocity v and distance y is = 15, do = 1S¢y. ‘The velocity gradient = d/dy = 13. ince = 1/(d/ dy), «= dey). Fory = 0 (Lea the boundary), v=Oand dofdy =18s ';¢= (Q.0010)13)~Q0ISIb/ ory = Yin, Zn, and Sia, dvidy and rare also 15+ ‘nd 0.015 b/R respectively. (b) For the parabolic astumption the parabola passes through te pins =O ‘when y = O and v = 45 whea y= 3. The eqaton ofthis parabola is v= 45 ~ 5@3~ 9), dv/dy = 100~)), = 0.0010 (d0/dy). Fory =Oin, v= Oin/s,do/dy = 305" and r= 003016/f. Fory = Lin, 0 =25in/s, Atofdy=205", and v= 0420 fe. For y ~2in, v= ADins, do/dy = 108", and = 0.0101. For y = 31 v= 4Sinvs,dvidy 08", and = O1b/R SS) Aclinder of 040-4 radas rotates concentcaly imide axed eyliader of 042 radus. Bot eylnders are {LODftiong Determine the visosty ofthe lui that fils the space between the cylinders if a torque of (0.6501: fie requied to maintain an angular velo of rp, Toe torgue is transmitted through the fd layers to the outer cylinder. Since the gap beween the cinders is small, the clelations may be made without integration. The tangential velocity v ofthe imerejindet = 2, wheter =040ft and «= 2 rads. Heace, v= (040\2x) = 2.5 ft/s. For the smal pace between cylinders, the velocity gradient may be assumed tobe a trsight line andthe mean ras can be wed. Then, t/a = 2.51 -0)/(042 - 0.40) = 12554". Since apled torque equal reiting torque, applied torque = (tareayarm), 0.880 (.0N2N 0.40 + 04)/2](040 + 042/72}, ¢ = 0618 it = (ley), 0818 = = 0.0090 15 = viscosity of water, d= pipe diameter, and r= radial distance from ceaerine. What isthe shear stress a the ‘allo the pipe due tothe water? What the shea stress aa postion r= d/? I the given profi persists “stance L long the pipe, what rags induced onthe pipe by the water in the direction of fw over this stance? ' w= B/MNNEIA-P) olde (BI4u)-2) = ~2B014 =m (dds) = n(-28 4) = 28414 Atthe wall,r= 4/2 Hence, eg BAIN), Ba ee . raw UDB Ding (rare) = (ra) = (nd) = 4 ete10 0 CHAPTER 1 ‘A large plate moves with speed v over a stationary plate on a layer of oil (se Fig 1-5) If the velocity pro i ‘hat of «parabola, withthe oat the plates having the same velo) asthe plats, what is the shear stress 00 the moving plate fom the of I iear prof is assumed, what isthe shear sues on the upper plate? I Fora parabolic pote v=ay. When y=, v= ve Hence, v= a, a= vi/d. Therefore, P= (VEY) = (DOI) vm MNT — delay =[(0NQ/VEXDO™) =m do/dy)= nl(oaVa) ory md, = pllosXi/V@ME-")] = ald, For alinerprofle, do /dy = wld, €= wold Migs 1L7L square block weighing 1 EN and 20 mm on am ede slides down an icine oni of il 6. 4m thick sce ig 1-6) Assuming near veloety profi ia theo what the terminal speed ofthe Back? The wicosty of the oie Fae Fr ded) = «10-90, H60% 10-9] = 11676, f= tA = (1467-10250) = 72.945 At the termiaal condton, equilirum orcs. Hence, 1100sia 27° 72.9uy, ey = S.16m/s. ae ve. 14% re 1) 172 A piston of weight 21 sides ina bsicated pipe, as shown in Fg. 1.7. The clearance between piston and pipe ‘SO.0otin. the piston deelerates at? f/ when the sped is 1 fs, whats the vscosty ofthe 1 wel 6)= a (0.04/29 = 1200000 Fon tA 120004044 XA) = 78840 Bema 21=CRSAKENEH) = AVBIYH21) = 1.3610 s/t | nm Me LTS A pistons moving through cylinder a a speed of 191s, a shown in Fig 1-8. The ln of ol separating the Piston fom the ender hss viscosity of 0.12015 -/f. Whats the force required o maintain this moto? 1 Anune sonal mei, nee voy ler ew lh Sn. Tod te ons tela conpoe ae henson perio 1303 Tia)) cryeonin face mmale16 PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS 0 11 room? 7 Wa. 1840) toh ig. 180) “To damp oxilations, the pointer of galanometr i xed to Gcular dik which train container of i (Gee Fig. 13). What the damping tongue for © = 0.3 ad/s theo has a acy of 810°" Pas? Nees, tgs ees. 4 Assume a any pois that the velcty profile ofthe oli ling d/dn = a (0.5/100) = (03)105/100) » ir, = (dd) = ple) = (8% 10 Dir) = 8 The force don 4A onthe upper face ofthe dies then d= ra » (480 d8 dr) = 4.807 d@ dr. The veque dT for dA onthe uppet SEVEN array Nios ans)- Sento wig qe Sob as reall [sae ana] -oman[ 290 Nm . Pow d Fig 190) For angular velocity 0.3 a ofthe mechanism of Pro. 1.74, expres the damping torgue (a Nm) a8, function of daplacement s(n mm) ofthe disk om i ceser pontuon (Pg. 1-10). Assume a any point tat the velocity prole of the oii nar; x= a (od). For the upper face, ofa ro(0'3~ 2/2000) = (03) {052/100 x = (8 10->((rX03)/(0.8 x) 4001) = 2atr(05 2). The force don dA o0 the uppet face a he dis is then dP; = td = 2a /(0'5—) (ddr) = [2407/(0.5~2)] (40d) The torque dT fr 4A on the upper face is then dT =r dF, [2A /(0.5 2) (dBdr) = [2.40°/(05~2)] 0dr) For the lower fae, do/dn =ro(0.5 + »)/100} = r(.3)/(03 + 2)/100), (6 10")(r(0.3)/[0.5 + 2/100) = 2.4 /(0.5 +2), The force dBjon dA on the lower face of he disc is then df = x44 =[2-0r/(05-+2)\rd0 dr) = [2-0 )(0.5 +) (40 dr) The torque dT for dA on the lower face isthen a7 = rdf =f /(05 +2] (40 de) = [2400 (0° +] (de). The tal resting tongue on ists ref [Bes (oe frees aser Geataseomonli]” (CEES )esenrs 224610" 025-—712 0 CHAPTER 1 Fi 140 1.76 A conical body turnin a container, shown in Fi. 111 at constant speed 1 rad/s. A uniform 0.01 fl of ‘wi vicasy 3.125 10" "1b s/n separates the cone rom the cootiner. What torgu is equired 10 ‘aii dhs motion, ithe cone hasan radius tts base and i i tall? 4B Consider the conical ste Sst (7/2 = 2/4, r= 2/2). The stress on this elements += w (d/de)= (r/0.01) = (3.125 109/241) /0.01] = 1.719 x 1°. The ates of he stip shown GA dr de = (2x2 (4/V2)] =3 512 de, The torque on the stip is AT = (4A}e) = (79x 10-2) S22 dey /2) = 4019 % 10"? ae n= [ socio ee-ser nif] ooze [Next comide the base: dF = £44, «= raf.) = (3.128 107)(11)/0.01] = 3.438 7 (G.AB8 C107} ddr = 4.4383 10" ddr, Ty = (R438 X10 a dee) = 248 10 te 3.438 10-“Y? dOdr = (3.438 x 10°)(2)| ET] = coon in 1b Cf li Tuam (101992 + 0.00864 = 0.02809 10 ig, 0) Mig F110) U1 InFig. 1.2, the Midi SAB 300i at 20°C and D=7 mm, what shea stress is required to move the upper lat at 3.Sim/s? Compute the Reynolds number based oD. ' (th = (040). (dg) = 20 Pa ‘N= pDu/n = (88) ada)3 30.440 = 48.4 te Vacour. vo Frcdnte Pig Li |um od 0 PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS 0 19 Benzene at 20°C has a viscony of 0.00051 Pas, What sear tres erie to deform this Mid at a tn tate of 008 ' = w (dude) = (0.000681), 4500) = 319 Pa SAE 30oi at 20°C is sheared between two parallel plats 0.05in apart with the lower plate xed andthe ‘Spper plte moving st 13 /s, Compute the teat ste the ol io (doh) = (8.20% 10-°3/ (0.0052) = 287 1/* [An IBA slab sides down a 15" inclined plane on a 3mm hick flim of SAE 10 ol at 20°C; the contact are is (3m Find the termina! velocity ofthe sb, F See Fig 113, Bh=0 Wiind—rhn=0 = w(dv/dy) = (6.18% 1070.00) = 27.107 {[48y9.81i0 15) — 2710, 403)=0 vy =5.62m/5 % mg as ‘Asha 70.0mm in diameters being pusbed ata sped of $0 m/s through a bearing sleeve 702mm in lameter and 250mm long. The learuce,asumed uniform, is filed with oat 20°C wth ¥ = OMS m/s and "0.9. Find the force exerted by the ol on the shat ' Fat r=delde) w= pv=|(0.9)998)40.005)= 449 kgs) r= (a.m ~0.0700)2=0.0001m += (44940.4/0.0001) = 17960 N/m? A= (9)(7.00/100)25/10)= 0.05498" ——_F= (17 960(0.05498)= 987 N ‘the satin Prob. 1.81 sine ally and rotated inside the sleeve at 2000 rpm, determine the resisting torque tert bythe ol and the power Fequted orotate the shaft ' TawAr rep (dv/d) vero =[(.00/2/100](2000\28/60))=7.390m/s dr 0.0001 m += (449)730/0.0001) =29.1 10° N/a A= (9)7.0/100) 98) = 0.05498 ‘T= (29.1% 10.0549 7.00/2/100] = 633 Nm P= oT =[200\2x/6)(638)= 132.6% 10°W or IDOLW ‘A tel (850-4g/m") shaft 400 mm in dameter and 380 mm log falls ofits own weight inside a vertical open14 0 CHAPTER 1 tube 0.2mm in diameter. The clearance sssumed uniform, fm of SAE 30 ll at 20°C. What speed wil the oyinderultatly reach? ' Wag #4 = [808103802 0.080)/4] = 33.87 N r= (10402 ~0.040)/2= 0.0001 m =m (dye) = (0440/0001) = 4400 A= (2NEO0/100)( 2) =0.0698 mm? 33.87 = 44008, )}0.0096) vy 0.1750 Lat Aipst20°C forms s boundary layer near a oid wal which th velocity profi somo (20 Fig. 116). ‘The boundary-iaye thickness 7mm andthe peak velocity m/s. Compute the tear srs in the Boundary layer ty equal (a) 0 (8) 33m, and () 7 ' Fe Cdldy) v= vans [ay 12) fy = [al 28)] 25 (28) = (69) (2). os (y/(2)0.007)}) = 2000 cos (224.49) Note: "224.49" in the above equation isin radians = (1.81 x 310°972020 cos 224.4) = 0.08686 cos (224.49) (a) Aty =0, += 0103656 os{(224.44(0)]~ 0.0366 Pa (8) Aty = 0.0035 m, 10486 cos [224400085] = 0.299 Pa (e) Aty = 0.07 m, = 0.03656 co [224 40.007] =0, - Mig LAS A dik of rains rotates at angular velocity inside an oil bath of viscosity, a shown in Fg. 1 Asuring ‘linear velocity prot and neglecting shear onthe outer dk edges, derive am expression fo the viscous torque fon the dik. ' = 4 (do/dy)=lrwih) (on both sides) AT = (read) = Ce (roIh) de) = Auer dr) b}-—— + 2 1 ig. 148 Dens see eros BT ‘The 154 0.125.) ap between two large plane surfaces fled wih SAE 30 ol at 80°F (r= 0.0053 1b s/f) What force i equted o drag avery tinplate of 4 area between the surfaces at 2 speed of. / i his plate is equally spaced betwen the two surfaces? Fey (dv ide) =(0.005390.5/(0.125/2)}= 0.05061 F=£A = (0.0504)(5) = 0.28 Since there ae 10 sides, Fg (240.252), 0.506 a1s in PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS J 15 Rework Prob 1.7 ithe plat ' Fe w(do/de) = (0.0063(0.5/0.0417) = 0.07551 FatA R= (Q07S593)=03781H x, = (.0068/0.5/(0.125- 0.0817} = 0.0578 B= (0037S) = 0.1801 Fagans Fi + R=03775 + 0.1890 = 0.56510 stance of0.50in (0.0417) from one sutace. ‘A 10.004n-dameter plunge ies in 10.096 diameter cylinder, the annalar space being filed wth ot ‘ving Kinematic viscosity of 0 04 f/s nd specifi gravity OCS. tthe plunger moves at 0.6, nd the ‘con resistance when 91s engaged inthe inder ' Fe m(do/ds) p= yig=|(085}02.4)/322= 1.647 gst? = p¥=(1.67)(0.004) = 0.0n65881b s/f? de = [(10.006~ 10.000)/2/12 = QomRDS0 = (LOnGS88(0.6/0.000250)= 15.81 8/R = eA = (1S 81)(X9\H)]=373 ‘AO shaft ries in a 6.0 sleeve i on, the clearance space (tum to be uniform) being filed with Iubieatng i at 10°F (1 = 0.00181 -5/) Caeaate he rate mt which heat generated when he shaft ars 250rpm ' = w(ccuterence) = Bl(6.0/12)]=2.3861/s de=[(601 600/212 = 00008167 = (doe) = (0.0018)2.386/0.0008167) Fm A= 10.148 0/1248) = 10.6510 Rate of energy lous = Fv = (10.6(2.356)= 25.11 b/s Rate of heat generation = 25.11)3400/778 = 16 Bh o.1sib/te ‘A. 10.00. shalt ides in an 10.03-cm eve 12cm long, the clearance space (astumed tobe uniform) being ‘led with ubeatng ol at 40°C = 011 Pa). Calla the rte a which eats peerated when the shaft ten 100 pe 1 dem o(circumferene) = 8 x(01)]=0.5236m/s de = (0.1003 ~ 0.10002 = 0.00015 m = 1 (do /dx) = (0.1190.5236)/0.00018) = 384.0? Fjm tA 384.f2(0.1240.10]= 1448 Rate of energy loss = Gv = (1448( 0.5259) = 7.582 N- m/e 7.582.W Inuing a rotating-PA Cleat the pressure ference between A and B fr the setup shown in Fig, 242 px (6244 66.6112)~[C16)62 4)1 40.312) + (62.4922.2122) = [(3.6462.4)(20.012)~(62.4)10.0/12)= pe a= Pe= AS21612 oF 3.7? ‘Calette he pressure dflerence between A and B forthe setup shown i Fig. 2-4 ' a= 0.79) [(0.8N9.79)K0.7) + (8.79) 0.80)= Pa Pa Pa= IS3KNIa ‘ust Cale the pressure ference between A and B forthe setup shown in Fi. 244 ! pat CANe +4) [(3.6(62.9]4)+ (ANI ~8) =P 270816) or 1886/0"FLUID STATICS 0 43, Mersey se = 138) ag 244 26 Vessels A and B in Fig. 45 contain water under pressures of 40.0 ps and 20.0 ps, respectvely. Whats the Mie 288 234 Theincined manometer in Fig, 2-Sa contains Meiam red manometer ol (6g. = 0.827). Assume the reservoir isvery large What should the angle @ be if each inch along the sae it representa change of 0.816/ in| se premure px? 1 From Fig. 2546, 2p = 78s, of (b= (0.427(62.4 HK in from which = 10.72 ox . eo 25 The sistem in ig. 258s a 20°C. Compute the absolute pressure a point A. Fx 11085962493) ~103.6462.4)K3) + (62.448) = (47004) p= 2601 BV ads Fig. 2540) = Fig. 255 2276 Very sal pressure dferences p,~ py can be measured accurately bythe two uid diflerential manometer shen in Fig 236. Deny pal ight large than the upper fad p. Derive an expression forthe proportionality between hand p.~ pai the rxervoirs are very large. Fp. 1h ~ pith ~ p.e(h.~W)=Pe, Pa~ Pa = (Ps ph If (ps p,)ismal, hil be large (sensitive) ym -| n i48 0 CHAPTER 2 2.71 Water ows downward in pipe at 35, shown in Fig. 2-57. The pressure drop , ~ ps arly de to gravity {tnd patly duet rion. The mercury manometer eads a Sin height ierence. What ithe total pressre ‘opp, ~ps? What the pressare drop de ofcion oly between I and 27 Does the manometer reading ‘orespod only to etion drop? ' Pit (Ay 6sin3"+£/12+ 8) (03.042.9K) ~ (2ANE/12) = Pe 112916/ (otal pressure drop) Pressure drop due to rion ony = [(13.6(62.4)~62.4K 5) =327.616/t? Manometer reads only the fiction os, pimps 2.7 Determine the gage peste a point A in Fig 28. Hp (079)0.0) + (00118903) + (03.649.79)K0.7) ~(283)9.79)}0.48)=0 py —V4I7APA we Merry rest 279 InFig.25, calculate lve ofthe olin the right-hand tue. Both tubes are open to the atmosphere io 0 (2:7990.110+ 0.240) ~[0.85)9.79)1 0.2404) =0 hm 0.1817 m= 181.7 mm ona0 FLUID STATICS 0 49 {In Fig 2a the inclined manometer measures the exes presture at A over tha is 2.5 and that ofthe inclined tube is tin. For = 32" and gage Oud wih sg paper ' Pam r(Bh+Ay)+P» (00 Fg. 2.606) p,—py=y(Ah+ Ay) From Fig. 2608, (A.M) = (AMR) ot Ay = AaR/Ax, Bh = Rin 8, papa = Rin 0+ ABRIA,)= PRs 8+ Anl Ay), Ani Ana (O/ [225918] ss pa = (OREN RNa 32+ ad (O1967R, The sale factors hue 0.1947 pai. Fig. 2.4600) Determine the weight W that canbe equlibrated by the force acting on the piston of Fig. 2-61. ' Pimps RlA= Bids 1.28/39) /4)= W/lm250)'/4]—W = 63.8KN 250mm glam 4 "Neweting the contane's weight in Fig. 2-6, fd the force tending to it the cla op CD. Feo [862.4140 peo = 199.7041 Fmp=(199.710(25)'/4)= 9801850 0 CHAPTER 2 Find the force ofl on the top surface CD of Fig. 2.462 ifthe gud level nthe open pipe i reduce by 1.3. Feo (08) 624) (3X3.281}=0 peo -13.24B/HE (Le, a downward pressure by CD) F=pA=(-1320 (402.5) /4]= 65.0% ‘A drum 225 in dlametr filed with water has vertical pipe of 0.70n diameter attached tothe top. How ‘many pounds of water mast be poured iat the pipe to exert a fore of 300 Thon the topo the drum? ’ p= FIA = 1S10/in@225)/4)=371316/R —h=ply=377 3/624 =605% Wao = (6.05) (0.70/12 462.4) = 1.0115 In Fig. 2-463, the ligud at A and Bis water andthe manometer lui is oi with = 0.80, hy = 200m, ‘n= 200mm, and hy = 60 nm. (a) Determine pps (B) Ip» SO KPa andthe barometer reading Romig, nd the absolute pesture at Ain meter of water. F479) 8K) [(0.8010.79) 1K) + 0.79948) =e Pape = —137FO » Pa (.T9N BB) ~ (0.80)9.79)\ Be) + 0.79) 8B) = 50 Pam AR6DKPA (gage) 48.6/9.79+ BH(IS.6) = 1490m water (absolute) Hg. 268 InFig. 