A[edit] 22  Rostislav Alexeyev 

(1916–1980), Russia – ekranoplan

23  Genrich Altshuller (1926–1998), Russia – TRIZ ("The Theory
 Vitaly Abalakov (1906–1986), Russia – camming
24 of Solving Inventor's Problems")
devices, Abalakov thread (or V-thread) gearless ice climbing
25  Bruce Ames (born 1928), USA – Ames test (cell biology)
anchor
26  Giovanni Battista Amici (1786–1863), Italy
 Ernst Karl Abbe (1840–1905), Germany – Condenser
27 – Dipleidoscope, Amici prism
(microscope), apochromatic lens, refractometer
28  Mary Anderson (1866–1953), United States – windshield
 Carl Roman Abt (1850–1933), Switzerland – Abt rack railway
29 wiper blade
system
30  Momofuku Ando (1910–2007), Japan – Instant noodles
 Hovannes Adamian (1879–1932), Armenia/Russia – tricolor
31  Vasily Andreyev (1861–1918), Russia – standard balalaika
principle of the color television
32  Hal Anger (1920–2005), USA – a.o. Well counter (radioactivity
 William Addis (1734–1808), England – Toothbrush
33 measurements), gamma camera
 Robert Adler (1913–2007), Austria/United States –
34  Anders Knutsson Ångström (1888–1981), Sweden
wireless remote control (with Eugene Polley)
35 – Pyranometer
 Jabir ibn Aflah (Geber) (c. 1100–1150), Islamic Spain –
36  Ottomar Anschütz (1846–1907), Germany – single-curtain
portable celestial globe
37 focal-plane shutter, electrotachyscope
 Samuel W. Alderson (1914–2005), USA – Crash test dummy
38  Hermann Anschütz-Kaempfe (1872–1931), Germany
 Anatoly Alexandrov (1903–1994), Russia – anti-
39 – Gyrocompass
mine demagnetising of ships, naval nuclear reactors (including
40  George Antheil (1900–1959), together with Hedy
one for the first nuclear icebreaker)
41 Lamarr (1914–2000), USA, Frequency-hopping spread spectrum
 Alexandre Alexeieff (1901–1982) Russia/France
– pinscreen animation (with his wife Claire Parker)
 Oleg Antonov (1906–1984), Russia – An-series aircraft, 22  Daniel Axelrod (inv. 1980), USA – Total internal reflection
including A-40 winged tank and An-124 (the largest serial cargo, 23 fluorescence microscope
later modified to world's largest fixed-wing aircraftAn-225) 24B[edit]

 Virginia Apgar (1909–1974), USA – Apgar score (for newborn

25  Charles Babbage (1791–1871), UK – analytical engine (semi-
babies)
26 automatic)
 Nicolas Appert (1749–1841), France – canning (food
27  Victor Babeș (1854–1926) Romania – Babesia, the founder of
preservation) using glass bottles, see also Peter Durand
28 serum therapy
 Archimedes (c. 287–212 BC), Greece – Archimedes' screw
29  Roger Bacon (1214–1292), UK – magnifying glass
 Guido of Arezzo (c. 991 – c. 1033), Italy – Guidonian
30  Leo Baekeland (1863–1944), Belgian–American – Velox
hand, musical notation, see also staff (music)
31 photographic paper and Bakelite
 Ami Argand (1750–1803), France – Argand lamp
32  Ralph H. Baer (1922-December 6, 2014), German born
 Edwin Howard Armstrong (1890–1954), USA – FM radio
33 American – video game console
 William George Armstrong (1810–1900), UK – hydraulic
34  Adolf von Baeyer (1835–1917), Germany – a.o. Fluorescein,
accumulator
35 synthetic Indigo dye, Phenolphthalein
 Neil Arnott (1788–1874), UK – waterbed
36  John Logie Baird (1888–1946), Scotland – an
 Lev Artsimovich (1909–1973), Russia – tokamak
37 electromechanical television, electronic color television
 Joseph Aspdin (1788–1855), UK – Portland cement
38  Abi Bakr of Isfahan (c. 1235), Persia/Iran –
 John Vincent Atanasoff (1903–1995), Bulgaria/USA – modern
39 mechanical geared astrolabe with lunisolar calendar
digital computer
40  George Ballas (1925–2011), USA – String trimmer
 Frank Eugene Austin (1873–1964), USA – first patented ant
41  Donát Bánki (1859–1922), Hungary – inventor of
farm
42 the carburetor for the stationary engine[1]
 Ridgway Banks, inventor of the Banks Engine, a Nitinol based 23  Francis Beaufort (1774–1857), Ireland/UK – Beaufort
solid state heat engine 24 scale, Beaufort cipher
 Vladimir Baranov-Rossine (1888– 25  Ernest Beaux (1881–1961), Russia/France – Chanel No. 5
1944), Ukraine/Russia/France – Optophonic 26  Claude Beck (1894–1971), USA – Defibrillator
Piano, pointillist or dynamic military camouflage 27  Arnold O. Beckman (1900–2004), USA – electric pH meter
 John Barber (1734–1801), UK – gas turbine 28  Ulugh Beg (1394–1449), Persia/Iran –
 John Bardeen (1908–1991), USA – co-inventor of 29 Fakhri sextant, mural sextant
the transistor 30  Vladimir Bekhterev (1857–1927), Russia – Bekhterev's Mixture
 Vladimir Barmin (1909–1993), Russia – first rocket launch 31  Josip Belušić (1847–?), Croatia – electric speedometer
complex (spaceport) 32  Alexander Graham Bell (1847–1922), UK, Canada, and USA
 Anthony R. Barringer (1925–2009), Canada/USA – INPUT 33 – telephone
(Induced Pulse Transient) airborne electromagnetic system 34  Nikolay Benardos (1842–1905), Russia – arc
 Earl W. Bascom (1906–1995), Canada/USA – side-delivery 35 welding (specifically carbon arc welding, the first arc welding
rodeo chute, hornless rodeo saddle, rodeo bareback rigging, 36 method)
rodeo chaps 37  Ruth R. Benerito (1916–2013), USA – a.o. Permanent
 Nikolay Basov (1922–2001), Russia – co-inventor 38 press (no-iron clothing)
of laser and maser 39  Miriam Benjamin (1861–1947), Washington, D.C. – Gong and
 Muhammad ibn Jābir al-Harrānī al-Battānī (Albatenius) (853- 40 signal chair (adopted by House of Representatives and precursor
929), Syria/Turkey – observation tube 41 to flight attendant signal system)
 Émile Baudot (1845-1903), France - Baudot code 42  William R. Bennett, Jr. (1930–2008), together with Ali
 Eugen Baumann (1846–1896), Germany – PVC 43 Javan (1926–), USA/Iran – Gas laser (Helium-Neon)
 Trevor Baylis (born 1937), UK – a wind-up radio 44  Melitta Bentz (1873–1950), Germany – paper Coffee filter
 Karl Benz (1844–1929), Germany – the petrol- 23  Lucio Bini (1908–1964), together with Ugo Cerletti (1877–
powered automobile, the carburetor[2][3] 24 1963), Italy – Electroconvulsive therapy
 Alexander Bereznyak (1912–1974), Russia – first rocket- 25  Gerd Binnig (born 1947), with Christoph Gerber (?–), and
powered fighter aircraft, BI-1 (together with Isaev) 26 with Calvin Quate (born 1923), Germany/Switzerland/USA
 Paul Berg (born 1926), USA – created the first Recombinant 27 – Atomic force microscope
DNA molecules 28  Gerd Binnig (born 1947), together with Heinrich Rohrer (1933–
 Hans Berger (1873–1941), Germany – first human EEG and its 29 2013), Germany/Switzerland – Scanning tunneling microscope
development 30  Clarence Birdseye (1886–1956), USA – frozen food process
 Friedrich Bergius (1884–1949), Germany – Bergius 31  Laszlo Biro (1899–1985), Hungary – modern ballpoint pen
process (synthetic fuel from coal) 32  Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī (973–1048), Persia/Iran –
 Georgy Beriev (1903–1979), Georgia/Russia – Be- 33 mechanical geared lunisolar calendar, laboratory and surveying
series amphibious aircraft 34 equipment.
 Emile Berliner (1851–1929), Germany and USA – the disc 35  Thor Bjørklund (1889–1975), Norway – Cheese slicer
record gramophone 36  J. Stuart Blackton (1875–1941), USA – stop-motion film
 Tim Berners-Lee (born 1955), UK – with Robert Cailliau, 37  Otto Blathy (1860–1939), Hungary – co-inventor of
the World Wide Web 38 the transformer, wattmeter, alternating current (AC)
 Marcellin Berthelot (1827–1907), France – Berthelot's 39 and turbogenerator
reagent (chemistry) 40  John Blenkinsop (1783–1831), UK – Blenkinsop rack railway
 Max Bielschowsky (1869–1940), Germany – Bielschowsky 41 system
stain (histology) 42  Fyodor Blinov (1827–1902), Russia – first tracked vehicle,
 Alfred Binet (1857–1911), France – with his student Théodore 43 steam-powered continuous track tractor
Simon (1872–1961), first practical Intelligence test
 Charles K. Bliss (1897–1985), Austro-Hungary/Australia 22  George de Bothezat (1882–1940), Russia/USA – quadrotor
– Blissymbols 23 helicopter, (The  Flying Octopus)
 Katharine B. Blodgett (1898–1979), UK – nonreflective glass 24  Matthew Piers Watt Boulton (1820–1894), UK – aileron
 Jacob Christoph Le Blon (1667–1741), Germany/UK – three 25  Robert W. Bower (born 1936), USA – self-aligned–
and four color Color printing 26 gate MOSFET
 Alan Blumlein (1903–1942), UK – stereo 27  Seth Boyden (1788–1870), USA – nail-making machine
 Leonard Bocour (1910–1993), together with Sam 28  Herbert Boyer (born 1936), together with Paul Berg (1926–),
Golden (1915–1997), USA – Acrylic paint 29 and Stanley Norman Cohen (1935–), USA – created
 David Boggs (born 1950), USA – Ethernet 30 first Genetically modified organism
 Nils Bohlin (1920–2002), Sweden – the three-point seat belt 31  Willard Boyle (1924–2011), together with George E.
 Joseph-Armand Bombardier (1907–1964), Canada 32 Smith (1930–), USA – Charge-coupled device (CCD)
– snowmobile 33  Hugh Bradner (1915–2008), USA – Wetsuit
 Charlie Booth (1903–2008), Australia – Starting blocks 34  Louis Braille (1809–1852), France – Braille writing
 Gail Borden (1801–1874), USA – a.o. Condensed 35 system, Braille musical notation
milk produced by vacuum 36  Jacques E. Brandenberger (1872–1954), Switzerland
 Sam Born, Russia/USA – lollipop-making machine 37 – Cellophane
 Satyendra Nath Bose (1894–1974), India – work on gas-like 38  Édouard Branly (1844–1940), France – the coherer, the first
properties of electromagnetic radiation, Boson and providing 39 widely used detector for radio communication.
foundation for Bose–Einstein statistics and Bose–Einstein 40  Charles F. Brannock (1903–1992), USA – Brannock
condensate 41 Device (shoe size)
 Jagdish Chandra Bose (1858–1937), India – Crescograph 42  Walter Houser Brattain (1902–1987), USA – co-inventor of
43 the transistor
 Karl Ferdinand Braun (1850–1918), Germany – cathode-ray 23  Friedrich Wilhelm Gustav Bruhn (1853–1927), Germany
tube oscilloscope 24 – Taximeter
 Harry Brearley (1871–1948), UK – stainless steel 25  Nikolay Brusentsov (born 1925), Russia – ternary
 Stanislav Brebera (1925–2012), Czech Republic 26 computer (Setun)
– Semtex explosive 27  Charles F. Brush (1849–1929), USA – a.o. Brush dynamo
 David Brewster (1781–1868), United Kingdom – Kaleidoscope 28  Dudley Allen Buck (1927–1959), USA – a.o. Cryotron, content-
 Sergey Brin (born 1973), Russia/USA – with Larry 29 addressable memory
Page invented Google web search engine 30  Edwin Beard Budding (1795–1846), UK – lawnmower
 Mikhail Britnev (1822–1889), Russia – first metal- 31  Gersh Budker (1918–1977), Russia – electron cooling, co-
hull icebreaker (Pilot) 32 inventor of collider
 Harold P. Brown (1857–1944), USA – electrical safety 33  Robert Bunsen (1811–1899), Germany – Bunsen burner
equipment, plastic rail bond electric contact alloy, application of 34  Corliss Orville Burandt, USA – Variable valve timing
concrete with compressed air or steam 35  Henry Burden (1791–1871) Scotland and USA – Horseshoe
 Rachel Fuller Brown (1898–1980), USA – Nystatin, the world's 36 machine, first usable iron railed road spike
first antifungal antibiotic 37  Richard James Burgess (born 1949), UK – Simmons
 Wendell Brown (born 1961), USA – ADAP sound 38 (electronic drum company), co-inventor of SDS5 drum
editor, eVoice voicemail, Teleo VoIP, virtual workforce and 39 synthesizer
energy efficiency technologies 40C[edit]

