Contents

ACKNOWLEGMENT ................................................................................................................................. 6
ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................................................. 7
CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................................................... 8
1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................... 8
1.1. HISTORY OF PRESSURE VESSEL ................................................................................................ 8
1.2. DEFINATION OF PRESSURE......................................................................................................... 9
1.2.1. TYPES OF PRESSURE VESSEL ............................................................................................ 10
1.2.2. CLASSIFICATION OF PRESSURE VESSEL ........................................................................ 11
1.3. Application of pressure vessel ......................................................................................................... 12
1.4. Material selection for pressure vessel .............................................................................................. 12
1.6. FABRICATION ............................................................................................................................... 20
1.7. INSPECTION PROCESS ................................................................................................................ 21
1.8. TESTING OF PRESSURE VESSEL .............................................................................................. 22
1.9. MAINTENANCE FOR PRESSURE VESSEL ............................................................................... 23
1.10. OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................................................ 23
1.10.1. Main objective......................................................................................................................... 23
1.10.2. Specific objective .................................................................................................................... 23
CHAPTER TWO ........................................................................................................................................ 24
LITERATURE ............................................................................................................................................ 24
2.1 DESIGN PRESSURE ....................................................................................................................... 24
2.2 DESIGN TEMPERATURE .............................................................................................................. 24
2.3 DESIGN STRESS ............................................................................................................................. 24
2.4 WELDED JOINT EFFICIENCY AND CONSTRUCTION CATAGORIES .................................. 25
2.5 CORROSION ALLOWANCE ......................................................................................................... 26
2.6 THICKNESS..................................................................................................................................... 26
CHAPTER THREE .................................................................................................................................... 27
METHODOLOGY ..................................................................................................................................... 27
3.1Material Selection .............................................................................................................................. 27
3.2 Design of cylindrical shell ................................................................................................................ 28
3.2.1 Design pressure .......................................................................................................................... 28
3.2.2 Design of temperature ................................................................................................................ 29

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 3.2.3 Design of stress .......................................................................................................................... 29
3.2.4 Optimum vessel proportion ........................................................................................................ 29
3.2.5 Welding joint efficiency............................................................................................................. 30
3.2.6 Corrosion allowance .................................................................................................................. 30
3.2.7 Thickness of cylindrical shell .................................................................................................... 32
3.2.8 Stress analysis for the shell ........................................................................................................ 33
3.3 Design of Head ................................................................................................................................. 33
3.3.1 Stress analysis for the ellipsoidal head....................................................................................... 34
3.4. Design of nozzle and opening .......................................................................................................... 36
3.4.1 Design of two-inch pipe size threaded opening the ellipsoidal head ......................................... 36
3.5 DESIGN OF VESSEL SUPPORT .................................................................................................... 38
3.5.1 Skirt Support .............................................................................................................................. 38
3.5.2 DESIGN OF SKIRTSUPPORT OF PRESSURE VESSEL ...................................................... 39
3.6 Bending Moment Calculation ........................................................................................................... 40
CHAPTER – 4 ............................................................................................................................................ 43
RESULT AND DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................... 43
4.1 COST ANALYSIS: .......................................................................................................................... 43
4.2 CONCLUSSION............................................................................................................................... 44
5. REFERENCE.......................................................................................................................................... 44
6. DETAIL AND ASSEMBLY DRAWING .............................................................................................. 44

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Figure table content
figure 1 1: cylindrical presser vessel ........................................................................................................... 10
Figure 1 2: shell .......................................................................................................................................... 17
Figure 1 3: types of head ............................................................................................................................. 18
Figure 1 4: saddle support ........................................................................................................................... 19
figure 1 5Fig leg support ............................................................................................................................. 20

figure 3 1: Method 2: chart for determining the optimum L/D ratio........................................................... 31

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TABLE
Table 2 1: Types of joint and radiography required by design code ........................................................... 25
Table 2 2: Thickness ................................................................................................................................... 26

Table 3 1Table material selection ............................................................................................................... 28

Table 3 2Table L/D ratio............................................................................................................................. 29
Table 3 3: diameter formulas ...................................................................................................................... 32

Table 1 1: classification of pressure vessel ................................................................................................. 12

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 ACKNOWLEGMENT
We feel great in presenting the report “DESIGN OF VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL SKIRT
SUPPORT” which finds application in much modern equipment and system. This project is done
in partial fulfillment of B.Sc. Course in Engineering (Mechanical) at College of Engineering &
Technology Samara University.
We wish to express our sincere gratitude and thanks to our almighty God, to our guide Mr.
MENGISTU for our project work for his inspiration that he give us and guidance showered upon
us and his continuous support to the successful completion of this project. Last but not least we
are thankful to all lectures who gave us their help and guidance during the work and also our
friends who always were ready to help.

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 ABSTRACT
High pressure rise is developed in the pressure vessel and pressure vessel has to withstand severe
forces. So the selection of pressure vessel is most critical. That’s why we can say that pressure
vessel is the heart for storage of fluid. Pressure vessel must pass series of Hydrostatic tests.
These tests examine the ability of the structure to withstand various pressures to see if protective
zone around the operator station remains intact in an overturn. The structure is to be designed,
fabricated, fitted and checked as per ASME standard. Plant safety and integrity are of
fundamental concern in pressure vessel design and these of course depend on the adequacy of
design codes. The performance of a pressure vessel under pressure can be determined by
conducting a series of tests to the relevant ASME standard. Efforts are made in this paper to
design the pressure vessel using ASME codes & standards to legalize the design.
The design procedure adopted here is from design of machine elements by R.S KHURMI & J.K
GUPTA. This is realized as we obtained the similar theoretical and analytical solution.

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 CHAPTER ONE
1. INTRODUCTION
A pressure vessel is a device which has a pressure difference inside it by atmospheric pressure.
As high operating pressures are a danger, utmost care should be taken while designing the
pressure vessels. Any mechanical structure fails if there are stresses induced in them. The
pressure vessel life under cyclic load is related to the number of cycles it is exposed to and to the
intensity of the stress. The pressure vessel is assumed to be a thin cylinder, and therefore the
analysis follows the thin cylinder formulae. The modeling was done on a modeling software pro-
e, and a finite element analysis was carried out to highlight the various points of stress
concentration. As anticipated the highest stress value occurs at the junction of the nozzle
attachment, to analyze the aspects of stress concentration which may develop when the end
closure of a high pressure vessel is attached to a conically shaped nozzle. The main reason for
this occurrence is that the conical nozzle must be connected separately. This process would result
in geometrical discontinuities between the pressure vessel and the nozzle at the point of
attachment. The stress calculations were carried out using finite element method, and a
parametric model was developed. Tests were carried out for various positions of the cylindrical
nozzle on the pressure vessel along with multiple orientations of the connection instead of a
central radial hole. The tests carried out confirmed that the actual stress value of the maximum
allowable internal pressure is different for various orientations of the attachment and states that
further investigation is necessary to determine the most efficient connection. [1]
1.1. HISTORY OF PRESSURE VESSEL
By the end of the 18th century the use of boilers operating at pressures much higher than the
atmospheric and the need to protect staff from faults, grew rapidly. In many cases, the result of
operating boilers and vessels in those conditions were catastrophic. Several attempts were made
to standardize the design criteria and calculation, but in 1911, due to the lack of uniformity in
boiler fabrication, manufacturers and users of boilers and pressure vessels requested advice to the
ASME association to correct this situation. Finally, in 1915, that association published the first
ASME Boiler Code (now Section I) in the United States of America. The codes were established
to provide manufacturing methods, records and report design data. Until 1930, when the first
welded vessel was manufactured, pressure vessels and boilers were riveted. Joints were made
"overlapping" the plates or using strips, placed on the joints, drilling and tightening the rivets. It

