Introductory Mathematical Analysis Fourteenth Edition - Ch13 Curve Sketching

Introductory Mathematical Analysis
For Business, Economics, and The Life and Social Sciences

Fourteenth Canadian Edition
Chapter 13
Curve Sketching
Copyright © 2019 Pearson Canada Inc. All rights reserved. 13 - 1

Chapter Objectives (1 of 2)
• To find when a function is increasing or decreasing, to find
critical values, to locate relative maxima and relative
minima, and to state the first-derivative test. Also, to sketch
the graph of a function by using the information obtained
from the first derivative.
• To find extreme values on a closed interval.
• To test a function for concavity and inflection points. To
sketch curves with the aid of the information obtained from
both first and second derivatives.
• To locate relative extrema by applying the second-
derivative test.

Chapter Objectives (2 of 2)
• To determine horizontal and vertical asymptotes for a
curve and to sketch the graphs of functions having
asymptotes.
• To model situations involving maximizing or minimizing a
quantity.

Chapter Outline
13.1) Relative Extrema
13.2) Absolute Extrema on a Closed Interval
13.3) Concavity
13.4) The Second-Derivative Test
13.5) Asymptotes
13.6) Applied Maxima and Minima

13.1 Relative Extrema (1 of 9)
A function is said to be increasing on an interval I when, for any
two numbers x1 , x2 in I , if x1 < x2 , then f ( x1 ) < f ( x2 ). A function
f is decreasing on an interval I when, for any
two numbers x1 , x2 in I , if x1 < x2 , then f ( x1 ) > f ( x2 ).

A function has a relative maximum at a if there is an
open interval containing a on which f (a ) ³ f ( x) for all x
in the interval. The relative maximum value is f (a ).
A function has a relative minimum at a if there is an open

interval containing a on which f (a ) £ f ( x) for all x in
the interval. The relative minimum value is f (a ).

A function has an absolute maximum at a if f (a ) ³ f ( x) for
all x in the domain of f . The absolute maximum value is f (a ).
A function has an absolute minimum at a if f (a ) £ f ( x) for
all x in the domain of f . The absolute minimum value is f (a ).

RULE 1 - Criteria for Increasing or Decreasing Function
Let f be differentiable on the interval (a, b). If f ¢( x) > 0 for all x in

(a, b), then f is increasing on (a, b). If f ¢( x) < 0 for all x in
(a, b), then f is decreasing on (a, b).
RULE 2 - A Necessary Condition for Relative Extrema
If f has a relative extremum (i.e. a relative maximum or a

relative minimum) at a, then f '(a ) = 0 or f '( a) does not exist.

For a in the domain of f , if either f ¢(a ) = 0 or f ¢(a ) does not exist,
then a is called a critical value for f . If a is a critical value, then
the point (a, f (a )) is called a critical point for f .
RULE 3 - Criteria for Relative Extrema

Suppose f is continuous on an open interval I that contains the
critical value a and f is differentiable on I , except possibly at a.
1. If f ′
( x) changes from positive to negative as x increases
through a, then f has a relative maximum at a.
2. If f ′
( x) changes from negative to positive as x increases
through a, then f has a relative minimum at a.

First - Derivative Test for Relative Extrema
Step 1. Find f ′
( x).
Step 2. Determine all critical values of f and any a that are not in the
domain of f , but that are near values in the domain of f , and construct
a sign chart that shows for each of the intervals determined by these
values whether f is increasing or decreasing.
Step 3. For each critical value a at which f is continuous, determine

whether f ′( x) changes sign as x increases through a.
Label relative maxima and minima where appropriate.
Step 4. For critical values a at which f is not continuous, analyze the

situation by using the definitions of extrema directly.
Example 1 – First-Derivative Test
4
If y = f ( x ) = x + for x ¹ -1 use the first-derivative test to find where
x +1
relative extrema occur.
Solution:
( x + 3)( x - 1)
-1
f ( x) = x + 4( x + 1) , so f ′ ( x ) = 1 + 4(-1)( x + 1) =
-2
( )
2
x + 1
for x ¹ -1. Setting f ′ ( x) = 0 gives x = -3, 1. The deno minator of f ′ ( x) is 0
when x is - 1. The sign chart below allows us to conclude that there is a
relative maximum at - 3, at the point (-3, - 5), and a relative minimum at
1, at the point (1, 3). Note that there are no critical values at which f is not
continuous, so our considerations above provide the whole story about the
relative extrema of f ( x). The graph is below.