 William C. Brown (1916–1999), USA – Crossed-field amplifier

41  Robert Cailliau (born 1947), Belgium – with Tim Berners-Lee,
 John Moses Browning (1855–1926), USA – Semi-automatic
42 the World Wide Web
pistol
43  Nicholas Callan (1799–1864), Ireland – a.o. Induction coil
 Maria Christina Bruhn (1732–1802), Sweden – Gunpowder
 Tullio Campagnolo (1901–1983), Italy – Quick release skewer 23  George Cayley (1773–1857), UK – glider, tension-spoke
 Marvin Camras (1916–1995), USA – magnetic recording 24 wheels, Caterpillar track
 Charles Cantor (born 1942), USA – Pulsed-field gel 25  Anders Celsius (1701–1744), Sweden – Celsius temperature
electrophoresis (molecular biology) 26 scale
 Mario Ramberg Capecchi (born 1937), together with Sir Martin 27  Vint Cerf (born 1943), together with Bob Kahn (1938–), USA
John Evans (born 1941), and Oliver Smithies (born 1925), USA 28 – Internet Protocol (IP)
– Knockout mouse, Gene targeting 29  Ugo Cerletti (1877–1963), together with Lucio Bini (1908–
 Roxey Ann Caplin (1793–1888), UK – Corset 30 1964), Italy – Electroconvulsive therapy
 Arturo Caprotti (1881–1938), Italy – Caprotti valve gear 31  Charles Chamberland (1851–1908), France – Chamberland
 Richard Cannon (born 1954), USA – Electrical panel lockout 32 filter
 Gerolamo Cardano (1501–1576), Italy – a.o. Cardan 33  Min Chueh Chang (1908–1991), together with Gregory
grille (cryptography) 34 Goodwin Pincus (1903–1967), USA/China – Combined oral
 Chester Carlson (1906–1968), USA – Xerography 35 contraceptive pill
 Wallace Carothers (1896–1937), USA 36  Thomas Chang (born 1933), Canada/China – Artificial cell
– Nylon and Neoprene (together with Arnold Collins) 37  Octave Chanute (1832–1910), US – Civil Engineer
 Antonio Benedetto Carpano (1764–1815), Italy – 38  Emmett Chapman (1936–), US – Chapman Stick
modern vermouth 39  Claude Chappe (1763–1805), France – Semaphore line
 Joseph Constantine Carpue (1764–1846), France 40  David Chaum (born 1955), USA – a.o. Digital
– rhinoplastic surgery 41 signatures, ecash
 George Washington Carver (c. 1864 – 1943), USA – 42  Vladimir Chelomey (1914–1984), Russia – first space
agriculture 43 station (Salyut), Proton rocket (the most used heavy lift launch
 Giovanni Caselli (1815–1891), Italy/France – Pantelegraph 44 system)
 Pavel Cherenkov (1904–1990), Russia – Cherenkov detector 22  Aeneas Coffey (1780–1852), Ireland – heat exchanger, Coffey
 Evgeniy Chertovsky (born 1902), Russia – pressure suit 23 still
 Alexander Chizhevsky (1897–1964), Russia – air ionizer 24  Sir Henry Cole (1808–1882), UK – Christmas card
 Zang-Hee Cho (born 1936), South Korea – co-inventor 25  Samuel Colt (1814–1862), USA – Revolver
of Positron emission tomography and PET-MRI 26  George Constantinescu (1881–1965), Romania – creator of
 Andrey Chokhov (c. 1545–1629), Russia – Tsar Cannon 27 the theory of sonics, a new branch of continuum mechanics
 Niels Christensen (1865–1952), USA – O-ring 28  Albert Coons (1912–1978), USA
 Ward Christensen (inv. 1978–), USA – Bulletin board system 29 – Immunofluorescence (microscopy)
 Ole Kirk Christiansen (1891–1958), Denmark – creator 30  Harry Coover (1917–2011), USA – Super Glue
of LEGO 31  Lloyd Groff Copeman (1865–1956), USA – Electric stove
 Samuel Hunter Christie (1784–1865), UK – Wheatstone bridge 32  Cornelis Corneliszoon (1550–1607), The Netherlands
 Juan de la Cierva (1895–1936), Spain – the autogyro 33 – sawmill
 Alexandru Ciurcu (1854–1922), Romania – Reaction engine 34  Alexander Coucoulas (1933-), USA - Thermosonic Bonding
 Leland Clark (1918–2005), USA – Clark electrode (medicine) 35  Wallace H. Coulter (1913–1998), USA – Coulter counter (cell
 Georges Claude (1870–1960), France – neon lamp 36 biology)
 Carl Friedrich Claus (c. 1883), Germany – Claus 37  Jacques Cousteau (1910–1997), France – co-inventor of
process (petrochemistry) 38 the aqualung and the Nikonos underwater camera
 Henri Marie Coandă (1886–1972), Romania – Coandă effect of 39  John "Jack" Higson Cover, Jr. (1920–2009), USA – Taser
fluid dynamics, Coandă-1910 world's first jet 40  Thomas Crapper (1836–1910), UK – ballcock (toilet valve)
 Josephine Cochrane (1839–1913), USA – dishwasher 41  William Crookes (1832–1919), UK – Crookes
 Christopher Cockerell (1910–1999), UK – Hovercraft 42 radiometer, Crookes tube
43  Bartolomeo Cristofori (1655–1731), Italy – piano
 George Crum (1822–1914), USA – potato chips[4] 22  Salvino D'Armate (1258–1312), Italy – credited for
 S. Scott Crump (inv. c. 1989), USA – a.o. Fused deposition 23 inventing eyeglasses in 1284
modeling 24  Corradino D'Ascanio (1891–1981), Italy –
 János Csonka (1852–1939), Hungary – co-inventor 25 D'AT3 helicopter; Vespa scooter
of carburetor 26  Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519), Italy – conceptualized
 Raul Cuero (born 1948), Buenaventura, Colombia, 27 a helicopter, a tank, concentrated solar power, the double hull.
see Inventions and patents list 28 Relatively few of his designs were constructed during his lifetime.
 Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot (1725–1804), France – first steam- 29 Some that were used are an automated bobbin winder and a
powered road vehicle 30 machine for testing the tensile strength of wire
 William Cullen (1710–1790), UK – first artificial refrigerator 31  Jacob Davis (1868–1908), USA – riveted jeans
 William Cumberland Cruikshank (1745–1800), UK 32  Edmund Davy (1785–1857), Ireland – acetylene
– chlorinated water 33  Humphry Davy (1778–1829), UK – Davy miners lamp
 Glenn Curtiss (1878–1930), USA 34  Joseph Day (1855–1946), UK – the crankcase-
– aeronautical and aeroengine improvements 35 compression two-stroke engine
 Jan Czochralski (1885–1953), Poland / Germany – Czochralski 36  Lee DeForest (1873–1961), USA –
process (crystal growth) 37 a.o. Phonofilm, triode, directional antenna, wireless telegraphy
D[edit] 38  Vasily Degtyaryov (1880–1949), Russia – first self-
39 loading carbine, Degtyaryov-series firearms, co-developer
 Nils Gustaf Dalén (1869–1937), Sweden – AGA cooker, Dalén
40 of Fedorov Avtomat
light, Agamassan, Sun valve for lighthouses and buoys
41  Akinfiy Demidov (1678–1745), Russia – co-developer
 John Frederic Daniell (1790–1845), United Kingdom – Daniel
42 of rebar, cast iron dome, lightning rod (all found in the Leaning
cell
43 Tower of Nevyansk)
 Yuri Nikolaevich Denisyuk (1927–2006), Russia – 23  Ray Dolby (1933–2013), USA – Dolby noise-reduction system
3D holography 24  Gene Dolgoff (inv. c. 1985), USA – LCD projector
 Robert H. Dennard (born 1932), USA– Dynamic random- 25  Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky (1862–1919), Poland/Russia
access memory (DRAM) 26 – three-phase electric power (first 3-phase hydroelectric power
 Miksa Deri (1854–1938), Hungary – co-inventor of an 27 plant, 3-phase electrical generator, 3-phase motorand 3-
improved closed-core transformer 28 phase transformer)
 James Dewar (1842–1923), UK – Thermos flask 29  Nikolay Dollezhal (1899–2000), Russia – AM-1 reactor for
 Aleksandr Dianin (1851–1918), Russia – Bisphenol A, Dianin's 30 the 1st nuclear power plant,
compound 31 other RBMK reactors, VVER pressurized water reactors
 William Kennedy Laurie Dickson (1860–1935), UK – motion 32  Bryan Donkin (1768–1855), UK – print industry composition
picture camera 33 roller
 Philip Diehl (1847–1913), USA – Ceiling fan, electric sewing 34  Marion O'Brien Donovan (1917–1998), USA – Waterproof
machine 35 diaper
 Rudolf Diesel (1858–1913), Germany – Diesel engine 36  Hub van Doorne (1900–1979),
 Al-Dinawari (828–896), Persia/Iran – more than a hundred 37 Netherlands, Variomatic continuously variable transmission
plant drugs 38  John Thompson Dorrance (1873–1930), USA – Condensed
 William H. Dobelle (1943–2004), United States – first 39 soup
functioning artificial eye 40  Amanda Minnie Douglas (1831–1916), writer and inventor
 Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner (1780–1849), Germany 41 (portable folding mosquito net frame)
– Döbereiner's lamp (chemistry) 42  Charles Dow (1851–1902), USA – Dow Jones Industrial
 Toshitada Doi (born 1943), Japan, together with Joop Sinjou, 43 Average
Netherlands – Compact disc
 Mulalo Doyoyo (born 1970), South Africa/USA - engineer and 21  Thomas Alva Edison (1847–1931), USA – phonograph,
inventor, (Cenocell - cementless concrete) 22 commercially practical light bulb, stock ticker, ticker-tape
 Anastase Dragomir (1896–1966), Romania – Ejection seat 23 machine etc.
 Karl Drais (1785–1851), Germany – dandy horse (Draisine) 24  Pehr Victor Edman (1916–1977), Sweden – Edman
 Cornelius Drebbel (1572–1633), The Netherlands – first 25 degradation for Protein sequencing
navigable submarine 26  Sir Robert Geoffrey Edwards (1925–2013), United Kingdom
 Richard Drew (1899–1980), USA – Masking tape 27 – In vitro fertilisation
 John Boyd Dunlop (1840–1921), UK – first practical pneumatic 28  Ellen Eglin (born 1849), USA – Clothes wringer
tyre 29  Brendan Eich (born 1961), USA – JavaScript (programming
 Cyril Duquet (1841–1922), Canada – Telephone handset 30 language)
 Peter Durand (inv. 1810), UK – canning using tin cans, see 31  Willem Einthoven (1860–1927), The Netherlands –
also Nicolas Appert 32 the electrocardiogram
 Alexey Dushkin (1904–1977), Russia – deep column station 33  Benjamin Eisenstadt (1906–1996), USA – a.o. Sugar packet
 James Dyson (born 1947), UK – Dual Cyclone bagless 34  Paul Eisler (1907–1992), Austria/USA – Printed circuit
vacuum cleaner, incorporating the principles of cyclonic 35 board (electronics)
separation. 36  Giorgi Eliava (1892–1937), together with Félix d'Herelle (1873–
E[edit] 37 1949), France / Georgia – Phage therapy
38  Ivan Elmanov, Russia – first monorail (horse-drawn)
 George Eastman (1854–1932), USA – roll film
39  Rune Elmqvist (1906–1996), Sweden – implantable
 J. Presper Eckert (1919–1995), USA – ENIAC – the first
40 pacemaker
general purpose programmable digital computer
41  John Haven Emerson (1906–1997), USA – iron lung
42  Douglas Engelbart (1925–2013), USA – the computer mouse
 John Ericsson (1803–1889), Sweden – the two screw-propeller 22  Philo Farnsworth (1906–1971), USA – a.o. electronic television
 Lars Magnus Ericsson (1846–1926), Sweden – the handheld 23  Muhammad al-Fazari (d. 796/806), Persia – astrolabe
micro telephone[citation needed] 24  John Bennett Fenn (1917–2010), USA – Electrospray
 Emil Erlenmeyer (1825–1909), Germany – Erlenmeyer flask 25 ionization
 Sir Martin John Evans (1941–), together with Mario Ramberg 26  Henry John Horstman Fenton (1854–1929), UK – Fenton's
Capecchi (born 1937), and Oliver Smithies (1925–), USA 27 reagent (chemistry)
– Knockout mouse, Gene targeting 28  James Fergason (born 1934), USA – improved liquid crystal
 Ole Evinrude (1877–1934), Norway – outboard motor 29 display
F[edit] 30  Enrico Fermi (1901–1954), Italy – nuclear reactor
31  Humberto Fernández Morán (1924–1999), Venezuela
 Charles Fabry (1867–1945), together with Alfred Perot (1863–
32 – Diamond scalpel, Ultra microtome
1925), France – Fabry–Pérot interferometer (physics)
33  Michele Ferrero (1925–2015), Italy – Kinder Surprise = Kinder
 Samuel Face (1923–2001), USA – concrete flatness/levelness
34 Eggs, Nutella
technology; Lightning Switch
35  Reginald Fessenden (1866–1932), Canada – two-way radio
 Federico Faggin (born 1941), Italy – microprocessor
36  Robert Feulgen (1884–1955), Germany – Feulgen
 Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736), The Netherlands
37 stain (histology)
– Fahrenheit temperature scale, Mercury-in-glass thermometer
38  Adolf Gaston Eugen Fick (1829–1901), Germany – contact
 Michael Faraday (1791–1867), UK –
39 lens
electric transformer, electric motor