263, 54.1.0, 82-096, sillmeters of water, ' Px ~(1.0V269)~ (0.9268) + (1.091200) py Papa .0,h,= he = 269mm, and hy=1.2m. Compute p~ Pai 573 am of water In Fig. 263,54, 1.0,52=098,5.g,= 10,4, = 300mm, hy= 1.1m, and p,—py = ~340 mm of wate. Find the age diference (1). Fp. (.01000)~ (09494) +(1.0,1100)=p pa 60 = 800+ (0.995) y= 468 mm ‘What is the pressure diference, in pounds per square inch, oa 1000-4 water column’? ' p= y= (62.4) 1000)/144 = 433 ps Find the pressure ata point 9.5m below the free surface in a Mui whose density varies with depth h(n) according to p= (4S0kg/m)+ (Agim 1B dp = ydh= pg dh (gX.40 +118) dh. Integrating both sides: p= g)$S0h + 114"/2). For h = 9.5m: pC (ASOKO.S) + (1}9.97/2}~ 46807 KPa atmospheric pesures 29.72 int, what wil be the height of water ia a water barometer if he temperatre ofthe waters (a) 50°F, (B)100°F, and () 150°F? ' (p= yh = [(13.6462.4)} 29.72/12) = 2102 10/t oF 14.60 1b/in? (0) ALOE, 7 = 62416 and ger =25.7/144, 00.1781, hyo = (14.60 ~ 0.17148) /62.4 = 33.288, {) At 00°F, y= 62.015 and p= oF 0.938 i, aay = {18.00 ~0.988)188)/62.0= 31.738. (e) AL S0°F, 7= 61.216 / and pos = oF 3.7816 /n hy = (1.60 ~3.79X148)/61.2 = 25.468FLUID STATICS 0 51 1291 Acyl triste at sa level (where atmonpheri pressure is 14.6 pia andthe temperature i 69°F) to ‘6.0pa. Assuming the tre does wot expand, what the gage pressre within the te on the top of Everest (atiade 300001), where atmospheric pressure i 43 pin andthe temperature is ~38°F? 1 Let ubsript 1 ndcate sa level and sbscipt2indiate atte 30000 Pia 46+650= 7.6 pi0—pAV/T=pAVIT (79.8) 460+ 68) = (PaXV 9/660 +(-38)} (Vis constant) Pim OS pia Pep 5-43-4592 pa, 292 Find te iterence in pressure between tanks A and Bin Fig. 264i = 30 mm, = 160 mm, y= 80 sn d.= 200m, O Px + (8.79V 0.330) ~[(13.699.79)K 0.490 4 0230sin 5") py pa py = 2I3KPS Fi. 264 ‘what are ' Pat (O79V0055)=1042 p= 12.884Pa 1288+ .79)0055—h)+[(0.890.79)h= 1340 b= 0.002 =9.42 mm war 8mm aa i 4 jk Kerosene Py Pe Fig. 2465 294 Anopen tube is attached toa tank, as shown in Fig. 2-66 If th water rites oa eight of $00 mm in the tube, ‘thatae the pressures pan py ofthe at sbove the water? Neplet capillary eet inthe tube ' Px (.79)(@00 30 100/1000]=0 py = 25240 a= (@.79)(800 ~300)/100}=0 py =4.90%Ps; 52 0 CHAPTER 2 . st] ® | | comm te t S00 mn eee nec 2.95 Forth setup shown in Fig. 27, what the presue pf the pci gravy ofthe oii 0.822 ! Pe (O2X9.7910)+.2914~3)~[03.99.29}0320)~0 py R73KPa F267 2296 For the stop shown in Fig. 2.8, calculate the absolut pressure a, Asume standard atmospheric pres, oar . 11013 +(2.29,0.600~0.20)~(13.99.29)N 0.149 + (0839.29 K.0.140 + 0.050) =p, Pea R RP Fig. 268 297 A fore of ON i exerted on lever AB, a8 shown in Fig. 2-62. End connected toa piston which is int a ‘lind havi a diameter of mm. What force F acs onthe larger piston, ithe volume beween C and Di filed wth water? Let = force exerted on smaller piston at C: = (460) (8) = BBN, Fe/Ac= FA, (A/a) 4) = Folly = ISON, oF 15 RSAN.fh CHAPTER 3 Forces on Submerged Plane Areas MM Ma angle of height d and base is vertical and submerged ia iui wih its verter a the guid surace (sce Fig. 1, derive am expresion for the depth tos center of pressure b—b'—4 ut 32 Aa ingle o eight dand bas is verial and submerge in igi wit its vertex a ditance a below the guid surface (sce Fig. 3-2), deve an expression forthe depth 0s center of presse la bety36 « aaa (0+) + aetiaear” (093) * waa a 18G + Aad + 4/9) 4° 6a Bad 430° iie-+ 2413) a2) ' Laat Me. 32 33 ta wangle of eight dand bas bis vertical and submergedin ial with its base a the iui surtce (Gee Fig. 33), derive an expression forthe dep os center Of presse. 1 hywhgt dads MS od dad Bet" 5* bar" 3*8"364 0 CHAPTERS fl ns 34 Aciculrarcaof diameter dis vertical and submerge in gud. 1s upper edge is coincident withthe guid ‘surace Ge Fig. 34) Derive an expression forthe depth fits enter of presse. 35 Aversa semisteular area of diameter d and asi ris submerged and has its dlametr in qu surface see ‘ig. 35) Derive an expression forthe dpth to is centr of pressure. a 88/5) feats} Meas 36 A dam 20m long retains 7m of water, as shown in Fig, 6. Find the total esltant force ating onthe dam and ‘he location of the center of prema BF =yhA=(0.79|(0+ 1/2](20A In 67)} =5399 RN. Te center of preature i located at two-thirds the ‘oul water depth of 7m, of 4.657 below the water surface (hy = 4.557 in Fi. 3).FORCES ON SUBMERGED PLANE AREAS 0 55 7 Averscal, rectangular gate with water on one side is shown in Fg. 3-7. Determine the total reeutant force ‘sing on the gate and the location ofthe center of presare ' Fr YhgA= (9.79V34+ 1.2/2)(2X1.2)]= 84.59 N 1.2)/12 a hat ten (3482) 4 OOD scam homher gaa (+) aaa ows bar ce me 34 Soe Poh 3.70) he negrtion met ' Ff naa~ [“0.m0+926)= 098) 37 +2] aasoun yd oma+yreu) 2+ y'/s8? Jee 22878 as ae cs 1 Fm thaA= (C24N64+3/3N2))/2]=13101 3), enna 3) BOO 1008 +iee(oo PReprenresenoRes a oe Fess56 0 CHAPTERS Ais sane tt tmnt ' P= phyA = [(0.82}(9.79)]{4 + (1 + 1.2/2}(sin 40°)I[(0.8)(1.2)] = 38.75 KN = [eeswonia-anore[ eana-a roa -caatiy fog [veer [raneerra-ame [ean-0-ne F* B10 1310 fr ‘AIL Anincined, rectangle gate with water on on sie i shown in Fig. 39. Determine the total resultant force ‘ting on the gate and the location of the center of pressure. ' P= thgA = (C24)8-+ Hs cosH(4Y5)1= 1123010 wrar Bee( Migs ‘MAS Solve Prob 3.14 by the iteration method, BPS pha. From Pig. $11, y/r=1/1.2 Therefore, x=1.2y. r=[amosnase)- [army oro-cur[ 2] -aisawn fra Lomarnare [arr +o 0 Goa a F a. 75)972+ 27+ 9418B ogi ey sed58 0 CHAPTER 3 346A tank containing water is shown in Fig. 3-12. Calculate the total resultant force acting on side ABCD ofthe ‘ontinr and the location of the centr of pressure. ' F = aA = (0.4)(0+ 6/21(20(6))=22 50010 hg=QN6)=4.00% (vertically below the water surface) Pg 3 SAT The gate in Fig. 3.13 is 4 wide, is hinged at point B, and ress aginst a smooth wal at A. Compute (a) the force om the gate duet seawater presse, (8) the (Dorizomtal) fore P exerted by the wall a point A, and (the reaction at hinge B. te Fm thd = (69107 ~¥8{(O(12) = 301061 o enh AONE gn I M=0 (PX7.2) ~ (30 106)(12 6 -0.537)=0 P= 228431 e Eno heonwngh—m00-0 T=0 — -B,-01064f)=0 By = 240851 =< oy Fig 3180) Fig 31306) ‘S18 Repeat Prob. 3.17, but instead lt the hinge be a point A and let pot B reat agaist a smooth bottom, Ba) From Prob. 3.17, F =301061b. (From Prob. 3.17, y= 0837 E Ma =0; (2.3026) ~ G0 106)6- 0537) =0, B, = 205001 ° Ek=0 — o10s\C)—A,=0 A. = 180641 Ta-o (30106)¢4f) + 205000 A, = 35851FORCES ON SUBMERGED PLANE AREAS 0) 59 429A tank of ye has ighttrangular panel near the bottom as shown in Fig 34a. Calculate the estan force ‘on the panel and locate ts centr of pressure ' P= the A = Ptah = (V8.1) + 88+ 1918 +4) = 16.22 MN Ome 4+ 88+ 15) clasin _ —(4608)in 00) * Fe RA EFOINE+ IONE DT 1 =B(O~ 2} 72 (6+ BIA +8) AXA + HC + 16)'772 = ~1152 0 -116m 320 Gate AB Fi. 318i 1.0m ong an 09m wie, Cla force Fon the gue ad the pononX of center prone ' Fa theA= (O81Y9.29)3 + (1+ 1.072) 5099(099.0) = 29.6145 _clensin®_ (0.990.077) 2A FO +10 I FONT = ~0.15m trom the setoid X= 1072440015 «0.5m rom point A amy 35-08 Pig 345oo aa aa sas 0 CHAPTER 3 ‘A fuhpond ate 68 wide snd 9 hgh hinge atthe top end held closed by wate pressure as shown in Fg. ‘516. What horizontal force applic atthe bottom ofthe ate is equted to open it? ' Fa thd = (O48 +45)(6N9}} = 42 12015 ee wena LOONIE RA OD EA HOR (PY0)— (2 HKRH-9) 0 P=2I5E7 ote Fig. 318 ‘A vat ing paint (4. = 8) 8 og an 4m ep ad a apeiron sexton 3 wd at he ott and wie a th tp (ee Fig 1) Comps) the weight ofthe pain, (6) he fore om the texto fhe vat and) the fron he ape e pal oy W = W = (0.88.2) (5(4NS+3)/21= 10024 o Fhe Fram =((080K0-79)4O}0] =724N Fag + Bree (ORIN 79K 42K) +O 904879) U4KIY2] =2208N ae pe mean Gate AB in Fig. 3-18is wide, hinged at point 4, and restrained bya stop at pot B. Compute the Force on the stop an the components of the ration a A i water depth 69. '‘ B= thgA = (62.4)9~ INS) = 700015 eclasind -1/2KsingW) hed @=30HGKH] (B18) (MOKLS +0.10)=0 B= 3744 DA=0 10-34-40 4, = 32761 gate weight is neglected, A, = 0.FORCES ON SUBMERGED PLANE AREAS 0 61 stg. 3180) Fig. 3180) In Fi. 5.18, stop B wil break if he force on teaches S010. Find the eral water depth. F FaAR(O0tOrSI= my yoni evaaRr 070 Tmo (008) GHA 15407504) =O hg ATR hye BTS LS=20ZIH In Fig. 318, hinge A wil reak fits horizontal reaction becomes elo 0001. Find the cical water Seth 0; (36h, X15 ~0.780/h)~ 200093) =, 1B From Prob. 3.24, F = 530k 30 ga 9h 17.94 15= 19.38. 0.750)hg: E Mo Calla thereat fre on rangular window ABC in Fig. 19 and locate its center of pressure 1 Fm yhgA'=(10.08f0.25 + (0.60)](0.40)0.60)/2]= 0.786 kN a= bW'/36 (0.400.60)/36 = 0.00240 mt qn Titi, _—_= (hota ia Simm (Le. below the centroid) eA "(BF ENOAI| AV 0.AVE|™ y= bb 2h) 772 0.44040 ~ (20 40).0.40'/72 = ~0.00080 Thain (ROSY) soa Ge co ‘had ~ [05+ Gyo.cnio.40y0.0072}~ *'°' See ee CTT eseaan '=2.40. Figure 320 shows a slab poured beween wooden and D. Neglecting ead eles, compute the forces Fm hgh =[2 AV. BONI2)] = 97 0441 LOY N\sin90) 2h NOME] 2 EMO BKRII)-G70UNE+20=0 R= ha ME EMO G70UVG~2.00)-AYEKI2)=0 A= Fem 161740 Henle Mig 320 ‘Find the net hydrostatie fore per unit width on rectangular panel AB in Fig, 3.21 and determine its line ot Fuo™ 072414 HKD) =7E2EN Fa = (236) OND) = 49.464 Fea Figo ~ Fg = 7832-49 4 = 28.864N jg rtnsin® A Cradao= LOQPARGINS 5 Gey = 21M @"N2}60907, Oe (7832\(1 0.083) —(49.44)1 ~ 0.1667) = 28.880 Da=0 D=10%9m @+1+ DIO 0.1667 m {bore pont B, as shown in Fig. 321e) A a ™— a term fama =) aan. fea Fa 8 8FORCES ON SUBMERGED PLANE AREAS 0 63 ‘Acilndal, wooden stave bare 3.5 in diameter and 5 high, a shown i Fig. 3-2. Is hld together by Sel hoops athe top and bottom, each with a crossection of 0.40 a the bartels ied with orange ue (Gg. =100, compute the tension ses in each boop. 1 Fe phyA = [CLO1Y2-94C.545)] = 2091 nrhasin@-1G.9057 290 | ra RA fesxsy OS Tmo 283904 - 0.833) ~ 2Fagger(S)=0 Fagg = 47310 TMe=0— 2FmaS)-205+0859)=0 Fn 6 Cage =A = TIP ae = 6/0 = 285 ps fee 4 ak oo « + ! 2S te om — 444 = | 2ste FN 44 08034 il ™ 8 mer mer Mig 32210) Mie 3220) a 3 Gate ABin Fig, 323016 long and #f wide, Neglecting the weight of the gate, compute the water level {or which the pte wl tart all ' Fm phgA = (C2AMA/2\ (OV h/sn 6) = 288.24* tin hin co 120) _ Jo" RA GYR ONS TM0 (10116) — CHR. (A/ineT2~ 0.19254] =0 hm ILTA64 0 CHAPTER 3 231 Repeat Prob, 3.30 inctading the weight ofthe 2p thick steel (eg. = 7.85) gate. (See Fig. 324) 4 ges S942 911918) = 10691. Prom Prob 3.0, F = 29824; EM 0, 1106 - 10450(9 con") =0, = 10.78. (2 Ss 7/2 - 0.19254. 3.32 A horizontal duct coming from a large dam is 2.5m in dameter; itis closed by acrelar door whose ceater of eotrid is 45m below the d's water evel. Compute the fore on the door and locate is cee of pres. ' Fa hgh = O.TNASR57/9]=2IGEN hy = [A= nN LOTT 0.917907) Pega ENR TO) ~ Line of ction of Fis 8.7 mm below the centroid ofthe door. 333 Gate AB in Fig. 325s semitulr, hinge at B. What hoiontl force Pi required a A for equiitriam? BH WIGx) = (6(4)1C2)=1.08m Fm thy = (879Y6-+4~1.69)2(47/2)] = 2000N 0.0087 m Fo RA (Or4= LeHRFD) TM0 G06 \L68-0147) APO Pa TERN oan Water aa & ? +4} (ax (=) # 2( 42) gyro? = lL oTer aera Fr 5 esate mse) esa) 334 Dam ABC in Fig, 3:26 380m wide and made of concrete weighing 22 N/m’. Find the hydosai fore on Serface AB ands moment about C. Could dhs fore tp the dam over?FORCES ON SUBMERGED PLANE AREAS 0 65 BP pig = 0.79) (8)80)] = 952371 AN, Facts at (80), oF 53.33 m from A along surface AB (86 ‘ig. 3.258) For the given triangular shape, the site from Cw AB intersects AB Sm from A (Gee Fig. 3266). Hence, Mc = (052371) S%.39— 51.2) =2008 50 KN. Since the moment of Fabout point Cis ‘ounetclockwiee thre i no danger of ppg. 2 som 4S rig 3266) Tuono riangular gate AB in Fig. 3-27 ishinged at A. Compute the horizontal force P required at pit B for ‘uliriom,negeting the weight of the ete, BAB =3/sin = 3.466m = rhgh = [(0829'9.79)]2+ 1.009.290. 46/2} = 50.05 4 sin (2.4609 735160 6) 5 son4 Jn a LG. 4587) ~~ EMyn0 — 3P~5005)8.464/3+0.1928)=0 P= 2247 EN Fig. 32710) Mig. 32705) ‘Te tank in Fig. 3.28 Dem wide. Compute the hydrostatic foreeson horizontal panels BC and AD. Neglect mosphere pressre ' Pah pcm [(04N9.7)] 035 +040) + (.79K0.25) = 615 KPa FepA Fe (B615)(1.20)0.40)]=4.1354N Pan =|[(088)9.79)K(040)=3289Pa Fay = (3.289)(0.85),0.40)] = O724EN66 0 CHAPTER 3 bef] = Se seeps i. i Mig 328 ‘A37—Waterin a tank i presuried to 8S cml (Fig. 325) Determine the hydrostatic force per meter width on panel AB. Hon pet AB, pg=|(3.99-79)K085) + 7944+ 8) 167.04Pa, Fy = (167.090) = 50. Mie. 329 ‘A38 Caelate the fore and center of pressure on on ide ofthe vertical tiangular panel ABC in Fig. 330. ! Fa theA=(CAN+H{GO)2}= 1171 La = (0YOY/36= LSA asin ~(1215)in90) eed A roH@MO AL ~ OM MOY este hed UF OTONOMAL “Tha, the center of prea is 6+ 0.64, 0 6.6 Below point and2-+0.21, or 2.21 ft the ght of pot B. 3.39 InFig. 331, gate AB im wide and connected by rod and pulley tox masive sphere (= 2.40), Wha i ‘the males ras hat wl Lep the gat ose ' = thgA=(0.7999 + ICO) = 123448 . [4137 2} 90) Fe hgh" OF NON LMe= 0 (Myeah4943)~ (1253-15-71) =O Wee 92.8KN Waa Ear 13) B= (240)0-79)KA/3) r= 098m =-o0nmFORCES ON SUBMERGED PLANE AREAS 0) 67 E aon lS Fie 23010) Fie. 33006) Fig 331 Mae angular ough in Fig. 332s hinge at A and held together by cable BC atthe top Mf abl spacing i {imino the paper, whats the cable tension? 