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was estimated that each rivet added pressure in a certain influence area, thus guaranteeing the
integrity of the equipment. [2]
Historically, engineers have applied the traditional strength of materials rules for designing
pressure vessels. They are still used today, but combined with:
# Nondestructive examination (NDE)
# Safety coefficients
# Lessons learned
The aforementioned includes the classic design of pressure vessels; nowadays checks according
to Finite Element Analysis (FEA) are more and more extended with outstanding results,
therefore we have to consider using this powerful tool in our designs if necessary. [2]
1.2. DEFINATION OF PRESSURE
A pressure vessel is a container designed to hold gases or liquids at a pressure substantially
different form the ambient pressure. Pressure vessels are used to store and transmit liquids,
vapors, and gases under pressure in general. The pressure of these finds will exert pressure
equally in all direction on the walls and ends of the pressure vessels. Because of the internal
loading, stresses are including on certain sections of the cylinder (pressure vessel) wall. The
pressure vessels (cylindrical or spherical tanks) are generally used in engineering to store fluid
under pressure. [3]
Pressure vessels can be dangerous, and fatal accidents have occurred in the history of their
development and operation. Consequently, pressure vessel design, manufacture, and operation
are regulated by engineering authorities backed by legislation. For these reasons, the definition
of a pressure vessel varies from country to country. [3]
In most countries, vessels over a certain size and pressure must be built to a formal code. In the
United States that code is the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC). These vessels
also require an authorized inspector to sign off on every new vessel constructed and each vessel
has a nameplate with pertinent information about the vessel, such as maximum allowable
working pressure, maximum temperature, minimum design metal temperature, what company
manufactured it, the date, its registration number (through the National Board), and ASME's
official stamp for pressure vessels (U-stamp). The nameplate makes the vessel traceable and
officially an ASME Code vessel. [3]

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1.2.1. TYPES OF PRESSURE VESSEL
There are two main types of pressure vessels. These are
1) Cylindrical pressure vessel:-Based on the shape it’s called cylindrical pressure vessel. Boiler
drums, heat exchangers, chemical reactors, and so on, are examples of cylindrical pressure
vessel. [5]

figure 1 1: cylindrical presser vessel

2) Spherical pressure vessel:-based on the shape it’s called spherical pressure vessel large gas
or liquid containers, gas-cooled nuclear reactors, containment buildings for nuclear plant, and so
on. [5]

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1.2.2. CLASSIFICATION OF PRESSURE VESSEL
A) Based on wall thickness
The ratio of internal diameter and Wall thickness is the factor which differentiate between thin
and thick shells
# Thin wall vessel:-If the ratio is more than 10
#Thick wall vessel: - if the ratio is less than 10 [4]
B) According to the end construction
The pressure vessels according to end construction are classified as OPEN END and CLOSED
END.A simple cylinder with a piston is an example of closed end vessel. In case of open end
vessels the circumferential stress is induced. [4]
Classification of Pressure Vessel

Based on design pressure Low pressure vessel (0.1 MPa to 1.6 MPa)

Medium pressure vessel (1.6 MPa to 10 MPa)

High pressure vessel (10 MPa to 100 MPa)

Ultra high pressure vessel (More than 100 MPa)

Based on operating temperatures Low temperature vessels (less than or equal to -

20oC)

Normal temperature vessels (between -20oC to

150oC)

Medium temperature vessels (between 150oC to

450oC)

High temperature vessels (more than or equal to

450oC)

Based on technological processes Storage container vessel

Reaction vessel

Heat exchanger vessel

Separation vessel

Based on wall thickness Thin wall vessels

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 Thick wall vessels

Based on pressure bearing situation Internal pressure vessels

External pressure vessels

Horizontal vessels
Based on installation methods
Vertical vessels

Table 1 1: classification of pressure vessel

1.3. Application of pressure vessel
Pressure vessels are used in a variety of applications in industry and the private sector. They
appear in these sectors as industrial compressed air receiver and domestic hot water storage
tanks. Other examples of pressure vessels are:-
 Diving cylinders
 Recompression chambers
 Distillation towers
 Pressure vessel reactors
 Autoclaves and many other vessels in mining operations
 Oil refineries and petrochemical plant
 Nuclear reactors vessels
 Submarine and space ship habitats
 Pneumatic reservoirs
 Hydraulic reservoirs under pressure
 Rail vehicle air brake reservoirs
 Road vehicle air brake reservoir and storage vessels for liquefied gases such as AMMONIA,
CHLORINE and LPG (propane, butane). [6]
¤ A unique application of pressure vessel is the passenger cabin of an air-liner. The outer skin
carriers both the air craft MANEUVERING loads and the cabin pressurization loads. [3]
1.4. Material selection for pressure vessel
The selection of material for the design is first requirement based on my design given data. There
are many considerations to select the material to designing purpose based on consideration of the
fluid (medium) our given medium is ACEYTYLENE. The working pressure (internal pressure)
is given 11.5Mpa and the internal temperature at the design pressure vessel. The pressure vessel

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 specification will include both the highest and the lowest temperatures to which the vessel shell
is exposed. Since steel properties change as the metal becomes colder, the vessel will be stamped
for an MDMT [7] of -20 °F unless the user requires lower. Customarily, the metal thickness is
driven by the code requirements relating to visual inspection. Thinner metal can be used,
providing the welds are radiographed. [7]
This saves cost when the metal is not SA516 but stainless steel or a refractory alloy. The
selection of the materials from which the autoclave is fabricated turns entirely upon the
application. For steam autoclaves, carbon steel is used, but a corrosion allowance is added to the
calculated thickness. This accommodates the rusting that occurs with repeated cycles of exposure
to steam, water, and air. Implicit in this is the need to monitor the loss of metal and
decommission the vessel when excessive thickness loss has occurred. Temperatures of up to 650
°F (343 °C), no adjustment needs to be made in calculating vessel wall thickness. Above this
temperature, the allowable stress is debated. Above 750 °F (399 °C), high-temperature alloys are
used. The rated temperature, which is stamped on the vessel's data plate, applies to the vessel
wall itself, not to the gas circulating in the autoclave. This is relevant when internal insulation is
used to circulate air or gas at a temperature beyond the rating of the vessel. [7]
Although the design engineer can use the material of his or her own choice, the normal selection
is SA516 Grade 70 PVQ (Pressure Vessel Quality) carbon steel. This steel is particularly well
suited for use in pressure vessels by virtue of having an exceptional spread between its
comparatively low yield strength of 38ksi and its tensile strength of 70 to 90ksi. Elongation in 2-
inch-thick (51 mm) plate is 21%. This means that the metal stretches considerably under over-
stress before failing. In the event of excessive pressure, parts will deform before breaking,
causing a gradual rather than a catastrophic loss of sealing. This loss of pressure then acts to
relieve the critical overload on the pressure vessel structure. This failure mode presumes the
absence of significant cracks in the over-stressed metal. [7]