40  Abbas Ibn Firnas (Armen Firman) (810–887), Al-Andalus –
 Johann Maria Farina (1685–1766), Germany; Eau de Cologne
41 artificial wings, fused quartz and silica glass, metronome
 Myra Juliet Farrell (1878–1957), Australia – stitchless
42  Artur Fischer (born 1919) Germany – fasteners
button, Press stud
43 including fischertechnik.
 Franz Joseph Emil Fischer (1877–1947), together with Hans 23  Jean Bernard Léon Foucault (1819–1868), France – Foucault
Schrader (1921–2012), Germany – Fischer assay (oil yield test) 24 pendulum, gyroscope, eddy current
 Franz Joseph Emil Fischer (1877–1947), together with Hans 25  Benoît Fourneyron (1802–1867), France – water turbine
Tropsch (1889–1935), Germany – Fischer–Tropsch 26  John Fowler (1826–1864), UK – steam-driven ploughing
process (refinery process) 27 engine
 Gerhard Fischer (1899–1988), Germany/USA – hand-held 28  Benjamin Franklin (1706–1790), USA – the pointed lightning
metal detector 29 rod conductor, bifocal glasses, the Franklin stove, the glass
 Paul C. Fisher (1913–2006), USA – Space Pen 30 harmonica
 Alexander Fleming (1881–1955), Scotland – penicillin 31  Herman Frasch (1851–1914), Germany / USA – Frasch
 John Ambrose Fleming (1848–1945), UK – vacuum diode 32 process (petrochemistry), Paraffin wax purification
 Sandford Fleming (1827–1915), Canada – Universal Standard 33  Ian Hector Frazer (born 1953), together with Jian Zhou (1957–
Time 34 1999), USA/China – HPV vaccine against cervical cancer
 Nicolas Florine (1891–1972), Georgia/Russia/Belgium – 35  Augustin-Jean Fresnel (1788–1827), France – Fresnel lens
first tandem rotor helicopter to fly freely 36  William Friese-Greene (1855–1921), UK – cinematography
 Tommy Flowers (1905–1998), UK – Colossus an early 37  Julius Fromm (1883–1945), Germany – first seamless Condom
electronic computer. 38  Arthur Fry (born 1931), USA – Post-it note
 Thomas J. Fogarty (born 1934), USA – Embolectomy 39  Buckminster Fuller (1895–1983), USA – geodesic dome
catheter (medicine) 40  Robert Fulton (1765–1815), United States – first commercially
 Enrico Forlanini (1848–1930), Italy – Steam 41 successful steamboat, first practical submarine
helicopter, hydrofoil, Forlanini airships 42  Ivan Fyodorov (c. 1510–1583), Russia/Poland–Lithuania –
 Eric Fossum (born 1957), USA – intra-pixel charge transfer 43 invented multibarreled mortar, introduced printing in Russia
in CMOS image sensors 44  Svyatoslav Fyodorov (1927–2000), Russia – radial keratotomy
 Vladimir Fyodorov (1874–1966), Russia – Fedorov 22  E. K. Gauzen, Russia – three bolt equipment (early diving
Avtomat (first self-loading battle rifle, arguably the first assault 23 costume)
rifle) 24  Norman Gaylord (1923–2007), USA – rigid gas-
G[edit] 25 permeable contact lens
26  Karl-Hermann Geib (1908–1949), Germany / USSR – Girdler
 Dennis Gabor (1900–1979), Hungarian-British – holography
27 sulfide process
 Boris Borisovich Galitzine (1862–1916), Russia
28  Hans Wilhelm Geiger (1882–1945), Germany – Geiger counter
– electromagnetic seismograph
29  Andrey Geim (born 1958), Russia/United Kingdom – graphene
 Joseph G. Gall (born 1928), USA – In situ hybridization (cell
30  Nestor Genko (1839–1904), Russia – Genko's Forest Belt (the
biology)
31 first large-scale windbreak system)
 Alfred William Gallagher (1911–1990), New Zealand – Electric
32  Christoph Gerber (?–), with Calvin Quate (1923–), and
fence for farmers
33 with Gerd Binnig (1947–), Germany/USA/Switzerland – Atomic
 Dmitri Garbuzov (1940–2006), Russia/USA – continuous-
34 force microscope
wave-operating diode lasers (together with Zhores Alferov), high-
35  Friedrich Clemens Gerke (1801–1888), Germany – current
power diode lasers
36 international Morse code
 Elmer R. Gates (1859–1923), USA – foam fire extinguisher,
37  David Gestetner (1854–1939), Austria-Hungary / UK –
electric loom mechanisms, magnetic & diamagnetic separators,
38 a.o. Gestetner copier
educational toy ("box & blocks")*
39  Alberto Gianni (1891–1930), Italy – Torretta butoscopica
 Richard J. Gatling (1818–1903), USA – wheat drill, first
40  John Heysham Gibbon (1903–1973), USA – Heart-lung
successful machine gun
41 machine
 Georgy Gause (1910–1986), Russia – gramicidin
42  Gustav Giemsa (1867–1948), Germany – Giemsa
S, neomycin, lincomycin and other antibiotics
43 stain (histology)
 Adolph Giesl-Gieslingen (1903–1992), Austria – Giesl ejector 23  James Gosling (born 1955), USA – Java (programming
 Henri Giffard (1825–1882), France – powered airship, injector 24 language)
 Donald A. Glaser (1926–2013), USA – Bubble chamber 25  Gordon Gould (1920–2005), USA – Laser, see also Theodore
 C. W. Fuller (inv. 1953), USA – Gilhoolie 26 Maiman
 Valentyn Glushko (1908–1989), Russia – hypergolic 27  Richard Hall Gower (1768–1833), UK – ship's hull and rigging
propellant, electric propulsion, Soviet rocket engines (including 28  Boris Grabovsky (1901–1966), Russia – cathode commutator,
world's most powerful liquid-fuel rocket engine RD-170) 29 an early electronic TV pickup tube
 Heinrich Göbel (1818–1893), Germany – incandescent lamp 30  Bette Nesmith Graham (1924–1980), USA – Correction
 Leonid Gobyato (1875–1915), Russia – first modern man- 31 fluid, Liquid Paper
portable mortar 32  Hans Christian Gram (1853–1938), Denmark / Germany
 Robert Goddard (1882–1945), USA – liquid fuel rocket 33 – Gram staining (histology)
 Sam Golden (1915–1997), together with Leonard 34  Zénobe Gramme (1826–1901), Belgium/France – Gramme
Bocour (1910–1993), USA – Acrylic paint 35 dynamo
 Peter Carl Goldmark (1906–1977), Hungary – vinyl 36  Temple Grandin (born 1945), Inventor of the squeeze
record (LP), CBS color television 37 machine and humane abattoirs.
 Camillo Golgi (1843–1926), Italy – Golgi's method (histology) 38  Michael Grätzel (born 1944), Germany/Switzerland– a.o. Dye-
 György Gömöri (1904–1957), Hungary / USA– Gömöri 39 sensitized solar cell
trichrome stain, Gömöri methenamine silver stain (histology) 40  James Henry Greathead (1844–1896), South Africa – tunnel
 Charles Goodyear (1800–1860), USA – vulcanization of rubber 41 boring machine, tunnelling shield technique
 Robert W. Gore (born 1937), United States – Gore-Tex 42  Chester Greenwood (1858–1937), USA – thermal earmuffs
 Igor Gorynin (born 1926), Russia – weldable titanium alloys, 43  James Gregory (1638–1675), Scotland – Gregorian telescope
high strength aluminium alloys, radiation-hardened steels 44  Charles Leiper Grigg (1868–1940), USA – 7 Up
 William Robert Grove (1811–1896), Wales – fuel cell 21  Gunther von Hagens (born 1945), Germany – whole
 Gustav Guanella (1909–1982), Switzerland – DSSS, Guanella- 22 body Plastination
Balun 23  Charles Hall (1863–1914), USA – aluminum production
 Otto von Guericke (1602–1686), Germany – vacuum 24  Robert N. Hall (born 1919), USA – a.o. Semiconductor laser
pump, manometer, dasymeter 25  Tracy Hall (1919–2008), USA – synthetic diamond
 Mikhail Gurevich (1893–1976), Russia – MiG-series fighter 26  Richard Hamming (1915–1998), USA – Hamming code
aircraft, including world's most produced jet aircraft MiG-15 and 27  John Hays Hammond, Jr. (1888–1965), USA – radio control
most produced supersonic aircraft MiG-21(together with Artem 28  Ruth Handler (1916–2002), USA – Barbie doll
Mikoyan) 29  James Hargreaves (1720–1778), UK – spinning jenny
 Goldsworthy Gurney (1793–1875), England - Gurney Stove 30  John Harington (1561–1612), UK – the flush toilet
 Johann Gutenberg (c. 1390s–1468), Germany – movable 31  William Snow Harris (1791–1867), United Kingdom – much
type printing press 32 improved naval Lightning rods
 Samuel Guthrie (physician) (1782–1848), USA – 33  John Harrison (1693–1776), UK – marine chronometer
discovered chloroform 34  Ross Granville Harrison (1870–1959), USA – first successful
H[edit] 35 animal Tissue culture, Cell culture
36  Kazuo Hashimoto (died 1995), Japan – a.o. Caller-
 Fritz Haber (1868–1934), Germany – Haber process (ammonia
synthesis) 37 ID, answering machine
38  Victor Hasselblad (1906–1978), Sweden – invented the 6 x
 John Hadley (1682–1744), UK – Octant
 Waldemar Haffkine (1860–1930), Russia/Switzerland – first 39 6 cm single-lens reflex camera
40  Ludwig Hatschek (1856–1914), Austria – Fibre cement
anti-cholera and anti-plague vaccines
41  Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) (965–1039), Iraq – camera
42 obscura, pinhole camera, magnifying glass
 Zheng He (1371–1433), China – Chinese treasure ship 23  Heinrich Hertz (1857–1894), Germany – radio
 George H. Heilmeier (born 1936), USA – liquid crystal 24 telegraphy, electromagnetic radiation
display (LCD) 25  Ephraim Hertzano (around 1950), Roumania / Israel
 Henry Heimlich (born 1920), USA – Heimlich maneuver 26 – Rummikub
 Robert A. Heinlein (1907–1988), USA – waterbed 27  Lasse Hessel (born 1940), Denmark – Female condom
 Jozef Karol Hell (1713–1789), Slovakia – the water pillar 28  George de Hevesy (1885–1966), Hungary – radioactive tracer
 Rudolf Hell (1901–2002), Germany – the Hellschreiber 29  Rowland Hill (1795–1879), UK – postage stamp
 Hermann von Helmholtz (1821–1894), Germany – Helmholtz 30  Maurice Hilleman (1919–2005) – vaccines against childhood
pitch notation, Helmholtz resonator, ophthalmoscope 31 diseases
 Zhang Heng (78–139), China – Seismometer, first hydraulic- 32  Tanaka Hisashige (1799–1881), Japan – Myriad year clock
powered armillary sphere 33  Ted Hoff (born 1937), USA – microprocessor
 Charles H. Henry (born 1937), USA – Quantum well laser 34  Felix Hoffmann (Bayer) (1868–1949), Germany – Aspirin
 Joseph Henry (1797–1878), Scotland/USA – 35  Albert Hofmann (1906–2008), Switzerland – LSD
electromagnetic relay 36  Kotaro Honda (1870–1954), Japan – KS steel
 Félix d'Herelle (1873–1949), together with Giorgi Eliava (1892– 37  Huang Hongjia (born 1924), China – Single-mode optical fiber.
1937), France / Georgia – Phage therapy 38  Herman Hollerith (1860–1929), USA – recording data on a
 Heron (c. 10–70), Roman Egypt – usually credited with 39 machine readable medium, tabulator, punched cards
invention of the aeolipile, although it may have been described a 40  Nick Holonyak (born 1928), USA – LED (Light Emitting Diode)
century earlier 41  Norman Holter (1914–1983), USA – Holter monitor
 John Herschel (1792–1871), UK – photographic 42  Robert Hooke (1635–1703), UK – balance wheel, iris
fixer (hypo), actinometer 43 diaphragm, acoustic telephone
 Harry Houdini (1874-1926) USA Flight Time Illusion
 Erna Schneider Hoover (born 1926), USA – computerized 21  Sergey Ilyushin (1894–1977), Russia – Il-series aircraft,
telephone switching system 22 including Ilyushin Il-2 bomber (the most produced military aircraft
 Grace Murray Hopper (1906–1992), USA – Compiler 23 in history)
 Frank Hornby (1863–1936), UK – invented Meccano 24  Mamoru Imura (born 1948), Japan – RFIQin (automatic
 Jimmy Hotz (born 1953), USA – Hotz MIDI Translator, Atari 25 cooking device)
Hotz Box 26  Daisuke Inoue (born 1940), Japan – Karaoke machine
 Royal Earl House (1814–1895), USA – first Printing telegraph 27  János Irinyi (1817–1895), Hungary – noiseless match
 Coenraad Johannes van Houten (1801–1887), Netherlands 28  Aleksei Isaev (1908–1971), Russia – first rocket-
– cocoa powder, cacao butter, chocolate milk 29 powered fighter aircraft, BI-1 (together with Isaev)
 Elias Howe (1819–1867), USA – sewing machine 30  Isidore (inventor) (15th Century), Russia – supposedly
 Chuck Hull (born 1939), USA – 3D printer 31 first Russian vodka
 Miller Reese Hutchison (1876–1944), USA – a.o. Klaxon, 32  Ub Iwerks (1901–1971), U. S. – Multiplane camera for
electric hearing aid 33 animation
 Christiaan Huygens (1629–1695), Netherlands – pendulum 34J[edit]