7 Fo phgA = O.299G(ETNLD] = 213.34N a LNB 777 /2Ii035) 455, hed TerNaDT ™ TMn0 (NAH eR4I9-149)=-0 T= 885EN63 0 CHAPTER 3 ‘SAL Ing 33, gate AB 4 wide and opens to let esh water out when the ocean ides fling, The hinge at A [3 above the fresh-water wurface. At what ocean depth h wil the ate open? Neglect the gates weight BF thd mC NIP = ITI — R= [C.U25y62.4KA/DCHMH)] = 127.9K" TM=0 (29H -W/)—C7IMG+8)=0 hmtL BH 8 Fig 334) Fig. 33318) 42 Show that depth in Prob. 3.4 independent of pte wd 9 (perendcda othe pape Aras and hence pes fore, re rectly proportional to. Thus b wlan out ofthe equation M0 that crn 343 Compute he re on one se of parol pel ABC in Fig, andthe vera stance down tthe center pres ' F = YhgA = 0279K1+ 90)0046)1 = 27008 a= he AUAh}= HO) ~ {HEREOF = GON? = [GOL NCNAOP = 274 070 0 CHAPTER 3 347 Gate AB in Fig. 3.37 is 6 wide and weighs 20001 when submerged Its hinged at Band rests against a noth wll aA. Determine the water level h which wil jt enue the at 0 open, FB FathyA R= @Mh+I1OVO))=3744h + 14976 = EAS + HOKE) = 3360610 mlasin® (oaa’2\) _-667 hel OMe GOON RE (OUOAAKD : Ooh se playa) ~ 07 TMy= 0 (2744h + 149765 ~ 6.671 + 4} ~ 3 605)5~ 0.742) — CmEO}H) =O wens Oe Fy. 3310) 36 Theta ini. 5:38 contain and water as shown. the rena freon side ABC, which 4 wide ' Fahy For [80N62.419)10K4) = 98016 Fu 2c a point (10) oF 657 below pit A. Water act 0 aren BC, and any supringsed eid carte comer oan eguleat ep at ater. Eoy an imaiary wate src (1S) fo tis Sacsnton, locating IWS by hanging 108 ol 0 (80900), or of water. Thus, Fue ™ (oye i6eo} = 16e0. fain? ~[6N)12Ki0 50), PA 8 MOO Fact aa pot 248+ 4027), 0 13.278 below AE My =O: (9580+ 16470) hy) ~(998016.67)— (G54T0,03.7) = y= 18788 rom A. Th, the otal saat oe ode ABC 9580 +1647, oF S6eS0 acing 1.78% below A J=-027% — (.e, below the centroid of BC)FORCES ON SUBMERGED PLANE AREAS 0 71 349 Gate ABin Fig. 3.39 is 4ft wide and hinged at A. Gage G reads ~2.1 pi, while ol (s.2.=0.75)is inthe right ‘tank. Whit horizontal force must be applied at B for equilibrium of gate AB? a Fe thaA — Fam [(0.75462.4)H((644)] = 39701 Facts ()(0), oF 408 trom A. Forte lft sid, the negative pressure de othe ir can be converted tots ‘equivalent headin fet of water. b= py =~? 17)148)62.4= ~5.01f. This negative pressure head is ‘uivalent to ving 5.01 fess water above A. Hence, Fo = (2.4469 + (= 14960 b (QNON/2YGin90) TA” (639+ HK] —20* Figo acts at (0.304 1), 03.30 Below A. YM, =0; (37OVA0) + 6F ~ (14960)(.30)= tefward), Yam P= $980 1 (acting 330A vertical crutr ask 11m in ameter hast highest point 4m below the surface of pond. Fed the ‘magatude of the hydrostatic over on one ide and the depth to the center of presse i Fa thyA= O04 1 1DNCH). DFA) R84AN eMC ote (OAFLA 351 The vertical plate shown in Fig 3405 submerged in vinegar (6.0.80) Find the magitde of he hydrostatic fore on one side andthe depth to the center of pressure renhat pe (ots) ! Fahd Ke ((O.AV9.9]2+91010) (hahin24 34 gO! tonnes ee hG = (0.80y9.79]12 +3+4/21(2)0)] 998 nar TH aRI@w F A905 +4996 HIN 13th = (0516.24) +(89N7I9) hy = 6.550 (hay #1243 44/014 9m vinegar surface Pays Set Fig. 340 452 Theiigton head gate shown in Fig. 3-1 plate which lids over the opening to a culvert, The coetiient offrcton betwen the pate and it ding ways ie 0.5. Find the force rird ose open his 1000 ext {set (a verily and () on 2:1 slope (n= 2 ia Fig. 3-4), a common,72 0 CHAPTER 3 Fa) F= hgh ~ (2594+ Y/AN(AE)} ~25 0, Le T = toc pra to ue require twopente BA 0; 7—1000~(05)2574) 0, T~13890%, () See Me 3418. F= (62.914 + BA/V5)/24 8) =23 5841. Let WV ~ otal force normal to gate; N= 2336+ lDya/Vs)=2¢478e =O, T~LONKA/VS) (0248) =O, T= 61, Fig. 4102) Mg. 3.410) 353 A6Sin-quatefoodgate, weighing 2001, hinged 44.5in above the center, shown in Fig. 3-42, andthe ‘eee inclined 5° tothe vertical. Find the dee to which water wil se Beind the gate belore i wil open. ' ‘Closing moment of gate about hinge = 2200) sn 7] = 71 1b B= YhgA= (O.AYAID)( HVA) /c08 = 168.64 LM ine =O (160.64°)(65 + 129/12 (h/oos S/3]-T1=0 b= 0.8268 Fig 2 St Gate MVia Fig. 343 rotates about an axis throu ‘aft though Nis equred to old the gat cloned? wth Re AMG+ G+ HGH4N|=2078 R= (LAKHIKA)}=206% the width of the gate iS, what torque applied to the sa = 1G 477160907 re RA OMe Gr ATO+ 4 Oe S33 from N. E My = 0; (2074893 + 4/2 ~ 0.40] ~ (2496K1.333) ~torquy = 0, i.FORCES ON SUBMERGED PLANE AREAS 0 73 ind the minimum depth of for which the gate in Fig. 3-44 wil open, ithe gate (a square and (b) isosceles ‘eangular, with base = beg te Fa the — Fuo = (@4Ks~ IOI) = (S61.5(2 -15) AONE Q|Gin 907) _ 0.750 odne E=DOOT. “ETS Moment dt mtr = [S6.9)¢— LS) +0782 —1.) = 56.69 5150) Fux pA=l(5{14 16969] = 6401, Fae ato 1.5 ow ting, Moment ue ot = (640.5) = Fok qty names pest SO) 87a Fae ” Figo (62442 GYINCYOY/2} = 24.842 2.00) 2100072440050) __ 050 Cove Fe = (ONO?) “F= 20 Morente to water = [280842 ~200)-+0 50/2 200) = 244 — 21.2 Fue=((5)040H()0)/7]= 2401, Fa ca, Leow hing. Moment de 0B = (Biaxitoo)= S200 Eqanting Ramen pes (2045 40,3) =a, F = TBO Ploy ow tosver Bd ‘The angular gate CDE in Fig. 345i hinged along CD and is opened by a normal force P applied at EI ols liquid of speci raity 0.82 above sands open to the atmosphere on ts lower side. Neglecting the ‘eight ofthe gate, fd () the magne of force exerted onthe gate by direc integration (b) the loeaton of ‘he center of presture; and () the force Pneeded to open the gate Ha Fm yhda~ f ry sin 8M dy). When y =8, = 0, nd when y =8+, or 1 x=6, with x varying lineaty with. Hence,x™=y~& When y= 4, x =6, and when y= 12, oF 20, x0, with x varying linatty swith. Hence, «= 20. Fe [10 N62.019 sso -9 4) + ["(022,62.5}0 sa 370-49, = (02y62.9y6in309{[—47']"+ [1-2] ree o Since fy = 0,490, a clesin__—[0N6, 7 /12Ksin30) Fer hg [G+ ¥Nsin WH2VOA) 0.4 below the eto, measured inthe plane ofthe ae). ° BM P= (ze) P=a2981b74 0 CHAPTER 3 {457 Determine the fore ating on one side of vertical surface OACO in Fig. 3-46 and the location ofthe center of Dressue, if y= 8.4 KN/m= The curved edge ean ac of the parsolay =/8 1 Fafrraa~ [eoorea= [‘eoonevir ay [75276 =[120yB=190108 [ore [anoreer [ascvavme [a5 i EO Do wo sor Toor 074m ‘358 Pind the force exerted by water on ove side ofthe vertical annular dick shown in Fig. 3-47. Abo locate the eter of pressure. ' = thaA = (.29Y3M(H XD ~ (9) AB)" $9.05 4N Lg (NYA (2) HY = 0.6836 ee fer he A~?*SaNOF= CONF 2FORCES ON SUBMERGED PLANE AREAS 75 99 Detemine yin Fig. 348s that he fashboards wil tumble only when the water reaches their top. 1 The tashboars wl tumble when y iat the center of pressure. Hence,y =$, oF 1.353 m, 1 The gt will open when the pivot location is atthe center of pressure. heohetplgna-e gM atom ya3-2107-08tm ‘The atin Fig. 3.5 (shown a raed postion) weighs 35018 foreach foot normal to the paper ts center of _pavy i 15 from the let face and 2.08 above the ower face. For what water lve below te binge at tic the gate ube to ewing wp (Cota coumtercockwie)? F Refer to Fig, 3308 and consider 1f of ength.F = yhA = (62.4) (ho!2(hoM)]~31.2033 E Mo 0; (2G) = (5A /AYSLIAG) =O, hy 2308 Pe 340) np P3500)76 0 CHAPTER 3 se 36 For the gate described in Prob. 3.61 and Fig. 350, find forthe gate just to come upto the verti poston sown in Fig. 350 Hee Fig. 351, F.= yhA = 62.44) (9M1)] = 3125, B= (62.4MA/2,(HNI)] = 31.20%; E My = 0; (1.39850) + (4/3901.28*) ~ @5)G128)=0, k= O68 For the gate described in Prob. 3.61 and Fig. 3-50, find hand the force agaist he stop when this fore isa ‘maxima forthe ate Wee Fig. 351, F.= yhA = (62.4VA)(541)] = 312, F= (62.44H/2(0(1)] = 31.20 E Mo = 05 (1.59850) + /39BLBH) = 2.51SIER) + (5) Fg) =O, Fg = 158 = 2.084" 105, Ha 156 6.248 = - Fae 1$6-62K =O = 5.0K Fag = (1565.00) ~(2.09(5.09°~ 108 = 41516 he ar resure equired to Keep the gat of Fig. 352 closed. The gate ia ccula plate of ameter Compute (08mand weigh 208N, ' Fayed Rg lC2N9.2)1.7 + (V08}cn 450.894) = 19.50KN os|+ anos) - natin Tiers + HOH OH TA (09.52, 818 ~1.7/c05 45) +2.0( 40 8008457) ~ 0.87 /41(p= }10.)} =O Pam 294 SMe =Oa [ CHAPTER 4 Dams In Fig 1, calolate the width of sonerete dam thats necessary o prevent the dam from sing. The specie weigh ofthe concrece b 1010/, and the coefeentoffreton between the Ras ofthe dam and he {oundation 0.42. Use 13 athe factor osetety (FS) agus shding, Wil aay be safe agate overturning? A. Working with «1 soe” (Le, dimension perpendicular othe pape) of he dam, Win, (20%) (}050) =a00Dw, = yh, Fy = (62.40 15)21C5)C)L = M00 ing resistance 42,0000) Ce ee A360 7 __ al sighing moment _(3000)8.30]6.312) 5 9g ‘overtrning moment” ——(120)(9) ‘Therefore it sbould be safe against overuratng, RR Mp 41 Figure 2s the cross section ofan earthwork (5 .=2.5) dam. Assuming that hydrostatic uplift varies nearly ‘nom one-half the hydrostatic head atthe upstream ede ofthe dam to 240 a the downstream edge, find the ‘amin ad minimum presse itensty tn te base ofthe dam, ' tha By= (RAVCOH TATION} = 29861 Forearm, f, = 2935611 W,=[2.5@.4)I1,10)90+ 3] =187290B w= [@.5KE2.ATA,OOK90)/2} 12000 Fy =((62.4y48.5 + 0)/2]0604 10,9] = 10592410 R, = 157 200-421 200 ~ 105924 = 50047618 =m: (293 61)82.35) + 18720095 + (421 200),30) ~ (105924) (60 + 10)3}~ 52476 =0 F=MO98 Recency = 40.98 = (60+ 10)/2=5 98.4 ‘Sine the ecetrcy sess than one-sith he bate of the dam, he resulta acts within the mile third ofthe te F Met My S026, (S276, ANO OV 65 ary PAT SL G@ring* ayer <0" 7s Pou =T1784+3699~ DESTIN yy TIT 3679 = 300016)78 0 CHAPTER 4 My 42 For linear stress ation over the ase of he dam of Fig. 43, find wher the resultant crosses the bate and ‘Compote the maximum and minimum pes interstate base Neglect hydrostatic pli. Figure 4b shows the forces acing onthe dam. = 1(19 + 6)/2(19 + 64) = HO) = By, R= HYUN) 2] =28 Sy, = [HM MI9- OMA)]=250y, B= (2M COANE =71.25, =l(@SK MIMI) = 261y: R, = IRy + BASy + 2907 + 71-29 + 26ly = 428 Ty. Ma =O (a7 yAs)—GrIC9 + 9/3) UHH L5)-BSSyNA) = GIONS +2)—C1.257E_ 1) asl Ad +340) {P= 107m. Eccentrty = 10.87 (11 +44 3)/2= 1.878 Since the eccentricity is le than onesie the ‘ofthe dam, the reaultant acts within the mids thir ofthe base. May _(87SVO.2) , (OB7SVO.7ONL.ETION 449224 9 49 ee+3Ky* cyanea syz 07 M2#7194Pa Pow 3242130555KPL pay M2=213-~ 129%Pa Fi 342)DAMS 9 79 444 Forthe condition given in Prob 4.3 withthe ation that hydrostatic uplift varies nearly from 19m at Ato ‘oat the toe ofthe da, woul the resultant stil act within the mille third ofthe base? 1 Fe=v109+0/2K04+34 1)D] = IM R= ty +285y + 2507 +7.25y + 26Ly ~My = 487-757 LMe=0 ASL. TSH Kx) G12 IO9-+ 69/3} ~(8Y\.5)— @8.5y)1) ~ 25099842) = (n.asyVB—1- As1yA+3+H) + ANIN|E+3+U/3]=0 xei2Gim Eccentricity = 1268-(114443)/2=3.688 Since the eccentric i greater than onestth he base ofthe dam, the resultant ats outside the mide third of the base, 45 Aconcete dam retaining water is shown in Fig. 4-42. If the specific weght ofthe concrete i 15015 find the {actor of safety again sing, the factor of safety against overturning, andthe pressre intensity onthe base ‘Assume the foundation sols impermeable and thatthe coeticient of icion between dam and foundation sil, ious 1 Tee forces acting onthe dam ae shown in Fig. 4.4, F= yh, F, = (62.4) 0+ 42)/2(42)(1)] = 55 0401, From Fig. #4b, CD/A2= IB, CD = 8408; F, = (624)(8.40(42)/20) = 110101 Taig moment moment ara ‘boat toe, component | weight of component (ips) trom te, ip) 1 (ooxsoy015\c~ 3750 20+ P=. ws 2 (00% 0,0.15}1)= 78.00 a5 3 yA0% SONOASKD)= 37.50, 250 5 nat » EV= 161.01 bps DM, = 2540p Siding resistance _(045)(161.01) 5 59 Manns (550NG)= 7 ipl PS any SEE ERE OAH, R= A, SS.08kips and R, = £ V = 161.01 kip; hence, R= VISOR > TOLOT = 170. 16kips pe BMe DM —M_ 250-71 fete 1104 Eccentricity ¥—11.04=3 968 Since the eccentric ses than one-sith the base of the dam, the resultant acts within the mil hid ofthe te Fe, My st caLonaamyen paBal aM il LM OID ya scae Pa=S37+425=9:6hipa/ y= S37~425-= 1 12kip/t ‘The complete presure dstibution on the bate of the dam i gven in Fig 48 0 CHAPTER 4 Me 440) ante [n= 16101 oe on Fig 4440) 46 Aconcete dam retaining wate is shown in Fig. 45a If the speci weight ofthe concrete is 23.5AN/m? ad the factor of safety agnint ling, the factor of safety agunst overtaring and the presture intenity onthe ‘base. Assume there sa hydrostatic uplift that varies uno from full byostatic head atthe heel of the ar to mr atthe toe and tht the eoeticent of friction between dam and foundation si i 04S. The forces acting onthe dam ae shown in Fig. 4b, F= yh, F,=(0.79)(0+ 14)/2](1441)] = 989.68, Fa O291GNI4 Ny} 21 KN poate fw (4)0°P) or 971 Na? wie el ‘eo at the toe, as own in Fig 4-5, Fy = (1371/2Q 15K) = 1028 KN. I ats at ()15), o€ 3.0m from pot A, Sihown ia Fig 455.DAMS 0 81 ‘leking moment moment art boat toe, B component right of component (AN) from te, 5 (a) 1 (Os-3— anes) -1ae | Gas—3—)= sam 016 2 (2 +3903) = 1610 (5-3-1) = 10.000 14100 3 (A5}G23.5K0) = 1088 8730 5 Ey (s-)=850 DV =9994N Manin = (9584) +(1028)10) = 14760 KN siding resistance _ (0A4S)3919~ 1028) ‘ding fore 84 FS. total righting moment _ 3241 F Scenes oyerturing moment 1476)" 779 y= F,=999.4KN and R= © V ~ = 3919 ~ 1028 = 2891 AN; hence, R= VORA TDHF = 46 EN, po EMe EMM $2411= 16760 ER MSH 6105m — Eecentricty = #—6.105 = 1.395m ‘Since the eccentricity isles than onesth the base ofthe dam, te estan acts within the mide thir ofthe tee 1.385)14), NSD som 71015 12.7 —107.5=852_N/m*a i! 00E LN 21a Fie 4816) ‘A concrete dam retsining waters shown in Fig 46a. Ifthe specie weight of the concrete is 23.5 N/m, fd the factor of safety agaist ling, the factor of safety agains verterning, ad the maximm and mii ‘Pressure intensity on the base. Assume thee io hydrostate pl and tha the coefficient of fcion Between ‘Sam and foundation sol is 0.8. The fores ating om the dam ate shown in Fig. 466. F= yAA, Fi = (9.79) (0+6)/2](60)) = 17820N, ‘iphing moment ‘moment arm trom toe, about toe, component_| weight of component (kN) AGN) 1 DEMS.) = 1645 Q)= 1358 218 2 (AxMIa3.3)=309.0 Pet=3.0 387 DV=035uN DM 1206KN-mMennenns™ (1762)1) = 252.448 FS any = Ming sian _(OMBNU.S) ‘ing force "1762 tata sighing moment 1206 | Ln Peaa [R.