#while choosing material for pressure vessel we must consider the following
 RESISTANCE TO HYDROGEN ATTACK: Hydrogen attack has occurred the metal cannot
be repair and must be replaced. Hydrogen attack is a potential design factor at hydrogen portal
pressure above approximately 100PSI.
It’s different from corrosion in that damage occurs throughout thickness of component.[3]

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 FRACTURE TOUGHNESS: - Refers to the ability of a material to withstand conditions that
could cause a brittle fracture. It can be determined by the magnitude of the impact energy that is
required to fracture a specimen using chirpy V-NOTCH test. It is decrease as temperature
decrease.[3]
 FABRIC ABILITY: - Is a measure of the ease with which material can be worked and made in
to desirable shaped.[3]
 AVAILABILITY: - It may influence material selection decision long delivery load in time
must be allowed for as delay may cause project hold ups and cost and energy loosed.[3]
 COST: - Cost of material very significantly designers evaluate materials cost versus other
factors such as corrosion expected life of equipment. Cost effective design is used in preference
to minimum cost design under to differentiate between the total cost of system, which should be
minimized and the cost of sub system which need not be a minimum. [3]
6 BEST MATERIALS IDEAL FOR PRESSURE VESSEL APPLICATION
1) TITANIUM:-Capability of retaining its structural properties
-Extremely resistant to corrosion
-Requires very little maintenance
-Excellent tensile strength ranging from 30000 psi to
200000 psi (210-1380Mpa)
-Higher melting point compared to steel and aluminum
-Great bio-compatibility
-Non-toxic in nature [8]
2) NICKEL ALLOYS: - Provide excellent protection from thermal
Expansion
-Offers great resistance to corrosion
-Suitable for use in harsh environments
-Extremely reliable and capable of lasting for
Several years
-Good resistance to oxidation and carburization [8]
3) STAINLESS STEEL:-Extremely resistant to chemicals
-Has a high resistance to corrosion
-304 L stainless steel has great weld ability

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 -Capability of withstanding humid conditions,
Sunlight , or high temperature [8]
4) CARBON STEEL:-Capable of retaining strength, even at minimal
thickness
-Excellent tensile strength
-Resists vibrations and shock
-Can be recycled easily [8]
5) ALUMINUM: -Capable of maintaining high tensile strength between
70 and 700Mpa
-Easier and more cost-effective to machine compared
machine compared to stainless steel
-Has a larger coefficient of expansion compared to
other metals [8]
6) HASTELLOY: -Has a good resistance to corrosion
-Capability to last for several years
-Has excellent resistance to cracking
-Comes in wide range of types, such as S, C, B2, C276
and more for use in several applications [8]
OTHER MATERIALS FOR PRESSURE VESSEL
COPPER: - It is one of the most widely used non-ferrous metals in industry. It is a soft,
malleable and ductile material with a reddish-brown appearance. Its specific gravity is 8.9 and
melting point is 1083°C. The tensile strength varies from 150Mpa to 400Mpa under different
conditions. It is a good conductor of electricity. It is non-corrosive under ordinary conditions and
resists weather very effectively. Copper in the form of tubes is used widely in mechanical
engineering. It is also used for making ammunitions. [3]
LOW CARBON STEEL (MILD STEEL):- It has excellent walkability, good balance of
toughness, good strength and ductility. It is used in bending process and it used in low
temperature pressure vessel. [3]
CAST IRON: - Is a brittle material, therefore, it cannot be used in those parts of machines which
are subjected to shocks. The properties of cast iron which make it a valuable material for
engineering purposes are its low cost, goods casting characteristics, high compressive strength,

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wear resistance and excellent machinability. The compressive strength of cast iron is much
greater than the tensile strength. Following are the values of ultimate strength of
CAST IRON: TENSILE STRENGTH =100 TO 200 MPA
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH= 400 TO 1000 MPA
SHEAR STRENGTH =120 MPA. [3]
Poor selection of material can lead to:-
-poor performance
-lower efficiency
-reduced safety [7]
Materials Selection Criteria
The main factor that influence material selection are;
• Safety
– Material must have sufficient strength at design conditions
– Material must be able to withstand variation (or cycling) in process conditions
– Material must have sufficient corrosion resistance to survive in service between
inspection intervals
• Ease of fabrication
• Quality of future maintenance
• Corrosion resistance in the service corrosive environment
• Availability in standard sizes (plates, sections, tubes)
• Cost
– Includes initial cost and cost of periodic replacement
• Strength
• Corrosion Resistance
• Fabric-ability
• Fracture toughness
1.5. COMPONENTS OF PRESSURE VESSEL
The following are the main components of horizontal pressure vessels in general
A) Shell
B) Head
C) Nozzle
D) Support

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A) Shell
· It is the primary component that contains the pressure.
· Pressure vessel shell in the form of different plates are welded together to form a structure that
has a common rotational axis
· Shells are cylindrical, spherical or conical in shape.
· Horizontal drums have cylindrical shells and are constructed in a wide range of diameter and
length.
· Shell of spherical pressure vessels is spherical. [9]

Figure 1 2: shell

B) Head
· All the pressure vessels must be closed at the ends by heads (or another shell section).
· Heads are typically curved rather than flat.
· The reason is that curved configurations are stronger and allow the heads to be thinner, lighter
and less expensive than flat heads.
· Heads can also be used inside a vessel and are known as intermediate heads.
· These intermediate heads are separate section of the pressure vessels to permit different design
condition. [9]
There are several types of heads are generally used in pressure vessels. They are
1. Sphere and hemispherical end (Fig-1)

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2. 2:1 Ellipsoidal head (Fig-2)
3. Conical head (Fig-3)
4. Tori spherical head (Fig-4)

Figure 1 3: types of head

C) Nozzle
· A nozzle is a cylindrical component that penetrates into the shell or head of pressure vessels
· They are used for the following applications.
# attaches piping for flow into or out of the vessels.
# attaches instrument connection (level gauges, Thermo wells, pressure gauges).
# provides access to the vessels interior at MANWAY.
# Provide for direct attachment of other equipment items (e.g. heat exchangers). [9]
D) Support
· Support is used to bear all the load of vessels, earthquake and wind loads
· There are different types of supports which are used depending upon the size and orientation of
the pressure vessel.
· It is considered to be the non-pressurized part of the vessel.
· Support is used to bear all the load of vessels, earthquake and wind loads
· It is considered to be the non-pressurized part of the vessel. [9]

