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PISA 2018 Results (Volume I) - © OECD 2019
Annex B1 Annex B1 Results for countries and economies

Version 3+1 - Last updated: 24-Jul-2020
Disclaimer: http://oe.cd/disclaimer

Version 3 - Last updated: 02-Dec-2019
TOC PISA 2018 Results - Volume I
Annex B1 Results for countries and economies

Tables
Table I.B1.1 Percentage of students at each proficiency level in reading

Table I.B1.2 Percentage of students at each proficiency level in mathematics
Table I.B1.3 Percentage of students at each proficiency level in science
Table I.B1.4 Mean score and variation in reading performance
Table I.B1.5 Mean score and variation in mathematics performance
Table I.B1.6 Mean score and variation in science performance
Table I.B1.7 Percentage of low achievers and top performers in reading, 2009 through 2018
Table I.B1.8 Percentage of low achievers and top performers in mathematics, 2003 through 2018
Table I.B1.9 Percentage of low achievers and top performers in science, 2006 through 2018
Table I.B1.10 Mean reading performance, 2000 through 2018
Table I.B1.11 Mean mathematics performance, 2003 through 2018
Table I.B1.12 Mean science performance, 2006 through 2018
Table I.B1.13 Distribution of reading scores, 2000 through 2018
Table I.B1.14 Distribution of mathematics scores, 2003 through 2018
Table I.B1.15 Distribution of science scores, 2006 through 2018
Table I.B1.16 Percentage of students at each level on the cognitive process subscale of reading "locate informati
Table I.B1.17 Percentage of students at each level on the cognitive process subscale of reading "understand"
Table I.B1.18 Percentage of students at each level on the cognitive process subscale of reading "evaluate and re
Table I.B1.19 Percentage of students at each level on the text structure subscale of reading "single"
Table I.B1.20 Percentage of students at each level on the text structure subscale of reading "multiple"
Table I.B1.21 Mean score and variation in the cognitive process subscale of reading "locate information"
Table I.B1.22 Mean score and variation in the cognitive process subscale of reading "understand"
Table I.B1.23 Mean score and variation in the cognitive process subscale of reading "evaluate and reflect"
Table I.B1.24 Mean score and variation in the text structure subscale of reading "single"
Table I.B1.25 Mean score and variation in the text structure subscale of reading "multiple"
Table I.B1.26 Top performers in reading, mathematics and science
Table I.B1.27 Low achievers in reading, mathematics and science
Table I.B1.28 Variation in reading performance, 2000 through 2018
Table I.B1.29 Variation in mathematics performance, 2003 through 2018
Table I.B1.30 Variation in science performance, 2006 through 2018
Table I.B1.31 Percentage of low achievers and top performers in reading among all 15-year-olds, 2009 through 2
Table I.B1.32 Percentage of low achievers and top performers in mathematics among all 15-year-olds, 2006 thro
Table I.B1.33 Percentage of low achievers and top performers in science among all 15-year-olds, 2009 through 2
Table I.B1.34 Distribution of reading scores among 15-year-olds, 2009 through 2018
Table I.B1.35 Distribution of mathematics scores among 15-year-olds, 2003 through 2018
Table I.B1.36 Distribution of science scores among 15-year-olds, 2006 through 2018
Table I.B1.37 Percentage of low achievers and top performers in reading, 2009 through 2018, adjusted for demo
Table I.B1.38 Percentage of low achievers and top performers in mathematics, 2012 through 2018, adjusted for d
Table I.B1.39 Percentage of low achievers and top performers in science, in 2015 and 2018, adjusted for demogr
Table I.B1.40 Mean reading performance, 2009 through 2018, adjusted for demographic changes
Table I.B1.41 Mean mathematics performance, 2012 through 2018, adjusted for demographic changes
Table I.B1.42 Mean science performance, 2015 and 2018, adjusted for demographic changes
Table I.B1.43 Distribution of reading scores, 2009 through 2018, adjusted for demographic changes
Table I.B1.44 Distribution of mathematics scores, 2012 through 2018, adjusted for demographic changes
Table I.B1.45 Distribution of science scores, 2015 and 2018, adjusted for demographic changes
Table I.B1.46 Variation in reading performance, 2009 through 2018, adjusted for demographic changes
Table I.B1.47 Variation in mathematics performance, 2012 through 2018, adjusted for demographic changes
Table I.B1.48 Variation in science performance, 2015 and 2018, adjusted for demographic changes
Table I.B1.49 Minimum achievement in reading and mathematics (SDG 4.1)
Table I.B1.50 Disparities in minimum achievement in reading and mathematics (SDG 4.5)
Table I.B1.51 Time spent using the Internet (2012)
Table I.B1.52 Time spent using the Internet (2018)
Table I.B1.53 Change in time spent using the Internet (2012 to 2018)
Table I.B1.54 Availability of digital devices at home (2009)
Table I.B1.55 Availability of digital devices at home (2018)
Table I.B1.56 Change in the availability of digital devices at home (2012 to 2018)
Table I.B1.57 Students' reading habits and attitudes towards reading (2009)
Table I.B1.58 Students' reading habits and attitudes towards reading (2018)
Table I.B1.59 Changes in students' reading habits and attitudes towards reading (2009 to 2018)
Symbols for missing data
c: There are too few observations or no ob
m: Data are not available. These data wer
Notes:
Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.c
In 2018, some regions in Spain conducted
exams coinciding with the end of the PISA
their best to demonstrate their proficiency.
A9), the comparability of PISA 2018 data fo
3 through 2018
OECD averages:
OECD average
OECD average-37
OECD average-36a
OECD average-36b
OECD average-35a
e of reading "locate information" OECD average-35b
e of reading "understand" OECD average-30
e of reading "evaluate and reflect" OECD average-29a
reading "single" OECD average-29b
reading "multiple" OECD average-27
"locate information" OECD average-23
"understand"
"evaluate and reflect"
15-year-olds, 2009 through 2018