clock
35  Moritz von Jacobi (1801–1874), Germany/Russia
 John Wesley Hyatt (1837–1920), USA
36 – electrotyping, electric boat
– celluloid manufacturing.
37  Rudolf Jaenisch (born 1942), Germany/USA – first Genetically
I[edit]
38 modified mouse
 Gavriil Ilizarov (1921–1992), Russia – Ilizarov 39  Karl Guthe Jansky (1905–1950), USA – radio telescope
apparatus, external fixation, distraction osteogenesis 40  Karl Jatho (1873–1933), Germany – aeroplane
 Ali Javan (born 1926), together with William R. Bennett, 23  Johan Petter Johansson (1853–1943), Sweden – the pipe
Jr. (1930–2008), Iran/USA – Gas laser (Helium-Neon) 24 wrench and the modern adjustable spanner
 Al-Jazari (1136–1206), Iraq – crank-driven 25  Reynold B. Johnson (1906–1998), USA – Hard disk drive
and hydropowered saqiya chain pump, crank- 26  Philipp von Jolly (1809–1884), Germany – Jolly balance
driven screw and screwpump, elephant clock, weight- 27  Scott A. Jones (born 1960), USA – created one of the most
driven clock, weight- 28 successful versions of voicemail as well as ChaCha Search, a
drivenpump, reciprocating piston suction pump, geared and 29 human-assisted internet search engine
hydropowered water supply system, programmable humanoid
30  Tom Parry Jones (1935–2013), United Kingdom – first
robots, robotics, hand washing automata, flush
mechanism, lamination, static balancing, paper model, sand 31 electronic Breathalyzer
32  Assen Jordanoff (1896–1967), Bulgaria – airbag
casting, molding sand, intermittency, linkage
 Ibn Al-Jazzar (Algizar) (c. 898–980), Tunisia – sexual 33  Anatol Josepho (1894–1980), patented the first coin-
dysfunction and erectile dysfunction treatment drugs 34 operated photo booth called the "Photomaton" in 1925.
 Ányos Jedlik (1800–1898), Hungary – Jedlik dynamo 35  Marjorie Joyner (1896–1994), USA – Permanent
 Alec John Jeffreys (1950–), United Kingdom – DNA 36 wave machine
37  Whitcomb Judson (1836–1909), USA – zipper
profiling (forensics)
38  Percy Lavon Julian (1899–1975), USA – chemical synthesis of
 Charles Francis Jenkins (1867–1934) – television and movie
projector (Phantoscope) 39 medicinal drugs from plants
40  Ma Jun (c. 200–265), China – south-pointing
 Steve Jobs (1955–2011), USA –
Apple Macintosh computer, iPod, iPhone, iPad and other devices 41 chariot (see differential gear), mechanical puppet theater, chain
and software operating systems and applications. 42 pumps, improved silk looms
43K[edit]
 Carl Edvard Johansson (1864–1943), Sweden – Gauge blocks
 Mikhail Kalashnikov (1919–2013), Russia – AK-47 and AK- 23  Andrew Kay (born 1919), USA – Digital voltmeter
74 assault rifles (the most produced ever)[5] 24  Nicholas McKay, Sr. (1920–2014), USA – Lint roller
 Bob Kahn (born 1938), together with Vint Cerf (1943–), USA 25  Adolphe Kégresse (1879–1943), France/Russia – Kégresse
– Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) 26 track (first half-track and first off-road vehicle with continuous
 Dawon Kahng (1931–1992), South Korea, together with Simon 27 track), dual clutch transmission
Sze (1936–), Taiwan/USA – Floating-gate MOSFET 28  Carl D. Keith (1920–2008), together with John J. Mooney (c.
 Dean Kamen (born 1951), USA – Invented the Segway 29 1928–), USA – three way catalytic converter
HT scooter and the IBOT Mobility Device 30  Mstislav Keldysh (1911–1978), Latvia/Russia – co-developer
 Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (1853–1926), Netherlands – liquid 31 of Sputnik 1 (the first artificial satellite) together
helium 32 with Korolyov and Tikhonravov
 Nikolay Kamov (1902–1973), Russia – armored 33  John Harvey Kellogg (1852–1943), cornflake breakfasts
battle autogyro, Ka-series coaxial rotor helicopters 34  John G. Kemeny (1926–1992), together with Thomas E.
 Pyotr Kapitsa (1894–1984), Russia – first ultrastrong magnetic 35 Kurtz (1928–), Hungary/USA – BASIC (programming language)
field creating techniques, basic low-temperature 36  Alexander Kemurdzhian (1921–2003), Russia – first space
physics inventions 37 exploration rover (Lunokhod)
 Georgii Karpechenko (1899–1941), Russia – rabbage (the first 38  William Saville-Kent (1845–1908), UK/Australia – Pearl culture,
ever non-sterile hybrid obtained through the crossbreeding) 39 see also Mikimoto Kōkichi
 Jamshīd al-Kāshī (c. 1380–1429), Persia/Iran – plate 40  Kerim Kerimov (1917–2003), Azerbaijan and Russia – co-
of conjunctions, analog planetary computer 41 developer of human spaceflight, space dock, space station
 Yevgeny Kaspersky (born 1965), Russia – Kaspersky Anti- 42  Charles F. Kettering (1876–1958), USA – invented automobile
Virus, Kaspersky Internet Security, Kaspersky Mobile 43 self-starter ignition, Freon ethyl gasoline and more
Security anti-virus products
 Fazlur Khan (1929–1982), Bangladesh – structural systems for 22  Al-Kindi (Alkindus) (801–873), Iraq/Yemen – ethanol,
high-rise skyscrapers 23 pure distilled alcohol, cryptanalysis, frequency analysis
 Yulii Khariton (1904–1996), Russia – chief designer of 24  Petrus Jacobus Kipp (1808–1864), The Netherlands – Kipp's
the Soviet atomic bomb, co-developer of the Tsar Bomb 25 apparatus (chemistry)
 Anatoly Kharlampiev (1906–1979), Russia – Sambo (martial 26  Steve Kirsch (born 1956), USA – Optical mouse
art) 27  Fritz Klatte (1880–1934), Germany – vinyl chloride, forerunner
 Al-Khazini (fl.1115–1130), Persia/Iran – hydrostatic balance 28 to polyvinyl chloride
 Konstantin Khrenov (1894–1984), Russia – underwater 29  Yves Klein (1928–1962), France – International Klein Blue
welding 30  Margaret E. Knight (1838–1914), USA – machine that
 Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi (c. 940– 31 completely constructs box-bottom brown paper bags
1000), Persia/Iran – astronomical sextant 32  Tom Knight (? - ), USA - BioBricks (synthetic biology)
 Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī (Algoritmi) (c. 780- 33  Ivan Knunyants (1906–1990), Armenia/Russia – capron, Nylon
850), Persia/Iran – modern algebra, mural instrument, horary 34 6, polyamide-6
quadrant, Sine quadrant, shadow square 35  Robert Koch (1843–1910), Germany – method for culturing
 Marcel Kiepach (1894-1915), Croatia - dynamo, maritime 36 bacteria on solid media
compass that indicates north regardless of the presence of iron 37  Willem Johan Kolff (1911–2009), Netherlands – artificial
or magnetic forces 38 kidney hemodialysis machine
 Erhard Kietz (1909–1982), Germany & USA. – signal 39  Rudolf Kompfner (1909–1977), USA – Traveling-wave tube
improvements for video transmissions[6] 40  Konstantin Konstantinov (1817 or 1819–1871), Russia –
 Jack Kilby (1923–2005), USA – patented the first integrated 41 device for measuring flight speed
circuit 42 of projectiles, ballistic rocket pendulum, launch pad, rocket-
43 making machine
 Sergey Korolyov (1907–1966), Ukraine/Russia – first 23 a self-rolling carriage featuring a flywheel, brake, gear box,
successful intercontinental ballistic missile (R-7 Semyorka), R-7 24 andbearing, an early optical telegraph
rocket family, Sputniks (including the first Earth-orbiting artificial 25  Shen Kuo (1031–1095), China – improved gnomon, armillary
satellite), Vostok program (including the first human spaceflight) 26 sphere, clepsydra, and sighting tube
 Nikolai Korotkov (1874–1920), Russia – auscultatory technique 27  Igor Kurchatov (1903–1960), Russia – first nuclear power
for blood pressure measurement 28 plant, first nuclear reactors for submarines and surface ships
 Semen Korsakov (1787–1853), Russia – punched card for 29  Thomas E. Kurtz (born 1928), together with John G.
information storage 30 Kemeny (1926–1992), USA/Hungary – BASIC (programming
 Mikhail Koshkin (1898–1940), Russia – T-34 medium tank, the 31 language)
best and most produced tank of World War II[7] 32  Raymond Kurzweil (born 1948), Optical character
 Ognjeslav Kostović (1851–1916), Serbia/Russia – arborite 33 recognition; flatbed scanner
(high-strength plywood, an early plastic) 34  Ken Kutaragi (born 1950), Japan – PlayStation
 Gleb Kotelnikov (1872–1944), Russia – knapsack 35  Stephanie Kwolek (1923-2014), USA – Kevlar
parachute, drogue parachute 36  John Howard Kyan (1774–1850), Ireland – The process of
 Harold D. Kraft (c. 1960) together with Jack A. Kraft (c. 1960), 37 Kyanization used for wood preservation
USA – Vortex mixer 38L[edit]