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There are different types of supports which are used depending up on the size and orientation of
the pressure vessel. They are
1. Saddle support
2. Skirt support
3. Leg support
4. Lug support
1. Saddle support
Horizontal drums are typically supported at two locations by saddle support. It spreads over a
large area of the shell to prevent an excessive local stress in the shell at the support point. One
saddle support is anchored whereas the other is free to permit unstrained longitudinal thermal
expansion of the drum. [9]

Figure 1 4: saddle support

2. Skirt support
Tall vertical cylindrical pressure vessels are typically supported by skirts. A support skirt is a
cylindrical shell section that is welded either to the lower portion of the vessel shell or to the
bottom head (for cylindrical vessels). The skirt is normally long enough to provide enough
flexibility so that radial thermal expansion of the shell doesn’t cause high thermal stresses at its
junction with the skirt. [9]
3. Leg support
Small vertical drums are typically supported on legs that are welded to the lower portion of the
shell. The maximum ratio of support leg length to drum diameter is typically 2:1 reinforcing pads
are welded to shell first to provide additional local reinforcement and load distribution. The
number of legs depends on drum size and load to be carried. Support legs are also used for
spherical pressurized storage vessels. Cross bracing between the legs is used to absorb wind and
earthquake loads. [9]

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 figure 1 5Fig leg support
4. Lug support
Vertical pressure vessels may also be supported by lugs. The use of lug is typically limited to
pressure vessels of small and medium diameter (1 to 10 ft.) also moderate height to diameter
ratios in the ranges of 2:1 to 5:1 the lugs are typically bolted to horizontal structural members in
order to provide stability against overturning loads.[9]
1.6. FABRICATION
Manufacturing process of vertical presser vessel involves 8 sub-processes; [3]
# forming → pressing → spinning → bending → welding →
Post weld heat treatment (PWHT) → assembly → painting
Forming: - A process in which the size or shape of the part is changed by application of force.
Types of forming;
#Hot forming in this fabrication temperature is above the recrystallization temperature of the
material.
#Worm forming fabrication temperature is above room temperature but below recrystallization
temperature.

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#Cold forming fabrication temperature is very much below the recrystallization temperature of
material.
ꟷ Pressing: - A process where is a pressing machine is used to shape the part needed.
ꟷ Spinning: - The process used to shape the end of the presser vessel which is called head.
ꟷ bending: - A process in which the material is curved to desired radius using a bending
machine, it also called rolling.
ꟷ welding: - A Process by which two or more materials are joined permanently by melting both
material.
ꟷ PWTH: -A process of improving the properties of the WELDMENT
ꟷ Assembly: -A process of joining the part of the presser vessel
ꟷ Painting: -A process of applying paint to protect the product from corrosion, fabrication
procedure including welding: heat treatment or forming methods.
STEPS TO FABRICATE A PRESSURE VESSEL [3]
#List the design criteria → perform mechanical strength calculations →
Generate fabrication drawings
Once the design is approved by client and third party inspector the fabrication process
begins
Cut the plate → Roll the plate into cylinder → weld long seams of cylinders → fit and weld the
pressure vessel cylinder → cut and form the pressure vessel heads → fit and weld heads to
pressure vessel shell → cut holes for nozzle → install nozzle → install required structural
supports and lifting devices → final quality check → final inspections [3]
1.7. INSPECTION PROCESS
Inspections will be performed only by pressure system inspectors, designated by line
management and trained and qualified by the pressure systems program manager. Inspectors will
follow one or a combination of the following for performing inspections:
– National Board Inspection Code (NBIC)
– International Code Council (ICC) code
– American Petroleum Institute (API) code
– Compressed Gas Association (CGA) code
– Manufacturer’s recommendations [11]

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Types
The two pressure system inspection types are external and internal. An external inspection is
conducted while the system is operating and includes
- Examination of system components, including structural attachments, vessel connections, inlet
piping, outlet piping, drain piping, piping supports, and appurtenances
- Identifying evidence of leakage or inadequate insulation or other coverings
An internal inspection is conducted once the pressure has been released and the system is open
for inspection. It includes inspecting for corrosion and wear around
- Welded seams, nozzles, and areas adjacent to welds
- Vessel connections
- External fittings or controls [11]
1.8. TESTING OF PRESSURE VESSEL
Pressure tests are performed to ensure the safety, reliability, and leak tightness of pressure
systems. A pressure test is required for a new pressure system before use or an existing pressure
system after repair or alteration.
There are two methods for pressure tests: hydrostatic and pneumatic. A hydrostatic test is
performed by using water as the test medium, whereas a pneumatic test uses air, nitrogen, or any
non-flammable and non-toxic gas. At SLAC pressure tests must be hydrostatic unless pneumatic
tests can be justified. Pressure tests must always be performed under controlled conditions,
following an approved test plan, and documented in a test record. A single approved test plan
may be used for several similar tests, but a separate test record is required for each.
# Hydrostatic test is the preferred method of pressure test at SLAC.
#Pneumatic tests are potentially more dangerous than hydrostatic because of the higher level of
potential energy. Pneumatic tests may be performed only when at least one of the following
conditions exists:
-When pressure systems are so designed that they cannot be filled with water.
- When pressure systems are to be used in services where traces of the testing medium cannot be
tolerated.
Using a pneumatic test instead of hydrostatic requires approval by the pressure systems program
manager. In addition to a justification, a piping schematic for pneumatic pressure test is required.
Important Installation of a pressure relief valve is required for a pneumatic test. [11]

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1.9. MAINTENANCE FOR PRESSURE VESSEL
Pressure systems must be maintained according to a schedule appropriate to system type and the
operating conditions. Maintenance types include
● Preventive, which is generally determined by the manufacturer
●Break down, which is an opportunity for maintenance due to unforeseen equipment shutdown
● Periodic, which is required maintenance as determined by manufacturer’s recommendation
and/or SLAC policy Maintenance, includes replacement or repair of defective or worn
components.
Maintenance includes replacement or repair of defective or worn components. Maintenance does
not include implementing modifications or alterations. [11]
1.10. OBJECTIVES
1.10.1. Main objective
The main objective of this project is to design a vertical presser vessel position with skirt support
within the given data. i.e. internal presser of 11.5MPa and medium of acetylene. And to steady
the implementation of presser vessel leg support design.
1.10.2. Specific objective
Specifically, this project used to design the components such as support, head, shell and nozzle
and it has its own procedures to design each component and to design the hole assembled of
vertical presser vessel.
● Design of cylindrical shell
● Design of curved or ellipsoidal head
● Design of nozzle and manhole
● Design of leg support