ng all 15-year-olds, 2006 through 2018
15-year-olds, 2009 through 2018
ugh 2018, adjusted for demographic changes

2 through 2018, adjusted for demographic changes
nd 2018, adjusted for demographic changes
phic changes
mographic changes
graphic changes
emographic changes
hic changes
mographic changes
or demographic changes
raphic changes
09 to 2018)
few observations or no observation to provide reliable estimates (i.e. there are fewer than 30 students or fewer than 5 schools with vali
available. These data were not submitted by the country or were collected but subsequently removed from the publication for technical
ata for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

egions in Spain conducted their high-stakes exams for tenth-grade students earlier in the year than in the past, which resulted in the tes
g with the end of the PISA testing window. Because of this overlap, a number of students were negatively disposed towards the PISA te
monstrate their proficiency. Although the data of only a minority of students show clear signs of lack of engagement (see PISA 2018 Res
ability of PISA 2018 data for Spain with those from earlier PISA assessments cannot be fully ensured.
Arithmetic mean across all OECD Member countries (and Colombia).

Arithmetic mean across all OECD Member countries (and Colombia).
Arithmetic mean across all OECD Member countries (and Colombia), excluding Spain.
Arithmetic mean across all OECD Member countries (and Colombia), excluding Austria.
Arithmetic mean across all OECD Member countries (and Colombia), excluding Austria and Spain.
Arithmetic mean across all OECD Member countries (and Colombia), excluding Spain and the United States.
Arithmetic mean across all OECD Member countries, excluding Chile, Colombia, Estonia, Israel, Lithuania, Slovenia and th
Arithmetic mean across all OECD Member countries, excluding Austria, Chile, Colombia, Estonia, Israel, Lithuania, Sloven
Arithmetic mean across all OECD Member countries, excluding Chile, Colombia, Estonia, Israel, Lithuania, Slovenia, Spain
Arithmetic mean across all OECD Member countries, excluding Colombia, Estonia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, the Netherland
Arithmetic mean across all OECD Member countries, excluding Austria, Chile, Colombia, Estonia, Israel, Lithuania, Luxem
r than 5 schools with valid data).
publication for technical reasons.
which resulted in the testing period for these

sed towards the PISA test and did not try
ent (see PISA 2018 Results Volume I, Annex
thuania, Slovenia and the United Kingdom.

Israel, Lithuania, Slovenia and the United Kingdom.
thuania, Slovenia, Spain and the United Kingdom.
embourg, the Netherlands, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Turkey and the United Kingdom.
Israel, Lithuania, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United State
ed Kingdom and the United States.

