Machlett X-Ray Tubes (Great Britain) Ltd P.O. Box No, 2 Esst Lana, Wembloy, Midas, England, HAS 7PR Telephone: 01-804 5263 Telex: 92217 ‘Cobes: Machiet Wembley MACHLETT x-ray tubesSince ts rina irouction n 199, the Macht Dama Rotating ‘anode Xray tube hes undergone meny change in etal but {test wes maintain the tng taction of dependable Xiay sources ‘Some comparisons between then and now. Radiographic ratings have incase rm 4OKW to over TOOK W ‘Anode themal storage capacities have increasd fom 72,000HU to 40000080 ‘Anode rotational speeds fom 3000rpm to over 10,000%pm. Maximum voltage ratings rom 80kVp to 1504p. Inthi booklet you wil cecover now ths high lve of perormence & Possible and how each major component ~eatde, snode, To ‘ee hid ot contest the a est, ‘inside view of 372 par ‘a4 ossembly operations ith over 400 diferent dali and inspections that go into Machlett Rotating Anode X-ray Tubes The X-ray insert tubeGeneral principles 1p the Dynamax Rotatin Anode Reray Tube ray beam (8), 8 lic tret (1) otis on (2) «Yara othe election beam Hah Spelled bal-bearng ° entay reaching te trpet emi taget bec Sonera ino arte bulk of {Broce seam of lcons he snagy eas te iret the [Ghemonatng fom the cathode heating htensty may be thought (2) Sn accelerated bya hgh of asthe effect oF 100 siete Vohage potential between the fez ara 80 np motor seovdes oncenated oo a ses ‘The elocton beam stkas tho 5°78 mm {aiget tan angle wich prmits Ip tha prods contol of the Inaximum loading Wate (roel intensity when makes the Trainainings small focl spot Machist rotating anode oy ‘hon the slecron beam exes tuba he pacts! and widely {he target produces the useul Used device tat ie The Cathode cringe te Tepe stas res eee cr En homers ect Decrees, dee iemasearec ehteteearaenas ieacerctan eebceeaare Reesore ee cgricieas ene amen eens eee Reece Electron Source: The Cathode Head Thermally closed machined aaa te bn a for Basra lahat ies cathode Hi Mactined of pure nickel the fathodes leaned in 8 hycrogen furnace and stored in onygan-roe Fh rounded sited grooves in sich the flamont wires 6 Tourted frm a cra! one (hich together wh cel tbs, Fons an slacrostat focusing Eyton fo shape te eocton iam The igh lnm hoachy of te tbe and te, Stearate foal spot ey rsult fom te accuracy of te machined grooves, the plecemont Shine ocssing taba ae the {Beaton of the lamant witin the grooves, “The Cathode Head Filament Sing own te pra Feet west of proce pitch and engi fis than ested fn a protective stmospher to prevent oxygen ontarsnation by a high event ‘Rite hg metal on Sey over ste of [empertre about 2600" Wire col dimensions, gna with ‘all focal fot > RatThe anode The target disc _ Xray Source: The Anode ‘operate Ina vacuum, 3 uvieaton Trngandortttnseiongandoe "beds smauaed ich. does. ‘uy tube provides the Mens Sica he ale devon nergy lo provigee © means of ‘Eaiping the thermal enery. “reg fore of ae ‘outed on thn molyosenurh tom wh intr Reopened ich soporte ome bh e mounted on bal Dearne {High Vacuum Ball Bearing System Unusual singer aquitemenss ‘eanng rotational system: since Machi ball beannge mast overtone! ubscats vaporize Sindor vacuum condone ah ‘hretore are unacceptable. Als, hoe the Barge mt oer Jost above heesing to 600°, Epecal metas and reste sro vequted, Host eit tools ‘eth mot fm obieante ‘opostod onthe ste! bale frewde the requied Tong fe ‘Be Daca Te a ge sce SC fae kara eee: Eeemanen Seamer Foie