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 CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE
2.1 DESIGN PRESSURE
The pressure use in the design of a vessel is call design pressure. It is recommended to design a
vessel and its parts for a higher pressure than the operating pressure. A design pressure higher
than the operating pressure with 10 percent, whichever is the greater, will satisfy the
requirement. The pressure of the fluid will also be considering. The maximum allowable
working pressure (MAWP) for a vessel is the permissible pressure at the top of the vessel in its
normal operating position at a specific temperature. This pressure is based on calculations for
every element of the vessel using nominal thicknesses exclusive of corrosion allowance. It is the
basis for establishing the set pressures of any pressure relieving devices protecting the vessel.
The design pressure may be substituted if the MAWP is not calculated. (UG22, ASME VIII.)
[10]
2.2 DESIGN TEMPERATURE
Design temperature is the temperature that will be maintained in the metal of the part of the
vessel being considered for the specified operation of the vessel. For most vessels, it is the
temperature that corresponds to the design pressure. However, there is a maximum design
temperature and a minimum design temperature (MDMT) for any given vessel. The MDMT
shall be the lowest temperature expected in service or the lowest allowable temperature as
calculated for the individual parts. Design temperature for vessels under external pressure shall
not exceed the maximum temperatures. [10]
2.3 DESIGN STRESS
For design purposes it is necessary to decide a value for the maximum allowable stress (nominal
design strength) that can be accepted in the material of construction. It done by applying a
suitable “design stress factor” or factor of safety, to the maximum stress that the material could
be expected to withstand without failure under standard test condition. The design stress factor
allows for any uncertainty in the design methods, the loading, the quality of materials and the
workman ship. [3]

Page | 24
2.4 WELDED JOINT EFFICIENCY AND CONSTRUCTION CATAGORIES
The strength of a welded joint will depend on the type of joint and the quality of the welding.
The soundness of welds is checked by
# Visual inspection &
# Radiography (non-destructive testing)
Table 2 1: Types of joint and radiography required by design code

Type of joint Degree of radiography

100% spot None
Double welded butt
or equivalent 1.0 0.85 0.7
Single weld butt
joint with bonding 0.9 0.80 0.65
strips
The possible lower strength of a welded joint compared with the virgin plate is usually allowed
for in design by multiplying the allowable design stress for the material by welded joint factors.
The value of the joint factor used in design code will depend on the type of the joint factor used
in design code will depend on the type of joint and amount radiography required by the design
code. The national codes and standards divide vessel construction in to different categories,
depending on the amount of non-destructive testing required. The higher categories required
100% of radiography of the welds, and allow the use of highest values for the weld joint factors.
The lower quality categories require and plate restriction on the plate thickness and type of
materials that can be used. There are some limitations in the lower construction category. The
standard 3 specification in construction categories:
# Category 1: the highest class, requires 100% non-destructive testing (NDTs) of the welds and
allows the use of all materials covered by the standard with no restriction on the plate thickness.
# Category 2: requires less non-destructive testing (NDTs) but place some limitation on the
materials which can be used and the maximum plate thickness.
# Category 3: the lowest class requires only visual inspection of the welds, but is restricted to
carbon and carbon manganese on the place thickness and the nominal design stress. [3]

Page | 25
2.5 CORROSION ALLOWANCE
Corrosion occurring over the life of a vessel is catered for by a corrosion allowance, the design
value of which de-pends upon the vessel duty and the corrosiveness of its con-tent. A design
criterion of corrosion allowance is 1 mm for air receiver in which condensation of air moisture is
expected. [10]
2.6 THICKNESS
There will be a minimum wall thickness required to ensure that any vessel is sufficiently raised
to with stand its own weight and any incidental loads. As a general guide the wall thickness of
any vessel should not be less than the values given below. The value includes a corrosion
allowance of 2mm. [3]
Table 2 2: Thickness

Vessel diameter(m) Minimum thickness (mm)

1 5
1-2 7
2-2.5 9
2.5-3 10
3-3.5 12

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 CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY

The project is designed by gathering information by different way, by calculating some

calculation and by arranging of the components properly. The data used in this project are
calculated by different formulas.
Steps we took while doing this project are:

MATERIAL SELECTION

DESIGN OF SHELL

IF DESIGN NOT SAFE DESIGN OF HEAD

DESIGN OF NOZZLE AND OPENING

DESIGN OF SKIRT SUPPORT

COST ANALYSIS

CONCLUSION

DETAIL AND ASSEMBLY DRAWING

3.1Material Selection
Several of materials have been use in pressure vessel fabrication. The selection of material is
based on the appropriateness of the design requirement. AU the materials used in the
manufacture of the receivers shall comply with the requirements of the relevant design code, and
be identifiable with mill sheets. The selection of materials of the shell shall take into account the
suitability of the materials with the maximum working pressure and fabrication process.

Page | 27
We must consider our medium while selecting the material. Our medium is Acetylene
Acetylene: - Acetylene has a unique property. Acetylene is an extremely flammable very high
flame temperature, which is the reason why acetylene is so effective for cutting and welding.
Acetylene is very soluble in solvents used in the dissolved acetylene, cylinders which can be
sufficient to cause its rapture. Acetylene gas is slightly lighter than air, colorless, tasteless, non-
toxic and non-corrosive. A certain metals such as copper, silver and mercury can form
compounds with acetylene under certain conditions that even in small quantity may explode
when subjected to friction or shock.
From the material i select TITANIUM has high cost, ALUMINUM is easily burned during
welding, COPPER can form compound with acetylene, due to this reason i neglect them.
Supports are used to bear all the load of the pressure vessel, along with earth quake, as well as
wind loads. To withstand this load the material i used for support is stainless steel because of it
has good strength and fracture toughness than other material. I select is stainless steel for shell,
head, and nozzle.
Table 3 1Table material selection
COMPONENT MATERIAL
Shell Stainless steel
Head Stainless steel
Nozzle Stainless steel
Support Stainless steel
DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSEL
Design data: Internal pressure------------------ 11.5MPa
Pressure vessel position--------- vertical
Medium------------------------------ acetylene
Support------------------------------- skirt
3.2 Design of cylindrical shell:
The shell is the primary component that contains the pressure and mostly pressure vessel shells
are Cylindrical, Spherical and conical.
3.2.1 Design pressure:
A vessel must be designed to withstand the maximum pressure to which it is likely to be
subjected in operation and it is given by

Page | 28
 PD=IP + IP *(5-10℅)
PD= 11.5Mpa + 11.5Mpa*10℅ where, PD= design pressure
PD=11.5Mpa + 1.15Mpa IP= internal pressure
PD=12.65Mpa
3.2.2 Design of temperature:
The strength of metal decrease when the temperature increase. So the maximum allowable
design strength will depend on the material temperature at which the design stress is evaluated.
 Taking the design temperature at room temperature T°=25
°F = 9/5(C°) +32
°F = 9/5(25°) +32 °F = 77 °F
3.2.3 Design of stress: - for designing purpose it is necessary to design value for maximum
allowable stress that can be accepted in the material of construction. From the typical design
stress table we can get the stress for stainless steel of Austenitic of grade 316
S (design stress or allowable stress) = 124Mpa
Tensile or ultimate strength =580Mpa
Yieldstrength=290Mpa
fatigue strength = 265Mpa
3.2.4 Optimum vessel proportion
Since the internal pressure is greater than 500 Psi. Then L/D ratio is 5
1Mpa = 145.04 psi G
11.5 Mpa = y

y = 1667.96 Psi G

Table 3 2Table L/D ratio

PRESSURE (Psi G) L/D ratio

0 - 250 3
250 - 500 4
>500 5

Page | 29
 3.2.5 Welding joint efficiency: By assuming double welded butt or equivalent the welding joint
efficiency will be 100% or E= 1 because it implies that the joint is equally as strong as the virgin
plate.
3.2.6 Corrosion allowance: The stainless steel of austenitic of grade 316 where sever corrosion
is not expected a minimum allowance 2mm should be used i.e. C= 2mm
Two procedures are method 1and 2 that determining the diameter and length of vessel:-

