Professional Documents
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Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E2248 − 18
1. Scope* 1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
1.1 This test method describes notched-bar impact testing of safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
metallic materials using Miniaturized Charpy V-notch responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
(MCVN) specimens and test apparatus. It provides: (a) a priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
description of the apparatus, (b) requirements for inspection mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
and calibration, (c) safety precautions, (d) sampling, (e) dimen- 1.8 This international standard was developed in accor-
sions and preparation of specimens, (f) testing procedures, and dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
(g) precision and bias. ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
1.2 This test method concerns Miniaturized Charpy V-notch mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
specimens, for which all linear dimensions, including length Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
and notch depth, are reduced with respect to a standard Charpy
V-notch impact test specimen in accordance with Test Methods 2. Referenced Documents
E23. These are not the same as sub-size specimens, described 2.1 ASTM Standards:2
in Annex A3 of Test Methods E23, for which length, notch E23 Test Methods for Notched Bar Impact Testing of Me-
angle and notch depth are the same as for the standard Charpy tallic Materials
V-notch specimen. See also 1.5 below. E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
1.3 Comparison of the MCVN data with standard Charpy ASTM Test Methods
V-notch (CVN) data or application of the MCVN data, or both, E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
to the evaluation of ferritic material behavior is the responsi- Determine the Precision of a Test Method
bility of the user of this test method and is not explicitly E2298 Test Method for Instrumented Impact Testing of
covered by this test method. Metallic Materials
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as 2.2 ISO Standards:3
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this ISO 14556 Steel -- Charpy V-notch pendulum impact test --
standard. Instrumented test method
1.5 This test method does not address testing of sub-size 3. Terminology
specimens as discussed in Test Methods E23. The reader 3.1 Definitions of terms Common to Mechanical Testing:
should understand the distinction between miniature and sub- 3.1.1 absorbed energy [FL], n—work spent to fracture a
size. Miniature specimens are shorter that sub-size specimens specimen in a single pendulum swing, as measured by a
so that more tests can be conducted per unit volume of compensated indicating device
material. Moreover, miniature specimens are designed so that
3.1.2 instrumented absorbed energy, Wt[FL], n—work spent
the stress fields which control fracture are similar to those of
to fracture a specimen in a single pendulum swing, as calcu-
standard Test Methods E23 specimens.
lated by integrating the force-displacement curve.
1.6 The MCVN test may be performed using a typical Test 3.1.3 lateral expansion [L], n—the maximum increase in
Methods E23 test machine with suitably modified anvils and thickness of the specimen as a result of the impact test,
striker or using a smaller capacity machine. expressed in mm.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E28 on contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Mechanical Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.07 on Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Impact Testing. the ASTM website.
3
Current edition approved June 1, 2018. Published September 2018. Originally Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. de
approved in 2009. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as E2248–15. DOI: la Voie-Creuse, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland, http://
10.1520/E2248-18. www.iso.org.
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E2248 − 18
FIG. 1 Scaled 8 mm and 2 mm Strikers for Use in Miniaturized Charpy Impact Testing
specimens, and hazards associated with specimen warming and NOTE 3—In case MCVN specimens are extracted from broken CVN
cooling media. See also 1.6. specimens of highly ductile materials, the user should ensure that the