Table I.B1.1
Percentage of students at each proficiency level in reading
Level 1c Level 1b
Below Level 1c
(from 189.33 to less (from 262.04 to less
(less than 189.33
than 262.04 score than 334.75 score
score points)
points) points)
% S.E. % S.E. % S.E.
OECD
Australia 0.1 (0.1) 1.4 (0.2) 5.6 (0.3)
Austria 0.0 (0.0) 0.9 (0.2) 6.4 (0.6)
Belgium 0.1 (0.1) 1.2 (0.2) 6.0 (0.4)
Canada 0.0 (0.0) 0.7 (0.1) 3.1 (0.2)
Chile 0.1 (0.1) 1.7 (0.2) 8.9 (0.6)
Colombia 0.2 (0.1) 3.6 (0.4) 15.8 (0.9)
Czech Republic 0.1 (0.1) 0.7 (0.2) 5.0 (0.5)
Denmark 0.0 (0.0) 0.5 (0.1) 3.5 (0.3)
Estonia 0.0 c 0.3 (0.1) 2.1 (0.2)
Finland 0.0 (0.0) 0.8 (0.2) 3.3 (0.4)
France 0.0 (0.0) 1.1 (0.2) 5.7 (0.4)
Germany 0.1 (0.1) 1.3 (0.3) 5.7 (0.5)
Greece 0.1 (0.1) 2.1 (0.3) 9.3 (0.7)
Hungary 0.0 (0.1) 1.2 (0.2) 7.0 (0.6)
Iceland 0.1 (0.1) 2.3 (0.3) 8.0 (0.7)
Ireland 0.0 (0.0) 0.2 (0.1) 2.1 (0.3)
Israel 0.7 (0.2) 5.0 (0.5) 10.4 (0.7)
Italy 0.1 (0.1) 1.7 (0.3) 6.7 (0.6)
Japan 0.1 (0.0) 0.7 (0.2) 4.1 (0.4)
Korea 0.1 (0.1) 1.1 (0.2) 4.3 (0.4)
Latvia 0.0 (0.0) 0.6 (0.1) 5.2 (0.4)
Lithuania 0.0 (0.0) 1.0 (0.2) 6.3 (0.4)
Luxembourg 0.2 (0.1) 2.4 (0.2) 9.2 (0.4)
Mexico 0.0 (0.1) 2.5 (0.4) 13.1 (0.8)
Netherlands* 0.1 (0.1) 1.3 (0.2) 7.0 (0.6)
New Zealand 0.1 (0.1) 1.0 (0.2) 5.2 (0.5)
Norway 0.1 (0.1) 1.7 (0.2) 5.6 (0.4)
Poland 0.0 (0.0) 0.5 (0.1) 3.3 (0.3)
Portugal* 0.0 (0.0) 0.9 (0.2) 5.0 (0.5)
Slovak Republic 0.1 (0.1) 2.3 (0.3) 9.2 (0.7)
Slovenia 0.0 (0.1) 0.6 (0.2) 4.3 (0.4)
Spain m m m m m m
Sweden 0.2 (0.1) 1.5 (0.2) 5.1 (0.5)
Switzerland 0.1 (0.1) 1.3 (0.3) 7.1 (0.6)
Turkey 0.0 (0.0) 0.7 (0.2) 6.3 (0.6)
United Kingdom 0.0 (0.0) 0.8 (0.2) 4.2 (0.4)
United States* 0.1 (0.1) 1.1 (0.2) 5.4 (0.5)
OECD average 0.1 (0.0) 1.4 (0.0) 6.2 (0.1)
OECD total 0.1 (0.0) 1.3 (0.1) 6.7 (0.2)
Partners
Albania 0.1 (0.1) 2.9 (0.3) 16.4 (0.7)
Argentina 1.3 (0.2) 6.7 (0.6) 17.4 (0.7)
Baku (Azerbaijan) 0.1 (0.1) 3.7 (0.4) 19.6 (0.8)
Belarus 0.0 (0.0) 0.8 (0.2) 5.8 (0.5)
Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.1 (0.1) 2.8 (0.4) 17.5 (1.0)
Brazil 0.4 (0.1) 5.3 (0.4) 17.7 (0.6)
Brunei Darussalam 0.3 (0.1) 5.4 (0.3) 19.1 (0.5)
B-S-J-Z (China) 0.0 (0.0) 0.1 (0.1) 0.7 (0.2)
Bulgaria 0.3 (0.1) 4.6 (0.6) 17.1 (1.1)
Costa Rica 0.1 (0.0) 1.8 (0.3) 11.3 (0.7)
Croatia 0.0 (0.0) 0.7 (0.2) 5.0 (0.5)
Cyprus 0.3 (0.1) 4.3 (0.3) 15.0 (0.6)
Dominican Republic 1.1 (0.3) 15.9 (0.9) 33.3 (1.1)
Georgia 0.4 (0.1) 7.0 (0.5) 24.2 (0.9)
Hong Kong (China)* 0.1 (0.1) 0.9 (0.2) 3.5 (0.4)
Indonesia 0.2 (0.1) 6.3 (0.6) 26.7 (1.0)
Jordan 1.1 (0.2) 4.0 (0.5) 11.1 (0.7)
Kazakhstan 0.1 (0.0) 3.5 (0.3) 22.2 (0.7)
Kosovo 0.3 (0.1) 8.7 (0.6) 31.7 (0.8)
Lebanon 6.3 (0.6) 16.9 (1.0) 23.0 (0.9)
Macao (China) 0.0 (0.0) 0.3 (0.1) 2.2 (0.2)
Malaysia 0.2 (0.1) 3.6 (0.4) 14.2 (0.8)
Malta 0.7 (0.2) 4.8 (0.4) 11.9 (0.7)
Moldova 0.4 (0.1) 3.9 (0.5) 13.5 (0.7)
Montenegro 0.1 (0.1) 2.8 (0.3) 13.5 (0.5)
Morocco 0.3 (0.1) 8.8 (0.7) 30.8 (1.3)
North Macedonia 1.6 (0.2) 7.3 (0.5) 18.3 (0.8)
Panama 1.0 (0.2) 8.4 (0.8) 23.4 (0.9)
Peru 0.4 (0.1) 5.5 (0.5) 19.6 (0.9)
Philippines 0.5 (0.1) 15.1 (0.9) 38.3 (1.1)
Qatar 1.2 (0.1) 8.5 (0.3) 17.6 (0.4)
Romania 0.8 (0.3) 4.3 (0.6) 12.9 (1.0)
Russia 0.0 (0.0) 1.0 (0.2) 5.6 (0.6)
Saudi Arabia 0.5 (0.2) 5.3 (0.6) 17.0 (0.9)
Serbia 0.1 (0.1) 2.7 (0.4) 12.2 (0.8)
Singapore 0.0 (0.0) 0.5 (0.1) 3.0 (0.3)
Chinese Taipei 0.1 (0.1) 1.2 (0.2) 4.5 (0.4)
Thailand 0.1 (0.1) 3.6 (0.5) 20.6 (1.1)
Ukraine 0.2 (0.1) 1.8 (0.3) 7.2 (0.7)
United Arab Emirates 0.6 (0.1) 5.8 (0.3) 14.9 (0.5)
Uruguay 0.3 (0.1) 4.0 (0.4) 13.6 (0.8)
Viet Nam*** 0.0 (0.0) 0.1 (0.1) 1.1 (0.3)
Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