Method 1, F1 = where, PD =DESIGN PRESSURE (Mpa)

F1, 2 =VESSEL RATIO (mm)

C =corrosion allowance (mm) F2 = C (

E =joint efficiency
S=allowable stress (mm)
 using method two :

F2 = C ( where, 1 inch = 2.54cm, F2 = 1.84cm

f2 =2mm ( F2 =

f2 =18.4 mm F2 = 0.7 inch ≈1 inch

Page | 30
 figure 3 1: Method 2: chart for determining the optimum L/D ratio
Then from chart of determining the optimum L/D ratio, we get volume =150 the value where
the L/D ratio and F2 are cross each other. (From the graph of S.P JAWDEKAR chemical
engineering Dec, 15,1980 or method 2, chart for determining the optimum L/D ratio we can get
the volume of shell, V =150 ).
Then 1 = 0.028317m3
150 =y v (m³) =4.25m³
Now we can calculate the inside diameter of shell:

Page | 31
Table 3 3: diameter formulas
L/D D

3 √

4 √

5 √

Now we can determining the inside diameter of shell :

D =√

D= √ /√ D = 1.005m or D = 1005 mm
Length of shell:
L/D=5
L/1.005m=5
L=5.025m
3.2.7 Thickness of cylindrical shell :
Vessel with internal pressure higher than 3000 psi and the ratio of T/R increase 0.5, determine
the thickness in a thick cylinder lame’s equation is given by:
Thickness of thick shell

SE = where, PD = Design pressure

S = allowable stress
E= welded joint efficiency
R₀ and Rᵢ = outside and inside radius of the shell
By substituting the relationship R₀ =R + t in to the above expression
t =R (√ √ )+C where, t =thickness of shell ,
C=corrosion allowance =2mm

t= (√ - 1) +2mm

t= 56.2mm≈56.5mm
Now, we can determine the outside diameter of the shell

Page | 32
Do =Dᵢ + 2t where Do, Dᵢ =outside and inside diameter of the shell
Do =1005mm +2 (56.5) mm t =thickness of the shell
Do =1.118m or Do =1118mm
3.2.8 Stress analysis for the shell:
From above equation, now calculate maximum tangential stress at the inner surface of shell
according to maximum stress theory. According to lames equation

𝜎𝑡 (𝑚𝑎 ) = Where, t= tangential stress

PD= Design pressure =12.65Mpa

Ro= outside radius of shell = Do/2= =559mm

Rᵢ = inside radius of shell= Dᵢ/2= = 502.5mm

𝜎𝑡 (𝑚𝑎 ) =12.65MPa( )

𝜎𝑡 (𝑚𝑎 ) =12.65Mpa (9.4)

𝜎𝑡 =119Mpa
Therefore since 𝜎𝑡 =119Mpa < 124Mpa (allowable stress) so our design is safe.
According to maximum shear stress theory at any point is the difference of 𝜎𝑚𝑎 and 𝜎min at
that point.

= max = since 𝑚 = ꟷP

ꟷ
max =

max = PD * +

max =

m =65.5Mpa

Since, max < = 65.5Mpa < Mpa

65.5Mpa < 145Mpa ∴ our design is safe

3.3 Design of Head:
The portion above and below the shell is known as head. The portion above the shell is known as
top head and the portion below shell is known as bottom head. All pressure vessel shell must be

Page | 33
 closed at the end by the heads. The ends of pressure vessel (cylindrical vessel) are closed by head
in various shapes. These are
 Hemispherical head
 Ellipsoidal head
 Conical head &
 Flat head But,
Our design head is ellipsoidal head.
Most standard ellipsoidal are manufactured with a major and minor of 2:1 the following equation
can be calculated required thickness. To calculate the thickness:

t= +C where, K = * ( ) + but

K= * ( ) + , a = 2 (major axis), b = 1 (minor axis)

K=1

t= + 2mm where, Dᵢ = internal diameter of the shell

T = 53.8 mm ≈54mm T = thickness of head

PD = design pressure
S = design stress
E = joint efficiency
C = corrosion allowance
 We used ellipsoidal head because its thickness is fit to the thickness of the shell than the other
head type.
3.3.1 Stress analysis for the ellipsoidal head :
Longitudinal (hoop) stress in the knuckle become compressive when the R/H ratio exceeds 1.42:
these heads will fail by either elastic or plastic bucking depending on the R/T ratio.
3.3.1.1At the center of head

𝜎x = and 𝜎ø = 𝜎ᵪ Where 𝜎ø = hoop stress (longitudinal)

𝜎ᵪ = meridional stress

H = depth of head = = , H = 251.3 mm

T = thickness of head
PD = design pressure

Page | 34
 R = internal radius of shell = 502.5mm

#At center of head for ellipsoidal head =RL=

𝜎x = 𝜎ø = Where, RL = latitudinal radius of curvature

= meridionl radius of curvature

= = 117.7Mpa

𝜎x = 𝜎ø = 117.7Mpa < 124Mpa (allowable stress)

Therefore it is safe at the ellipsoidal head.
3.3.1.2At the tangent
𝜎x = = Mpa = 58.85Mpa < 124Mpa (allowable stress)

Therefore it is safe along the Meridional stress at the tangent.

where, 𝜎 =meridional stress
𝑅𝐿= latitudinal radius of curvature
t =thickness of ellipsoidal head
PD = design pressure

And 𝜎ø = * + Where 𝜎 = hoop stress (latitudinal stress)

PD = design pressure
RL = latitudinal radius curvature
𝑅m = meridian radius of curvature
t = thickness of ellipsoidal head
𝜎ø = Hoop stress (longitudinal stress)

𝜎ø = * +

𝜎ø = 37.37Mpa (compressive) < 124Mpa (allowable stress)

So, it is safe along the hoop stress at the tangent of the ellipsoidal head.
3.3.1.3At any point

𝜎x = and 𝜎ø = * +

Where, RL = √ and Rm =

RL = √

Page | 35
 Where the value of x is bounded on H ≤ ≤𝑅
Let’s take X = 300mm it is between H and R.

RL = √

RL = 860 mm

And 𝑅m = =

𝑅m = 630 mm

𝜎x = =

𝜎x =100.7Mpa< 124Mpa (allowable stress)

So, the design is safe along the meridionial stress at any point of the ellipsoidal head.