= y= 1762KN and R, = EV = 493 SEN; hence, R = VITEE TES = 4X, EM, DMM 105-3524 . sn ERe EMM Iam Beeity=f-1700=0270— Since the eoentricty isles than onesith the base ofthe dam, the resultant acts wih he mile third ofthe se. 25 , [493.5)02714) 55 _ yon 4 yay? ayaa #07 2948500 Pow = 144500 17364Nim* py 124 50.0% 73.44N/t84 0 CHAPTER 4 48 Forte dam shown ia Fig. 47, what isthe minimum with b forthe base of damn 100 high if hydrostatic ‘pits assumed fo vary uniformly from full hydrostatic head at the heel o2eo atthe foe, and alo seeming nce thrust P of 12480 1b per linear fot of da atthe top? Forti ty, maketh renitant of he reacting forces ct the base atthe downstream edge of the mide third ofthe Dae (ie, at O in Pig. 47) and take the South mony a23 Trad fy=(2sjomsoy2{aonxn}=si200% — F,=[aW0,e2.4/240)0)1=31208 W=[a.@.9}(20{40Kp)=s1200% — W=[2-9y624)H( 20410012] = 206 156000 BMo=0 (G12 000)(°F) + (31206}(6/3) ~ (312 000){Xb) — ¥] — (7800 — 156.000){)(b — 20) — b/3] + (12.480(100) = 0 204300) 24400=0 b=7808 Meerst CHAPTER 5 Forces on Submerged Curved Areas ‘The submerged, curved surface AB in Fg. -12 is one-quarter ofa cic of ras 4 The tank's length (stance perpendicular tothe plane ofthe figure) i 6 Find the horizontal and vertical components ofthe total resultant fore acing onthe curved surface andthe heatins. 4 Tre horizontal component ofthe total relent force ating on the carved surface sequal to the total ‘enutant fore, Fy, acting onthe vertical projection of carved wrtace AB (ie, BF in Fig 5-1). This projection iS vectangle 6 Tong and 4 high. For the portion of Fy resulng fom horzootal pressure of BHEF in Fig Sb, pr = (8624) = 499 Ib/f, A = (66) » 24, Km (499)24) = 11 9801 Fr the portion of Fy esting ftom horizontal prestre of HGE in Fig. 1b, p,= (24) (0 + 4)/2]= 1251, B= (125)28) = 30; yu B+ R= 11980 + 3000 = 149801. The vertical component ofthe total resitant fore acting onthe curved surface sequal fo the weight ofthe volume of water vedcaly above curved surface AB. This volume consists ‘ofa rectangular area (APCD in Fig. le) Af by 8 anda guarerciralar area (ABP i Fg) of ras, 4, bot areas being 6 long, This volume (V) iV = (8), 8) + (7/46) = 267.4, Fy = weight of water in V = @67.4)62.4)= 16650, Te loeation ofthe horzontal component (Fs slong (honzotal ie through the ceater of pressure forthe vera projection (ie. the center of wravity of EFBG in Fig. 18). This «an be determined by equating the sum of the moment off and about point Cto the momento Fy about ‘he same pot (11988 +1) + (30008 + (4) = 14980, 10.13 (This the depth from the water furlace to the location of the horzotal component Stated ancther way, the horizontal component ats at ‘stance of 12 10.13, or 187 above pnt Bia Fig. $1.) The locaton ofthe vertical component (F's Mie. $10) 8 TE Mig 5116)86 0 CHAPTER 5 52 53 song (vera ine through the center of gravity of the gui volume vertically above surfice AB (ie the ‘enter of gravity of ABCD in Fig Se). Thi can be determined by referring to Pig. Sle and equating the ‘ofthe moments ofthe rectangular area (AFCD in Fig 1c) and ofthe qutrter-cirelr area (ABP in Fig. $c) ‘out vera lin through point othe moment othe ttl sea about the ame ine. CXS) + (aN) /4)= (NUS) + NA) 4I14)4)BH)] = 1.91 fe. (Tis the stance rom point B to the ine of son ofthe vertical component) Solve Prob. 5:1 forthe same given conditions except that waters on the oer side of curved surface AB, a8 shown in Fig. $2. 4H necessary, rele to the solution of Prob. 5:1 for amore detaled explanation ofthe general procedure for saving thi type of problem. p= peg (yh +h) 2] = (62-4908 + 12)/2] = 624 1/ A, A= (0K) = 24, y= pA (628)24) = 14980 1b. The vertical component (F) is qual othe weight of he imaginary volume of water vertically above surface AB. Hence, = [(4\8) + (24) 6624) = 16680 b. The location ofthe Torzoatal component is 10.13 below the water surface (same asin Prob. 5.1 except that Fy acs toward the ef). The location of he vertical component i191 from pont B (same asin Prob. 5.1 except that Fy acts ‘pwar). Fie 82 ‘The submerged ector ste AB shown in Fig 54s ones of» ce of rads 6m, The length fhe eis {0m Detrmine the amount sd cation of the orm nd vertical component ofthe otal reat foe etn one 1 fscesay refer othe slation of rb. 5.1 for a more detailed explanation ofthe general procedure for toving isp of poten. Retro Fe. Sah: Pye ea = PMO 5190 /ATONS 90] = DAN, ‘Areane = Mage + eno afeaae = (19693) + (3.0013 199)/2— (20) /6~ 4.5827, Fy = (Gresen ent of pc)7) = 4 5)0)9 9) = A4UEN. The caton othe Nozotal component Fy) i Song’ orzo ine 3196), or 172m above he Bo fhe ate (A). Toe loan a the vera ‘onpooent (R)alon (eine hough he cetera rity fection ABC Taig een moment SER AE Asia =[SHHOOA) HDG HNO #36009) = HN VAS— nt DHDHO),FORCES ON SUBMERGED CURVED AREAS 0 87 6 ain 60° = 5.196 = 6 cos 60° = 3.000 = Fig 5306) ‘The curved surface AB shown in Fig S-4 is a quarter of acre of radius ft. Determine, for an ft ength petpeadiclar to the paper, the amount and loration of the horizontal and vertical components of the tte Fesant fore acting on surface AB. 1 tf necesay, refer to the solution of Prob 5.1 fr & more detailed explanation ofthe general procedure for solving this type of problem. Refer to Fig. 5-4, Fy = ph = (2.4) (0+ 9)/2]()8)| = 82401, arenang = ‘tac = eave = (3) ~ (NS) /4 = 5.365 1, Fy = (aegnoMlength)(7) = ( 368624) = 36781, Fyislocted ot {or L67R above C. Fis located ax from line AD. 5.365 = (3))\@)~ (Gxsy als = He/Gm)) = 1128. Pig S40) Determine the value and location ofthe horizontal and vertical components ofthe fore de to water acting on curved surface AB in Fig 5, pe foot fs length 1 ttoccexary, refer othe wtion of Prob 5. for « more detailed explanation of the general procedare for solving this ype of problem, Fy = yhA = (6.4) (0 +6)/2](6)1)]= 123 b, = area eng) = (YF /4\I)(624) = 1764. Fy located at (6), 4.00 below C.F, is located at the center of gravity of ren ABC, or distance x from line CB. x = 4/(3x) = (4\(6)/(x) = 2.558 ‘The 6fe-ameter liner in Fig 5-6 weighs O00 Ib and is Sft ong Determine the reactions a A and B, egetng ction.88 0 CHAPTER 5 | The eaction aA is de othe horzotal compoacet of the iui force ating onthe eliader (5) By pha = [ (0.00/62. $)(0 + 6/2] + 31 5)} = 495 1. Fy acts othe ight; eae, the reaction at Ais ‘45315 hele. The reaction at Bs the algebraic um ofthe weight of the cylinder a the et veel component ofthe force duct the lig Fy) = (teaecone) EEN) Fi) = ker) (04107) (Fn Cg = (a= (ee sconnc length (7) = [C13F 2H) 0.80 (62.4)}~ 38291 (upward. The eaon at B'S 500) 3529, 171 To upmardFORCES ON SUBMERGED CURVED AREAS 0 89 47 Referting to Fig. $7, determine the hoizntal and vertical forces due to the water acting on the einer pet foot of length, ' Fndcaa = 286+ (4+ 424+ 0.85)1/2)(0.12+ 30) = 20961 Endan= (2.444424) + 44 4244088)/2}((088(0)]= 47715 (Fda (cou ~ (Fx) sn = 2056 ~ 477 = 16191 ight) (dan (Pednar~ (Fe)oc= weight of volume nsaeo— Weight of volume pecan Weight Of YOM nance ‘= weight of rectaghegnc + ithe +semicilecaua) = 2M (AYA.24) + (4.26(4.26/2 + (9)3) 72K) = 2501 Bo (par) Fe 57 $8 In Fig. $8, an6f.diameter cylinder pags a rectangular hole in tank that is 3 long. With what fore i the cylinder presed against the Dotom of the tank dv othe SR depth of water? ' (ida (5 Jeoe~ (dea (Fae = 2M +497) (YO 210) = ATV) + KANE)? ~ @E-46)7210) ~ G2AI YO.) + (BNRV4) ~ 2N3.46/2]3) = 4090 (Sownvard) $9 inFig. $3, the St-iameter cinder weigh 50h and rests on the bottom of tank that is 3 loog. Water Ando are poured into the lef- and righthand portions ofthe tank to dephs off and, respectively. Find ‘he magaitdes of the horizontal and vertical component ofthe force that wil keep the ylindr touching the tank a8. Faden Edun ~ Caden = (0.70962 (0+ /2114)9)] ~ (2.400 +2)/212)3)1 = 749 1 Get) Boda (Jan + (Eden = (0730624) 9) 1413) + (24) BVA — NVR) = 26841b (upward) ‘The component to bald the ender in plac ae 749 1h tthe right and 2684 ~ 500, of 2184 down90 0 CHAPTER 5 Bess TE mess “The halconical buttress ABE shown in Fig. 101 wed to support a hal-ynial tower ABCD. Calelate the horizontal and verel component ofthe force due to water acting onthe buts. 1 Fip= tha = (6243+ 5)(6)2+2)/2]= 374416 (og) weight of (maginary) volume of water above curved surface (24H QV ON NRVIS+ GIAO) = 196016 op) Fi. 510 S11 A dam basa parabolic shape = (s/s) a8 shown in Fig. S-11n. The iis water and atmospheric presi compute Fores Fy and F onthe dam andthe postion cp whee BB = via = 62.4(24-+0)/2]24)50]~ 98.0 1, Te location of Fi along (horizontal) line oF ‘8.00. abore the bottom ofthe dam Fy = (aca,a9}with of damp) (See Pig. S11B) Areaaey = 2622/3 {GX /S = te0 Fe = (1050) (8) = 4992001, The loeaton of Fy islong a (Versa line through he ‘Sater of pity ofacayg: From Fig. S11b, x ~ da/~()(0)/4=3 75,» =3a/5™ OY2D/S= 1448, “Fonnen = V599 307 +698 GD —1 028 00h, As seen in Fig 5c, Fen 25 down an 10 the ight {tigi Oactan (499 200/898 60), or 29. Feague pasts through he pois (x 2) =(7SR, 81), ove move ‘own alone the 9. in nt we stk the dam, we nd an equivalent center a pressure onthe dam at 3tand 27.07. Ts definton of ep israther sia, but hiss an unavdabe complication of ealng with a curved surface.FORCES ON SUBMERGED CURVED AREAS J 91 sctislong# = 10083 -0.555¢ ° vam Fig. 51116) ‘Te canal shown in cross section in Fig. $12 rns 40 m into the paper. Determine the horizontal and vertical components ofthe hydronic force ais the quarter-cile wal andthe pont cp. where the resultant strikes the wall, 1B Ey= hd ~9,79(18 + 0)/21(08)(40)] = 6.99 WN. The location of Fy along a (horizontal tne, ‘600m above the bottom of the wal. F, = 9.74(40\=)(18)/4]= 9 650KN. Te location of Fy along (eral line through the center of gravity of aedogn = 4r/(3a) = (4X18)/(R) = 7.61, Frnnn = aren s aah Stn 0 Atsenta Fig 8b, Feeccace sown end oe righ ot an age of actan (9650/6 35), oF 57°. Fens passes through the pot (2) =(7.6tm, 6.0") we move down along the [57 line wal we sik the wall, wed an equivalent centr of pressure at x= 833m and 2 =2 2m. Fsaltat = WBLSOKN quarter ice 8 wide into the paper. Find the force F just sficient to prevent rotation about hinge B. Neglect the weight of the gate 1 Fux fA = 62.4 + 0/247) = 1223018 le). Te locaton of Fy along (horizontal) ine 3, or 2333 abowe point B. (See Fg. 5136) Fy = B= MKD) ~ Cal OVNI A] 24 461 — 1921 = ‘2501 (ap. The lation of Fy can be determined by taking moments about point Bin Fig 5138 5250» (2461)9) (1921117 —(9)/G)), = = 1.564 The forms ating on the gate re shown a Fig. $13. E Ma = 0; 7F ~(2.39)(12 230) (1.565280) =0,F = 2491 (down).92 0 CHAPTER 5S Pig 51346) 544 Repeat Prob. 5.13 ithe gates sel weighing 30001 1 The weight ofthe gate at atthe center of gravity ofthe gate shown in Fig. $14 2r/ = Oxohln = Aeso tt Ma =O, Prom Prob. 514, TF ~ (2 339{12 2) ~ 1.564)(5250 + Fai. ‘S15 Compute the horizontal and verte! component ofthe hydrostatic fee onthe quarer-ciceface ofthe tank sown in Fig 150 ' Fi thagh = 9.246 + HAY 308 Fe=R—F= 0-H OVINS)]~ O74 20AN (See Fig $155)Te Tm Fie 51800) ‘536 Compute the horizontal and vertical components ofthe hydrostatic force on the hemispherical boulder shown in ig 60, 1 ro sme, P= 0, R= RB ie Fi. 18). = 2.ACAKOP CD = (LAHONANADON = $160) Sr radia. Fig. 1646) S17 The bottled cider (4g. = 0.96 in ig. $17 under pressure, as shown by the manometer reading. Compute the ‘et fore on the 2Tadis concavity inthe bottom of the bot. 4H. From symmetry, Fi, = 0, Past (96K624)1() ~[(13.6)62. 4K) = P= 0, Pax = 39 10/1 (en); Bm Pasdm weight of iid Below AA = 39 (4)(8) 14+ (O90NC2 DIANNA T= (099.5 y= 32.10.94 0 CHAPTER 5 Mevury Mg S17 ‘S18 Hattetinder ABC in Fig 5-8 9 wide into the paper. Calla the net moment ofthe presure fores on the body about point C: 1 From symmetry, the horizontal forces balance and produce no net moment shout pont C.(Sce Fig. $186) BB Bm Fran anc (085VE2. [ONAN 7] = 15 WAI, «= 471) = OXD/GH) = 19108, Mou (5 18 3H0) = 390011 (Clockwise). Fig. £100) i, 51806) {£19 Compute the hydra fore anit ine of ston onsen indentton ABC i i. $98 preter soa it the paper ' Fy= thaA =((088)0.7912 424 929))]= 13140 sin ~{0)2.9771i0909 ren RA G+ 2e HES)” —O™ ‘As demonstrated in rb. 5.18, = Fry ane it ts at 4/3) fom pint C= Woamye Dynan 2 aN r= Reh EO) 0. me angen te IMtesaio rehown ap S198. Fac = YSU TI31 = 1S TEN. As shown a Fg S90, Fe ‘pues throgh pot O and tts op and Wt ight ata angle arctan (244/110 or 1097rasan Fig. £1908) $20 Find the fore on the conical plugin Fig. $20. Neglect the weight ofthe plug. B= pAsa + weight of water sbove cone = (4.5148) (1/4) + (6241x074) = (4.207878) = 6851 a Sib/in? gage a Loft fmf glee wae [ yD yere > Fig 20 521 The bemisphercal dome in Fig 5:21 filed with water anit stached tothe or by two diametrically ‘posed bolts What force in either bolt is required to old the dome down, if the dome weigh 25 KN? ‘= weight of imaginary) water above the container = 9.29465 +1.) 8)]~ 9.294(5})0.09"14} et upward force on dome = 80 5-25 =355.54N force per bot = 3555/2 = 17.78N = 9.7014) = 380.5 (0p)96 0 CHAPTER 5 sa sa Mie 52 ‘A:}mamotr water tank coos of two hal-cylnders, each weighing 3.5 kN/a, bolted together ws shown in Fig 52a Ifsupport of the end caps is neglected, determine the fore induced in cach bol, 1 See Fig. 5:22. Assuming the bottom hal s property supported, only the top half ales the bot fore. Pim OIBNLS+ 1) = 24 4B EN os BE, = PsA, 2a Wag ~ Wenn ar™ 0, 248813) 8) ~ 2B SaUABNRNLS) 72) 3.5/4=0, Rag 4424. A Fig $2212) ig. 5220) ‘The olnderin Fig. 5-23 extends 5 fnto the paper. Compute the horizontal and vera components ofthe renare force on the elinde. 1 Sco Fig. 5:28. Not thatthe net horizontal fore i based onthe projected vertical area with depth AB. Bem phyA ~O2M(44 2428) (6+ 2 828))] = 7213 oF = equal weight of fu in repon 1,2, and = (2.445) (0G) 72+ (2.828)8) + 2828)2.108)/2 + (NAP 8] = 16791. Fi. $240) ‘A-S4e-iamete og (5.0.82) divides two shallow ponds a shown in Fig. $-24e, Compute the net vertical and torigonta eatons pont C, ifthe log i 12 longFORCES ON SUBMERGED CURVED AREAS 0 97 1 P= 7AA. Figure $24 shows the forces acting onthe og yh = 2400+ 3/28 + 1.51029] = 38701 (Fy), = 62.4(0+ 1.9/2 (1.5912) = BI ee Dka0 330-92-c=0 C,=2528 Aen) Th =o 2oM6-+ 1325-[OKDHKDHMAVNLSFI +6, =0 C= (9) ©), TO ‘Mig. $240) 425 The Len-diameter ylnderin Fig. $-2Se is 8m long into the paper and rests in stati euiibrum against a {coals wall at point B. Compute the specifi gravity ofthe cylinder. 