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enenuru
Deity, Demon, Agents of Illness
Ningishzidda
Ningishzidda
us4-he2-gal2
Administrator
Ningishzidda Jul 3, 2008 at 10:52pm
Post by us4-he2-gal2 on Jul 3, 2008 at 10:52pm
us4-he2-
gal2 Avatar ah - Right! Thank you Madness. To avoid confusion on first read over, I have amended my post on
the relevant comment.
Posts: 1,699
Ningishzidda Jul 4, 2008 at 1:52am
Post by us4-he2-gal2 on Jul 4, 2008 at 1:52am
us4-he2-gal2
AdministratorI had been reviewing Madness post of June 23 above Naomi so, he knows this picture in Question
feature Ninazu because he is accessing Wiggermann's article directly - this is where this picture is
featured. A small confusion stems from my discussing Madness post of the 23rd and I had at first
mistakenly called this Ningishzida - I have since edited my post with the correct information to avoid
us4-he2- further confusion.
gal2 Avatar
Posts: 1,699 Yes it is a complex subject, the details of which probably allude the attention of most in the field of
Ancient Near East studies, let alone the public at large. We are at what I think to be the fringes of the
examination of these deities - and so the time for consideration of materials gleaned thus far is about
right.
sheshki
enenurian
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btw, if you want to look for yourself, the signs are all on the
sign-list at
www.enenuru.net
Wiggermann compares it to the name of the son and more or less gets his answer that way, and
refers the reader to other studies (note 35):
On this seal and its iconographical problems see also E. Braun-Holzinger, Mesopotamische
madness Weihgaben der Frühdynastischen bis Altbabylonischen Zeit (1991), 351974, 355 (S 3), and eadem,
e n e n u r i a n Der Bote des Ningišzida 38, in B. Hrouda et al. eds., Von Uruk nach Tuttul (FS E. Strommenger)
(1991).
As for Ningišzida, he buries discussion on the god's relation to the mušhuššu in a single note (70).
He happens to analyse Gudea's vase:
The name of the entwined dragon-snakes (they have teeth) paired with snake-dragons on Gudea's
libation vase has not yet been positively established, but in view of the common pair muš-
huš/mušhuššu muš-šà-tùr/bašmu in the texts, the latter is the best candidate.
Shambler So the entwined snakes are probably bašmu; as for the flanking winged creatures, what he means by
Posts: 415 "snake-dragons" is mušhuššu, I think [he uses the terms snake-dragon/mušhuššu interchangeably
through his article]. Compare the winged mušhuššu of Ningišzida from the seal of Gudea (number
5) with the snake-dragons on the vase.
img49.imageshack.us/my.php?image=2dqs5.jpg
www.dazimua.com/images/enenuru/ceremonialgrail.jpg
Anyway, RlA s.v. mušhuššu seems to be the main place to look for further details.
Here we see two mušhuššu dragons standing before a spade (symbol of Marduk) sitting on top of a
pole. This scene seems similar to the vase of Gudea.
Shambler
Posts: 415
Ningishzidda Jul 10, 2008 at 11:10am
us4-he2-gal2 Post by us4-he2-gal2 on Jul 10, 2008 at 11:10am
Administrator
The post you've made on July 4th is really quite astounding Madness The two pictures you've
supplied from Wiggermann clearly show that the creatures on the Gudea cup are indeed Mus-hussu,
us4-he2- specifically, as depicted in that period (see figure #3 ). This is the first time I've seen it definitivly
gal2 Avatar established. Also- you did put the Transtigiridian material as simply as possible, yet even still it is
difficult material.
Posts: 1,699
Sheshki - I love this technique of isolating signs in a inscription like this and giving a transliteration.
It does indeed read Ur-Ninazu!
us4-he2-gal2 Ningishzidda Jul 10, 2008 at 12:11pm
AdministratorPost by us4-he2-gal2 on Jul 10, 2008 at 12:11pm
Posts: 1,699
I have extracted some comments from Katz 2003 (The Image of the Netherworld in Sumerian
Sources), in which the author discusses for us a certain Ningishzida Hymn - See ETCSL t.4.19.1
1-10. Hero, lord of field and meadow, lion of the distant mountains!