 William Justin Kroll (1889–1973), Luxemburg/USA – Kroll

39  Dmitry Lachinov (1842–1902), Russia
process
40 – mercury pump, economizer for electricity
 Alexei Krylov (1863–1945), Russia – gyroscopic damping of
41 consumption, electrical
ships
42 insulation tester, optical dynamometer, photometer, elecrolyser
 Ivan Kulibin (1735–1818), Russia – egg-shaped
43  René Laennec (1781–1826), France – stethoscope
clock, candle searchlight, elevator using screw mechanisms,
 Lala Balhumal Lahuri (c. 1842), Mughal India – 22  Nikolai Lebedenko, Russia – Tsar Tank, the largest armored
seamless globe and celestial globe 23 vehicle in history
 Georges Lakhovsky (1869–1942), Russia/USA – Multiple 24  Sergei Lebedev (1874–1934), Russia – commercially
Wave Oscillator 25 viable synthetic rubber
 Hedy Lamarr (1913–2000), Austria and USA – Spread 26  William Lee (1563–1614), UK – Stocking frame knitting
spectrum radio 27 machine
 Edwin H. Land (1909–1991), USA – Polaroid polarizing filters 28  Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723), The Netherlands –
and the Land Camera 29 development of the microscope
 Samuel P. Langley (1834–1906), USA – bolometer 30  Jerome H. Lemelson (1923–1997), USA – Inventions in the
 Irving Langmuir (1851–1957), USA – gas filled incandescent 31 fields in which he patented make possible, wholly or in part,
light bulb, hydrogen welding 32 innovations like automated warehouses, industrial
 Norm Larsen (1923–1970), USA – a.o. WD-40 33 robots, cordless telephones, fax machines, videocassette
 Lewis Latimer (1848–1928), USA – Invented the modern day 34 recorders, camcorders, and the magnetic tape drive used in
light bulb 35 Sony's Walkman tape players.
 Gustav de Laval (1845–1913), Sweden – invented the milk 36  Jean-Joseph Etienne Lenoir (1822–1900), Belgium – internal
separator and the milking machine 37 combustion engine, motorboat
 Semyon Lavochkin (1900–1960), Russia – La-series aircraft, 38  Giacomo da Lentini (13th Century), Italy – Sonnet
first operational surface-to-air missile S-25 Berkut 39  R. G. LeTourneau (1888–1969), USA – electric wheel, motor
 John Bennet Lawes (1814–1900), UK 40 scraper, mobile oil drilling platform, bulldozer, cable control unit
– superphosphate or chemical fertilizer 41 for scrapers
 Ernest Orlando Lawrence (1901–1958), USA – Cyclotron 42  Rasmus Lerdorf (born 1968), Greenland/Canada
43 – PHP (programming language)
 Willard Frank Libby (1908–1980), USA – radiocarbon dating 22  Alexander Lodygin (1847–1923), Russia – electrical
 Justus von Liebig (1803–1873), Germany – nitrogen- 23 filament, incandescent light bulb with tungsten filament
based fertilizer 24  Mikhail Lomonosov (1711–1765), Russia – night vision
 Hon Lik (1951 - ), Chinese. electronic cigarette 25 telescope, off-axis reflecting telescope, coaxial rotor, re-
 Otto Lilienthal (1848–1896), Germany – hang glider 26 invented smalt
 Lin Yutang (1895–1976), China/USA – Chinese language 27  Yury Lomonosov (1876–1952), Russia/United Kingdom – first
typewriter 28 successful mainline diesel locomotive
 Charles Lindbergh (1902–1974), USA – organ perfusion pump 29  Aleksandr Loran (1849 – after 1911), Russia – fire fighting
 Frans Wilhelm Lindqvist (1862–1931), Sweden – Kerosene 30 foam, foam extinguisher
stove operated by compressed air 31  Oleg Losev (1903–1942), Russia – light-emitting
 Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778), Sweden – formal Binomial 32 diode, crystadine
nomenclature for living organisms, Horologium Florae 33  Antoine Louis (1723–1792), France – Guillotine
 Hans Lippershey (1570–1619), The Netherlands – telescope 34  Archibald Low (1882–1956), Britain – Pioneer of radio
 Jonas Ferdinand Gabriel Lippmann (1845–1921), France 35 guidance systems
– Lippmann plate, Integral imaging, Lippmann electrometer 36  Ed Lowe (1920–1995), USA – Cat litter
 Lisitsyn brothers, Ivan Fyodorovich and Nazar Fyodorovich, 37  Gleb Lozino-Lozinskiy (1909–2001), Russia – Buran
Russia – samovar (the first documented makers) 38 (spacecraft), Spiral project
 William Howard Livens (1889–1964), UK – chemical warfare 39  Ignacy Łukasiewicz (1822–1882), Poland – modern kerosene
– Livens Projector 40 lamp
 Eduard Locher (1840–1910), Switzerland – Locher rack 41  Auguste and Louis Lumière (1862–1954 and 1864–1948,
railway system 42 resp.), France – Cinématographe
43  Cai Lun, 蔡倫 (50–121 AD), China – paper
 Giovanni Luppis or Ivan Vukić (1813–1875), Austrian 22  Dmitri Dmitrievich Maksutov (1896–1964), Russia – Maksutov
Empire (ethnical Croatian, from Rijeka) – self-propelled torpedo 23 telescope
 Ali Kashmiri ibn Luqman (fl.1589–1590), Mughal India – 24  Annie Malone (1869–1957), USA – Cosmetics for African
seamless globe and celestial globe 25 American women
 Richard F. Lyon (1952–), USA – Optical mouse 26  Sergey Malyutin (1859–1937), Russia – designed the
 Arkhip Lyulka (1908–1984), Russia – first double 27 first matryoshka doll (together with Vasily Zvyozdochkin)
jet turbofan engine, other Soviet aircraft engines 28  Al-Ma'mun (786–833), Iraq – singing bird automata,
M[edit] 29 terrestrial globe
30  Boris Mamyrin (1919–2007), Russia – reflectron (ion mirror)
 Charles Macintosh (1766–1843), Scotland
31  George William Manby (1765–1854), UK – Fire extinguisher
– waterproof raincoat, life vest
32  Joy Mangano, USA – household appliances
 Theodore Maiman (1927–2007), USA – Laser, see
33  Charles Mantoux (1877–1947), France – Mantoux
also Gordon Gould
34 test (tuberculosis)
 Ahmed Majan (1963–), UAE – instrumented racehorse saddle
35  Guglielmo Marconi (1874–1937), Italy – radio telegraphy
and others
36  Gheorghe Marinescu (1863–1938), Romania – the first science
 Aleksandr Makarov, Russia/Germany – Orbitrap mass
37 films in the world in the neurology clinic in Bucharest (1898–
spectrometer
38 1901)
 Stepan Makarov (1849–1904), Russia – Icebreaker Yermak,
39  Sylvester Marsh (1803–1884), USA – Marsh rack railway
the first true icebreaker able to ride over and crush pack ice
40 system
 Victor Makeev (1924–1985), Russia – first submarine-
41  Konosuke Matsushita (1894–1989), Japan – a.o. battery-
launched ballistic missile
42 powered Bicycle lighting
 Nestor Makhno (1888–1934), Ukraine/Russia – tachanka
 Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf (1526– 22  Mordecai Meirowitz (born c. 1925), Roumania / Israel
1585), Syria/Egypt/Turkey – steam turbine, six- 23 – Mastermind (board game)
cylinder 'Monobloc' suction pump, framed sextant 24  Dmitri Mendeleev (1834–1907), Russia – Periodic
 Frank Marugg (inv. 1944), USA – Wheel clamp 25 table, pycnometer, pyrocollodion
 John Landis Mason (1826–1902), USA – Mason jars 26  George de Mestral (1907–1990), Switzerland – Velcro
 Fujio Masuoka (1943–), Japan – Flash memory 27  Robert Metcalfe (born 1946), USA – Ethernet
 John W. Mauchly (1907–1980), USA – ENIAC – the first 28  Antonio Meucci (1808–1889), Italy/USA– a.o. various
general purpose programmable digital computer 29 early telephones, a hygrometer, a milk test
 Henry Maudslay (1771–1831), UK – screw-cutting lathe, 30  Édouard Michelin (1859–1940), France – pneumatic tire
bench micrometer 31  Anthony Michell (1870–1959), Australia – tilting pad thrust
 Hiram Maxim (1840–1916), USA born, UK – First self-powered 32 bearing, crankless engine
machine gun 33  Artem Mikoyan (1905–1970), Armenia/Russia – MiG-series
 James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879) and Thomas Sutton, 34 fighter aircraft, including world's most produced jet aircraft MiG-
Scotland – color photography 35 15 and most produced supersonic aircraft MiG-21(together
 Stanley Mazor (1941–), USA – microprocessor 36 with Mikhail Gurevich)
 John McAdam (1756–1836), Scotland – improved "macadam" 37  Alexander Mikulin (1895–1985), Russia – Mikulin AM-34 and
road surface 38 other Soviet aircraft engines, co-developer of the Tsar Tank
 Elijah McCoy (1843–1929), Canada – Displacement lubricator 39  Mikhail Mil (1909–1970), Russia – Mi-series helicopter aircraft,
 James McLurkin (born 1972), USA – Ant robotics (robotics) 40 including Mil Mi-8 (the world's most-produced helicopter) and Mil
 Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov (1845–1916), Russia – probiotics 41 Mi-12 (the world's largest helicopter)
 Hippolyte Mège-Mouriès (1817–1880), France – margarine 42  David L. Mills (born 1938), USA – a.o. Fuzzball router, Network
43 Time Protocol
 Marvin Minsky (born 1927), USA – a.o. Confocal microscopy 23  Alexander Morozov (1904–1979), Russia – T-54/55 (the most
 Tokushichi Mishima (1893–1975), Japan – MKM magnetic 24 produced tank in history), co-developer of T-34
steel 25  Walter Frederick Morrison (1920–2010), USA – Flying disc
 Seiichi Miyake (inv. 1965), Japan – Tactile paving 26  William Morrison (dentist) (1860–1926), USA – a.o. Cotton
 Pavel Molchanov (1893–1941), Russia – radiosonde 27 candy machine
 Jules Montenier (1895–1962), USA – modern anti- 28  Samuel Morse (1791–1872), USA – telegraph, early Morse
perspirant deodorant 29 code, see also Morse Code controversy
 Montgolfier brothers (1740–1810) and (1745–1799), France 30  Sergei Ivanovich Mosin (1849–1902), Russia – Mosin–
– hot air balloon 31 Nagant rifle
 John J. Montgomery (1858–1911), USA – heavier-than-air 32  Motorins, Ivan Feodorovich (1660s–1735) and his son Mikhail
gliders 33 Ivanovich (?–1750), Russia – Tsar Bell
 Narcis Monturiol i Estarriol (1819–1885), Spain – steam 34  Vera Mukhina (1889–1953), Russia – welded sculpture
powered submarine 35  Kary Mullis (born 1944), USA – PCR
 Robert Moog (1934–2005), USA – the Moog synthesizer 36  Fe del Mundo (1911–2011), The Philippines – medical
 John J. Mooney (born c. 1928), together with Carl D. 37 incubator made out of bamboo for use in rural communities
Keith (1920–2008), USA – three way catalytic converter 38 without electrical power
 Roland Moreno (1945–2012), France – inventor of the smart 39  Colin Murdoch (1929–2008), New Zealand – a.o. Tranquillizer
card 40 gun, disposable hypodermic syringe
 Samuel Morey (1762–1843), USA – internal combustion 41  William Murdoch (1754–1839), Scotland – Gas lighting
engine 42  Jozef Murgas (1864–1929), Slovakia – inventor of the wireless
 Garrett A. Morgan (1877–1963), USA – inventor of the smoke 43 telegraph (forerunner of the radio)
hood 44  Evgeny Murzin (1914–1970), Russia – ANS synthesizer
 Banū Mūsā brothers, Muhammad (c. 800–873), Ahmad (803– 22  John Napier (1550–1617), Scotland – logarithms
873), Al-Hasan (810–873), Iraq – mechanical trick 23  Andrey Nartov (1683–1756), Russia – first lathe with a
devices, hurricane lamp, self-trimming and self-feeding lamp,gas 24 mechanic cutting tool-supporting carriage and a set of gears,
mask, clamshell grab, fail-safe system, mechanical musical 25 fast-fire battery on a rotating disc, screw mechanism for changing
instrument, automatic flute player, programmable machine 26 the artillery fire angle, gauge–boring lathe for cannon-making,
 Pieter van Musschenbroek (1692–1761), Netherlands 27 early telescopic sight
– Leyden jar, pyrometer 28  James Nasmyth (1808–1890), Scotland – steam hammer
 Walton Musser (1909–1998), USA – Harmonic drive gear 29  Giulio Natta (1903–1979), together with Karl Ziegler (1898–
 Eadweard Muybridge (1830–1904), UK – motion picture 30 1973), Italy/Germany – Ziegler–Natta catalyst
N[edit] 31  Nebuchadrezzar II (c. 630–562 BC), Iraq (Mesopotamia)
32 – screw, screwpump
 Georgi Nadjakov (1896–1981), Bulgaria – wikt:photoelectret
33  Erwin Neher (born 1944), together with Bert Sakmann (1942–),
 Alexander Nadiradze (1914–1987), Georgia/Russia – first
34 Germany – Patch clamp technique
mobile ICBM (RT-21 Temp 2S), first reliable mobile ICBM (RT-
35  Ted Nelson (born 1937), USA – Hypertext, Hypermedia
2PM Topol)
36  Sergey Nepobedimiy (born 1921), Russia – first
 Nagai Nagayoshi (1844–1929), Japan – Methamphetamine
37 supersonic anti-tank guided missile Sturm, other Soviet rocket
 James Naismith (1861–1939), Canadian born, USA –
38 weaponry
invented basketball and American football helmet
39  Karl Nessler (1872–1951), Germany/USA – a.o. Permanent
 Yoshiro Nakamatsu (born 1928), Japan – "PyonPyon"
40 wave machine, artificial eyebrows
spring shoes, digital watch, CinemaScope, armchair "Cerebrex",
41  John von Neumann (1903–1957), Hungary – Von
sauce pump, taxicab meter
42 Neumann computer architecture
 Shuji Nakamura (born 1954), Japan – Blue laser
 Isaac Newton (1642–1727), UK – reflecting telescope (which 22  Aaron D. O'Connell (born 1981), USA – first Quantum machine
reduces chromatic aberration) 23  Theophil Wilgodt Odhner (1845–1903), Sweden/Russia –
 Joseph Nicephore Niépce (1765–1833), France – photography 24 the Odhner Arithmometer, a mechanical calculator
 Nikolai Nikitin (1907–1973), Russia – prestressed 25  Paul Offit, United States, along with Fred Clark and Stanley
concrete with wire ropes structure (Ostankino Tower), Nikitin- 26 Plotkin, invented a pentavalent Rotavirus vaccine
Travush 4000 project (precursor to X-Seed 4000) 27  Jarkko Oikarinen (1967–), Finland – Internet Relay Chat (IRC)
 Paul Gottlieb Nipkow (1860–1940), Germany – Nipkow disk 28  Katsuhiko Okamoto (?–), Japan – Okamoto Cubes =
 Jun-Ichi Nishizawa (born 1926), Japan – Optical 29 modifications of Rubik's Cube
communication system, SIT/SITh (Static Induction 30  Ransom Eli Olds (1864–1950), United States – Assembly line
Transistor/Thyristor), Laser diode, PIN diode 31  Lucien Olivier (1838–1883), Belgium or France / Russia
 Alfred Nobel (1833–1896), Sweden – dynamite 32 – Russian salad (Olivier salad)
 Ludvig Nobel (1831–1888), Sweden/Russia – first 33  Gerard K. O'Neill (1927–1992), USA – Storage ring (physics)
successful oil tanker 34  J. Robert Oppenheimer (1904–1967), United States – Atomic
 Emmy Noether (1882–1935), Germany, groundbreaking 35 bomb
contributions to abstract algebra and theoretical 36  Edward Otho Cresap Ord, II (1858–1923) American – weapon
physics; Noether's Theorem 37 sights & mining
 Jean-Antoine Nollet (1700–1770), France – Electroscope 38  Hans Christian Ørsted (1777–1851), Denmark
 Wilhelm Normann (1870–1939), Germany – Hydrogenation of 39 – electromagnetism, aluminium
fats 40  Elisha Otis (1811–1861), USA – safety system for Elevators
 Carl Rickard Nyberg (1858–1939), Sweden – the blowtorch 41  William Oughtred (1575–1660), UK – slide rule
O[edit] 42P[edit]
 Arogyaswami Paulraj (born 1944), India/USA – MIMO 23  Spede Pasanen (1930–2001), Finland – a.o. ski jumping
 Antonio Pacinotti (1841–1912), Italy – Pacinotti dynamo 24 sling, boat ski
 Larry Page (born 1973), USA – with Sergey 25  Blaise Pascal (1623–1662), France – Pascal's calculator
Brin invented Google web search engine 26  Gustaf Erik Pasch (1788–1862), Sweden – safety match
 William Painter (1838–1906), UK/USA – a.o. Crown 27  Dimitar Paskov (1914–1986), Bulgaria – Galantamine
cork, Bottle opener 28  C. Kumar N. Patel (1938–), India/USA – Carbon dioxide laser
 Alexey Pajitnov (born 1956), Russia/USA – Tetris 29  Les Paul (1915–2009), USA – multitrack recording
 Julio Palmaz (born 1945), Argentina – balloon- 30  Ivan Pavlov (1849–1936), Russia, – classical conditioning
expandable, stent 31  Floyd Paxton (1918–1975), USA – a.o. Bread clip
 Helge Palmcrantz (1842–1880), Sweden – the multi-barrel, 32  John Pemberton (1831–1888), USA – Coca-Cola
lever-actuated, machine gun 33  Slavoljub Eduard Penkala (1871–1922), Croatia – mechanical
 Daniel David Palmer (1845–1913), Canada – chiropractic 34 pencil
 Luigi Palmieri (1807–1896), Italy – seismometer 35  William Henry Perkin (1838–1907), United Kingdom – first
 Frank Pantridge (1916–2004), Ireland – Portable defibrillator 36 synthetic organic chemical dye Mauveine
 Georgios Papanikolaou (1883–1962), Greece / USA 37  Henry Perky (1843–1906), USA – shredded wheat
– Papanicolaou stain, Pap test = Pap smear 38  Alfred Perot (1863–1925), together with Charles Fabry (1867–
 Philip M. Parker (born 1960), USA – computer automated book 39 1945), France – Fabry–Pérot interferometer (physics)
authoring 40  Stephen Perry, UK (fl. 19th century) – rubber band
 Alexander Parkes (1831–1890), UK – celluloid 41  Aurel Persu (1890–1977), Romania – first aerodynamic car,
 Forrest Parry (1921–2005), USA – Magnetic stripe card 42 aluminum body with wheels included under the body, 1922
 Charles Algernon Parsons (1854–1931), British – steam 43  Vladimir Petlyakov (1891–1942), Russia – heavy bomber
turbine 44  Julius Richard Petri (1852–1921), Germany – Petri dish
 Peter Petroff (1919–2004), Bulgaria – digital wrist watch, heart 23  Christopher Polhem (1661–1751), Sweden – the
monitor, weather instruments 24 modern padlock
 Fritz Pfleumer (1881–1945), Germany – magnetic tape 25  Nikolai Polikarpov (1892–1944), Russia – Po-series aircraft,
 Auguste Piccard (1884–1962), Switzerland – Bathyscaphe 26 including Polikarpov Po-2 Kukuruznik (world's most produced
 Wayne Pierce (inv. 1950), USA – Snow cannon 27 biplane)
 Gregory Goodwin Pincus (1903–1967), together with Min 28  Eugene Polley (1915–2012), United States – wireless remote
Chueh Chang (1908–1991), USA/China – Combined oral 29 control (with Robert Adler)
contraceptive pill 30  Ivan Polzunov (1728–1766), Russia – first two-cylinder steam
 Nikolay Ivanovich Pirogov (1810–1881), Russia – early use 31 engine
of ether as anaesthetic, first anaesthesia in a field operation, 32  Mikhail Pomortsev (1851–1916), Russia – nephoscope
various kinds of surgical operations 33  Olivia Poole (1889–1975), USA, – the Jolly Jumper baby
 Fyodor Pirotsky (1845–1898), Russia – electric tram 34 harness
 Arthur Pitney (1871–1933), United States – postage meter 35  Alexander Popov (1859–1906), Russia – lightning detector (the
 Hippolyte Pixii (1808–1835), France – Pixii dynamo 36 first lightning prediction system and radio receiver), co-inventor of
 Joseph Plateau (1801–1883), Belgium 37 radio
– phenakistiscope (stroboscope) 38  Nikolay Popov (1931–2008), Russia – first fully gas
 Baltzar von Platen (1898–1984), Sweden – gas absorption 39 turbine main battle tank (T-80)
refrigerator 40  Josef Popper (1838-1921), Austria- discovered the
 James Leonard Plimpton (1828–1911), USA – roller skates 41 transmission of power by electricity.
 Ivan Plotnikov (1902–1995), Russia – kirza leather 42  Aleksandr Porokhovschikov (1892–1941), Russia
 Roy Plunkett (1910–1994), United States – Teflon 43 – Vezdekhod (the first prototype tank, or tankette, and the
 Petrache Poenaru (1799–1875), Romania – fountain pen 44 first caterpillar amphibious ATV)
 Ignazio Porro (1801–1875), Italy – Porro prism, Strip camera 23  Calvin Quate (1923–), with Gerd Binnig (1947–), and
 Valdemar Poulsen (1869–1942), Denmark – magnetic wire 24 with Christoph Gerber (?–), USA/Germany/Switzerland – Atomic
recorder, arc converter 25 force microscope
 Joseph Priestley (1733–1804), UK – soda water 26  Adolphe Quetelet (1796–1874), France/Belgium – Body mass
 Alexander Procofieff de Seversky (1894–1974), Russia/United 27 index (BMI)
States of America – first gyroscopically stabilized 28R[edit]