4H See Fig. $25, The wal reaction at B is purely horzoata. Then the log weight must exactly balance the ‘esta hydrostati Mig. 240) force, which equals the eqlvaleat weight of water nthe shaded ates. nie GeRreKANaV057 + 03905) a ‘TLAN, Yoq= 68.7U(BX)0.571 = 1046 N/m, 58° 10.46/9.79 = ny Mig $2540) rrosm 1 rg. $250) “The tank in Fig. 5.26 a 3m wide into the paper. Neglecting atmospheric pressure, compute the hydrostatic ovicontal, etic, and resin fore on quarter panel BC 1 Fy= tha =(0.79N4+ (59) ~95LSEN,K, = wight of water above pane BC= 9. 7HOVSHKO+ @-NOMONSHIA| = NOLEN, Panes = VISUSTS TIGR = ISOSHN Ascent Fig, 5260, Fenn pei ‘brought O and acts own ado the nah at an ane facta (1158/9545), 050." ss054N Fig $2640) Me 5260)98 0 CHAPTER 5 sn Gate AB in Fig. $7 is quarter circle 7 wide, hinged at B and resting gansta smooth wall at A. Compute the reaction forces at A and B. matin ~[C67/12\sin 907, hg = DIVO ‘Thus, Fy aes at $~ 0.375, oF 2.65 above point B. Fy = weight of seawater above gate AB = (Gayenty) ~ (Hy encx 64) ~29 568 12667 = 16901 The location of Fy can be determined by taking moments about point A in Fig 5-276. (29568)9) ~(12667)(6)(6)/Gx)] = 1690, x= 3.340". The {orcs acting onthe gate are shown in ig 527e Tia=0 GINA G65NIK6-230)~64,=0 4.165018 TA=0 — 21504—B,-16901=0 Bao a-wmi-0 1 bpm thgA (Nt D1161=215080 9 = 0.3758 Mig. 5270) ett Fy=t6.90tb = F. 2 R667 nal = ou 5 2 a oF ‘ i ore eteFORCES ON SUBMERGED CURVED AREAS 0 99 ‘Carved wall ABCin Fig. 5.28 «quarter cre 9 wide int the paper. Compute th horizontal and vertical ‘rotate forces onthe wall and the hie faction ofthe resultant fee See Fig. $28. By = th = (62.4) 53610.07249)] = 14044, Fy = weight of (imaginary) water ia ‘stated area ia Fig 28D ~ (62.449) (AS) /4~ CYS sin 4°\(S 05452] = HTT: Fra Yao? + WOU = 14 061. Fe pues trough point O and acts a an angle of arctan (oF 15.7, 8 Shown Fig $28. Fresaltect = 14.604 I Mig S200) Presurized water isthe tank in Fig. $280. Compete the et hydrostatic force on conical surface ABC 1 From symmetry, Fy=0. The gage pressre of 100kPa corresponds to a tious water level at 109.79, or 10.215m above the gage or 10.215 ~7 or S218 m above AC (ae Fig. 5290). y= weight of Btios water above cone ABC = 9.793.215) 914 + (N6}))/4) = 361 EN (0). ‘come eae Fie $280)100 0 CHAPTER 5 (Gate AB in Fig 5-3 7m wide into the paper. Compute the ore F required to prevet rotation about the soo Age a Nees presure 1 Fy= hd 9.946 +0/240.6(7)]=3S84N. Fy ac af of 3.200m above B Gee Fg. 5.308). sigh of wate above th gate = 9.29{0)6N9.0))} = 5301. F ac at For 2250 mgt of B ce 1 0818) + 22) 2002) “BF 0, Fe GTOAN. A F Fy = 2es20 sem Fy = 9150 a Slax 4 $3040) Ma. $306) S31 Theolindrl tank in Fg. $31 asa hemispherical ed cap ABC. Compute the total horizontal and veri forces exerted on ABC by the oi and water 1 Pa theA (Fx) = [0999-7910 + IG4)2)/21=2214N Cet) oh= WO9Y879)18-+2)+ 0:9\G)IKIAVV2=S3BAN- (et) Cdn 21+ 338=S594N (tt) = weight of id wihin hemisphere = (0.949 7)(G)A} 2) + (.79H(OXIAA}2Y]=156EN (dows) ¢ Pig 31 ‘S32 A cylndia bares holds water as shown in Fg. 5-32. The contact between ender and walls smooth. ‘Consider a 1m length of clinde and determine its weight and the fore exerted agains the wal, ‘ aco = @.79KI(4)2) 12+ 2) + @)2)]=199.8EN (up) dan = ONDA) (YAH BAAN (Cows) DR =0 198 WomaeB4=0 — Woanar = 1SLAEN Bem thyA — Endanc™ (8.7) QH242)(0)]=78IEN (igh) Cdoc= @.79)2+ 2X =S8TIN (ef) nn nt =T8.3~58.7= 19.6KN (ight)FORCES ON SUBMERGED CURVED AREAS 0 101 ‘The revolving gate in Fig. 5-3 is a quarter " 62 Alec of regulary shaped meal weighs 300.0N in ar. When the meta i completly submerged in wate, it ‘weighs 2325. Find the volume of he meta ' RaW sm0-225-(0.7100)KV) Vv ~ 0.00689 m? 63 Acabe of imber 125 on each sie ost in water at shown in Fig. 1. The speci eravity ofthe timbers 0.60. Find the submerged depth ofthe cube ' B=W 24(1.2911.25(0))=(0.0N62.4N.290.2(1.259]_D=0.27508 q Te lg Tt fh ret (64 Determine the magnitude and direction ofthe force necessary to hold a concrete cube, 0.300 om each side, in gulriam and completely submerged (a) in mercury (H) and () in water. S688 mee 2.40. F(a) Since sg q= 13.6 204 5 8 monn 2.40, itis vient tha the concrete wil ost in mercury. Therefor, {force Facing Sownward wil be require o oid the concrete in euiibrum and completely submerged in rmerery. The forces acing onthe concrete ae shown i Fig. 6-2, where Fis the force required To Bold the oncete cbe ia equiibrim and completly submerged, W is the weight ofthe coerete cube im ait and {he buoyant fore ER =0, F+W =~ By =O, F-+[(240(9.7)][(0 300(0-300(0.30)]~ " {(13.6)679)9(6300),6.300)(0.30)] » 0, F =2.96 N (downward). 0) Sie 5.6 mane = 2.40, i wil sink in rater. Therefore, force F acting upward willbe required to hod the conerete in equlibrium and completely Sbmerged in wate. The ores ating onthe concrete this case ae shown in Fig. 628. TF, =0 {2404790 300),0.300),0300)] - F = 9.740.300, 300,000) = 0, F = 0.370 kN 65 Aconcet cube 10.0in on each side is tobe held in equilibrium underwater by attaching a lightweight foam ‘oy ita shown in Fig. 63. (In theory the attached foam buoy and conrete cube, when placed under ater, wil ether rise nr snk) Ihe specie weight of concrete and foam are 15016 and S.0Tb/f, respectively what minimum volume of fam i required?”ew i A “fe 0300 a Z f. ‘icy a 1 Toe forces acting inthis problem are shown ia Fig. 63, where W and W, are the respective weights ofthe foam andthe concrete, nd fi and fate the respective buoyant forces onthe foum and the concrete =O Wy By +W,~ Rem 0, SV 62 Va + 154 HDHD] ~ 2418) BVH) = 0, Vin = 0.883 Conse ci 109 no nh site| a 63 ‘A barge is loaded wit 10 tons of coal. The weight of the empty barge in siris 3 tons. the barge i 18 ‘Wide, Sf Tong, and 9 high, what its daft (he. ss depth below the wate surface)? ' R=W — c2A\(18NS2(D)]=(150439)200) D=639 Determine the ssbmerged depth of cbe of sel 030m on each side fostng in mercury, The specific graves ofstecl and mercury a 78 and 13.6, respectively ' BAW (3.5G.29K0390I10)=(7.90.79N0.310.3}03]_D=0172m ‘A cube of wood (sg, = 0.60) has 9.n sides. Compute the magnitude and direction ofthe fore Frequied 10 bold the wood completely submerged in water. Since 5.§na™ 0.0, ts evident thatthe wood wil oat in wate. Therefore, afore F acting downward will, ‘be required to old the wood in equliriam and completely submerge. The forces acing onthe wood are ‘ently the same as those shown acing onthe concrete abe ia Fig 62a" DF, =0, F+W ~F=0, F + (O.o(s2.)l(5)(8)E)1 ~ @.A05)CENCE)}=9, F= 10.51 (downwa).110 0 CHAPTER 6 6 610 ou on on ‘A low cube 1.0m on each side weighs 244N. The cube is ted toa solid concrete block weighing 10.0.N. Will these two objet ted together Boat or sink in water? The specie gravity ofthe concrete is 2.4. {Let W = weight of oll cube ps solid concrete Bock, (F), = buoyant force on hollow cube, and (G)s= buoyant force on solid concrete block. W'= 2410.0 12.4KN, (8), 9: PHN) = 9.EN, an = 10/[240)9 79) = 04956 mF), = (9.790.256) = 4.17 AN, (i), + (B= 9.79-+ 417 = 13.961N. Since [W = 124] <[(f), + (Fij= IS 96KN), the two objected togeter wil Noa in water. ‘A concrete cube 0.5 mon ach side is tobe held in equilibrium underwater by attaching alight foam buoy tit ‘What minim volume of foam is required? The specie weight of conrete and foam ae 23.58 N/m" and O79EN/m, respectively. {Let W, = weigh of foam in ir, (5), = buoyant force on foam, W, = weight of concrete inst, and (Bi)g= buoyant fore on cores. ER, =0, 8, (Ry + W.— (B).=0, 07 Vang —9.79Vana 23.S{0'5}0.51 0.5] ~ 9.740 5).010.9)] = 0, Ving = 0.192 ‘A prismatic object in hick by Bin wie by 16in longs weighed in wate ‘weigh 1.01. What isis weight in air ands specie ray? Tee forces acting onthe obec are shown in Fig. 64. EF, =0, T'+-5—W=0, f= weight of dpced ‘water = 62 (6) 8}(16)/1728] = 37.016, 11.0437. W =O, W =48 DID, ag. = 48.0970 1 30. depth of 20in and found to + A Fig 4 ‘A iydrometer weighs 0.00485 1b and has a tem atthe upper end which syndic and 0.1100 in in diameter How moch deeper wil float in ol of. 0.780 than in lcool of. 0.8317 1 Wares ™ Women Fo positon 1 in Fig. in the aeobo, (0088S = (0.821) 62.4)¥,), = 01547 Gin aleaho). Fo position Zn Fig in theo, 0.0048 = [(0.780)(62.4)[0.0000547 + (i y.1100/12/4), A= 0.0750, or 0 300i. ‘A pice of wood of. 0.65 is 3a square and St ong. How many pounds of lead weighing 7001! most te fastened atone end ofthe sick so that wil oat upright with out of water? ' Wotentne™ Wann este 4y(5x 4,2) + 700V = 2.45 —1)68).8) + V) VOLOKH? Wane (0.00486) 700)=3.191 ‘What action ofthe volume of oid piece of metal of 5.7.25 Boats above the surface of container of mercury? 1 Let V = olume ofthe meta and V"= volume of mercury placed. F, = W, [(13.6(62.9)0")= [.25,62.0){¥), V'/V =0.53. Fraction of volume above mercury = 0.533 =0.467BUOYANCY AND FLOTATION 0 111 615 A rectangular open box 25 by 10 fin plan and 12 Seep weighs 40 tons andi Inunched in rsh water. {e) How deep wilt snk? (b) I the water 12 deep, what weight of tone placed ia the Bor wil cause i 19 rest on the baton? ' a-w 62.4(25)10)0)]= @0)200) D=S.138 o (62.425), 10)12)] = (40% Wan) 2000) Wy 3.61006 (616 A Mock of wood floats in water with 2.0m projecting ove the water surface. When placed in lycra of ‘4,13, the Block projects 3.0 in above the gui surface. Determine the speci gravity ofthe wood. Let ~areaof black and height of lock Wine =[(6 X624)KAN/12), Wears = 62.4(ANH—2)/12, Worsrsgrom= (39)62-4)](AM~3)/12}, Sine the weight ofeach displaced iid equals the weight ofthe tock, Wat ome = Wanna: 62. (AYA ~ 2)/12] = [351 62-)](AMH~ 39/2], b= 586 ‘As, Wane = Wannonaan (8 HGS (ANS. 86/12)] = 62 4((AYS.86~ 2)/12}, 5. = 0.69. 617 To what dep will an 8-dlmeter log 18 ft long and of 0.425 sik infos water? 4 The og is sketched in Fig. 66 wth center O ofthe log above the water surface because the specie gravity is es than 0. (Had the specie gravity been equal to 0.5, the log would be all submerged.) = W, = weight of ipinced gid = 62.4 (1520/6047) ~ XI) (in 4 con ]} = 261.40 ~ (14976 eos 0) W=[0425)62.F\8) = 19956, 261.40 ~ (14976)6in (eo: 8) = 19956 ‘This equation canbe soled by suecesive tas. Ty 0-88 (251.4y(85)— 14 9T6YsinsSYoos85)=20919 (419996) Try 0-8: (251.4483) — G4 9T6Msin I YooH8)= 19885 (#19996) TryOn 82 (R6L.AY.2)~(14976)in 8.27(c0883.29= 19988 (41996) Try O=8L275 (261.4)(83.22)—(14976)in3.227(c0883.27)= 19998 (ose enough) Depth of flotation = DC = OC = OD = 4.00 4.00 con83.22°=3.5344 Seige Hadi Ce a 618 (a) Neglecting the thickness ofthe tank walls in Fig. 67, i he tank Moats inthe postion shown what sits eight? () Ifthe tanks held so that the opi 10 below the water surface as shown in Fig. 67D, what the fore on the inside tp ofthe tank? Ute an atmosphere pressure equivalent to a 34.0 head of water te Wan = Wagtngt = 62-41} 24/4)] = 78410 (@) The space occupied bythe ai wil be ls tthe new depth shown in Fig 6-7, Assuming that he of the a constant, then fr position and, paVa = poVne 624(340+ )N4X 4/0) = [ean 104 yMOyGrt4)) 924 440y 1a 0, ~ 298, he pesure at Dis 10s 298, oF 1298 ‘ot water (gage), whichis esseatally the sae ws the presse on the inside top ofthe cinder. Hence, the force ‘nthe inside top of the ender is ven by F= yhA = (62.4) 12 98)x4/4) = 101801. 629 Aship, with vertical ides near the waterline, weighs 4000tons and draws 2 in saltwater (y= 64. 016/600 Fig. 68) Discharge of 20 tons of water ballast decreases the raft 021. What would be the daft dof the ship in res wate112 0 CHAPTER 6 Jiameter en 10 et i teed res : ; a 1 Because the shape ofthe underwater section of he ship snot known, itis bes to solve his problem on the ‘bss of volumes dapace. At decrease in draft was cased by reduction in weight of 200 tos, or 17¥,~ 640((1)(4)| = @O0}2N) where V, represents the volume between drafts 22% and 21, and (A) Fepresents the water-ineafea times 1f, ofthe same volume V, From the equation above, V, (200) 64.0 = 6250 1 (hiss perfor depth), A, = weight of displaced guid = ¥, Vz = Fy in Fi. ‘he verily croshatched Volume the diflerece i placed freshwater and st wate. Thi ilereace ome can be expres at Wa no = W Yun, OF 4000 ~ 200)2000/€24~ (400 ~ 2002000) Since V;= 62500 /R depth, the vercaly croshatcbed volume can also be expressed as 6250y. Hence, (230) = (4000 ~ 20)(200)/62.4 = (400 = 200,20)/64.0, y = 049; d= 21 + 0.49 = 21.49 8, ‘ Som nea mer Fe 68 620 Aare containing water weighs 25.51, What willbe the reading on the sales if 2in by 2in pice of wood ‘shed verically inthe water to a depth of2.080 4 For every acting force, there must be an equa and oppoie reacting force. The buoyant force exerted by the ‘rater upward agains the boom of he pice of wood is opponed by the 2in by 2in aren of wood ating ‘downward onthe water wth equa magnitude. Tis force will measure the increase in ale reading. Heme a{QV NA] =3 51, now vale reading = 253.5 +35 = 287.00 621 Find the weight of the Soating can in Fg. 69. ' K=W 9701GaNaGRF=W W HOON of 344N a Hse ig. 69,BUOYANCY AND FLOTATION 7 113, ‘The weight fa certain crown inst was found tobe 140N and its weight in water, 12.7, Was old Gea ' BHM0-127-13N Vagina Vonne™13/0.794100)] = 0.001328? Yom 14.00.001328' 105 22N/m? of 105AKNIEAY gpg 15.49.79 10.77 ‘Tas the crown was not pure gol Repeat Prob. 6:2 assuming the crown is an allo of gold (4g, 19.3) and ver (6. = 10.5) For the same imensred weights, compute the faction of iver inthe own, Brom Prob. 622,58 nen 10.77. Let a= faction of silver in crown. (a) 10.5) +(1~ @X19.3) = 10.77, 1054+ 19.3~ 19.34 1077, = 09. A plastic phere is immersed in ea water (y= 64,018/) and moored athe bottom. The sper adi 1Sin, ‘The mooring line asa tenson of 1601, What the spec weight ofthe sphere? 