*Hong Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were ac
***The data for Viet Nam have not yet been fully validated. Due to a lack of consistency in the response pattern of some pe
All students
Level 1a Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5
(from 334.75 to less (from 407.47 to less (from 480.18 to less (from 552.89 to less (from 625.61 to less
than 407.47 score than 480.18 score than 552.89 score than 625.61 score than 698.32 score
points) points) points) points) points)
% S.E. % S.E. % S.E. % S.E. % S.E.
12.5 (0.4) 21.1 (0.5) 25.4 (0.5) 20.9 (0.5) 10.3 (0.4)
16.3 (0.8) 23.5 (0.8) 26.2 (0.9) 19.3 (0.8) 6.7 (0.5)
14.0 (0.6) 22.4 (0.7) 26.5 (0.7) 20.4 (0.7) 8.3 (0.5)
10.0 (0.4) 20.1 (0.6) 27.2 (0.5) 24.0 (0.5) 12.2 (0.5)
21.0 (0.9) 29.5 (0.9) 24.4 (0.9) 11.8 (0.6) 2.4 (0.3)
30.3 (1.0) 27.7 (1.0) 15.8 (0.9) 5.7 (0.5) 0.9 (0.2)
15.0 (0.8) 25.0 (0.9) 26.9 (0.9) 19.1 (0.8) 7.2 (0.5)
11.9 (0.5) 23.9 (0.8) 30.1 (0.9) 21.6 (0.8) 7.3 (0.5)
8.7 (0.5) 21.2 (0.9) 29.9 (0.9) 24.0 (0.8) 11.1 (0.6)
9.4 (0.6) 19.2 (0.7) 27.6 (0.8) 25.4 (0.8) 11.9 (0.7)
14.0 (0.7) 22.8 (0.8) 26.6 (0.8) 20.5 (0.7) 8.1 (0.6)
13.6 (0.8) 21.1 (0.8) 25.4 (0.8) 21.5 (0.9) 9.5 (0.6)
19.0 (0.9) 27.3 (0.8) 25.2 (1.0) 13.3 (0.8) 3.3 (0.4)
17.0 (0.8) 25.2 (0.9) 26.3 (0.9) 17.5 (0.8) 5.2 (0.5)
15.9 (0.8) 24.6 (0.9) 25.1 (0.8) 16.9 (0.7) 6.2 (0.6)
9.5 (0.6) 21.7 (0.8) 30.3 (0.9) 24.1 (0.8) 10.3 (0.6)
15.0 (0.9) 19.4 (0.7) 21.6 (0.8) 17.5 (0.8) 8.4 (0.6)
14.8 (0.7) 26.3 (0.9) 28.2 (0.9) 16.9 (0.7) 4.9 (0.4)
12.0 (0.7) 22.5 (0.9) 28.6 (1.0) 21.9 (0.8) 8.6 (0.6)
9.6 (0.7) 19.6 (0.7) 27.6 (0.8) 24.6 (0.8) 10.8 (0.6)
16.6 (0.6) 27.4 (0.8) 28.8 (0.8) 16.6 (0.7) 4.4 (0.4)
17.0 (0.6) 26.1 (0.8) 27.7 (0.7) 16.9 (0.6) 4.5 (0.4)
17.6 (0.6) 23.7 (0.7) 23.5 (0.7) 15.9 (0.6) 6.4 (0.4)
29.1 (1.1) 31.7 (1.0) 17.5 (0.9) 5.3 (0.6) 0.7 (0.2)
15.6 (0.7) 23.7 (0.8) 24.3 (1.0) 18.8 (0.8) 7.9 (0.6)
12.7 (0.6) 20.8 (0.7) 24.6 (0.7) 22.5 (0.7) 10.7 (0.6)