Despite the fact that ETCSL have translated KUR here as meaning 'distant mountains', Katz
maintains (p.6) that because Ningiszida was primarily a underworld deity, an interpretation of KUR
as meaning 'Netherworld ' would be more appropriate in this chapter. She says further: "The first line
of the hymn crowns Ningishzida as the lord of the pasture and field. Van Dijk suggested that this
might refer to the fields of his temples and, therefore, is not a definitive indication that Ningishzida
was a god of vegetation. In addition, since both themes used in the hymn, šà-túm and a-gàr usually
signify an arable plot of land, perhaps they refer here to the location of his temple. Ningishzida's
association with vegetation is echoed in his name "Lord of the Good Tree."
As for the nature of that tree, its noted that some scholars associate Ningishzida, and the tree that is
referred to his name, with Viticulture - with the vine. Ningishzida's center Gišbanda has not been
located in modern times, its names translates "the young tree." If the idea that Ningishzida's cult was
introduced to Southern Mesopotamia is valid, then Gišbanda may be understood as a small cult
centre which facilitated this introduction. However viticulture is all but unknown in southern
Mesopotamia, and Katz finds it unlikely that the cult was introduced to southern Mesopotamia for
that reason
Line 2 of this hymn reads "Ninĝišzida, who brings together giant snakes and dragons!" which of
course, reinforces his association with snakes. Katz comments here (n.18) that "Ningishzida's
association with snakes is already expressed in the god-lists from Fara, where he appears in the circle
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of Ninpeš." And, referring to the Fara godlist (approx 2600 BC), we do in fact see Ningishzida listed
on column 4:
dnin-maš
dnin-PEŠ2(kilin).gi -lí
4
dnin-PEŠ2(ašbar )
x
dnin-ki-di
dnin-giš-zi-da
dnin-EZEN.AB
dnin-giš-gi
[/color]
sheshki
enenurian
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d nun-gal-e-ne dirig-ba
ki-sikil dinana za3-mi2-
zu mah-am3
Posts: 1,631
cdli.ucla.edu/search/result.pt?
id_text=P009391&start=0&result_format=single&-
op_id_text=eq&size=100
https://enenuru.proboards.com/thread/100/ningishzidda?page=2 5/18
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https://enenuru.proboards.com/thread/100/ningishzidda?page=2 6/18
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us4-he2-
gal2 Avatar
Posts: 1,699
Reviewing:
Van Buren was a fairly early name in Assyriology studies and as far I can tell her specialty lay in
analyzing Mesopotamian art and in focused discussions of mythological subjects. In this 29 page
article her focus is specifically Ningishzida (she prefers the reading rendered by Thureau-Dangin
"Ningizzida".) She takes numerous notes, many of which I hesitate to recreate here due to their age -
much of the same has been given on this thread which is more clear and more accurate. In other
places Van Buren corrects ideas of her fellow scholars of the 1930's; and at other points, her unusual
thoroughness brings to the fore unconsidered items I have noted below.
Pg. 69: van Buren: " It has been suggested that Ningishzidda was originally god of the health-giving
plant, the herb of life. Yet the plant which springs from the flowing vase is not peculiar to Ningizzida,
and is symbolic of abundant vegetation produced by the fertilizing waters. The crested and crowned
serpent was Ningizzida's symbol from very ancient times, and later it was certainly indicative of his
curative powers.
One incantation text [exorcises] fever and 'every kind of bodily evil'; 'By Ningizzida, guzalû of the
wide nether World, mayest thou be exorcised!' This passage has been interpreted to mean that
Ningizzida, as a chthonian divinity, received the dead who were delivered over to him by Nedû, the
Chief Porter of the Underworld. The reference is not to the dead however, but to the bodily evils
which Nedû was adjured to seize and bring down into the land whence there is not return; whereas
Ningizzida, in his character of physician, is merely called upon to exorcise them. "
van Buren explains that Ningizzida acquired many aspects and late adaptations especially have him
fulfilling in some cases the role of exorcist (incedently, the word guzalû relating back to his role as
throne bearer of the Netherworld.)
(This incantation is found on tablets VAT 13656 + 13657 - T. Abusch supposedly treats it as it is part
of a larger ritual in which Gilgamesh presides as important official in the netherworld - the goal of the
ritual is to free the patient of witch's and their influence by means of adjuring ghosts to carry the evil
off to the Netherworld with them.. The mention of Ningishzida must feature somewhere here,
perhaps Madness can find us Abusch's relevant translation?)