ate ooudee Saey rms Biased cn ene Sere a Spee aes acme Eee eprom Sevres ieaceeercdts ihe specie heat tice thet of {Wngetn By facing a dc of Inolybdonum with tungsten, the themal espaety of target of 3 {gen wont can be increas Replacing the pure tungsten with naloy of tungsten (90-96%) nd mentum (6-108) ~ melong aint 370°C stamie nomoer 15— Produces a target with est Fnprovedrestnee to focal ‘tock arosion dog vee. ‘The most papular gst damtors Bre Sm Jom and 160m Pore molyoderum targets a0 commend for of fee ‘ediopraphy, a4 mememogrphy ‘hors the elyionum tome tion potas, than Sbtuned wit he Eominuous ay spectrum from noma! tobe. ‘Thartagot dc is cooled by ‘adlaton Ie supported on thin ‘notyocenur wet wo reac nek Inpet to te rotor The vate ot {ling of he de operon {o the founn power of the target By speci! trostment ofthe target, flac tho omisty canbe Ineresedtharoby ineeasng the cooing ate> Tong (2) tee Fos Sot. tact feet pat 8) Tag ae “Foca soe (Bema tae) ‘The size ofthe bombarded (nthe target (1) datermines the mount of permissible onargy oF fending the tbe con aconpt The ‘See ofthe efecive or projected Spot (3) which io reates both fo ‘he se of the bombarded area See Sil ae ene {argo nota (4) hele determing the say image sharpness. The sit of the bombardod wre Incgeses os the target angle rade ‘Sno rg ana ‘Ataget nal of 15s ‘asd r Byaman tates ans” sable wh other get anges Fewover smarter ongios reduce the fim Sas overeat ‘von dates, Tawetange [7 [10 | 12 | 18 | 20 Distance 10 | 10 | | 7 | oo Distances in contmetes to cover a S65 36° cme frm >< Frctapee[ | e @ As the focal spot gets sale, {he maga deta improves (a ‘the factors beng kee the Same) Tiss because the ‘Shadow edge (or penumbra) ‘ound eager Nte the foal spovabject Se {hat increaed separation bBtween object ne i goaty one ones — zeae te eect of scared ‘acioton. Dynamax tubes are avilable with {otal spats trom O'S to omen. Some O-smm spots can ie lecocaly bad t prosuea ea fe fhAnode rotation High Speed Rotation allows ‘renter Focal Spot Loading Fundamental tthe performance ‘of any Machlt tube is proper Shodd rotation: Rotator fe Schieved through on slic ‘motor he sttonary port of ‘able (fla ce) extemal 0 ‘he glos ay tube, an the Tote par of which (armature) Sn intial panto ho anode Bearing suppor structure Tareas rungs are possible nose rotational spood fe insoased. Practica speeds upto "T6000 pr are widely used toa. ‘Anode Rotation ve Instantaneous Loadings ‘The sheded portions, in the Sod Te faster the tation, {he grestor th srfoc (or Domberded are) exposed tothe sicron bee, the gee ‘res ower vuch lsibuted te higher tm Ieadings, However, = exposure ties incase, 9 does the ‘xpoeue ovetay with 2 ‘Soneequentedetion of heat ‘bsoting efficiency. igh speed oa (10,000%9m) sss ings ase oppo oral exposure work such as Shnetucrography ana Seaiography. ‘Arora smalls focal spot ‘Szee con be used wth 9 given ‘ating to improve doiniton. ‘orm Spo {Cathode Foeasing Cup) pill nh 1 i 1 eae ‘Spor image Grid Control of Cathode for Sttra:fapia Exposure By secroncally controling the {athode emission nan ‘on or ‘tf sysom a simple and rable snaang of cototing the boom hat bean achieved. Using Ihe exthode focusing copa ‘ge (analogous tothe in ‘loge an slsctostate eld may be eebad which wall overcame’ oe atacton forthe ethowe tons and cage teen to urn form aloud around Ica, Chala te polity ofthe grid ie reeass fo lotrose wien