11.9 (0.6) 21.5 (0.7) 26.4 (0.9) 21.6 (0.8) 9.6 (0.6)
10.8 (0.6) 22.4 (0.8) 27.7 (0.8) 23.0 (0.8) 10.1 (0.7)
14.3 (0.7) 23.3 (0.7) 28.2 (0.8) 21.0 (0.9) 6.5 (0.6)
19.8 (0.8) 26.9 (0.9) 23.5 (0.9) 13.6 (0.7) 4.1 (0.4)
12.9 (0.5) 24.5 (0.8) 29.5 (0.9) 20.3 (0.7) 6.8 (0.5)
m m m m m m m m m m
11.6 (0.7) 20.6 (0.8) 25.5 (0.8) 22.3 (0.8) 10.9 (0.7)
15.1 (0.7) 23.4 (0.9) 26.3 (0.8) 18.5 (0.8) 6.9 (0.6)
19.1 (0.7) 30.2 (0.9) 26.9 (1.0) 13.5 (0.6) 3.1 (0.5)
12.3 (0.7) 23.0 (0.7) 27.2 (0.7) 21.0 (0.8) 9.5 (0.6)
12.7 (0.8) 21.1 (0.8) 24.7 (0.8) 21.4 (0.8) 10.7 (0.7)
15.0 (0.1) 23.7 (0.1) 26.0 (0.1) 18.9 (0.1) 7.4 (0.1)
15.9 (0.3) 24.0 (0.3) 24.8 (0.3) 18.1 (0.3) 7.6 (0.2)
32.8 (0.9) 29.9 (0.8) 14.0 (0.7) 3.5 (0.4) 0.4 (0.1)
26.7 (0.9) 25.7 (0.8) 16.2 (0.7) 5.3 (0.5) 0.7 (0.2)
37.0 (1.1) 28.6 (0.9) 9.2 (0.6) 1.6 (0.4) 0.1 (0.1)
16.8 (0.8) 28.7 (0.8) 28.0 (1.0) 16.0 (0.7) 3.7 (0.4)
33.2 (1.1) 28.8 (1.1) 14.3 (0.9) 3.0 (0.4) 0.2 (0.1)
26.7 (0.7) 24.5 (0.6) 16.3 (0.6) 7.4 (0.5) 1.7 (0.2)
27.0 (0.7) 24.5 (0.6) 15.5 (0.5) 6.9 (0.3) 1.3 (0.2)
4.3 (0.5) 14.3 (0.8) 27.9 (1.0) 30.8 (1.0) 17.5 (0.9)
25.1 (0.9) 24.9 (1.0) 17.3 (0.9) 8.4 (0.7) 2.2 (0.3)
28.9 (1.1) 32.1 (1.1) 19.4 (1.1) 5.9 (0.8) 0.6 (0.2)
15.9 (0.8) 28.3 (0.9) 29.0 (1.0) 16.4 (0.8) 4.3 (0.4)
24.1 (0.8) 26.9 (0.7) 19.3 (0.6) 8.4 (0.4) 1.7 (0.2)
28.8 (1.0) 15.0 (0.9) 4.9 (0.5) 0.9 (0.2) 0.1 (0.1)
32.8 (0.8) 22.9 (0.8) 10.1 (0.6) 2.4 (0.3) 0.2 (0.1)
8.1 (0.6) 17.8 (0.7) 27.7 (0.7) 27.1 (0.8) 12.5 (0.6)
36.7 (1.1) 21.8 (1.0) 7.2 (0.8) 1.1 (0.2) 0.1 (0.0)
25.0 (0.8) 33.8 (1.0) 20.5 (0.9) 4.3 (0.5) 0.3 (0.1)
38.4 (0.7) 23.9 (0.5) 8.9 (0.3) 2.6 (0.2) 0.4 (0.1)
38.0 (1.0) 17.5 (0.7) 3.6 (0.3) 0.2 (0.1) 0.0 (0.0)
21.6 (0.8) 17.4 (0.9) 10.5 (0.7) 3.7 (0.5) 0.7 (0.2)
8.2 (0.6) 19.4 (0.8) 29.8 (0.8) 26.1 (0.7) 11.7 (0.6)
27.9 (0.9) 31.4 (1.0) 17.9 (0.9) 4.3 (0.6) 0.5 (0.2)
18.5 (0.9) 23.7 (0.9) 21.7 (0.9) 13.4 (0.9) 4.5 (0.5)
25.2 (0.8) 28.0 (0.9) 20.8 (0.9) 7.2 (0.6) 1.0 (0.3)
28.0 (0.7) 30.5 (0.6) 18.3 (0.6) 6.0 (0.4) 0.8 (0.2)