Example 1 – Continued

Example 3 – Finding Relative Extrema
Test y = f ( x ) = x 2 e x for relative extrema.

Solution: By the product rule, f '( x) = x 2 e x + e x (2 x) = xe x ( x + 2)
Noting that e x is always positive,
we obtain the critical values
0 and - 2. From the sign chart
below, we conclude that there
is a relative maximum when
x = -2 and a relative minimum
when x = 0.

13.2 Absolute Extrema on a Closed Interval
(1 of 3)
• Extreme-Value Theorem: If a function is continuous on a

closed interval, then the function has both a maximum
value and a minimum value on that interval.

(2 of 3)
Procedure to Find Absolute Extrema for a Function f That Is

Continuous on [a, b]
Step 1. Find the critical values of f .
Step 2. Evaluate f ( x) at the endpoints a and b and at the critical

values in (a, b).
Step 3. The maximum value of f is the greatest of the values

found in step 2. The minimum value of f is the least of the values
found in step 2.

(3 of 3)
Example 1 – Finding Extreme Values on a Closed

Interval
Find absolute extrema for f ( x ) = x 2 - 4 x + 5 over the closed
interval [1, 4].
Solution: We first find f ′ ( x) = 2 x - 4 = 2( x - 2)
: f′
This gives the critical value x = 2. Evaluating f ( x) at the
endpoints 1 and 4 and at the critical value 2, we have
f (1) = 2, f (4) = 5. The value of f at the critical value
x = 2 is f (2) = 1.
We conclude that the maximum is f (4) = 5 and the minimum is

f (2) = 1.
13.3 Concavity (1 of 6)
Let f be differentiable on the interval (a, b). Then f is said to be
concave up [concave down] on (a, b) if f ′is increasing
[decreasing] on (a, b). Below are examples of curves that are
concave up, and examples of curves that are concave down.

A function f has an inflection point at a if and only if f is
continuous at a and f changes concavity at a.
Rule 1 Criteria for Concavity
Let f ′be differentiable on the interval (a, b). If f ¢¢( x) > 0 for
all x in (a, b), then f is concave up on (a, b). If f ¢¢( x) < 0 for
all x in (a, b), then f is concave down on (a, b).

Example 1 – Testing for Concavity
Determine where the given function is concave up and where it
is concave down.
a. y = f ( x) = ( x - 1)3 + 1
= 3 ( x - 1) , so y '' = 6 ( x - 1) . Thus, f is concave up
2
Solution: y ′
when 6( x - 1) > 0; that is, when x > 1. And f is concave down
when 6( x - 1) < 0; that is, when x < 1. The sign chart and graph
of f are below.

b. y = x 2
Solution: We have y ′ = 2 x and y ¢¢ = 2. Because y ¢¢ is always
positive, the graph of y = x 2 must always be concave up.

Example 3 – A Change in Concavity with No Inflection
Point
1
Discuss concavity and find all inflection points for f ( x) = .
x
Solution: Since f ( x) = x -1 for x ¹ 0, f ′( x ) = - x -2 for x ¹ 0 and
2
f ( x ) = 2 x = 3 for x ¹ 0. We see that f ( x) is never 0 but it
¢¢ -3
x
is not defined when x = 0. Since f is not continuous at 0, we
conclude that 0 is not a candidate for an inflection point. Thus,
the given function has no inflection point. If x > 0, then f ¢¢( x) > 0;
if x < 0, then f ¢¢( x) < 0. Hence, f is concave up on (0, ¥) and
concave down on (-¥, 0).


13.4 The Second-Derivative Test (1 of 3)
Second - Derivative Test for Relative Extrema
(a ) = 0.
Suppose f ′
If f ¢¢(a ) < 0, then f has a relative maximum at a.

If f ¢¢(a ) > 0, then f has a relative minimum at a.

Example 1 – Second-Derivative Test
Test the following for relative maxima and minima. Use the
second-derivative test, if possible.
a. y = 18 x - 23 x 3 .
Solution: y ′ = 18 - 2 x 2 = 2(9 - x 2 ) = 2(3 + x)(3 - x), y ¢¢ = -4 x.