bombsight, ionocraft, also developed air-to-air refueling

29  Jacob Rabinow (1910–1999), USA – a.o. Magnetic particle
 Alexander Prokhorov (1916–2002), Russia – co-inventor
30 clutch, various Phonograph-related patents
of laser and maser
31  Hasan al-Rammah (fl.1270s), Syria – rocket-propelled torpedo
 Petro Prokopovych (1775–1850), Ukraine/Russia –
32  John Goffe Rand (1801–1873), USA – Tube (container)
early beehive frame, queen excluder and
33  Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi (Rhazes) (865–
other beekeeping novelties
34 965), Persia/Iran – distillation and extraction methods, sulfuric
 Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky (1863–1944), Russia/France –
35 acid and hydrochloric acid, soap kerosene, kerosene
early colour photography method based on three colour
36 lamp,chemotherapy, sodium hydroxide
channels, also colour film slides and colour motion pictures
37  Alec Reeves (1902–1971), UK – Pulse-code modulation
 Mark Publicover (born 1958), USA – First
38  Karl von Reichenbach (1788–1869), Germany
affordable trampoline safety net enclosure
39 – paraffin, creosote oil, phenol
 George Pullman (1831–1897), USA – Pullman sleep wagon
40  Tadeus Reichstein (1897–1996), Poland/Switzerland
 Michael I. Pupin (1858–1935), Serbia – pupinization (loading
41 – Reichstein process (industrial vitamin C synthesis)
coils), tunable oscillator
42  Ira Remsen (1846–1927), USA – saccharin
 Tivadar Puskas (1844–1893), Hungary – telephone exchange
43  Ralf Reski (born 1958), Germany – Moss bioreactor 1998
Q[edit]
 Josef Ressel (1793–1857), Czechoslovakia – ship propeller 23 – decimal currency, yacht club, sounding line with
 Ri Sung-gi (1905–1996), North Korea – Vinylon 24 separating plummet(sounding weight probe)
 Charles Francis Richter (1900–1985), USA – Richter 25  Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (1845–1923), Germany – the X-ray
magnitude scale 26 machine
 Adolph Rickenbacker (1886–1976), Switzerland – Electric 27  Ida Rosenthal (1886–1973), Belarus/Russia/United States –
guitar 28 modern bra (Maidenform), the standard of cup sizes, nursing bra,
 Hyman George Rickover (1900–1986), USA – Nuclear 29 full-figured bra, the first seamed uplift bra (all with her husband
submarine 30 William)
 Niklaus Riggenbach (1817–1899), Switzerland – Riggenbach 31  Sidney Rosenthal (1907–1979), USA – Magic Marker
rack railway system, Counter-pressure brake 32  Eugene Roshal (born 1972), Russia – FAR file
 Dennis Ritchie (1941–2011), USA – C (programming 33 manager, RAR file format, WinRAR file archiver
language) 34  Boris Rosing (1869–1933), Russia – CRT television (first
 Leonard Rivkin (inv. 1962), USA – Child safety seat 35 television system using CRT on the receiving side)
 Gilles de Roberval (1602–1675), France – Roberval balance 36  Guido van Rossum (born 1956), The Netherlands – Python
 John Roebuck (1718–1794) UK – lead chamber process for 37 (programming language)
sulfuric acid synthesis 38  Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier (1754–1785), France
 Francis Rogallo (1912–2009), USA – Rogallo wing 39 – Rozière balloon
 Heinrich Rohrer (1933–2013), together with Gerd 40  Ernő Rubik (born 1944), Hungary – Rubik's Cube, Rubik's
Binnig (1947–), Switzerland/Germany – Scanning tunneling 41 Magic and Rubik's Clock
microscope 42  Ernst Ruska (1906–1988), Germany – electron microscope
 Peter I the Great (Pyotr Alexeyevich 43S[edit]