The author states that it is surprising that there are no artistic or literary references to Ningishzida in
the time of Lagash (mid-Early Dynastic period) since in that period he is featured in the god-lists.
She singles out two depictions which she believes to be early depictions of Ningishzida: however one
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she refers to has been re-interpreted in recent times by Wiggermann as representing Ninazu and not
Ningishzida (see page two of this thread, post 53, #2c.) As for the other, it may yet be an interesting
observation for us :
van Buren: " The first [representation] came to light during the excavations of the very early levels at
Kish, and the style of the figures carved upon it is absolutely typical of the archaic period. The scene
divides itself into two groups, the active and the contemplative. The first depicts a god, armed with
bow and mace, who climbs the mountains to assault an immense eagle. Beyond the combatants
stands another deity holding a tall post, and raising one hand as if to herald the imminent victory. The
second group consists of four divinities placed in a row, awaiting with eager interest the result of the
fight. The first three stand with clasped hands, the fourth, who must be Ea, holds a vase out of which
pour streams of water. Consequently the first three must be deities in close relation to Ea. Flames
spring from the shoulders of the first god who must be Gibil, a fire-god and 'Great Messenger of the
Gods'; he stands nearest to the fighters in order that he may announce the result of the contest. Ears of
corn spring from the sides of the second deity, for this is the most ancient aspect of 'Lord of the
growth of the field,' Dumuzi-ab-zu, who here precedes his constant companion Ningizzida, above
whose shoulders serpents rear their heads. (Plate IX, a)."
**To mention: van Buren's suggestion that the god next to the Archer (second from the right) is to be
identified as Gibil the fire god, I believe is incorrect - There are numerous seals depicting the same
forked lines from the shoulders, and these are interpreted in recent times as the sun rays of the god
UTU. Also, the association between Dumuzi and Ningishzida I believe was later than is this early
depiction. Lastly, the deity which she suggests is Ningishzida is forth from the right, unfortunately
the picture is very unsatisfactory here - there we need another picture of this seal!
us4-he2-
gal2 Avatar
Too little on The Festival of Ningishzida
Posts: 1,699
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CDLI 113443
Unfortunately, little is known about the festival of Ningishzida. While we might imagine that there
were numerous festivals in his honour at Ĝišbanda, as has been established in earlier posts this
locality has not be discovered in modern times and its rites are obscure. What we do have is the
above tablet which most likely hails from Lagash and from the Ur III period.
The best scholarly source on festivals I have seen is M. Cohen's "Cultic Calanders of the Ancient
Near East." This book focuses on those regularly occuring festivals that correspond in large part with
significant agricultural events such as the coming of the fertile season and so forth. There are
numerous calender's which typically differ only marginally, although in some cases a month is named
something in one city and the same month named completely differently in another - festivals
dedicated to different deities occur as well.
The names of the months typically go back to archaic times, and although some modifications occur,
the months and their festivals are inclined toward tradition. So we know that Ningishzida became
more important within the Lagash pantheon after Gudea's devotion to him as his personal god; the
result may be this festival which we have attested on the tablet pictured above. In truth those tablets
which mention festivals are more or less economic tablets: x number of ovines for x temple/deity on
x month. Unlike many however, this tablet bears no specification of date of practice, and while we
may hope for elaborate instructions and divine hymns and so forth, as Cohen explains, the relevant
data that appears on this tablet (in full) reads:
As gur is a unit of measurement, basically what is called for is a whole lot of barley. So you Ning
devotees out there - ah..stock up on barley..?
madness Ningishzidda Oct 23, 2008 at 4:36am
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e n e n u r i a n Post by madness on Oct 23, 2008 at 4:36am
Jacobsen states that, in hymns, Ningišzida is called "Grand Serpent" (muš-mah), and "Terrifying
Serpent" (muš-huš).
We know what the mušhuššu is, but what about this mušmahhu?
In Ninurta's return to Nibru, the storm god describes one of his weapons as "the seven-mouthed
muš-mah serpent" (line 138).