4 The mooring line temion (T) and sphere weight (W) act downward onthe sphere, wile the buoyant force Bs peed. EF =0= T= W = 0, GA MOKEAE)T~ 10 = re HON 0 on™ he total weight of he hydrometer in ig. 610s 0.035 1b and the stem diameters 0.35in,compate the elevation Yor Bid of specie gravity 1.4 1 Le AY ~ sion voume era = Landa = Sweght of pare water, und W = weight of yarometer, W = We= (ROMY BV) = (ENGI eg GMAY) Sine (7H) W and AV = ha = nn) MUA a), 0.085 ~ (10085) 462 4H R098 12) submerged total volume when s.¢.= 1.0, 4 sft. i ‘TT @ mew For the bydrometer of Fig. 610, derive a formula for float postion has a function of. W, dy and the specie ‘weighty of pure water. Are the sale markings nea o nonlinear ass fnction of 8? 1B From Prob. 6.25, W = (81H) ~ (64 Ca\ ad) 2 W)—W Ws. —1) "ee MONeE TD” Barnet When pote in Fig. 6-11 (in arbitrary units), ts stghlynoaliner. ‘Aydrometr weighs of 0.17 and has stem dlmeter of 1 mm. What isthe distance between scale markings foreg = 10 nd eg.» 1.1? Between Ll and 2? 4B Lith, = dance between markings for s.g.= Land sg. 1.1 and b= distance between sale markings forsg.=iandsg.= 12. From Prob. 625, Meg =1) orma.t-») 5 Gerinatg “TOGO eXoaHFTA|~ NM oF 16S 172-1) TAS THAIN O TTD hy=%05-166= 139mm the: '=0.0305m or 30.5eam114 0 CHAPTER 6 ho he 5.9 Fe 61 628 A square poe (¢.¢ = 0.68), 8 mm by 60 mm by 6m long, x suspended by a wie so that 4m is submerged in ‘ater and? above the srtace. What the toon i the wie? 4 Teasion(T) and booyant force (5) act upward the poe, while pole weight (W) act downward EF, T+ R= W =O, T +9.79(0.080)(0.080)6]~ [0.6879 0.08090 080)6)] = 0, T= O.OOSOT EN, oF 3.01, 629 The sparin Fig. 6-125 wood (64. = 0.62), 2in by 2in by 100, and atin ea water (4g. = 1.25) How many pounds of see (eg. 7.8) thou be attached the bottom Yo make a oy tat float with exactly h= 1.34 ofthe spar expose ' Vinw=(BNBXI0)=027IENE Vena (BYRNES) = 02361 Von = Weal 78SY2)]=O.001Wiag B= Wa + Woe (4.025624) 0.261 + 0.012041) = [(0.62)(62.4))02778)+ Wing Wana 5.0119 sigs 2 630 A sight ielar cone i 0 mm in ras and 170 mm high and weighs 1.5N in air. How much force i required to push this cone verte-downward int ethanol so that ta hase exactly atthe saface? How much ational force wil push the base 6.3mm below the surface? 1 Downward force (F) and cone weight (W) at downward on the cone, while buoyant force (R) acts upward. EB=0, FW =O, ((0.79)9.29( 100) )(0050)10.170)/3]= F—1.5=0, F= LUN, Once the cone ‘fy submerged, Fis constant at 1.94. 631A 2in by 2in by 10° spar has 716 of steel weigh tached (Fig. 6-12); the buoy has lodged against a rock 71 deep as depicted in Fig. 613. Compute the angle 8 at which the buoy wil lean, asuning the rock exert Bo ‘moment onthe buoy 4B. From Prob. 629, Vig = 02778. Wong =[(062)62.4)(0.277) = 10.75 and F = 62.41 3K BNL)] = LYSE: Wan acts downward a distance of sn 80 the night of A and Facts upward at a distance of (L12\Gin 6) othe night ofA; whe the sel force passes through pot A. Hence, © Mx =0,1075(3sn 8) ~ (L7SL(L/2\in 8] = 0, L= 7.8960 05 0= 1/L = 177876088878, 8 = 21. 632 Thesubmergd brick in Fig. 614s balanced by #2.kg mas onthe Beam sae, What isthe specie weight ot ‘the brik I spaces 2.197 ies of water?BUOYANCY AND FLOTATION 0 115 613 BF =1mg = (2.58(0.81) = 2492N. Upward force (F) and buoyant force) net upward on the brick, whe is ‘neigh (W) acts downward. Y= 0; B+ FW =O, (79) (2.197 10") +2492 W =O, W = {SAG 7 = 4648/0197 10° =21 133 Nim, or 2.13 KN Fie 614 633 Thebulloon in Fig. 618i filed with helium pressurized to 111 KPa. Compute the tension inthe mooring line By =pIRT; y= |(101)100)}/{29.3)273 + 20)] = 1.76N/m = (111) 1000}/[212.04273 +20)] = 1.751 Nin. Weight of helium () and tension in mooring ine (T) act downward on the balloon, while Buoyant force (5) acts upward. $F, =O; = W=T =0, 1.761GK))"}~LENGMANGY|~ T= 0, T= S07, ‘ondaore Mig 615 G34 ALL-tediameterholow sphere is made of sel (= 7-5) wih 0.015. wall hicknes, flow deep wil he ‘phere sink in water (end hin Fig, 6-16)? How mach weight must be added inde to make the sphere ' A=W = weight of doplaced water» (x/3)(4)'Gr— A) = 62.4((2/3)0° 990) ~~ 107.88 — 65.350 WKY) Yn (.85)(C24) = 489 Sb 0 Vom ™ GYR)" ~ GX (= @)0.01500)/2) = 0.05548 8° W = (489.8)(005548)=27.171 10784 ~ 65.394" = 27.17116 0 CHAPTER 6 “Two roto his equation are complex. The othe, obtained by tril and eror, i k= 0.643. For neutral ‘oyaney, the tot weight of the sphere pls added weight mast equal he weight of water placed by the tie spre. Hence, 27.17 + Wana = 62:0) 209) 1 Manes = 16.21. Submerged volumes Eh8(3-") ng ga 625 When 61 weight x placed onthe end of ating Sin by Sn by 10 wooden beam, the Beam ts at 1.6" sith the weight at he src, ab shown a Fig. 617. Wha ste specie weight ofthe wood? ' tanh =A/10h=O2%98 Vow (BNAKIO) = 1.73687 B= Ww G2ML736- (§N02799)4NU0)] = 72.0210 We aKL78) +6 LOD (YonaK.736)+6 — Yome= 38.010/ 636 A wooden beam (6. = 0.6) 140 am by 140mm by Sm and is hinged at A, at shown in Fig 18. At what ‘og wil the beam fost in water? 1 The forces acting onthe beam ae shown in Fig. 618. Wine =[(0.68)979)(0.140)0140)5)] = 0.61404 and F = 9.290.140 140{L)] = 0.1919L. F My = 0; (019T9L|G ~ L2y(os €)]~ (0.6140, (Acos 6) =0, SR OMOL! +0.9995L 1.5350, L=2010m;sin@=1/(5—20h)) 0.3933, 8 = 19.5 ' Kaw ((L0s(@.9HAsasyny]=(45+125}200) b= 6564 638A block of tee (6g. 7:85) wil "oat at amereury-water interface asin Fig 619. What wil be the rato of ‘stances a and for this condition? 1B Letw = width of block and L = length of Bock. F,= W, (aN) + (13.6) ynyoKBLO) = (8 taN+ XL), a 13.65 =7 85a +7 8b, a/b = 0855ro BUOYANCY AND FLOTATION 0) 117 + Bea: Mercy Fi 619 A balloon weighing 3.21 is 55 fin diameter. Upon release itis filed with hydrogen at 17 pia and 65°F. At ‘nha aude tm he andardatmowphere il ths Pallon be newtrally buoysat? 1 BW y=pIRT — yu=(I7Q(UA)/N(165.5\(460 + 65) = 0.006001 Cran NE =32+ OOOOH] r= 0.08 N/K From Table A.7,alitude = approximately 1860, ‘A rectangular barge 18 wide by 46 ong by 9 deep oats empty with raft of 4 ina canal lock 28 wide by S6ft long and water depth 78 when the empty bare i present. 117000 of sets loaded onto the bare, what ae the new daft ofthe bare (s) and water depth in the lock (1)? The weigh ofthe barge (9, sequal othe buoyant fore when the draft i 4 We = 62.4(18)(46)4))= 20666 ys 5 = W, 62.418) 46)4)] = 20669 + 170M, b= 7.2901. Volume of water in look = (7) 28)36) — (4nd) = 7464, Aer sels added, (228) 36) ~ (7.290184) = 764,17 ‘A tin iametr soli cylinder of height 3.75 in weighing 0.8 1b is immersed in gud (y = 52.016/f) contained ina tl opeght meal elinder having a dlametrof Sin. Before immersion the guid was 3.0in deep. At what wil the solid ener Bat? See Fig. 62. 4 Let = distance sold cylinder falls below original iui surface, y = distance liquid ses above original liquid srtace, and x y= depth of submergence. Va = Vo (3)3) 14] = yCaNS) 18] — (00) /4)= (0.5625y. = W, 52.48) VAs + 112] = OS, +) = 228, 0.5025) 49 = 2248, y= LA8in, x= (15625) 44) = 0.81 a. Thebotom ofthe soi cinder wil be 3.00.81, 219i above the bottom of the hollow cylinder. | a ‘An ccher inthe ocean fats wth one-seventh ofits volume above the surface. What iets specifi gravity Ila to ocean ater? What portion of volume woud be sve he rfc ie were ating Pte Wer? Yon ngs = OLDIE. ' Vmods = = DV = 08ST a BW Cramntio Vintners = (Pete) Ve) Seen Tate oo = Veen Vn 085 7Vsnl Vinny O87 (eelativeto ocean wate) amen (O8STIGA)= S48SDM 5 ang® S48S/62.4=0879 (lative to pure water) ‘Therefore, 10.879 0.12, or 12.1 perent ofits volume would be above the water surface in pre water. ‘A tiydrometer consis ofan 1L-mm-iameter ender of length 20 mm attached toa 26mm diameter weighted ‘sphere. The cinder har a mass of 5g, andthe mar ofthe pret 1.0. At what level wil hs device Boat118 0 CHAPTER 6 {in gids having specie graves of 0.8, 1.0, and 1.27 Is the sae spacing onthe elindical stem uniform? Why ‘rw not? I Lety = submerged length of ender inmilimetrs. Vanes (XY) = 9218 0, Vases (NaN) = 95.059, = W = (ex NO-7)0000 000 ]5308 + 95.09) = O010}G.8.) (6.009303)6.5.))), W= mg = (13+ 13.0N9.81)= 12.2 g- mis’ oF 122N, (O.ODOIOKS 8) + 6.009303). 19) = 0.1823 y= [0.1422 ~ (0.0010). ))/(0.0009303\6.)). Forsg. 08 y= [0.1422 (0.0010)0.8)}/(0.0009203)0.8)] = 94.2 mm Forsg.=10 Y= [0.1422 ©.09104(.0}/(6.0009303)1.0)]= 56.0 mm Forag.=12 y= 0.1422 (0.090104(.2}/(.0008303\1.2)] = 30.5 mm, ‘Seale spacing is ot uiform because buoyant ore i ot directly proportional to submergence 646 A.ypemiter weigh 6b in water nd 81 in ol of specie gravity 0.86. Find it specif weight. I A=W, 24v =W ~6, (.86)62.9{¥) = W —8 Sbtractng the second equation from theft ves Ay (BBN OK) ~—8—C-H, V O21 (2ANE29)=W—6, Wn 2031, 7 = 205/028 = asi 645 A.atloon weighs 2701 and has «volume of 14900. Isle with helium, which weighs 0011210 /f athe temperatare and pressure ofthe at, which weighs 0.0807 Ib. What load wil the balloon support? = W ((OBOT\(14900) =270+ (0.0112(14900) +1oad Load = 76615 646 A soll indicat drum 32m in dlametr and S2em hgh, weighing 7.0N, contains perfume (6g. = 0.83) 108 ‘epth of 22cm. a) When placed in water, wha willbe the depth yt the bottom ofthe drum’? (b) How much ‘perfume can the drum bol and stil oat? re) Kew 9.79(y\x) iB /4)=27.0/100 + (0.88)9.79)(022).2)(0.32)/4) yeO2i7m of 217em (6) 9.79(0:52(2)(0.32 4] =27.0/1000 + (083Y9.7)HAKs)O2Y'S] A= O.S8Sm oF 58.Scm Since h = 385m is greater than the height ofthe rum (52cm), he drum wil oat when fll. Therefore, Von =(O52()0.0)/4 = 00818 oF 1.8L. 647 Abiock (y= 12410/) 1 square and 9a dep Moats om strated igi composed ofa 7 ayer of water hove a layer of mercury (a) Determine the positon ofthe bottom ofthe Mock. {its downward vertical force of 2401 apled Yo the center of se of this lock, wha is the new position ‘ofthe bottom ofthe block? FG). =W. Lets dept int mercury below water-mereuryintercs[13.162.9N()0\0)1+ ‘@.HUniggp} = C20{ChG)} 0 yf or 080i.) ahs cash topo the Mack wll be below ‘Seater race, Heme, [03.046] +2} 2) = AINA +20, 03098. 648 Twospbercs, cach 13min diameter, weigh SKN and 15AN, respectively. They are connected wit # short ope and placed in water. Whats the tension (T)in the rope and what portion ofthe lighter sphere protrude rom the water? . 1 Forthe lower (heavier sper, the buoyant force and Tact upward and its weight acts downward. Hence, ER =0, K-91 3/2)]=1L.260N, 1126+ T— 130, T= LTAKN. For the upper (ght) spre, the buoyant force acs upward and its weight and act downward. Henee, ~S~1LT4=0, R= 674N, Porton above water = (1.26 ~6.78)/11.26~ 0.40, or 401 percent of volume. 62 Aboard weighing 2.210 /t and of crome-sectional aes Bin! dpe into ol as shown in Fig. 621. the hinge ‘ction, find 8. 4. The forces acting onthe board are shown in Fig. 621. W = (2.2\(11) =2421h;F = (9) ((e)] = 2.944, E Mang =0, QA2N(Y Gin 6))~(2.948)(11~£/2)(c0 8) = 0, 1.472e?— 32.98 + 13K =O; 2, = 16.53 andBUOYANCY AND FLOTATION 0 119 15.47. Using x= 5.47 Glace x= 16.5 is imposible for his situation), 2s 8 = S/(1 ~$.47) = 090816, jas Pig 621 ‘Aube 2.24 om an edge sits lower half fg = 1.6 and wpper half of g.=0.7. It ets ia a twolayer Bi, ‘mith ower ag. 14 and upper sg. = 0.8. Determine the height ofthe top ofthe cube above the itrface (Gee Fig. 622). ' hew (2.962. 2-292.29222~M)] + (0.8962.412.2922.240)] 1.92. 9H22}2.23¥) + O7KC.UENANE heastTe att” sce dé = FL. — 22n — Fy 62 Determine the volume and density of an object that weighs 4N in water and SN in. an alcohol of. 0.8. FW (0.790000) KV) = War (8099.79) 1000) (Va) = Wee $ the second equation from the Bt gv T790Vajaa~ TES2Vins = 1, Vanna = 0.005107 [06.79)100)}0.0008107) = Was = 4, Wan = 9.0008; 7 9.00/0.0005107 = 17623 N/m 2727 96 g/m? iar laa pi 0.0557 meg, ‘With how many pounds of concrete (y=25 KN/n”) mata beam of volume of 0:2 and sg. = 0.657 be coated {Winsre that sinks in water? BBW 879902) +9. 0V ee =[(0579-79)N02)+25Vanne Vener 0.08248? Wann (0.08248)25)= LO82KN of 10S2N of 1062/4448 = 23015 “The pte of Fig 625 weighs 1601/ normal tothe page sin equllbium as shown. Neglecting the weight of the arm and brace supporting the counterweight, Gad W (weight nat). The weight made of concrete, sen250, F Fym ha (24000) = 1251S Mw 0 (1123)8)~(W)Ssin 30) =0 wee ‘Tis i the submerged weight BW 2M [2.50(624)} Vanes) 898 Vine™ 9040 Mann (2-S04S2.8}994) = 14871120 0 CHAPTER 6 Me. 623 (654A wooden pole (6. = 0.55, $50 mm in diameter, has concrete tinder (6g. = 20), $80 mm long and of he same diameter atached to one end. Determine the minimum length of pole forthe system to Rout Verily stati equilibrium 1 The system wil oat at minimum length of wooden cylinder a shown in Fig. 624. = W, (ANE + 0.50) = (0.5}¢7 KA) * 12.501 KANOSS0), L= 1.833, 7 2 L | ses0ss soma) —saea50 Fe scone Sea re ou 455 Atyitometer weight 0.00 and has stem 7 min dames. Compute the distance between pei avy tarting 10 snd 1 From Prob. 626, wes) Ce a *eeNGE 1)” CHS NOM |EHOOTH A 656 What isthe weight ofthe loaded barge in Fig. 625? The barge is 7m in with ' RaW 9.9(CH{UH29+2V2H24)/2)) =W WH 23594N 657 tn Fig. 626, «wedge of wood having specie gait 0.66 supports é0-b mermaid (aot shown). The wedges tein width, Whats depth 1 The 160-6 force and the weight ofthe wood (W) act downward onthe wedge, while the buoyant force (5) act upward. ZF, =O, B~ 160 W =0, Mf QVONANE tan 30972) —160~ 0.49)2.4)( 29) Cian 3072} =0, d= 2.448, 658 Thetankin Fig 627 fled brill wih water If cube 70 mm on an edge and weighing S30N is lowered lomly into the water wnt toate, how moch water Bows ove the edge ofthe tank? Neplest sloshing, et 1 =W, Leth= the depth to which the cube wil sink in the water. (9.79100) (0.700(0.700X)] = 30, $n 0.120-m, Vans ={(0-78}(0.70),0, 12] = 0.058. This isthe amount of water that wil verti.BUOYANCY AND FLOTATION 0 121 som ie. 627 ‘A stone cube 80 mm on a sie and weighing 425 Nis lowered iat a tank containing a layer of water ove layer of mercury. Determine the postion ofthe block when it as reached equa. yaa. = 425/(0.280) = 19.60 kN/m’. Since the cade sheave than water bt lighter han mercury, it wl ‘sink boeath te water surfce and come to esta the water-mercur interface as shown in Fig. 628. = W, 9.74{(0-2a( 0.280.280 2) +(13.6).79)(0.280\0.250)0)] = 0.45, x = 00217 m, oF 21.7 me. Ths, the otom ofthe cube wl ome to ext 217 mm Below the water-mercry interface Pg. 628 ‘Aieberg (y= 94N/m) floats in ocean water (7 = 10kN/m) with 300m of the iceberg protruding above {he free surface, Whit the volume ofthe fsberg blow the fre surface? o B= W —10010V ee ™9000Vee +3000) Vee 27000 ‘A rectangla tank of internal width 7m, parttoned as shown in Fig. 629, contains i and water, () I the ‘as specie gravity 0.8, find its depth (b) I ODN block of wood is sted in theo, what the se ia thee srace of the water in contact with i? Pn +[(0.84Y9.79)\0) + 0.7) ~ (0.7994) =P = 1.190. (B) Leth =the new val of with the 90-N boc in oration, Since the volume of ol doce nt change, (1.10)(0.5\) = (eNO) — ‘900/(0.84N9.79)100)},h'=1221 m Ifthe oll-waer interface drop by a Gstance 8 he tee surface of ‘water witha wil ise By 8/2. Pam + (0849. 