𝜎ø = * += * +

𝜎ø =64Mp ˂124Mpa (allowable stress)

So, it is safe along the hoop or latitudinal stress any point of the ellipsoidal head.
3.4. Design of nozzle and opening
3.4.1 Design of two-inch pipe size threaded opening the ellipsoidal head
Notation
𝑡 𝑡 Where, t= thickness of the vessel wall less corrosion allowance =𝑡 +C
𝑡 = is the minimum required thickness of the ellipsoidal head = 52mm
=54m
By using internal pressure=11.5MPa =1667.9psI G≈1668psi G and
Size of opening (dn= 2 inch=50.8mm≈51mm) = (Rn=25.5 mm)
𝑡n= nominal thickness of nozzle irrespective of product form less than corrosion allowance
From the table by using internal pressure 1500 psiG and size of opening (d= 2inch) so
𝑡n =0.106inch = 2.69mm
𝑡𝑤= thickness of welding mostly 0.3756in= 9.525mm
 Parallel to the shell surface: the horizontal rimes are greater of
a. 𝑑 𝑐 𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚
b. 𝑑 𝑡 𝑡 𝑚𝑚
 Perpendicular to the shell surface: the vertical limit is the smaller of
a. 𝑡 𝑚𝑚
b. 𝑡 𝑚𝑚

Page | 36
 Area of Reinforcement required
For vessel under internal pressure the total cross-sectional area required for reinforcement of
opening shell not be less than
𝐴= 𝑑𝑡 Where d= diameter of nozzle opening
=51 52 𝑡 = minimum required thickness of the ellipsoidal head
=2652𝑚𝑚2
Area of Reinforcement Available
When the reinforcement do not extend outside of an area where the required thickness and limits
are available equally on each side of the opening centerline: the following equation may be used
to determine the area of reinforcement available:-

#1. Area available in vessel wall, use the larger A1

A1= d(t-tr)
=51(54-52)
=102mm2
A1= 2(t-tr ) (tn+ t)
= 2(54-52) (2.69+54)
=226.76mm2
So the are available in vessel wall is A1=226.76mm2
#2. Area available in nozzle wall, use the smaller A2

trn= Where, trn= is the minimum required thickness of the head

= S= allowable stress

=2.6mm E= welded joint efficiency

PD= design pressure
K= 1
d= diameter of nozzle opening
A2 = 5t(tn – trn )
= 5(54)(2.69-2.6 )
=24.3mm2

Page | 37
A2= 5 tn(tn – trn )
=5 (2.69)(2.69-2.6)
=1.2mm2
So the available nozzle wall is A2=1.2mm2
3) area of inside extension of nozzle :
 In ward
𝐴 = 2y (𝑡n) where, y = vertical limit
𝑡n = nominal thickness of nozzle
𝑡w = thickness of weld mostly = 9.525mm
𝐴 = 2 × 6.73mm×2.69mm
=36.2mm²
4) Area of welds :
𝐴 = 2(0.5tw²) =2×0.5 × (9.525mm)² where 𝑡 = thickness of weld = mostly 0.375inch =9.525mm
.’. = 90.726mm²
Then let us find the total area required
𝐴 𝐴 𝐴 𝐴 𝐴
= 226.76+1.2+36.2+90.726
=
𝑚𝑚
Since the total area of reinforcement available is much less than to the area of reinforcement required. So it
is recommended to use a pad which uses as an additional reinforcement in the opening to withstand the
pressure or the high stress concentration acting up on the opening.

3.5 DESIGN OF VESSEL SUPPORT

3.5.1 Skirt Support
A skirt support consists of a cylindrical or conical shell welded to the base of the vessel. A flange at the
bottom of the skirt transmits the load to the foundations. Openings must be provided in the skirt for access
and for any connecting pipes; the openings are normally reinforced. The skirt may be welded to the bottom
head of the vessel or welded flush with the shell, or welded to the outside of the vessel shell. There will be
no stress from internal and external pressure for the skirt, unlike for the shell, but the stresses from dead
weight and from wind or seismic bending moments will be maximum.

Page | 38
The skirt thickness must be sufficient to withstand the dead-weight loads and bending moments imposed on
it by the vessel; it will not be under the vessel pressure.
3.5.2 DESIGN OF SKIRTSUPPORT OF PRESSURE VESSEL
VESSEL WEIGHT CALCULATION :
Pressure vessel weights are obtained by calculating the cylindrical shell, head, weight of fluid, and nozzles
separately and adding them.
Cylindrical section: In many books, the density of stainless steel is broadly obtained to be equal to
8000kg/m3. So, now, we only have to calculate the volume of the cylindrical section.
Then, the volume will be.
Vc= A * L where, Vc = cylindrical volume section
Vc = π / 24 (Do2 - Di2) *L Do = outer diameter of shell
Vc = π / 24 (1.1182 - 1.0052) *5.025m Di = inner diameter of shell
Vc = 0.158m3 L = length of shell
mc = mass of cylinder
ρc = density of shells material
mc = Vc * c
mc = 0.158m3 * 8000kg/m3
mc = 1264kg
ELLIPSOIDAL SECTION: Since the material we used for the cylindrical section and the ellipsoidal end
closure section is the same. The density will be the same, which is 8000kg/m3. And to find the volume of
top and bottom of ellipsoidal end closures is given as,
VH = (π/24) di3 where, VH = volume of head
VH = (π/24) 1.0053 MH =mass of head
VH = 0.133m3 ρ H = density of head
MH=VH* ρ H
MH=0.133*8000=1064kg
Fluid medium (acetylene): In this particular case, the fluid medium is gas (acetylene). The properties of this
medium is selected from table taken from the text book Coulson and Richardson’s chemical engineering,
third edition, volume 6, R.K, sinnott. This table can be found in appendix A of this report. From the table,
the density of gas (acetylene) to be equal to :
ρ = 1.097 Kg/m3

Page | 39
Now, we can calculate the volume of the fluid propane
V0 = VC + VH
V0 = 0.158m3 + 0.133m3
V0 = 0.291m3
mo = V0 + ρO
mo = 0.291m3 * 1.097 Kg/m3
mo = 0.32kg
OPPENING SECTION: In this section we have to add the nozzle and man hole of their volume and get the
mass of them.
VN = (π/4) d2 Ln Vm = (π/4) d2 Lm
VN = (π/4) (50.8)2mm2 x 100mm Vm = (π/4) (381 mm)2 50 mm
VN = 0.203 m3 Vm = 5.70045914*10-03 = 0.0057m3
VT = 0.203 + 0.0057 Where, VN = volume of nozzle
Vo = VT = 0.21m3 Vm = volume of man hole
Mo = VO * ρO Vo = volume of opening
MO = 0.21m3 * 7830kg/m3
MO = 1644.3kg
The total weight of the vessel should be calculated in to two different cases;
Case – 1, Including the weight of the fluid medium, and
Case – 2, excluding the weight of the fluid Medium. So, the total weight of the pressure vessel including the
cylindrical steel section, ellipsoidal end closures steel section, the opening on the cylindrical and on the top
and bottom ellipsoidal end closures in both cases will be:
Case – 1, Including weight of fluid medium
Total Mass, m T = mC + mH + mo + mG
= (1264+1064+0.32+1644.3) kg
= 3972.62kg
Total Weight, WT = (mT) * (g)
= (83972.62 kg) * (9.81 ms-2)
= 38,971.4 N
= 38.9714 KN
3.6 Bending Moment Calculation: Wind loading will only be important on tall columns installed in the