severe plastic deformation occurred during fracture of the CVN specimens
8. Test Specimens does not affect the impact behavior of the miniaturized samples.
8.1 The recommended proportional specimen configuration 8.2 Microstructural considerations dictate that only V-notch
is the square cross section notched bar shown in Fig. 2. The specimens with cross sectional dimensions sufficient to ensure
cross sectional dimension is slightly under 5 mm to enable a representative volume of material is tested may be used. In
machining from a previously tested CVN. Information on order to satisfy this requirement, the size scale and mean
additional specimen geometries that have been successfully separation distance of inhomogeneities that exist in the mate-
used is provided in Appendix X1. rial must be known. The cross sectional dimension must be at
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E2248 − 18
least five times greater than the largest inhomogeneity. Post- time (~ 1 s or less). If a thermal bath transfer system is not
test metallography may be performed in order to confirm that used, dummy specimens (with internal thermocouples) or test
the requirement has been met. specimens (with surface thermocouples) shall be used to
8.3 Stress field similitude dictates that if the miniaturized demonstrate that the 62°C requirement has been met. If in-situ
specimens (such as the one shown in Fig. 2) do not satisfy the heating/cooling is used, dummy specimens (with internal
microstructural considerations, specimens with a larger cross thermocouples) or test specimens (with surface thermocouples)
section may be used. For the square cross section specimen in shall be used to calibrate the system and to demonstrate that the
Fig. 2, all the remaining specimen dimensions (length, notch 62°C requirement has been met.
depth, etc.) shall be scaled by appropriate ratio with the 9.3 The specimen shall be placed on the supports against the
standard CVN dimensions. This has the advantage of standard- anvils to ensure that the notch is centered to within 0.25 mm.
ization of approach and scalability of previously calculated
finite element solutions. 10. Lateral Expansion and Shear Fracture Appearance
Determination
8.4 Machining the outside surfaces of the MCVN specimens
using continuous wire electric discharge machining (EDM) or 10.1 The measurement of lateral expansion shall satisfy the
any other machining method which produces less than 0.005 requirements of Test Methods E23. The uncertainty of the
mm of disturbed material on the surface is acceptable (1). The measurement shall be determined by using precision machined
crack starter notch shall be EDM machined or precision reference blocks.
ground. 10.2 The fracture appearance, characterized as shear frac-
8.5 Side grooving of the MCVN specimens (see also Ap- ture appearance, may be measured directly or determined using
pendix X2) is optional. Investigations (see Appendix X2) have a correlation of characteristic values (see 10.2.2).
shown that the use of side grooves on MCVN specimens 10.2.1 Direct measurement of shear fracture appearance
provides a larger volume of material which is sampled at plane shall satisfy the requirements of Test Methods E23.
strain conditions. This results in less downward shift in 10.2.2 Shear Fracture Appearance Correlation—The equa-
temperature due to loss of constraint caused by miniaturization, tions provided in Test Method E2298 may be used to estimate
and thereby reduces the need for correction factors to simulate the shear fracture appearance. These equations relate charac-
CVN transitional fracture temperature dependence. teristic force measurements with the shear fracture appearance.
The applicability and accuracy of the correlation for a particu-
8.6 The choice of specimen depends on the application.
lar material shall be demonstrated.
NOTE 4—Although this test method specifically addresses impact tests
performed on notched specimens, the use of unnotched samples may be 11. Inspection, Verification, and Preparation of
advantageous when testing refractory metals or materials produced by Apparatus
powder metallurgy methods. For such materials, machining an accurate
notch without producing significant damage is extremely difficult. The use 11.1 Machine inspection and verification shall be performed
of unnotched specimens, however, is outside the scope of this test method. in accordance with the requirements of this test method, Test
8.6.1 For some materials, the use of different methods for Methods E23, and Test Method E2298 as appropriate.
machining specimens may increase results variability and data 11.2 In cases where the MCVN specimens are tested on a
scatter. For this reason, the machining method used shall be large capacity Test Methods E23 test machine, the test machine
reported (see 12.1.2). Performing microstructural investiga- shall have indirect verification, using verification specimens in
tions in order to determine the depth of the recast layer might accordance with the requirements of Test Methods E23. In
be helpful. particular, the anvils and striker for CVN specimens shall be
used to verify the test machine. MCVN anvils and striker shall
9. Test Procedure then be put on the machine and the machine shall be further
9.1 The test procedure may be summarized as follows: the checked by testing MCVN specimens which are prepared from
test specimen is heated/cooled in situ (that is, at the impact a material with a microstructure that produces small scatter in
location) or it is removed from its cooling (or heating) medium, the fracture test results and/or for which a large experimental
and positioned on the specimen supports; the pendulum is database is available (such as round-robin results, see for
released with minimum vibration; and the absorbed energy is example references (2, 3, 4)).