Romanov), Tsar and Emperor of Russia (1672–1725), Russia

 Albert Bruce Sabin (1906–1993), USA – oral Polio vaccine 22  Alberto Santos-Dumont (1873–1932), Brazil – non-rigid
 Alexander Sablukov (1783–1857), Russia – centrifugal fan 23 airship and airplane
 Şerafeddin Sabuncuoğlu (1385–1468), Turkey – 24  Arthur William Savage (1857–1938) – radial tires, gun
illustrated surgical atlas 25 magazines, Savage Model 99 lever action rifle
 Gilles Saint-Hilaire (born 1948), Canada 26  Thomas Savery (1650–1715), UK – steam engine
– Quasiturbine, Qurbine 27  Adolphe Sax (1814–1894), Belgium – saxophone
 Andrei Sakharov (1921–1989), Russia – invented explosively 28  Vincent Joseph Schaefer (1906–1993), USA – a.o. Cloud
pumped flux compression generator, co-developed the Tsar 29 seeding by dry ice
Bomb and tokamak 30  Bela Schick (1877–1967), Hungary – diphtheria test
 Jonas Edward Salk (1914–1995), USA – injection Polio 31  Hugo Schiff (1834–1915), Germany – Schiff test (histology)
vaccine 32  Pavel Schilling (1786–1837), Estonia/Russia –
 Ibn Samh (c. 1020), Middle East – mechanical 33 first electromagnetic telegraph, mine with an electric fuse
geared astrolabe 34  Gilmore Schjeldahl (1912–2002), USA – Airsickness bag
 Franz San Galli (1824–1908), Poland/Russia 35  Hubert Schlafly (1919–2011), USA – Teleprompter = Autocue
(Italian and German descent) – radiator, modern central heating 36  Wilhelm Schlenk (1879–1943), Germany – Schlenk
 Frederick Sanger (1918–2013), USA – Sanger sequencing (= 37 flask (chemistry)
DNA sequencing) 38  Bernhard Schmidt (1879–1935), Estonia/Germany – Schmidt
 Larry Sanger (born 1968), together with Jimmy Wales (1966–), 39 camera
USA – Wikipedia 40  Otto Schmitt (1913–1998), USA – Schmitt trigger (electronics)
 Yoshiyuki Sankai (c. 1957–), Japan – Robotic exoskeleton for 41  Christian Schnabel (1878–1936), German – simplistic food
motion support (medicine) 42 cutleries
 Kees A. Schouhamer Immink (1946–), Netherlands – Major 22  Guy Severin (1926–2008), Russia – extra-vehicular
contributor to development of Compact Disc 23 activity supporting system
 August Schrader (1820–?), USA – Schrader 24  Ed Seymour (inv. c. 1949), USA – Aerosol paint
valve for Pneumatic tire 25  Leonty Shamshurenkov (1687–1758), Russia – first self-
 Hans Schrader (1924–1963), together with Franz Joseph Emil 26 propelling carriage (a precursor to both bicycle and automobile),
Fischer (1877–1947), Germany – Fischer assay (oil yield test) 27 projects of an original odometer and self-propellingsledge
 David Schwarz (1852–1897), Croatia, – rigid ship, later 28  Ibn al-Shatir (1304–1375), Syria – "jewel box" device which
called Zeppelin 29 combined a compass with a universal sundial
 Marc Seguin (1786–1875), France – wire-cable suspension 30  Bi Sheng (Chinese: 畢昇) (c. 990–1051), China – clay movable
bridge 31 type printing
 Hanaoka Seishū (1760–1835), Japan – General anaesthetic 32  Nick Sheridon (1928–1962), USA – Electronic paper
 Ted Selker (inv. 1987), USA – Pointing stick 33  Murasaki Shikibu (c. 973–1025), Japan – psychological novel
 Sennacherib (705–681 BC), Iraq (Mesopotamia) – screw pump 34  Pyotr Shilovsky (1871 – after 1924), Russia/United Kingdom
 Léon Serpollet (1858–1907), France – Flash boiler, Gardner- 35 – gyrocar
Serpollet steam car 36  Masatoshi Shima (born 1943), Japan – microprocessor
 Iwan Serrurier (1878–1953), Netherlands/USA – inventor of 37  Fathullah Shirazi (c. 1582), Mughal India – early volley gun
the Moviola for film editing 38  Joseph Shivers (1920-2014), USA – Spandex
 Mark Serrurier (1904–1988), USA – Serrurier truss for Optical 39  William Bradford Shockley (1910–1989), USA – co-inventor
telescopes 40 of transistor
 Gerhard Sessler (born 1931), Germany – foil electret 41  Henry Shrapnel (1761–1842), UK – Shrapnel shell ammunition
microphone, silicon microphone 42  Vladimir Shukhov (1853–1939), Russia – thermal
43 cracking (Shukhov cracking process), thin-shell structure, tensile
 structure, hyperboloid structure, gridshell, modern oil pipeline, 23  Charles Simonyi (born 1948), Hungary – Hungarian notation
cylindric oil depot 24  Ibn Sina (Avicenna) (973–1037), Persia/Iran – steam
 Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor (born 1972), Malaysia – cell growth 25 distillation, essential oil, pharmacopoeia, clinical
in outer space, crystallization of proteins and microbes in space 26 pharmacology, clinical trial, randomized controlled
 Augustus Siebe (1788–1872), Germany/UK – Inventor of 27 trial, quarantine,cancer surgery, cancer
the standard diving dress 28 therapy, pharmacotherapy, phytotherapy, Hindiba, Taxus
 Sir William Siemens (1823–1883), Germany – regenerative 29 baccata L, calcium channel blocker
furnace 30  Isaac Singer (1811–1875), USA – sewing machine
 Werner von Siemens (1816–1892), Germany – a.o. 31  B. F. Skinner (1904–1990), USA – Operant conditioning
electric elevator, Electromote (= first trolleybus), an 32 chamber
early Dynamo 33  Nikolay Slavyanov (1854–1897), Russia – shielded metal arc
 Al-Sijzi (c. 945–1020), Persia/Iran – heliocentric astrolabe 34 welding
 Igor Sikorsky (1889–1972), Russia/USA – first four- 35  Alexander Smakula (1900–1983), Ukraine/Russia/USA – anti-
engine fixed-wing aircraft (Russky Vityaz), first airliner and 36 reflective coating
purpose-designed bomber (Ilya Muromets), 37  Michael Smith (1932–2000), USA – Site-directed
modern helicopter,Sikorsky-series helicopters 38 mutagenesis (molecular biology)
 Bernard Silver (1924–1963), together with Norman Joseph 39  Oliver Smithies (born 1925), together with Sir Martin John
Woodland (1921–2012), USA – Barcode 40 Evans (1941–), and Mario Ramberg Capecchi (1937–), USA
 Kia Silverbrook (born 1958), Australia – Memjet printer, world's 41 – Knockout mouse, Gene targeting
most prolific inventor 42  Yefim Smolin, Russia – table-glass (stakan granyonyi)
 Vladimir Simonov (born 1935), Russia – APS Underwater 43  Friedrich Soennecken (1848–1919), Germany – Ring
Assault Rifle, SPP-1 underwater pistol 44 binder, Hole punch
 Su Song (1020–1101), China – first chain drive 21  Boris Stechkin (1891–1969), Russia – co-developer
 Marin Soljačić (1974), Croatia - Resonant inductive coupling 22 of Sikorsky Ilya Muromets and Tsar Tank, developer of
 Edwin Southern (born 1938), USA – Southern blot (molecular 23 Soviet heat and aircraft engines
biology) 24  George Stephenson (1781–1848), UK – steam railway
 Alfred P. Southwick (1826 – 1898), USA - Electric chair 25  Simon Stevin (1548–1620), Netherlands – land yacht
 Igor Spassky (born 1926), Russia – Sea Launch platform 26  Andreas Stihl (1896–1973), Switzerland/Germany –
 Percy Spencer (1894–1970), USA – microwave oven 27 Electric chain saw
 Elmer Ambrose Sperry (1860–1930), USA – gyroscope- 28  Reverend Dr Robert Stirling (1790–1878), Scotland – Stirling
guided automatic pilot 29 engine
 Lyman Spitzer (1914–1997), USA – Stellarator (physics) 30  Aurel Stodola (1859–1942), Slovakia – gas turbines
 Bhargav Sri Prakash (born 1977), India/USA - Learnification 31  Aleksandr Stoletov (1839–1896), Russia – first solar cell based
platform at FriendsLearn, Virtual 32 on the outer photoelectric effect
Reality System, electromagnetic collision avoidance 33  David Strang (inv. 1890), New Zealand – first Instant coffee
system, OBD based in-vehicle powertrain performance 34  Levi Strauss (1829–1902), USA – blue jeans
measurement, rate based driver controls for drive by 35  John Stringfellow (1799–1883), UK – aerial steam carriage
wire systems 36  Bjarne Stroustrup (born 1950), Denmark – C++ (programming
 Ladislas Starevich (1882–1965), Russia/France – puppet 37 language)
animation, live-action/animated film 38  Almon Strowger (1839–1902), USA – automatic telephone
 Gary Starkweather (born 1938), USA – laser printer, color 39 exchange
management 40  Emil Strub (1858–1909), Switzerland – Strub rack railway
41 system
 Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi (Azophi) (903–986), Persia/Iran – 22  Andrei Sychra (c.1773/76–
timekeeping astrolabe, navigational 23 1850), Lithuania/Russia, Czech descent – Russian seven-string
astrolabe, surveying astrolabe 24 guitar
 Kyota Sugimoto (1882–1972), Japan – Japanese language 25  Vladimir Syromyatnikov (1933–2006), Russia – Androgynous
typewriter 26 Peripheral Attach System and other spacecraft docking
 Mutsuo Sugiura (1918–1986), China 27 mechanisms
– Esophagogastroduodenoscope 28  Simon Sze (born 1936), Taiwan/USA, together with Dawon
 Pavel Sukhoi (1895–1975), Russia – Su-series fighter aircraft 29 Kahng (1931–1992), South Korea – Floating-gate MOSFET
 Simon Sunatori (born 1959), Canada – inventor of 30  Leó Szilárd (1898–1964), Hungary/USA – Co-developed
MagneScribe and Magic Spicer 31 the atomic bomb, patented the nuclear reactor, catalyst of
 Sushruta (600 BC), Vedic India – inventor of Plastic Surgery, 32 the Manhattan Project
Cataract Surgery, Rhinoplasty 33T[edit]