Solving y ′ = 0 gives the critical values x = ±3. If x = 3, then
y¢¢ = -4 ( 3) = -12 < 0. There is a relative maximum at x = 3.
If x = -3, y¢¢ = -4 ( -3) = 12 > 0. There is a relative minimum
when x = -3.

b. y = 6 x 4 - 8 x 3 + 1.
Solution: y¢ = 24 x 3 - 24 x 2 = 24 x 2 ( x - 1) , and y ¢¢ = 72 x 2 - 48 x.
Solving y ′ = 0 gives the critical values x = 0, 1. We can see
that if x = 0, then y¢¢ = 0 and if x = 1, then y ¢¢ > 0. By the
second-derivative test, there is a relative minimum when
x = 1. We cannot apply the test when x = 0 because y ¢¢ = 0
there. We turn to the first-derivative test:
If x < 0, then y ′< 0. If 0 < x < 1, then y ′ < 0.
Thus, no maximum or minimum exists when x = 0.

13.5 Asymptotes (1 of 9)
The line x = a is a vertical asymptote for the graph of the
function f if and only if at least one of the following is true:
lim+ f ( x ) = ±¥ or lim- f ( x ) = ±¥
x ®a x ®a
Vertical - Asymptote Rule for Rational Functions

P ( x)
Suppose that f ( x ) = where P and Q are polynomial
Q( x)
functions and the quotient is in lowest terms. The line
x = a is a vertical asymptote of the graph of f if and only if
Q(a ) = 0 and P(a ) ¹ 0.

Example 1 – Finding Vertical Asymptotes
Determine vertical asymptotes for the graph of
x2 - 4x
f ( x) = 2 .
x - 4x + 3
Solution: The vertical-asymptote
rule applies.
x( x - 4)
f ( x) = , making it
( x - 3)( x - 1)
clear that the denominator is 0 if
x is either 3 or 1. Neither of these
values make the numerator 0.
Thus, the lines x = 3 and x = 1 are
vertical asymptotes.
Horizontal and Oblique Asymptotes
Let f be a function. The line y = b is a horizontal asymptote

for the graph of f if and only if at least one of the following
is true: lim f ( x ) = b or lim f ( x ) = b
x ®¥ x ®-¥
Let f be a function. The line y = mx + b is a nonvertical asymptote

for the graph of f if and only if at least one of the following is true:
lim ( f ( x ) - ( mx + b ) ) = 0 or lim ( f ( x ) - ( mx + b ) ) = 0
x ®¥ x ®-¥

Example 3 – Finding an Oblique Asymptote
Find the oblique asymptote for the graph of the rational function
10 x 2 + 9 x + 5
y = f ( x) =
5x + 2
Solution: Since the degree of the numerator is one greater than
the degree of the denominator, we use long division to express
10 x 2 + 9 x + 5 3
f ( x) = = 2x + 1 +
5x + 2 5x + 2
3
Thus lim ( f ( x ) - 2 x + 1) = lim = 0 which shows that
x ®±¥ x ®±¥ 5 x + 2
y = 2 x + 1 is an oblique asymptote.

Example 5 – Finding Horizontal and Vertical Asymptotes
Find horizontal and vertical asymptotes for the graph of

y = e x - 1.
Solution: We let x ® ¥. Then e x increases without bound,
( )
so lim e x - 1 = ¥. However, as x ® -¥, we have e x ® 0, so
x ®¥
x ®-¥
(
x
)
lim e - 1 = lim e x - lim 1 = 0 - 1 = -1.
x ®-¥ x ®-¥
Therefore the line y = -1 is a horizontal asymptote. The
graph has no vertical asymptotes because e x - 1 neither
increases or decreases without bound around any fixed
value of x.