33.4 (0.9) 20.6 (1.2) 5.6 (0.5) 0.5 (0.1) 0.0 (0.0)
27.9 (1.0) 26.6 (0.8) 14.4 (0.6) 3.5 (0.3) 0.3 (0.2)
31.5 (1.0) 23.0 (0.8) 9.9 (0.9) 2.6 (0.4) 0.2 (0.1)
28.9 (0.9) 25.8 (0.7) 14.3 (0.7) 4.8 (0.5) 0.7 (0.2)
26.7 (0.8) 13.1 (0.7) 5.1 (0.7) 1.1 (0.3) 0.1 (0.0)
23.6 (0.5) 23.4 (0.4) 15.8 (0.4) 7.3 (0.3) 2.2 (0.2)
22.8 (1.2) 28.1 (1.1) 20.9 (1.3) 8.7 (1.0) 1.3 (0.3)
15.5 (0.9) 28.1 (0.8) 28.0 (0.8) 16.4 (0.7) 4.8 (0.5)
29.4 (0.9) 30.4 (1.1) 14.6 (0.8) 2.6 (0.3) 0.1 (0.1)
22.7 (0.8) 27.8 (0.8) 21.8 (0.8) 10.1 (0.7) 2.4 (0.3)
7.7 (0.4) 14.2 (0.5) 22.3 (0.7) 26.4 (0.6) 18.5 (0.7)
12.0 (0.6) 21.8 (0.7) 27.4 (0.8) 22.0 (0.9) 9.3 (0.7)
35.3 (1.1) 26.0 (1.0) 11.6 (0.9) 2.7 (0.4) 0.2 (0.1)
16.7 (0.9) 27.7 (0.8) 28.5 (1.0) 14.5 (0.8) 3.2 (0.4)
21.6 (0.4) 23.4 (0.5) 18.1 (0.5) 10.8 (0.6) 4.1 (0.3)
24.0 (0.9) 28.1 (1.1) 20.1 (0.8) 8.3 (0.7) 1.5 (0.2)
8.3 (0.9) 26.9 (1.3) 38.1 (1.2) 20.5 (1.3) 4.6 (0.7)
echnical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).
e response pattern of some performance data, the OECD cannot yet assure full international comparability of the results (see Annexes
Level 6
(above 698.32
score points)
% S.E.
2.7 (0.2)
0.7 (0.1)
1.3 (0.2)
2.8 (0.2)
0.2 (0.1)
0.0 (0.0)
1.1 (0.2)
1.1 (0.2)
2.8 (0.3)
2.4 (0.3)
1.1 (0.2)
1.8 (0.2)
0.3 (0.1)
0.5 (0.1)
0.9 (0.2)
1.8 (0.3)
2.0 (0.3)
0.5 (0.1)
1.7 (0.3)
2.3 (0.4)
0.4 (0.1)
0.4 (0.1)
1.3 (0.2)
0.0 (0.0)
1.2 (0.2)
2.4 (0.3)
1.6 (0.2)
2.1 (0.3)
0.8 (0.2)
0.5 (0.2)
1.0 (0.2)
m m
2.4 (0.3)
1.2 (0.2)
0.2 (0.1)
2.0 (0.2)
2.8 (0.4)
1.3 (0.0)
1.6 (0.1)
0.0 (0.0)
0.0 (0.0)
0.0 (0.0)
0.3 (0.1)
0.0 c
0.2 (0.1)
0.0 (0.0)
4.2 (0.6)
0.2 (0.1)
0.0 c
0.4 (0.1)
0.1 (0.1)
0.0 (0.0)
0.0 (0.0)
2.3 (0.3)
0.0 (0.0)
0.0 (0.0)
0.0 (0.0)
0.0 c
0.0 (0.0)
2.1 (0.3)
0.0 (0.0)
0.9 (0.2)
0.0 (0.0)
0.0 (0.0)
0.0 c
0.0 (0.0)
0.0 (0.0)
0.0 (0.0)
0.0 (0.0)
0.4 (0.1)
0.1 (0.1)
0.6 (0.1)
0.0 c
0.2 (0.1)
7.3 (0.4)
1.6 (0.3)
0.0 (0.0)
0.2 (0.1)
0.7 (0.1)
0.1 (0.1)
0.3 (0.1)
the results (see Annexes A4 and A6).