Page | 40
open. Columns and chimney-stacks are usually free standing, mounted on skirt supports, and not attached to
structural steel work. Under these conditions the vessel under wind loading acts as a Cantilever beam. For a
uniformly loaded cantilever the bending moment at any plane is given by:
MX = wx²/2 Where, x is the distance measured from the free end and
w is the load per unit length (Newton per meter run)
X = LV + L_SK But, LV = LSH + LH
X = 5276.3mm + 1000mm = 5025mm +251.3mm
X = 6276.3mm = 5276.3mm
Where, LV = length of vessel
LSK = length of skirt taking of an assumption
LSH = length of shell LH = length of head
So the bending moment, and hence the bending stress, will vary parabolically from zero at The top of the
column to a maximum value at the base. For tall columns the bending stress Due to wind loading will often
be greater than direct stress due to pressure, and will determine the plate thickness required. The most
economical design will be one in which the plat thickness is progressively increased from the top to the base
of the column. The thickness at the top being sufficient for the pressure load, and that at the base sufficient
for the pressure plus the maximum bending moment. The load imposed on any structure by the action of the
wind will depend on the shape of The structure and the wind velocity.
PW = 1/2 Cd ρa Uw ² Where, PW = wind pressure (load per unit area),
Cd = drag coefficient (shape factor),
ρ-a = density of air,
UW = wind velocity
The drag coefficient is a function of the shape of the structure and the wind velocity(Reynolds number). For
a smooth cylindrical column or stack the following semi-empirical equation can be used to estimate the wind
pressure:
PW = 0.05uw2 Where, PW = wind pressure (N/m2),
2
PW = 0.05*120 km/hr. UW = wind velocity (120km/hr)
PW = 720N/m2
The loading per unit length of the column can be obtained from the wind pressure by multiplying by the
effective column diameter: the outside diameter plus an allowance for the pressure vessel.
FW = PW D_(eff ) but, D_(eff )= outside diameter of vessel plus corrosion

Page | 41
allowance
FW = 720N/m2 *0.506m D_(eff )= 504mm +2mm
W = FW = 364.32N/m D_(eff )= 506mm
MX = ((364.32 * 3.41422)²)/2 M = 2123.3957 Nm
SKIRT THICKNESS
Skirt:
Vertical vessel shall be provided with a skirt which shall have an outside diameter equal to the outside
diameter of the support vessel. The minimum thickness for a skirt shall be ¼ inch. Skirts shall be provided
with a minimum of two 2-inch vent holes located as high as possible 180 degrees apart.
The skirt thickness must be sufficient to with stand the dead weight loads and bending moments imposed
on it by the vessel; it will not be under the vessel pressure.
The resultant stresses in the skirt will be :
σs (tensile) = σbs - σws where, σbs = bending stress in the skirt. 4Ms / (π(Ds + t_s ) t_sDs)
𝜎𝑏𝑠= 4ms/(π(Ds+ts)(ts*Ds)) σws = the dead weight stress in the skirt. w/ π ( a + p) p
Where, Ms = maximum bending moment, evaluated at the base of the skirt (due to wind
, seismic and eccentric loads)
W = total weight of the vessel and contents
DS = in side diameter of the skirt, at the base = inside diameter of shell
Ts = skirt thickness = thickness of shell
The inside diameter of the skirt at the base will be equal to 455mm. as a first trial take the skirt thickness as
the same as that of the bottom section of the vessel, which is 24mm.thi way, the bending stress and the dead
weight stress in the skirt will be :
σbs = 4Ms / (π(Ds + t_s ) t_sDs)
= 4*2123.3957Nm/ (π (1005+24)1005*24)
= 0.000109
σws = w/ (π (Ds + t_s ) t_s
= 7956.77 N / (π (1005 +24)24) = 0.103
σws (operating) = w/ (π (Ds + t_s ) t_s
= 7955.52N/ ((π (1005+24) 24) = 0.103
This way σbs , Max σs (compressive) = σbs + σws (test)
= 0.000109 + 0.103 = 0.103109

Page | 42
 Max σ(tensile) = σbs - σws (operating)
= 0.000109- 0.103 = -0.102891
CHAPTER – 4
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1 COST ANALYSIS:
It is the total amount of money that we spend to manufacture the pressure vessel. Basic costs we spend
include the following.
o Material cost
o Labor cost
o Machine cost
Material cost: it is the total cost of the vessel material, i.e. head, shell, openings, and support.
Mass of shell = 1264kg
Mass of head = 1064kg
Mass of opening =1644.3 kg
Total mass of the material =3972.62kg
Cost of stainless steel = 2.15$us/kg
Total cost of material = (3972.62 * 2.15) kg* $us/kg
= 8541.133$us
Man power cost: it is the birr paid for the daily labor’s and operator of the machine. Late assume 5 labor and
one operator is needed birr for each labor per day = 2.27$us And for one operator machine = 25$us Total
cost man power and operator per day = 5*2.27 +25 = 36.35$us
Machine cost: it is the amount of money paid for the machine. Assume we paid 100$us per day and one
machine is needed. Total machine cost per day will be 100$us.
Therefore, total cost is = material cost + man power cost + machine cost
=8541.133$us + 36.35$us + 100$us
=8677.483$us
If there may cause damage on machine parts or any sudden accident is happen. It is better to have some
additional money take 10% of the total cost as for safety.
The final cost per day =8677.483$us + 0.1(8677.483$us)
=9545.2313$us

Page | 43
4.2 CONCLUSSION:
From this project the design of vertical pressure vessel is safely designed. It does not fail at small effect,
even if we neglect wind and the designed pressure vessel is designed at the internal pressure of 11.5Mpa
with a medium of Acetylene with a vertical position of by checking failure theories and I set the satisfactory
safe designed.
During this project we have found different problem, like when we were calculating the required area
Of the nozzles and the man hole not bigger than that of the available area. Therefore, we recommended
using the reinforcement pad.
5. REFERENCE
1)IOP conference series: Materials science and engineering
2)Pressure vessels online course, part I – instructor JAVIER TIRENTI
3)Wikipedia
4)Machine design indae.blogspot.com
5)Pressure vessel design and practice
6)IRJET (International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology)
7)ASHBY,M.F(2005), Material selection in mechanical design 3rd edition
8)bepeterson.com
9)www.3d-labs.com/pressure%20%20e%20-%20book%20-%20components.htm
10)International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology and Science (IJIRTS)
11) http://www-group.slac.stanford.edu/esh/eshmanual/references/pressureprocedtest.pdf
6. DETAIL AND ASSEMBLY DRAWING

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