1. # $ ≈ # −$ èy symmetry
Example 7 – Curve Sketching 2. # $ ≈ −# $ èx symmetry
4x 3. # $ ≈ −#(−$)èorigin symme
Sketch the graph of y = 2 .
x +1
Solution: When x = 0, y = 0; when y = 0, x = 0. Thus, (0, 0) is the

only intercept. There is symmetry about the origin:
4(- x) -4 x
y (- x) = = 2 = - y ( x). No other symmetry exists.
(- x) + 1 x + 1
2
The denominator of this function is never 0, so there are no

4x 4x 4
vertical asymptotes. We have lim 2 = lim 2 = lim = 0.
x ®±¥ x + 1 x ®±¥ x x ®±¥ x
Thus, y = 0 is a horizontal asymptote and the only nonvertical

asymptote.
Solution, continued
4(1 + x)(1 - x)
We have y ′ = . The critical values are x = ±1,
( x + 1)
2 2
see the sign chart below.

The relative minimum is (-1, - 2);
the relative maximum is (1, 2).

Solution, continued
y¢¢ =
(
8x x + 3 x - 3 )( ) Setting y¢¢ = 0, we conclude that the possible
(x )
3
2
+1
points of inflection are ( - 3, - 3),
(0, 0), ( 3, 3).
This sign chart, and the graph
of the function, is shown below.


13.6 Applied Maxima and Minima (1 of 11)
Example 1 – Minimizing the Cost of a Fence
For insurance purposes, a manufacturer plans to fence in a 10,800-ft2
rectangular storage area adjacent to a building by using the building as
one side of the enclosed area. The fencing parallel to the building faces a
highway and will cost $3 per foot installed, whereas the fencing for the
other two sides costs $2 per foot installed. Find the amount of each type
of fence so that the total cost of the fence will be a minimum.
What is the minimum cost?

Solution: We have labeled the length of the side parallel to the
building x and the length of the other two sides y. Along the
highway, the cost per foot is 3 (dollars), so the total cost of that
fencing is 3x. Along each of the other two sides, the cost is 2 y.
Thus the total cost is given by C = 3x + 2 y + 2 y = 3x + 4 y.
In order to differentiate, we need to express C as a function of

one variable only. From the statement of the problem, xy = 10,800,
10,800
so y = . Substituting into the cost equation, we have
x
æ 10,800 ö 43,200
C = C ( x) = 3x + 4 ç ÷ = 3x + .
è x ø x
Solution continued
The domain of C is x > 0.
dC 43,200 43,200
= 3- . 3 - = 0 gives x = 120, since x > 0.
dx x2 x2
Thus 120 is the only critical value, and there are no endpoints to consider.
d 2C 86,400
We will use the second derivative test: = .
dx 2 x3
d 2C
When x = 120, 2
> 0, so we conclude that x = 120 gives a relative
dx
minimum. However, since 120 is the only critical value on (0, ¥)
and C is continuous on that interval, this relative minimum must
also be an absolute minimum.
43,200
Finally, C (120) = 3(120) + = 720.
120
Guide for Solving Applied Max-Min Problems
Step 1. When appropriate, draw a diagram that reflects the

information in the problem.
Step 2. Set up an expression for the quantity that you want to
maximize or minimize.
Step 3. Write the expression in step 2 as a function of one
variable, and note the domain of the function.
Step 4. Find and test the critical values of the function. Be sure to
examine function values at the endpoints too.
Step 5. Based on the results of step 4, answer the questions
posed in the problem.

Example 3 – Minimizing Average Cost
A manufacturer's total-cost function is given by

q2
c = c(q) = + 3q + 400
4
where c is the total cost of producing q units.
At what level of output will average cost per unit be a minimum?
What is this minimum?

Solution: The average-cost function c is

q2
+ 3q + 400
c q 400
c = c (q) = = 4 = +3+ . Here, q must be positive.
q q 4 q
dc q 2 - 1600
We differentiate: = 2
.
dq 4q
q 2 - 1600 = 0
(q - 40)(q + 40) = 0, so q = 40.

Solution continued
To determine whether this level of output gives a relative
minimum, we will use the second-derivative test:
d 2 c 800
2
= 3 which is positive for q = 40. We note that c is
dq q
continuous for q > 0. Since q = 40 is the only relative extremum,
we conclude that this relative minimum is indeed an absolute
minimum.
The minimum average cost is given by c (40) = 23.

Example 5 – Economic Lot Size
A company annually produces and sells 10,000 units of a product.
The 10,000 units are produced in several production runs of equal
sizes. The number of units in a production run is called the lot
size. Sales are uniformly distributed throughout the year. The
company wishes to determine the lot size that will minimize total
annual setup costs and carrying costs. This number is referred to
as the economic lot size. The production cost of each unit is $20,
and carrying costs (insurance, interest, storage, etc.) are
estimated to be 10% of the value of the average inventory. Setup
costs per production run are $40. Find the economic lot size.