Table I.B1.2
Percentage of students at each proficiency level in mathematics
All students
Level 1 Level 2
Below Level 1
(below 357.77
score points)
points) points)
% S.E. % S.E. % S.E.
OECD
Australia 7.6 (0.5) 14.8 (0.5) 23.4 (0.5)
Austria 7.3 (0.7) 13.8 (0.8) 20.8 (1.0)
Belgium 6.9 (0.7) 12.8 (0.6) 18.6 (0.7)
Canada 5.0 (0.4) 11.3 (0.5) 20.8 (0.6)
Chile 24.7 (1.1) 27.2 (0.9) 25.5 (0.9)
Colombia 35.5 (1.7) 29.9 (1.2) 21.1 (0.9)
Czech Republic 6.6 (0.7) 13.8 (0.7) 22.1 (0.8)
Denmark 3.7 (0.4) 10.9 (0.6) 22.0 (0.9)
Estonia 2.1 (0.3) 8.1 (0.6) 20.8 (0.8)
Finland 3.8 (0.4) 11.1 (0.6) 22.3 (0.9)
France 8.0 (0.5) 13.2 (0.6) 21.1 (0.8)
Germany 7.6 (0.7) 13.5 (0.8) 20.7 (0.9)
Greece 15.3 (1.1) 20.5 (0.9) 26.8 (0.9)
Hungary 9.6 (0.7) 16.1 (0.8) 23.6 (0.9)
Iceland 7.4 (0.5) 13.3 (0.7) 22.0 (1.0)
Ireland 3.8 (0.5) 11.9 (0.7) 24.7 (0.8)
Israel 17.7 (1.1) 16.4 (0.8) 20.7 (0.7)
Italy 9.1 (0.8) 14.8 (0.9) 22.9 (1.0)
Japan 2.9 (0.4) 8.6 (0.6) 18.7 (0.8)
Korea 5.4 (0.5) 9.6 (0.6) 17.3 (0.8)
Latvia 4.4 (0.5) 12.9 (0.8) 25.8 (0.9)
Lithuania 9.3 (0.6) 16.4 (0.7) 24.2 (0.7)
Luxembourg 10.9 (0.6) 16.4 (0.6) 21.7 (0.8)
Mexico 26.0 (1.2) 30.3 (0.9) 26.4 (0.9)
Netherlands* 4.5 (0.6) 11.2 (0.7) 19.0 (1.0)
New Zealand 7.6 (0.5) 14.2 (0.6) 22.8 (0.8)
Norway 6.5 (0.5) 12.4 (0.6) 21.8 (0.8)
Poland 4.2 (0.5) 10.5 (0.6) 20.7 (0.8)
Portugal* 9.3 (0.6) 14.0 (0.8) 20.9 (0.8)
Slovak Republic 10.7 (0.9) 14.4 (0.6) 21.4 (0.9)
Slovenia 4.8 (0.6) 11.7 (0.7) 21.6 (0.9)
Spain** 8.7 (0.4) 16.0 (0.5) 24.4 (0.4)
Sweden 6.0 (0.6) 12.8 (0.8) 21.9 (0.9)
Switzerland 4.8 (0.4) 12.0 (0.8) 19.5 (0.9)
Turkey 13.8 (0.9) 22.9 (0.8) 27.3 (0.8)
United Kingdom 6.4 (0.5) 12.8 (0.6) 22.0 (0.8)
United States* 10.2 (0.8) 16.9 (0.9) 24.2 (1.0)
OECD average 9.1 (0.1) 14.8 (0.1) 22.2 (0.1)
OECD total 11.5 (0.3) 17.2 (0.3) 22.9 (0.3)
Partners
Albania 16.9 (0.9) 25.5 (0.9) 28.6 (1.0)
Argentina 40.5 (1.6) 28.5 (1.0) 19.6 (0.9)
Baku (Azerbaijan) 24.7 (1.0) 26.1 (0.8) 25.2 (0.9)
Belarus 11.4 (0.7) 18.0 (0.7) 24.7 (0.9)
Brazil 41.0 (1.0) 27.1 (0.7) 18.2 (0.7)
B-S-J-Z (China) 0.5 (0.1) 1.9 (0.3) 6.9 (0.5)
Bulgaria 21.9 (1.4) 22.5 (0.8) 23.7 (1.0)
Costa Rica 27.8 (1.3) 32.2 (1.2) 25.6 (1.2)
Croatia 11.0 (0.8) 20.2 (0.8) 27.4 (0.9)
Cyprus 17.2 (0.6) 19.7 (0.7) 24.7 (0.9)
Georgia 33.7 (1.2) 27.3 (1.1) 21.6 (0.8)
Hong Kong (China)* 2.8 (0.4) 6.4 (0.6) 13.5 (0.7)
Indonesia 40.6 (1.6) 31.3 (1.2) 18.6 (1.0)
Jordan 30.7 (1.4) 28.6 (0.8) 24.0 (0.9)
Kazakhstan 22.3 (0.8) 26.8 (0.6) 26.6 (0.6)
Kosovo 47.0 (1.0) 29.6 (1.1) 16.5 (0.8)
Lebanon 38.0 (1.7) 21.8 (1.0) 19.1 (1.1)
Macao (China) 1.0 (0.2) 4.0 (0.4) 12.3 (0.8)
Malaysia 16.1 (0.9) 25.4 (1.0) 28.3 (0.9)
Malta 14.3 (0.7) 15.9 (0.8) 21.5 (1.0)
Moldova 26.1 (0.9) 24.2 (0.9) 23.5 (0.9)
Montenegro 19.9 (0.7) 26.3 (0.7) 27.3 (0.7)
Morocco 47.1 (1.9) 28.5 (1.0) 16.9 (1.0)
North Macedonia 35.2 (0.8) 25.8 (0.8) 21.3 (0.7)
Panama 53.7 (1.4) 27.5 (1.0) 13.5 (0.8)
Peru 32.0 (1.2) 28.3 (0.8) 23.1 (0.9)
Philippines 54.4 (1.7) 26.3 (0.9) 13.6 (1.0)
Qatar 29.7 (0.7) 24.0 (0.5) 21.9 (0.5)
Romania 22.6 (1.6) 23.9 (1.2) 24.5 (1.1)
Russia 6.8 (0.7) 14.9 (0.8) 25.0 (0.9)
Saudi Arabia 42.8 (1.6) 29.9 (1.0) 18.8 (1.1)
Serbia 18.1 (1.1) 21.6 (0.8) 24.1 (0.8)
Singapore 1.8 (0.2) 5.3 (0.4) 11.1 (0.5)
Chinese Taipei 5.0 (0.4) 9.0 (0.5) 16.1 (0.7)
Thailand 25.0 (1.3) 27.7 (1.0) 24.6 (1.0)
Ukraine 15.6 (1.2) 20.3 (1.0) 26.2 (1.0)
Uruguay 24.6 (1.1) 26.1 (1.3) 26.5 (1.0)
Viet Nam*** 3.1 (0.6) 12.6 (1.2) 27.3 (1.3)