recorded from the machine dial or, preferably, from the optical 11.3 MCVN test machines of small capacity, which are not
encoder. For instrumented tests, the force-time curve is mea- capable of testing CVN verification specimens, can be indi-
sured and evaluated to give the instrumented absorbed energy. rectly verified by testing MCVN specimens of the type
9.2 The temperature of the specimen at impact must be described in Appendix X1 with certified values of absorbed
within 62°C of the nominal test temperature. Due to the small energy (KV) and maximum force (Fm). These specimens are
size of the specimen, in tests below or above room temperature
(RT), special attention must be devoted to temperature control
within the above mentioned tolerance. It is recommended that
in-situ heating/cooling be used. If a bath transfer system is
used, it will be necessary to transfer the specimen to the
supports and strike the specimen within a very short period of
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E2248 − 18
available4 for three energy levels (low, high, and super-high). 13. Precision and Bias
The certified values of KV and Fm have been established at
13.1 Precision—MCVN impact data from two interlabora-
room temperature through an interlaboratory study (5) involv-
ing nine international laboratories. tory studies have been analyzed in accordance with Practice
E691 in order to establish the precision of this Test Method.
11.4 Prior to testing a group of specimens, and before a The terms repeatability limit and reproducibility limit are used
specimen is placed in position to be tested, check the machine as specified in Practice E177.
by a free swing of the pendulum. With the dial indicator (if 13.1.1 An interlaboratory study (2) was conducted using
used) at the maximum energy position, a free swing of the miniaturized Charpy V-notch specimens with square cross
pendulum shall indicate zero energy within at least 0.1 J on section (Fig. 2) of A533B Cl.1 (tested at room temperature and
machines reading directly in energy, and which are compen- 150°C) and of two reference materials produced by the
sated for frictional losses. On machines using optical encoders, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder CO
the indicated values, when converted to energy, shall be
(low energy and high energy). The ILS was conducted in
compensated for frictional losses and the free swing of the
accordance with Practice E691 in six laboratories, each one
pendulum shall indicate zero energy within 60.1 J.
obtaining up to six test results for the absorbed energy
11.5 For instrumented testing, the calibration and verifica- measured by the machine dial or encoder (Table 1). See ASTM
tion procedures of Test Method E2298 shall be satisfied. Research Report No.E28-1039.5
13.1.2 Another interlaboratory study (3, 4) of characteristic
12. Report
instrumented impact forces, displacements and instrumented
12.1 For all tests, report the following information: absorbed energies was conducted using KLST miniaturized
12.1.1 Specimen type and dimensions, Charpy V-notch specimens with 3×4mm rectangular cross
12.1.2 Method used for machining the specimens and spe- section (see Appendix X1) of A533B Cl.1. The ILS was
cifically for cutting the notches (for example, EDM, grinding, conducted in accordance with Practice E691 in thirteen labo-
broaching etc.), ratories with fourteen test machines, each one obtaining up to
12.1.3 Test machine characteristics including anvil spacing, five test results for the absorbed energy (Table 2). See ASTM
anvil radius, span, and striker geometry, Research Report No. E28-1037.6
12.1.4 Test temperature of specimen and method of heating
or cooling, and 13.2 Bias—Bias cannot be defined for MCVN absorbed
12.1.5 Absorbed energy absorbed as measured by dial or energy. The physical simplicity of the pendulum design is
optical encoder, or both. complicated by complex energy loss mechanisms within the
12.2 Optional variables which may be reported include: machine and the specimen. Therefore, there is no absolute
12.2.1 Lateral expansion, standard to which the measured values can be compared.
12.2.2 Shear fracture appearance,
12.2.3 Specimen orientation, and 14. Keywords
12.2.4 Specimen location within the plate or weld. 14.1 impact test; instrumented impact test; lateral expan-
12.3 For instrumented tests, additional information in accor- sion; miniaturized Charpy test; notched specimens; pendulum
dance with Test Method E2298 shall be reported. machine; shear fracture appearance
4
The sole source of supply of the specimens known to the committee at this time
5
is NIST. If interested, email charpy@boulder.nist.gov. If you are aware of Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may
alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM International be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:E28-1039.