Solution:
æqö
Carrying costs are 0.10(20) ç ÷ = q.
è2ø
æ 10,000 ö 400,000
Total setup costs are 40 ç ÷=
è q ø q
400,000
Therefore, the total cost C is given by C = q +
q
dC q 2 - 400000 dC
= 2
. Setting = 0, we find q = 200 10 » 632.5
dq q dq
Using the first-derivative test, we can conclude that there is an
absolute minimum at q = 632.5. The number of production runs
is 10,000 / 632.5 » 15.8. There would be 16 lots, each having the
economic lot size of 625 units.
Example 7 – Maximizing the Number of Recipients of
Health-Care Benefits
An article in a sociology journal stated that if a particular
health-care program for the elderly were inititated, then
t years after its start, n thousand elderly people would
t3
receive direct benefits, where n = - 6t 2 + 32t 0 £ t £ 12.
3
For what value of t does the maximum number receive benefits?

dn
Solution: = 0 = t 2 - 12t + 32, therefore t = 4 or t = 8.
dt
Since the domain of n is the closed
interval [0, 12], the absolute maximum
value of n must occur at t = 0, 4, 8, or 12 :
160 128
n(0) = 0; n(4) = ; n(8) = ; n(12) = 96
3 3
Thus, an absolute maximum
occurs when t = 12.

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Introductory Mathematical Analysis Fourteenth Edition - Ch13 Curve Sketching

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Introductory Mathematical Analysis

For Business, Economics, and The Life and Social Sciences

Copyright © 2019 Pearson Canada Inc. All rights reserved. 13 - 1

Copyright © 2019 Pearson Canada Inc. All rights reserved. 13 - 2

Copyright © 2019 Pearson Canada Inc. All rights reserved. 13 - 3

Copyright © 2019 Pearson Canada Inc. All rights reserved. 13 - 4

Copyright © 2019 Pearson Canada Inc. All rights reserved. 13 - 5

A function has a relative minimum at a if there is an open

Copyright © 2019 Pearson Canada Inc. All rights reserved. 13 - 6

Copyright © 2019 Pearson Canada Inc. All rights reserved. 13 - 7

Let f be differentiable on the interval (a, b). If f ¢( x) > 0 for all x in

RULE 2 - A Necessary Condition for Relative Extrema

If f has a relative extremum (i.e. a relative maximum or a

Copyright © 2019 Pearson Canada Inc. All rights reserved. 13 - 8

RULE 3 - Criteria for Relative Extrema

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Step 3. For each critical value a at which f is continuous, determine

Step 4. For critical values a at which f is not continuous, analyze the

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Copyright © 2019 Pearson Canada Inc. All rights reserved. 13 - 12

Test y = f ( x ) = x 2 e x for relative extrema.

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• Extreme-Value Theorem: If a function is continuous on a

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Procedure to Find Absolute Extrema for a Function f That Is

Step 1. Find the critical values of f .

Step 2. Evaluate f ( x) at the endpoints a and b and at the critical

Step 3. The maximum value of f is the greatest of the values

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Example 1 – Finding Extreme Values on a Closed

We conclude that the maximum is f (4) = 5 and the minimum is

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Rule 1 Criteria for Concavity

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If f ¢¢(a ) < 0, then f has a relative maximum at a.

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Solution: y ′ = 18 - 2 x 2 = 2(9 - x 2 ) = 2(3 + x)(3 - x), y ¢¢ = -4 x.

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Vertical - Asymptote Rule for Rational Functions

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Let f be a function. The line y = b is a horizontal asymptote

Let f be a function. The line y = mx + b is a nonvertical asymptote

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Find horizontal and vertical asymptotes for the graph of

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Solution: When x = 0, y = 0; when y = 0, x = 0. Thus, (0, 0) is the

The denominator of this function is never 0, so there are no

Thus, y = 0 is a horizontal asymptote and the only nonvertical

see the sign chart below.

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In order to differentiate, we need to express C as a function of

Step 1. When appropriate, draw a diagram that reflects the

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A manufacturer's total-cost function is given by