Black&Green supply us with an Early Dynastic plaque that shows this serpent (p. 165):
Shambler
Posts: 415
madness
e n e n u r i a n A perfect example appears in ETCSL 4.19.2 [which is his second cite]
etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?text=t.4.19.2#
etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?text=c.4.19.2&display=Crit&charenc=gcirc#
The following lines continue to play on words in an alliterative style, focussed on the syllable zu
"wisdom/knowing," a cumulative effort that ultimately realises Ningišzida's power as a mušhuššu
(line 15: "When your great word comes to the earth, you are indeed a great mušhuššu ...").
Last Edit: Oct 24, 2008 at 5:29am by madness
us4-he2-gal2 Ningishzidda Oct 28, 2008 at 2:41pm
AdministratorPost by us4-he2-gal2 on Oct 28, 2008 at 2:41pm
Madness: This is a wonderful bit of explanation concerning the muš-mah - thanks very much! This
bit of obscurity could not be more effectively put, and is fascinating for us Ningishzida enthusiasts ;]
us4-he2-
gal2 Avatar
Posts: 1,699
Reviewing:
Offerings to Ningishzida
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E. Douglas van Buren, Iraq 1934
This week I am back at the library looking at van Buren's rather large article once more. Of the
numerous possible topics I am looking at her discussion on the offerings made to Ningishzida so far
as records from different temples of different locals can best inform us. There are obviously
limitations to the information available here and it will pertain to the activities of the temple cult over
those of the common Sumerian. Van Buren had also given some description of temples which
worship Ningishzida, however that information overlaps mostly with reply #2 earlier in this thread.
In Lagash/
Gudea: The author first refers to the well known offerings of Gudea to Ningirsu. These include the
often referred to Gudea cup. She also mentions that many objects were found withing the temple of
Ningishzida at Girsu, including the cover of a lamp ornamented with two intertwined serpents and
"scattered around everywhere within the precinct were clay boxes and covers decorated with serpents
in relief; on one four serpents drink from a bowl, perhaps to intimate that the drink-offering was
accepted by the god." In addition a Stone macehead with an inscription to Ningishzida was found in
the Girsu sanctuary. Also three statues of Gudea with inscriptions honor Ningishzida are mentioned.
In Ur/
The Ur III king named Ur-Nammu had a Hymn composed which includes information on what he
offered various deities. As van Buren recounts the section dealing with Ningishzida's offerings is
unfortunately broken, but the lines that do survive indicate that Ur-Nammu made substantial
offerings to this god. They read:
The author makes mention of an Ur tablet which states that butter, dates and cheese were to be
provided for Nin-gi-zi-da of Uru.KI. A text which must hail from Ur and is dated reign of Amar-sin
reads: "Six grain-fed sheep to the god Nannar, one grain-fed sheep to the Great Treasurer (= Ea), one
grain-fed sheep to the god Nin-da-iz-zid-dim." (= Ningishzida).
Some specific cultic ordnances are given in a few economic texts some 300 years after Gudea. One
reads: 'In the 7th month of [Shu-sin] four sheep and one goat were brought to the temple of
Ningishzida' In addition to animal offerings, inanimate objects were offered as is mentioned "there is
a receipt for six pots of fragrant herbs from Ninga, received at the temple of Ningishzida." The author
adds "It was ordained also that butter, dates and cheese should be provided for Ningishzida and other
gods at Lagash and elsewhere.
Babylon/
"At Babylon the records of offerings are very scanty; one tablet speaks of libations at the temple of
Ningishzida, a second ordains that a sheep and a goat should be offered to him; apparently these
sacrifices were accompanied by lamentations."
In Eshnunna/
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"Several tablets reveal the fact that at Eshnunna Ningishzida was one of the gods to whom sacrifices
were made, and one tablet summarizes offerings 'for the house of Tishpak, for Ningizzida, and for
Enlil'."
Van Buren concludes her article with a look at the Officials and Administration in E-dNingishzida
temple at Girsu (Ur III period.) This information is made possible by the discovery of a tablet which
gives the payroll for each member of the functionaries at that temple. I have copied the author's list of
staff below, unfortunately due to the age of this article, this list may contain outdated spellings. In the
Ningishzida temple at Girsu, there were:
4 šabra (officials)
8 nubanda-gud
2 pisan-dubba
2 sagtu
2 ka-gur
1 dubsar-gud-apin
1 sarrubdu
2 nubanda-erin-na
1 lu-sar
1 maškim
8 guzala2
42 engur
Each member of the temple staff had their own task according to the hierarchal scheme employed.