ae intr ENtaced tothe rode inh TOGon as sacond o ss are shiva. eee apd ate ‘oily minted: When sod ‘ath 9 single pase supy the ray beam is comprised of ‘mow nessy uniarm energy Sbeceum sic the gtd aon Raves otf lower wotope boron of the wave-form Bradvcing the ray beam, Grid Biasing of Cathode for Sitra:fine Focus ‘Applicaton of a negative bios ‘otage iaufclent to produce cut ‘of vedueus the focal pot size and Seo improves the esolung apablty by changing the eneray ‘Sitibuton within tha focal spotThe X-ray tube assembly str Suey ‘The x1ay ingot tube is mounted in's ray tube bousng Produce a soy tube stsemby ‘The x-ray tube housing Allows races mounting ofthe ‘erey ube inca Ean the anode rotation power source (te sao) Frovceshign volege trina. Inscltes high voltage. ‘Shields scraciation Provides the 1ay tube ‘window’ Provides mean forte touring entnetube sna Proves a tefarence and ‘Stach surface fr ay beam simatng devcas Xray Shielding “The xray tude Nousiog i ed nied to reduce te leakage of ‘rays ouside tho sell beam 10 eval (les thon 100mA at rate in 1 ous). The use team emerges from te shld at ‘he 3-189 po. The por isan Invod plage cup — which {geet with the ol betwen the Bor ond the xray tbe and the ios wal of he tobe provges fer forthe soft raya equtalent te Seprouaay On ot Oi iting he tbe owing ied with spetialy processed ot. brovide high vottage iano nd to conde heat rom he ‘ray inert tube to the walle of Feu Sel omanas ‘iaptrogm af ol reson Syhate rubber provided. The ‘ovement of this dophagm oan be aranged to operate» aw of latica conc when the Housing reaches ie masimum safeThe motor control ‘The xa tbe inser’ rates an ‘inode "This power provided by Snexomal doves (ella he motor contol yn) conectad to the stator windings nthe housing Slectne motor winging. The Stator may aso be powered by @ ‘source (fom an adetonat conuel doves) to sop otto Drake the tr Th epuements ‘Fisratr most be tae na oteeratad fo running p08, ‘erating running speed the Siitr power should be reeed in ‘order fo mantan a af ‘attalned ta lowe sanaby twa (eo provide sutatctoy hare Hey and boosted tote proper temperature for exposure High valtoge must be withheld fom tebe rh tn Sede fament Boome the Frowelone most be made to sense ‘Bator power fare onaor wating eat exchanger photoslectic eye revent application of figh= tage tothe tube sna So prevent {ube damage Fruision shouldbe made for onnvovs snode ttton suing eoreeceor when ung {choot elmer focal sot fee Ui tok ont anode aon, ‘SSmploved. 9 suitable braking Gosce mast a {he rotor rapa to mormel sed ‘Tho base syst: Section 1 Drovdes power tothe stator and ENfneonacea with Section 2 ‘shiek petits sptestion of igh ‘otage tothe to onl aftr all Decestery opesting conditions ave been ston FA readout fore glass coupler Xeeay tbe housing cooling is formally by ai convection A tal fon ora erovistor fied {othe Rousing wil increase the Srfow over he sutacse ana an thereby double the cooing ‘Soling rat of ho tet heyy sty anodes, Circulating the Insatuting ol trough on ‘Seema Rent exchongar ests ina cooling ves many tines ‘eter han that for te base {be housing The ol flow ‘round te nee ube improves the inultion ane eveide the {Brmation of local hotspot “The snade het content can be ‘hecked by means ofan inka {ed sergor which ooks 3 the ‘ode through an opts, ‘Sladow in the Rowing An ‘lecroni radu shows Now forthe anode at futher ‘ork an be done and hon