79)I1.221) 49.73 ~)~9.7K4+ 872) = Pm, 8 = 0.01709, (017.09 mm. The fee srface ofthe water wl ise by 17.0972, ‘tm. men122 0 CHAPTER 6 sa ‘A balloon is filed with 30 mf hydrogen having specific weight 1.1 Nn, What it does the balloon exert {atthe earths surface, ifthe balloon weight 1400 N andthe temperature is 15°C; (b) at an elevation of 10m, stung thatthe volume has incensed 6 percent? 1 From Table AS, Yur= 12.01 N/m at elevation 0 and 4.08N/a? at elevation 10000m. Ef, =0, 5 Woe Wand © (22.01)3000) 1400 (.1)3000) HO LiR=31330N or 31.334 » 4.04(.06,2000)]—1400 = (.1)000) R= 0 LIR=8147N of 8ASKN ‘A wooden rd weighing 41 is hinged a oe end (Fig. 60). The rode 9 ong and wniform in ros section, andthe sapport is 4 teow the free sarface ofa freshwater pond. At what ange awl come to Fest when ‘lowed to drop fom a vetal postion? The eros section ofthe sick sin area, |The fores acting onthe Beam ae shown in Fig 6-30. Kn e2a9- ey.) ~S460-0te SD My=0 MAScot.a)~ (6.40 -O4057e)(9-e)/2\cosa) = 0-038 +5.46e-6.57=0 = 1.2078 sin a= 4-0) ~4/9-1297)=05108 a=313" F600 A tock of wou having volume of 0.034 m? and weighing 300k suspended in water as shown in Fig. 631 ‘A wooden roof length 3.4 and ros section of 200 mais attached tothe weight aod also to the wall HE ‘herrod weighs IGN, what wil angle @ be for equilibrium? Free (8.79(100f0.034)~388N (Fox =[(9-79)L000)(ACy(A000/F)] =19.58AC N TM=0 {3836.40 8) + 18.SKAC|(ACI2) + (2s (cos 8) ~ 300134 cos 8) ~ (16,3.4/2\08 AC #34~ (iyo 8 58364 cos 8) +19.813.4~ (Rn 6) % ({.4~ (isin 0/2 + (yin 8} (con 8) ~ 3008.4 coe 8) ~(16(3.4/2¥.o8 8) = 0 4.341 = [5.4 (Asin 8.700 + (thy (2sn BY 4:341= 5.700 0.048 © tin? 60033357 sin = 0.18264 0 = 105 a: Fig. 631BUOYANCY AND FLOTATION 0 123 ‘A barge witha fat bottom and square ends has a draft of 6.0f when fllyloded and Rating in an wright postion, a shown in Fig 6-322, The center of gravity (CG) ofthe barge when fllyIaded i on the ax of Symmetry and Of above the water surface. Is the barge sable? Ifit sabe, what is the righting moment then the angle of eel i 1277 B= 11¥,~ (42)25)/12/(25}62N6] = 468. Therefore, the metcenter (0) is oeted 8.68 f above the center of buoyancy (CB), st shown in Fig. 6325. Hence, i (he metacenter) i lcated 8 65~3~ 1, oF ‘68 above the barge’ ceater of gravity andthe bare is stale. The end view of the barge when the ange ‘feel is 12" i shown in Fig. 632 Rghting moment = (RY), ,= 62 [(25)2N6)] = 3831201, ££2'Gin 12(dstance from mc to CG) = ain 7 }48) “0.99 fighting tment = G93 1200.93) = ‘3250018 Topiew (0) Eadie Fig 63210)126 0 CHAPTER 6 weet Mig. 6310 ‘Would the wooden einer (sg. =0.61) in Fig, 633 be stable if placed vertically in i as shown inthe figure? 4 Theft step isto determine the submerged depth ofthe cinder when placed in the ol. = W, {(035}79)|(D x)" /4)] = [0.619979 1300()0.66/4)], D= 0.9353 m. The centr of buoyancy located at a dance of 0835/2, of 0.466 from the boom ofthe cinder (see Fig. 6330). 1/¥, = (xO. 6/6093). 60) /4] = 0.030. The metacenter is octed 0.030 m above the ‘czater of buoyancy, as shown in Fig. 630. This places the metacenter 1.9072 ~ 0.466 0.09, or 0.154 ‘elow the center of gravity. Therefore the elinde ot able ones =085 t Fig, 63340)BUOYANCY AND FLOTATION 2 125 | tabegcam Me. 6330) 667 Figure 63a shows the cross section oa boat. The hil the boat is solid. Sbow if the boats stable or not. ‘he Boats stable, compute the righting moment when the angle of heels 107 HB =1/¥,~|(29,07/329/[(10)(5)20)] = 1.67. Therefore, the metacener is oated 1.67~0.5, oF 1.178. shove the center of gait, as shown n Fig 634, and the barge it sable. Th end wew of he barge when the {ine of heels 1 is shown in Fig. 34 Riphting momen = (8), = 624{10}3)20)] = 6 40010, Gin 1OYLLI7) = 0.208 righting moment = (62 400(0.203)™ 126701. (6) Top view126 0 CHAPTER 6 Pie. 6340) i i Me 6300) 666 Aso wood cinder aa dametr of 208 ad ig of 408. The pec iy ofthe wood i040 I ‘Sc cpiner i pced verily nol (ng = 085, woke wale?” 1 B=, (assy 62a OX (37/4) = (6162.4) 4042), D=2. 8, The eter of boyancy lose at a dtnceo 23/0 Le hm he ort he pide Ge ig 9) MB =a {G4)2)*/64)/[(2.82)()(2)'/4] = 0.09 ft. The metaceater is located 2 — 1.41 — 0.09, of 0.50 ft below the center of [Parga shown in Fi 63. Thertr, he eindr nr sabeon BUOYANCY AND FLOTATION 0 127 ate O41 (e.g. = 0.85) 2.82 fe 2 te el ‘A wood cone floats in water inthe poston shown in Fig. 6368. The specie gravity ofthe wood is 0.0, Would itbewabie? 1 The center of graity i located or 2.50 i rom the base ofthe cone of 750 from the tp, as shown in Fig. 6360. Won = (0.60/28) U0}(#)7)/12/1728= 2791. Let x = submerged depth y= 0.700 Vg= (e)x)(D,7/12= e970) /12 0.12880" B=W QAO) =279 r=O.7SR oF BAtin D,=(0.70N844)=5 91m ¥=(01283N0.708)"= 0.046 AY or 7.1in? MB =1/¥,=((aXS.91/69/77.1=078i0 ‘The metacenter is oated 0.78in above the center of buoyancy. Hence, the metaceter is located 730" 635 0.7, oF 0.39 in below the con's enter of gravity, andthe cone not table. Mie. 635 ‘A bloc of wood 6 by 8ft oats ono of specif gravity 0.751. A clockwise coupe holds the block inthe ‘aston shown in Fig. 637. Determine the (a) buoyant force ating on the block and its postin, {8 magitude ofthe couple acting onthe block, and (c) locaton ofthe metaceatr fr the ited postion, HG) R= W=(0.751N62.4)[00K4 + 494618)/2} = 86561. Fas upmard through the cete of gravity O° ‘ofthe pace ol The center of gravity lie 5.3388 from A and 140 from D, a shown in Pig 637 (AC™ AR + RC= AR + LO" = (5.3308 30) + (-S40)(sin 17) = 5.388 Hence, the buoyant force ot 5501 ats upward through the center of gravity of the placed ol, which 5.368 tothe ight of A. 1) One method of obtaining the magne ofthe righting couple (which must equa the magnitude ofthe ‘external coupe for equilibrium) iso fnd the eccentricity «This dmesion the datance between the wo ‘parle, equa forces W and R, which form te righting couple. ¢= FC'= AC-AR, AFAR + RE = {5.333(601309 + GR sin 30» #619 + (0.91)n 307) = 4 64, = 5.38 ~ 4.6 0.424; couple (65560408) = 367081. (@) Metcente distance MG = MR ~ GR = RCisin 30" ~ GR = 0.70/sin 3" 0.491 = 0.85on on on BUOYANCY AND FLOTATION 0 129 Nl lengths in feet, me eat ‘A rectangular cow 7f by 18 by 321 long: its load of garbage has its center of praity 2 above the ‘ratetne, as shown in Fg. 638. Is the cow stable forts contiguration? ‘buoyancy, which is 25 above the bortom of the sow. Hence, the metacenter is ated at $404.3, 0F (090° above the center of rai, and the scow sabe =a a {InFig. 639, a scow 208 wide and Of ong has a gross welght of 25 tos Its center of gravity is 1.0ft above ‘the water sfae, Find the metnentic height and restoring coupe when Ay ~ Of. 1 R= W, .4{0N20\M)] = 22592000), h= 6.01. To locate CB’, the ceaterof buoyancy in the tipped ‘Poston, take moments about AB and BC. (601)20\) = (60 ~ LO}C0)I0) + (C0 LOO ZI). F945 (61ND) = (601 ~LO(2OI(6.O1~ 1.0) + (0+ 1.0}30)/2[(6.01~ 1.0) + (L0- 1.0)/3), y= AGB By sila angie AEO and CPM, ay. oa MP (CG's 6.01+ 10, or7.01 fom the botom. Hence, CGP =7.01 ~3.03 = 3.98 8, MCG = MP ~' 530~ 3.981.520 The sao is gable, since MCG is postive. Righting moment = W(MCG) sin 0 (@asyao0 (say VEE 1.07 = 6000-1. MP asso Fig. 639 ‘What are the proportions of rads to hgh (/h) ofa ightccalar etn of specie gravity 6 0 tha it ‘wilt in water with end faces horizontal in stable equa?190 0 CHAPTER 6 I See Fig. 640 honht — hewhi2 RaW thar (eennlar) b= (eX) hen (e)0)2- MG=MB-GB HB = 11¥,= (ars 9y (oar) = ih) = 8 10)) GB=ho~hy=hl2~(64NRV2=ONL-KEV2 — MG= PAX MHD] ~ (AN —S.8)/2 For stable equilibrium, MG = 0, in which case r/[(4Xs-2.A)] = (M1 ~$.8.)/2, n/h = VOVGEKI 88). Fi. 640 (624 The plane gute in Fg. 6-41 weighs 21 N/m normal to the paper, nd is center of gravity is 2m rom the hinge at 0. (a) Find asa function of 8 for equltriam othe gate (8) Is the at nab equiv for any aes of 0? 1 Consider unit width of pat, a shown in Fig 1b @ Fahd F=[(9.79)(1000|/2Y(h/sn 8) = 4895H"/sin@ MoO (49954 /in 6,¢h/sia 8)/3]~2100(4X.0" )]=0 = 2.574? cos @ —h=1.3704in @ 08 8)" = 226th sin? @ con 0+ 4200sin 0 Substituting h = 1.370608 cos 6)" rom pat (a), dit /d@ = ~(3260(1.370) con @/sn 6) + 4200 sn ~(€983) cs" 8/sin 8) + 4200s 8. Foe stably, dM/d0 <0, i which case 4200 sin 8 0, (ee Fi 03K >0.789 and 68. <0.211CHAPTER 7 /] Kinematics of Fluid Motion: ma 2 3 ™ 1s 132 ‘A nore wih base diameter 7S.mm and a 3S-mm-diamter tip dicharges 12 L/s of uid. Derive an expression for Boi vlc long the nos ai. Measure datance slong thes from the plane of he larger ‘dameter J Let L= length of nox snd D = diameter of nose at any pot. D = By ~ (ile — ae) = 0.073 ~ ‘.oe/L, w= /A = 0.012/,4(0.075—0 ade / 8] =. 528/(070—0ae/ Nove: and tn nlietes pres vin ms What angle of ets required o reach the rot ofthe buldng in Fig. 7-1 wth minimum jt velocity athe nozle? Whats he value of vs? Dd ylde= ~g, dyltrm ~e1 +e, 10, dyldt = vgsin es Theron, c,=¥esin a, and dy/dt = gt usin a, y=—pP/2 4 vss a rey Att=0,y 0. Therefore c= 0, ny = —g¢/2 + maa, L= My c08 FE Lieyoosay. e{Li(oocon af /2+ [Li(veco8 a) Kvn) o Let F=gL?/Q2v3). Then, fom Ea. (1), maximum F for minimum (ooa)(Lesin aH cota) = Lcon asin @~ Hos: Find 2eot2a AF [de Lom @~n*a) +24 sn con w= 02H /L= ~(oo sn (in ac08 Q\2H/=-2e0t2¢ a=. (9.807)24/(wpcon8-79P/2 + [24/(¥c08 8.7) ey sin 8.7), wy =282.m Subsitting ito Eg, (1), 28 Fi 7 Given the velocity ed, Vex y, 21) = (Sey*+ + (22 +84 + ak m/s, with x,y, zn meters and in seconds, (Calelate V@,~2.1,4). What the magnitude of his velocity? ' V=((VM-2+4N-+ 10) + 8) + I8k= 184+ 10} + 18K m/s IV) = VaR FOF = 185 "Note: Boldface etter are used hers and heeaterto denote vectors “Te velocity components in a ow of id are speiied atv, = Aut + y's 4 Mims, v= Day? ye and ‘y= 3-429 mis, where x and are ive ia meters andi seconds. Wha the Ylocty vector (G.4,3) mate = 4 Wat is the magnitude of ths vectra this point and ine? BF Ve [2 K4) + FO) +11 (VAN +F+A +B + KHOR = 944 844 38 Vim VOR BES 13s Given the velaciy eld V = (S14 (15) + 11+ 09H) ns determine the path ofa patie which is at (6.2) mattine 13s,“6 ” KINEMATICS OF FLUID MOTION 0 133, ' welds Se o vn dylaem sy 4b @ wxdelae= 190 ° From (1) dr/x Sd, ne = S06, At Hence, nd = (598) +6464 “16. mnra5-136 o la (IS9 +) = IS ey, ALES, y= 6, Hence, nf (15H6)+ 11] = (1598) +6 From (2, dy/5y + 11)=1 a in (isy +11) = 15408 © From (8), de = 198 de, 2 = 190/346, ALE™3, 2 =2 Hence, 2= (19V3)'3-+ 6, 65> 10. 2 1F 3-168 © ‘Ad Bas (4) and (5) 10 get Ins +in(I5y +11)=20— 540 o Soive for tin Ba, (6: = (= +169 })). Suda this valu fino Bq. (7): 1ax + In (15y +11) = Baye + 1689 4 $4.0, a) R5y + 1)}= 1081+ WA) — 540, ‘An incompressible ideal fi fows at 0.5 ts through a cicularpipe int a conialy converging noe, a shown in Fig. 7-2 Determine the average velocity of flow sections A and B. I Asa tst step, an approximate fw neti sketched to provide a general picture ofthe How. Since this is an ‘axially symmetric Bow, the net snot a re two-dimensional fow net. AL secon A, the streamliges are parallel ‘hence, the area at right angles to the velocity vector is acre. Thus, 4 = Q/A4 =0.5/(a(B)4 [Atscton B, however, the aes at ight angles to the srearline i not leary defined; tsa curved, ‘isshaped section. Asa ough approximation, it might be asumed tobe the portion ofthe surface of sphere ‘of rads 2.0 that intersected by a cic of ameter 22. y= Q/Ay = Q/C2a7h) = O7eaneyN0.59/12)=9.71 815 a qT] 8 snaam ad ‘Water fows a gal/min through smal circlar ole nthe Bottom of age tank. Assuming the water tank approactes the hole radial, nd the velocity inthe tank a 2,4 and in from te ole 4 The area through which ow occurs isa hemispherical surface, wih A =2xr. Q = 6/[(7.48K60))= (01337 Fs, v= OLA At2in om the hoe,» = 0.013371 2K A] = 0.0766 ls Ati rom the ole, v= QO1357/(2\2)8)"] = 0192 H/s AC Bin rom the hole,» = O.01357/(2)(=)(8)] = 0.0009 8s134 0 CHAPTER 7 1" 13 70 ma Given the eulerianvloiy-vector eld Vs, 2 = B+ 22} + 97, find the acceleration ofa patil. av (3, 80, 9 ' (Mev evl) non vem woot 2,30 oy aie pM Zener Ma, an SE +) + OL) +) 9R) + (Ya) =H Cee + ay" + "+ Daya Vis valid everywhere as given, this acceleration apes to al postion and ines within the Bow Bel ‘Row through a converging nome can be approximated bya one-dimensional velocity distribution w= us). For ‘the nou shown in Fig. 7-3, assume the velocity varies linearly fom u = ty af the entrance f0u = 3 at the ‘exit u(e) = wll + 24/E); Se = 204/L (a) Compute the ncleraton d/l as a peneral funtion os, and (@) evaluate du/d a the entrance and ex v= 10f/s ad f= 1 te () tthe ehtrance, where x =O, dd = (2,107 (I + NO) = 200. At the ext, where x=, sdufdr= (@)GOFC)IA+ GIA] = GORI Me. 73 ‘A two-dimensional velocity field is given by = 2y", v= 3s, Ww =0. AL (xy, 2)= (1, 2, 0), compat the {) velit, (b) lea acceleration, snd (e) convective acceleration, t@ VR HDAV+ AOD) = 4+ mY, o Xo o HB MyM ew Ba0s ay) 8 OHH) #1)" 127 2. a 2 on Ba05 0/90) 0090) +90)=67" Sanne (oan=24024 Fore wy a cea P70 (2.0 compat alert omni pee ‘ScSy ocean ompne srt tay 4 From Prob. 7.10, V=4h+ 3 and a= 241+ 24a (1,2,0) (4) Tangential acceleration: Revise = (24424) (4+ W = 192+ 14.433 6 ie paral V1 mas ae KINEMATICS OF FLUID MOTION 0 135 (@) From Fig. 7-4, the angle @ between Vand ais determined by cos 8 = al ~33.6/24°+ 24)" = 0.9095, O=813, 2, = [alin = QE +24) 13) = 4.80 units normal to V. yh On Mie 74 1s the fow wih velocity eld V = 2st ~') + ck steady or unsteady? Is it woo thre dimensional? At the pois (9.2) =(2, 2,0), compute the (a) ttl acseraton vector and (B) unt vector normal tthe eeleraton 1 row is unsteady became time appear explicitly, Flow is three dimensional Became u,v, 4 0. uu ab Bae 4 GaN) FN) 99) a2 ay ey Cae de v4 Waa + 2) 0)+ PAA) + ON) = Bit ait ale 2 6 M, +a FE6 0 aw SE m0 ance) + (PHO + Cee) =r 498% [At pin (2, 2,0), d= (2Y2) + (HQ) = 448, doe = —2VOK=2) + (0-2) = 44 = 20, d= (HAVO) + G)A}(O) =. Hence, a= (4+ APH (44-2. (The unt vector normal 1 et sty ‘Om nd We) + m4 ~2°) + m0) pls wi m3 + n= 1. Apel case solution n=, For steady fw through a conical noe, the axial velocity i approximately u = U1 /L)"*, where Uyis the tntrance velocity and Ls the stance tthe geometrical verter ofthe cone. Compute (a) «general expression {forthe axial acceleration dd and (b) its valves athe entrance and at x= 2m, if Uy= 4m/sand L=3 1-9) Te) oa YE Hoa years) 107 me ]-0+0-( astm 4-1 1o,ora1=292018 ‘A two-dimensional velocity field is given by V = (c!