The sabra (sanga?) most likely were the temple administrators while nubanda-gud the author explains
were overseers of oxen; the dubsar-apin-na most likely was some sort of scribe while the maškim was
a type of bailiff and so on.
Van Buren concludes: "This elaborated organization implies that Ningishzida's temple possessed
large revenues in kind, and extensive tracts of land which were cultivated for the benefit of the land.
Numerous texts confirm these surmises. There is a comprehensive account of certain fields leased out
to farmers who were obliged to bring in stated amounts grain in payment." The temple owned and
leased fields therefore, the ones owned by this temple being known as the fields of Ningishzida.
This information is in theme and in terms of its sources (economic texts from Lagash/Girsu) very
similar to the material that lead A. Deimel to propose his "temple-state hypothesis" in the early
1900s. According to this theory, land in early Sumer could be exploited efficiently only if it was
considered property of the gods, rather than individuals or families - later this form of land
governance was outmoded by increasing state organization.
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* The deity is not named (probably lost in the lacuna at the beginning). A similar text gives the
epithet dkár.kár "the shining one." This is usually a name of Šamaš, but could be used to describe
other gods. Livingstone explains: "Stunning brightness has been noted as a general characteristic of
descriptions of Mesopotamian gods. It is suggested that by choosing Karkar rather than a well
known name of a deity the author aimed for generality."
Shambler
Posts: 415
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Shambler
Posts: 415
The deity in figures 4b and 4d that has an anthropomorphic torso but a winding snake for a lower
body* is identified by Wiggermann as Ištaran. However,
madness McEwan [in OrNS 52] tentatively identifies this figure as Nirah/Irhan, the messenger of Ištaran, but
e n e n u r i a n this would leave the identity of the master open and give a servant god the iconography of an
independent lord.
dNirah and dIrhan are both written dMUŠ. Nirah is the deified snake and Irhan is the deified river
Euphrates (represented as a snake). A little bit of ambiguity, as although Nirah/Irhan is usually the
son and messenger of Ištaran, in a late text Nirah/Irhan and Ištaran are equated as one. Nirah/Irhan
is also associated with Ningišzida and Enki.
I do not know the identity of the scorpion-handed deities in figure 4b. Elsewhere Ninazu/Tišpak
Shambler appears with a scorpion hand, but I cannot say whether that applies here.
Posts: 415
Next time I am at the university I will take a look at McEwan's study, which deals with dMUŠ in
depth, as the library has every single volume of Orientalia Nova Series.
This partial anthropomorphism occurs with the other snake gods: they develop out of their symbolic
animal (or vice versa, however you want to look at it). It could be seen that the deity is both Ištaran
Shambler and Nirah, eventually splitting into two separate figures.
Posts: 415
Nirah is the vizier of Ištaran. Wiggermann's explanation that the ophidian character of a snake god
is embodied by his vizier gives me the impression that a vizier is an extension of the master, rather
than a distinct deity.
sheshki Ningishzidda Dec 11, 2008 at 8:12pm
enenurian Post by sheshki on Dec 11, 2008 at 8:12pm
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In a post Xuchilpaba made is a drawing of a cylinderseal impression.There you can
see, at the right side of Inanna , a Mushhushu dragon holding a post, just like at the
gudea vase.
sheshki
enenurian
oi.uchicago.edu/OI/IRAQ/dbfiles/objects/1129.htm
Mela Ningishzidda Dec 14, 2008 at 11:22am
dubsartur Post by Mela on Dec 14, 2008 at 11:22am
(junior scribe)
Blessed Love
I came across some information regarding the Eight Pointed star that appears to the right of the
Snake God.
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The Sumerians used an arrangement of lines as a symbol for both star and God. The linear eight-
point star represented the goddess Inanna, Sumerian queen of the heavens and Ishtar (Astarte), the
Babylonian goddess known as “The Lightbringer.” An eight-point star enclosed within a circle was
the symbol for the sun god. The “Babylonian star-cult is the core and the archetype of subsequent
astrology.”
Posts: 5 moroccandesign.com
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