6
Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may
responsible technical committee,1 which you may attend. be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:E28-1037.
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E2248 − 18
TABLE 2 Absorbed energy (J) from MCVN specimens of A533B
cl. 1 (3, 4)
Repeatability Reproducibility
Repeatability Reproducibility
Average Standard Standard
Limit Limit
Deviation Deviation
8.22 0.43 0.71 1.19 1.98
APPENDIXES
(Nonmandatory Information)
X1.1 MCVN specimen described in Annex D of ISO extensively in Europe (3, 4). We refer the user to Annex D of
14556—This 4 × 3 × 27 mm3 specimen has been used ISO 14556 for details of the specimen geometry.
X2.1 Side Grooved Miniature Charpy V-notch Specimens: temperature due to loss of constraint as a result of
X2.1.1 This test method recommends the use of a propor- miniaturization, and thereby reduces the need for correction
tional specimen with a square cross section, like that shown in factors to simulate CVN transitional fracture temperature
Fig. 2. A square cross section side grooved specimen can also dependence. The choice of specimen depends on the applica-
be used. tion and it is important to note that some side grooved
specimens and test procedures associated with them are pat-
X2.1.2 The use of the side grooves on MCVN specimens
ented technologies (6).
will provide a larger volume of material which is sampled in
plane strain conditions. This results in less downward shift in
REFERENCES
(1) Lucon, E., “Effect of Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) on (4) Lucon, E., "European Activity on Instrumented Impact Testing of
Charpy Test Results from Miniaturized Steel Specimens”, Journal of Subsize Charpy V-Notch Specimens (ESIS TC5)", Pendulum Impact
Testing and Evaluation (JTE), Vol. 41, Issue 1, January 2013. Testing: A Century of Progress, ASTM STP 1380, T. A. Siewert, and
(2) Manahan, M. P., Sr., Martin F. J., and Stonesifer, R. B., “Results of the M. P. Manahan, Sr., Eds., American Society for Testing and Materials,
ASTM Instrumented/Miniaturized Round Robin Test Program”, Pen- West Conshohocken, PA, 1999, p. 242-252.
dulum Impact Testing: A Century of Progress, ASTM STP 1380, T. A. (5) Lucon, E., McCowan, C. N., Santoyo, R. N., and Splett, J., “Certifi-
Siewert and M. P. Manahan, Sr.,Eds., American Society for Testing cation Report for SRM 2216, 2218, 2219: KLST (Miniaturized)
and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA, 1999. Charpy V-Notch Impact Specimens,” NIST Special Publication260-
(3) Lucon, E., "Round-Robin on Instrumented Impact Testing of Sub Size 180, July 2013.
Charpy-V Specimens: Results of Phase 1", ESIS TC5, Final Report, 2 (6) United States Patent numbers 4,864,867 and 5,165,287, M.P. Mana-
April 1998. han inventor Battelle Development Corporation assignee, filed 1988.
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E2248 − 18
SUMMARY OF CHANGES
Committee E28 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (E2248–15)
that may impact the use of this standard.
(1) 3.1.1 was added to define absorbed energy. (5) 3.1.4 was added to define shear fracture appearance.
(2) 4.1, 6.1, and 12.1.5 were revised to use “absorbed energy.” (6) Section 10, 10.2, 10.2.1, 10.2.2, 12.2.2, and Section 14
(3) 3.1.2 was added to define instrumented absorbed energy. were revised to use “shear fracture appearance.”
(4) 5.3, 9.1, and 13.1.2 were revised to use instrumented (7) 3.1.3 was added to define lateral expansion.
absorbed energy.
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