 Theodor Svedberg (1884–1971), Sweden – Analytical

34  Salih Tahtawi (fl.1659–1660), Mughal India –
ultracentrifuge
35 seamless globe and celestial globe
 Joseph Swan (1828–1914), UK – Incandescent light bulb
36  Teiji Takada, Japan – Fire balloon
 Robert Swanson (1905–1994), Canada – Invented and
37  Gyula Takátsy (1914–1980), Hungary – first Microtiter plate
developed the first multi-chime air horn for use with diesel
38  Esther Takeuchi (born 1953) - holds more than 150 US-
locomotives
39 patents, the largest number for any woman in the United States
 Remi Swierczek (born 1958), Poland – Inventor of Music
40  Igor Tamm (1895–1971), Russia – co-developer of tokamak
Identification System and the Mico Changer (coin hopper and
41  Ching W. Tang (born 1947), Hong Kong/USA, together
dispenser used in casinos)
42 with Steven Van Slyke, USA – OLED
 Mardi bin Ali al-Tarsusi (c. 1187), Middle East – 22  Eric Tigerstedt (1887–1925), Finland – Sound-on-film,
counterweight trebuchet, mangonel 23 triode vacuum tube
 Gustav Tauschek (1899–1945), Austria – Drum memory 24  Kalman Tihanyi (1897–1947), Hungary – co-inventor
 Kenyon Taylor (inv. 1961), USA – Flip-disc display 25 of cathode ray tube and iconoscope
 Bernard Tellegen (1900–1990), Netherlands – pentode 26  Mikhail Tikhonravov (1900–1974), Russia – co-developer
 Edward Teller (1908–2003), Hungary – hydrogen bomb 27 of Sputnik 1 (the first artificial satellite) together
 Nikola Tesla (1856–1943), Croatia/Serbia – induction motor, 28 with Korolyov and Keldysh, designer of further Sputniks
high-voltage / high-frequency power experiments, the 29  Gavriil Adrianovich Tikhov (1875–1960), Russia –
transmission of electrical power 30 feathering spectrograph
 Léon Theremin (1896–1993), Russia 31  Benjamin Chew Tilghman (1821–1897), USA – sandblasting
– theremin, interlace, burglar 32  Fedor Tokarev (1871–1968), Russia – TT-33 semiautomatic
alarm, terpsitone, Rhythmicon (first drum machine), The Thing 33 handgun and SVT-40 self-loading rifle
(listening device) 34  Ray Tomlinson (inv. 1971), USA – First inter-computer email
 Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar (1785–1870), France 35  Evangelista Torricelli (1608–1647), Italy – barometer
– Arithmometer 36  Alfred Traeger (1895–1980), Australia – Pedal radio
 Elihu Thomson (1853–1937), UK, USA – Prolific inventor, Arc 37  Richard Trevithick (1771–1833), UK – high-pressure steam
lamp and many others 38 engine, first full-scale steam locomotive
 William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin (1824–1907), United 39  Franc Trkman (1903–1978), Slovenia – electrical switches,
Kingdom – Kelvin absolute temperature scale 40 accessories for opening windows
 Sten Gustaf Thulin (around the 1960s), Sweden– 41  Hans Tropsch (1889–1935), together with Franz Joseph Emil
disposable Plastic shopping bag 42 Fischer (1877–1947), Germany – Fischer–Tropsch
43 process (refinery process)
 Yuri Trutnev (1927–), Russia – co-developer of the Tsar Bomb 23  Vladimir Utkin (1923–2000), Russia – railcar–
 Roger Y. Tsien (born 1952), together with Osamu 24 launched ICBM (RT-23 Molodets)
Shimomura (1928–) and Martin Chalfie (born 1947), USA – 25  Tomislav Uzelac, Croatia - first successful MP3 player, AMP
Discovery and development of Green fluorescent protein 26V[edit]

 Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (1857–1935), Russia – spaceflight

27  Vladimir Sergeyevich Vakhmistrov (1897–1972), Russia – first
 Mikhail Tsvet (1872–1919), Russia
28 bomber with a parasite aircraft (Zveno project)
– chromatography (specifically adsorption chromatography, the
29  Ira Van Gieson (1866–1913), USA – Van Gieson's
first chromatography method)
30 stain (histology)
 Alexei Tupolev (1925–2001), Russia – the Tupolev Tu-
31  Theophilus Van Kannel (1841–1919), United States
144 (first supersonic passenger jet)
32 – revolving door (1888)
 Andrei Tupolev (1888–1972), Russia – turboprop powered
33  Viktor Vasnetsov (1848–1926), Russia – budenovka military
long-range airliner (Tupolev Tu-114), turboprop strategic bomber
34 hat
(Tupolev Tu-95)
35  Vladimir Veksler (1907–1966), Russia – synchrophasotron, co-
 Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī (1201–
36 inventor of synchrotron
1274), Persia/Iran – observatory, Tusi-couple
37  John Venn (1834–1923), UK – Venn diagram (1881)
 Sharaf al-Dīn al-Tūsī (1135–1213), Persia/Iran –
38  Auguste Victor Louis Verneuil (1856–1913), France – Verneuil
linear astrolabe
39 process (crystal growth)
U[edit]
40  Pierre Vernier (1580–1637), France – Vernier scale (1631)
 Shintaro Uda (1869–1976), together with Hidetsugu 41  Lucien Vidi (1805–1866), France – Barograph
Yagi (1886–1976), Japan – Yagi-Uda antenna 42  Edgar Villchur (1917–2011), USA – a.o. Acoustic
 Lewis Urry (1927–2004), Canada – long-lasting alkaline 43 suspension (loudspeaker)
battery
 Dmitry Vinogradov (c.1720/25–1758), Russia – original 22  Paul Walden (1863–1957), Latvia/Russia/Germany – Walden
Russian hard-paste porcelain (together with Mikhail Lomonosov) 23 inversion, Ethylammonium nitrate (the first room
 Rudolf Virchow (1821–1902), Germany – 24 temperature ionic liquid)
standardised Autopsy protocols 25  Jimmy Wales (born 1966), together with Larry Sanger (1968–),
 Artturi Ilmari Virtanen (1895–1973), Finland – a.o. AIV fodder 26 USA – Wikipedia
 Louis R. Vitullo (1924?–2006), United States – developed the 27  Madam C.J. Walker (1867–1919), USA – beauty and hair
first sexual assault evidence kit 28 products for African American women
 Alessandro Volta (1745–1827), Italy – battery, see also Voltaic 29  Barnes Wallis (1887–1979), UK – bouncing bomb
pile 30  Frederick Walton (c. 1834–1928), UK – Linoleum
 Bernard Vonnegut (1914–1997), together with Henry Chessin, 31  Aldred Scott Warthin (1866–1931), together with Allen
and Richard E. Passarelli, Jr., USA – a.o. Cloud seeding by silver 32 Chronister Starry (1890–1973), USA – Warthin–Starry
iodide 33 stain (histology)
 Faust Vrančić (1551–1617), Croatia – parachute 34  Robert Watson-Watt (1892–1973), Scotland –
 Ivan Vučetić (1858-1925), Croatia - Method 35 microwave radar
of fingerprint classification 36  James Watt (1736–1819), Scotland – improved Steam engine
 Traian Vuia (1872–1950), Romania – designed, built, tested 37  Thomas Wedgwood (1771–1805), UK – first (not permanent)
the first aircraft able to take off/land independently on its own 38 photograph
wheels in 1906. Vuia reportedly flew to a height of 1 Meter and 39  Huang Weilu, China – Anti-ship ballistic missile and series
was able to stay aloft for 20 Meters. 40 of DF-21 missiles
 Ivan Vyrodkov (1488–1563–64), Russia – siege tower 41  Carl Auer von Welsbach (1858–1929), Austria – Gas
W[edit] 42 mantle, ferrocerium
 Jonas Wenström (1855–1893), Sweden – three-phase 23  A. Baldwin Wood (1879–1956), USA – high volume pump
electrical power 24  Norman Joseph Woodland (1921–2012), together with Bernard
 George Westinghouse (1846–1914), USA – Air brake (rail) 25 Silver (1924–1963), USA – Barcode
 Charles Wheatstone (1802–1875), UK – 26  Granville Woods (1856–1910), USA – the Synchronous
a.o. concertina, stereoscope, microphone, Playfair 27 Multiplex Railway Telegraph
cipher, pseudoscope, dynamo 28  James Homer Wright (1869–1928), USA – Wright's
 Richard T. Whitcomb (1921–2009), USA – Supercritical 29 stain (histology)
airfoil, Winglet 30  Wright brothers, Orville (1871–1948) and Wilbur (1867–1912)
 Eli Whitney (1765–1825), USA – the cotton gin 31 – USA – powered airplane
 Frank Whittle (1907–1996), UK – co-inventor of the jet engine 32  Arthur Wynne (1862–1945), UK – creator of crossword puzzle
 Otto Wichterle (1913–1989), Czechoslovakia – soft contact 33X[edit]

lens
34  Yi Xing (683–727), China – astronomical clock
 Gottlob Widmann (inv. c. 1954), Germany – Electrical drip
35Y[edit]
coffee maker
 Norman Wilkinson (1878–1971), UK – Dazzle camouflage 36  Pavel Yablochkov (1847–1894), Russia – Yablochkov
 Charles Thomson Rees Wilson (1869–1959), UK – Cloud 37 candle (first commercially viable electric carbon arc lamp)
chamber 38  Hidetsugu Yagi (1886–1976), together with Shintaro
 Paul Winchell (1922–2005), USA – the artificial heart 39 Uda (1896–1976), Japan – Yagi-Uda antenna
 Sergei Winogradsky (1856–1953), Russia / USSR 40  Alexander Yakovlev (1906–1989), Russia – Yak-series aircraft,
– Winogradsky column for culturing microorganisms 41 including Yakovlev Yak-40 (the first regional jet)
 Niklaus Wirth (born 1934), Switzerland – Pascal (programming 42  Linus Yale, Jr. (1821–1868), USA – cylinder lock
language)
 Linus Yale, Sr. (1797–1858), USA Penetomas – pin tumbler 22  Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis) (936–1013), Islamic
lock 23 Spain – catgut surgical suture, various surgical instruments and
 Shunpei Yamazaki (born 1942), Japan – patents in 24 dental devices
a.o. computer science and solid-state physics, see List of prolific 25  Frank Zamboni (1901–1988), USA – Ice resurfacer
inventors 26  Giuseppe Zamboni (1776–1846), Italy – Zamboni pile (early
 Gazi Yasargil (born 1925), Turkey – Microneurosurgery 27 battery)
 Khalid ibn Yazid (635–704), Syria/Egypt – potassium nitrate 28  Ludwik Łazarz Zamenhof (1859–1917), Russia/Poland
 Ryōichi Yazu (1878–1908), Japan – Yazu Arithmometer 29 – Esperanto
 Gunpei Yokoi (1941–1997), Japan – Game Boy 30  Walter Zapp (1905–2003), Latvia/Estonia/Germany
 Arthur M. Young (1905–1995), USA – the Bell Helicopter 31 – Minox (subminiature camera)
 Vladimir Yourkevitch (1885–1964), Russia/France/USA – 32  Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī (Arzachel) (1028–1087), Islamic
modern ship hull design 33 Spain – almanac, equatorium, universal astrolabe
 Tu Youyou (1930–), China – Artemisinin 34  Yevgeny Zavoisky (1907–1976), Russia – EPR spectroscopy,
 Sergei Yudin (1891–1954), Russia – cadaveric blood 35 co-developer of NMR spectroscopy
transfusion and other medical operations 36  Nikolay Zelinsky (1861–1953), Russia – the first effective
 Muhammad Yunus (born 37 filtering coal gas mask in the world
1940), Bangladesh – microcredit, microfinance 38  Ferdinand von Zeppelin (1838–1917), Germany – Zeppelin
 Abu Yusuf Yaqub (c. 1274), Morocco/Spain – siege cannon 39  Frits Zernike (1888–1966), The Netherlands – Phase contrast
 Abraham Albert Yuzpe (inv. c. 1974), USA – Yuzpe regimen (= 40 microscope
form of Emergency contraception) 41  Tang Zhongming (1897–1980), China – internal combustion
Z[edit] 42 engine powered by charcoal
 Jian Zhou (1957–1999), together with Ian Hector
Frazer (1953–), China/USA – HPV vaccine against cervical
cancer
 Nikolai Zhukovsky (1847–1921), Russia – an early wind tunnel,
co-developer of the Tsar Tank
 Karl Ziegler (1898–1973), together with Giulio Natta (1903–
1979), Germany/Italy – Ziegler–Natta catalyst
 Franz Ziehl (1857–1926), together with Friedrich
Neelsen (1854–1898), Germany – Ziehl–Neelsen
stain (histology)
 Konrad Zuse (1910–1995), Germany – invented the first
programmable general-purpose computer (Z1, Z2, Z3, Z4)
 Vasily Zvyozdochkin (1876–1956), Russia – matryoshka
doll (together with Sergey Malyutin)
 Vladimir Zworykin (1889–1982), Russia/USA
– Iconoscope, kinescope.