~2y+20)~ (iy + yl. At =2and y =2, compute the (@) scleratios a, and (velocity component inthe Giection 8 = 3, and () directions of maximum ‘seclerrtion and maximom vloaty. ey Mee Sen ' Sanne yew Maas (aay! 490642) KH) +0eT ns 76 ut Baas (ea ayt+2N-39) + (Bey — VRBO (2 -@)0'+ EAM) +21 +1-39EVA)— AHH} = == NAY + HAM + (BVA) 2-39) 1] = 98 o tae Vite Ve [P= GNG)+ ONAN L0}RV) 424) O14 ap 0848140530) tae = (~ 1)YO.84 + 0.530) = -7.2 (e) Direction of : a = arctan (98/12) = arctan 0.87500 = 41.2. Dizeton of V (ection of -D): B= ~907 “Te velty eld in the neighborhood o «stagnation point i given by w= Uye/L, = —Uhy/L, w= 0- (a) Show that he scseration vecor purely radia. (6) If =, wha ithe magnitude of Us if the oat secleration at, 9) =(L, L)s2948 i ees Hg Ma Ms Hao aa at ay ae Bg yey Man. Baa Mee v Sew a080% (2) a= ar a= U/L? + y) = (ULI. (Hence, prey radia) ) b= aC, 2) = (CYL yl = Vay, WL 3 and i =29 29 UNIS, Ua 784s. [A partice moves atound the circular path + ?= 9m a uniform speed of m/s. Express the wand v Component as fancions of tne, suming @= 0 a= 0, See Fig. 75. 1 = u.cos0 usin = —bsin@ m/s v= U,sin B+ uy conO= +4000 mis But vp ri, 4-38, 0= St hence w= Asin rand v= +408 Ue* ‘ 1,20 4 eT {A perfect hid lows from the bottom ofa large tank though a small hoe a the rte Q = 0.9L the Bid ‘ows radial foward the hole with the same volume ow aeross every section, compte the convective ‘celeration at pots 100mm and 200 mm fom the hoe Consider the radia velocity (0) = “QA, = ~Q/C227) (A, othe area of hemisphere). (ANB) a8 (09% 10-77247(0100) = -2061 mor A m/e At = 0.20 m6 = ‘lout amish on “Oisem8 nue 10 ma KINEMATICS OF FLUID MOTION 0) 137 = 10241 ~ 20y2} + 100, determine the velocity and acceleration of a = Sm, and =A. V= (OKD)A= ANA +(100,0.)k= IOh— 4+ 1 Ba (Mon, M on™ rar * ay ae = 100 + [(10x* (20k — 20yf) + (—20yx)(—2xf) + (1004)(0)] = 200% + (—200x"y + 400yx"yf + 100 ‘At position x= 1m, y= 2m, x= Sm, and = 0.15, a= (200)1)% + (—200)(172) + (400)2)(1) + 1008 = Soa any Tom the ow in Fig. 72 tend 8 0.0, find the aceceatio in the How a sections A ad 1 sae the flow secon Ai eilorm an ao enya =0. uM vMewX aynorut ev Xs oer ov tata or Ba ey For oi Bo he nt othe pp at section, ‘The effective area through which the ow is occurring in the converging setion of the nozle may be expressed yay A= tr, where k= {1 coud) 0.2937 andr the tance from pot C. Thos A @x)(02987) ~ 1.847, and the velo inthe converging nozl (assuming the streamlines Now radially ‘Toward C) maybe expressed upproxinately as v = Q/A=(L30/(.84") At section B, r= 2in 0 1670 Bence, 1 0.50/[(.84)0.1677]=9.748 ps. a, (9059), _@osy (Se) aie 16.7 fl 2, ¢ =u e.g =ns7ts ‘A two-dimensional ow elds given by u=2y, v =. Sketch the fw Sel. Derive a general expresion forthe ‘elaity and acceleration (x any ae i units Olength Lu and v ae i units of L/T). Pid the acceleration in ‘he ow Bld a point A (e= 3.5.9 = 12). 4 The fow elds sketched in Fg. 7-6, Velocity components wand v are poted wo scale, and streamlines are ‘etched tangentially tothe resultant velocity vectors. This piesa general picture ofthe Now fd Vetesemedtr qaaberBemoesman gaaberBaninener =F e +47)" a =2e=TOLIT (= 29 = 24/7? A= 18+ ait =(0.9"+ ar T4U/TF “To gets ough check onthe sclera imagine velo vector a pint A. Ths vector would ave & approximately midway betwen that fhe ating vectors, of Va™=4L/T. The ads of crvatre ‘tte secbed sean wt 4 roghly 3. Thus (ee =/3~5 3/7 The angel meetin ofthe {ares Asay be apponinated by noting thatthe veloc ang the scamlin creases rom aout SSL where rome thai, 0 about #17 at B. The stance slong the smn tween hee £0 poi roghy Ae Hen very approximate ae ofthe gen vleration at As avila d(t3 ‘Vector diagrams of thee roughly computed normal and tangential acceleration components are potted (Fig 7-6) for comparison wih the trv nceleration as given by the ana expressions (Fg. 7-6) sur “Te Yeloty slong streamline coincident with the x ans isu = 9+". Whats the convective acceleration at £327 Specify unis in terms of L and T. Assuming the Bui is incompresabl, te ow conversing & sherging? ' wt es 2 a ae uly “a138 0 CHAPTER 7 12 1 Fg. 7440) [At 232, 4, (0982) + G82)" = LBIL/T?, For incompressible Bow, th Bow is conversing. ‘large hemispherical vat ass smal aphole centred on it lowest point. Lea gud drains trough he bol ‘ecording to Q= 11-0. whore Q is im eabic eet per sexnd un sn second. Find the total accelerations {point 3f foo the center ofthe ole ats = 16s. ASsume that laud approaches the center ofthe ole radial B= Q/A. Toe aes through which Now occur isa hemispherical surace, 0 v= (11 ~0.5/(24") 2,2, [izasoy -an=asi) a8 an ae 7” oe Abram 3feand = 165, a= (11 ~ OSUOMANID (11 OHNO ~ O5AXAIOF= ~aoior ni Under what conditions does the velocity Held V= (a+ B,y +2) (age + bay +ep8)+ (ase + byy +2, ‘where ay, a, fe, = constant, represent an incompressible ow which conserves mas? BerrtyecareBiarrbysendeBirtby teasom 1s rr 18 KINEMATICS OF FLUID MOTION 0 199 nde must have opposite signs. Cotnity imposes 20 and, which Jono comtibute toa mas crease ot ora +B, + 6.20. Atleast 90 ofthe constants ‘escons whatever on the constants By, ey ‘decease fa diferenta elemes ‘Anincompresible velocity lds gven by u=a(x*=y'), unknown, ‘What mast the form ofthe velox component v be? where a and b are constants my 2 ye “This is iterated partly with respect ty: w(x, y, 5, 1)=—2ary + f(t, 28). This the oaly posible form for ‘that sais the icompresble contin equation. The funtion of atgration fis eaely arbitrary ice it ‘ales whe vi iferentited with pect 0. a Zeta + An incompressible fw Bld has u =: and w = x” (dimensional factors omite). What form does contnaity mpfr the velit componeat ©? au, 0, 2 ™, ' B no P42eon0 Baw a vane +fte.2) ‘A two-dimensional incompressible velocity feld has w= K(I~€°*), for = Land 0 L.=, Whats the most, {ener form of (9) for wich contin is satisied and v= vat y= 0? What are the proper dimensions for theconrtants K and @? Dimensions of constants: (K) = (LIT), (a) =(1/L) » a9 0484000 x ‘Wich of he folowing velocity elds satisfies conservation of mass for incompresible plane ow? @ensneny puns se unten ay @ aaa vm dye Qurysyovey tet Bee ona terre davon inconsitences. I In order to stn contiity, Bett oo mt Bao @ Sas et Be to Bae and Bate dent econ thay nat Bae tts ty ny Bett ant Bat? ee iy nia the radial velocity for incompresibe Bow is ven byw, =b cs 8/7, b= constant, whats the mos general form of (7, 8) that sass continuity? 1.3 f,(beose)) , 1306 Fal F)] 7520-8 ' bain ee esa)140 0 CHAPTER 7 129° A rwosimensiona vlsty elds given by Wyn KE, Pep Fey where Kis constant. Does this eld satis incompressible continuity? Transform these velocities into polar Components and vy. What might the fow represent? . enna ones —(EE)() +8) 2) = vn cvsnt swan [EI (ENE) ee eee Sree reece eee 130 For incompressible polar cordinatefow, wha is the mot general form of purely creator motion, ‘2 Ur 81) and v=, which satises continuity? a 1a 1 tor (04) +0=0 ‘131 Whatis the mos general frm ofa purely rail polar coordinate fcomprenibe How pattern, L2ipeBnn 12ms(Qoso-0 2em=0 w=() 732 An incompesible steady Bow patterns given by w=" 32*andw = y*—3y2, Whats the most general for ‘ofthe third component, vs, 2), that satisfies Continuity? P+ syeo Meyer vety— ary 4 flea) rH iyno Beye? only ersten) 153 Acai wo-dinenon set ow near wal a 77 the easy component »-u-F) ere and ae constants, Dei rom conti the elt component, ) sing th ome PM Moore Be Me-u(SHeM) o-u(B-B) es Enforce nostp condition: (x, 0)= W100) + f(x) =0, f(x) =0. 0 atthe ret 734 Consider the tat plate boundary-layer ow in Fig. 7-8. From the no-tip condition v = al along the wally =, andu = U= constant outside the layer, Ithe layer thickness 8 increases with x as shown, prove with16 1 18 KINEMATICS OF FLUID MOTION J 141 Incompresbe two-dimensional continuity that (a) the component v(,y) is everywhere postive within the layer: ()wicremes parabola thy very eat the wall and () reaches postive masse at y= 3. 4 Ga) 1S increses with x the streamlines inthe sear ayer must everywhere move upward to stisty cotinity. Therefore, du/d <0 everywhere inside the shear layer. Since contol requires = Bao ‘ererynhere, it follows that 3/3) >O everywhere in the shear lye. (8) Near the wall, n= y/(2), 80/2y = =2ul == f(s; therefore, Ere )—(paabote) (©) Aty=6(2), du/3x 0; therefore 30/3) =0, and v= maximum. ‘The ail velocity eld for fly developed lamina How in pipe i = tat 10. Determine the radial velocity Bel Fig. PUR?) and there i 0 si, 2) rom the incompressible elton if ams constant and, By R (7 denotes radial distance trom he pipe's center R denotes the pipes rads) ity) =O fora. 13.18 demst, (o) Meg 13 2 +e0 1L2¢jroro-0 Zimyno wal ‘Anincompresbl ow eld has the eindrical components vy = Cr, v= K(R?~P), v= 0, where Cand K fe constants and r= R, = 1. Docs this lw sats continuity? What might represen physically? ‘Anincompresble Bow in polar coordinates i given by v, = K coe (1b /7) o+0+0=0 (stises continuity) ‘This Bow represents pressure-diven, lamina, steady How in rotating tube (aly develope). a 28 2 ino+tZcy+ Zine -Py1=0 K sin 0(1 + ir), Does ‘his fd satay continty? For consistency, what sould the dimension of the constants K and bbe? ) 2, +2e0 Dimensions of constants: (K) = (LT), (6) = (2°. [rxcuo(t cno(t+8)=0 0m ad] +i ksao(i+3)]+ (atisesconinity) ‘The x component of velocity tu = + "+ 6, andthe y component is v= 9°34 Find the simplest = component of velocity that satisfies comity. 2, Oe Bate ° wea ao om = +9) see +?)ae 1 10 7a 1a as 0 cHaeTeR 7 Int cmon etn for eds, acpi flow isd the loving acy compomet or iret wettig tt veP ty! wate ty? a ay For steady, incompresible Now, are the folowing values of wand» possible? (undeysyvnGry tar ()un2e+y,0= ky 0 (hx=y)+(-4e429)4C9)= 0 (tien contin) ant aye @) 4746 +040 (Plow isnot posible.) (@) & 44050 (Powis posible) Determine whether the vlc eld V = 3+ 12} + kis incompressible, rotation both or neither. The divergence ofthis velocity felis ae eel Vv eZ ON 9) + ZO) =0 “Terefore, this velocity elds incompressible. The cs ofthis velocity He is 2 2 2)-ey-nire ao ‘This is mot zero; hence, the flow felis rotational, ot ieotatonal 1 velocity potential exits forthe velocty Held w= (2*—"), v= ~2any, w= 0, fn it and plo it 1 Since w =0, the carlo V hat only ove (2) component, and we most show that it is er, vate BM 22a) 2 aap etsy ce “The low is indeed ierotational. A potential exist. To find, y, set 2 2 ante w vate Gto-ne e Integrate (1) anf) e Diente (3) and compre with (2) $e--te0 +19) =-2057 “ ‘Thereof =0, of = coat, The veo pte s@ = a3 —ay*+ Lei dine hownin hy 13 Given be velo eld V= 151 +15 +2 +154 id he angle velo vector Bid para asm we can plot the [At point 2,3, 4), = (-9)8)1+ [9 —(65)2FIR= -2M~ Meads.7 us 7 ry KINEMATICS OF FLUID MOTION J 143, ig. 19 1-8 =10-)= Es ‘Show tat any velocity eld V expres asthe gradient fa salar must beam rotational ld 1 show cut (gad ) 9-5 Since 6/3 3 = 79/02 ay, ee, we se that we ave proven our point provided the partial derivatives of {nthe following fw fel iotational or not? V= 12eyh+ 3} + 10K 6. Me Mee reg Mh: g ' 77" +e ee he ee oa eth vety wce Vr nd emer ty nh he Socnrae oe wre wit am 0 Se 1 rine Srnec nan de pr Te hy el tamer oN enol capt fancy sup as ope te UiscadiadpatmegweoseT itn cou Te waco a = [ene [ssrde comin “Tee area of he surface i (2)2) = units, Then the average velocity i V.= Q/A = 4.0/4.0 1.04mi, [Atlow velocities, he flow though long cular tube has a paraboloid velocity distribation We nl), where Ris the tbe ads and un isthe masz veloc, which occurs atthe tube ‘eaten, (a) Find general expression for volume ow and average velocity through the tube (@) compte the volume fw if =o and tng = 8s; and (e) compute the mas ow if = 1000 kg/m146 0 CHAPTER 7 7) 10 781 otas—f Hay Tee area Sis the cos section of the tube, and m=. The normal component V-m= V -t= Since w ‘leony with, the element dt canbe taken tobe the anna stip dA = ar dr. The volume flow becomes ‘Carrying out he integration over r, we obtain Q~ luau AR’. The average veloc i t= O/A= sth'/2R~ luge The average velo is half the maser, which sa acepted result for lowapeed, ‘ot Taminar ow hgh along tube. (b) Fr the piven numerical values Q~ i(8)(.05) = 0.0113 {ey For the given dent, assumed constant = pQ = (1000K0.0113)= 11 Sk For low-speed (aminat)fow through a ciclar pipe, as shown in Fig 7 formnu= (Bi/n)e-—r), wherewith Bud scot. Determine (a) the saxinum velocity interes nd and () the mass ow rate a terms Of B, a Fe thy cca when ddr. fdr = ~2Brn=0,7=0, tae BI Oy) Mig. 7 the id in Fig. 7-11 water at 20°C and 1 atm, what isthe conterine velocity Uy fhe tbe radii 20 fd the mas ow through the tbe is 3h? 1B From Prob. 749, #1 = (0/27), 1.3 = CBW eam (AN0.020), an = Uy 2.07 o/s Acta thi ‘relic. At his, Ng >200, 3 the fw probably tubalent) A velocity fel ia arbitrary unit is piven by V = °\— ay} —6xck. Find the volume fw Q passing through square mith comer (x9. 2) = (1,050) (21,0) (1 and (1,0, 1) See Pig. 712 B= 55 (dy de. Since m=1, Ve n= a =3e.Q= J358(0) dy de = 3 wit.

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