** In 2018, some regions in Spain conducted their high-stakes exams for tenth-grade students earlier in the year than in the
All students
Level 3 Level 4 Level 5
Level 6
(from 482.38 to less (from 544.68 to less (from 606.99 to less
(above 669.30
than 544.68 score than 606.99 score than 669.30 score
score points)
points) points) points)
% S.E. % S.E. % S.E. % S.E.
25.6 (0.5) 18.2 (0.5) 8.0 (0.4) 2.5 (0.3)

24.9 (0.9) 20.6 (0.8) 10.0 (0.7) 2.5 (0.3)
23.8 (0.8) 22.2 (0.7) 12.5 (0.6) 3.2 (0.4)
25.9 (0.6) 21.7 (0.7) 11.3 (0.5) 4.0 (0.3)
15.6 (0.8) 5.7 (0.5) 1.1 (0.2) 0.1 (0.0)
10.0 (0.7) 3.1 (0.4) 0.5 (0.1) 0.0 (0.0)
25.2 (0.9) 19.6 (0.7) 9.5 (0.5) 3.1 (0.3)
28.8 (0.8) 23.0 (0.8) 9.5 (0.6) 2.1 (0.3)
29.0 (0.8) 24.6 (0.8) 11.8 (0.7) 3.7 (0.4)
28.9 (1.0) 22.7 (0.8) 9.3 (0.5) 1.8 (0.3)
25.6 (0.8) 21.0 (0.8) 9.2 (0.6) 1.8 (0.3)
24.0 (0.8) 20.8 (0.8) 10.5 (0.7) 2.8 (0.3)
22.5 (1.0) 11.1 (0.6) 3.2 (0.4) 0.5 (0.2)
25.2 (1.0) 17.5 (0.8) 6.5 (0.5) 1.4 (0.3)
26.7 (1.0) 20.2 (0.9) 8.5 (0.6) 1.9 (0.3)
30.5 (0.8) 20.8 (0.8) 7.2 (0.6) 1.0 (0.2)
21.0 (0.8) 15.4 (0.8) 7.0 (0.6) 1.8 (0.3)
25.6 (0.9) 18.1 (0.8) 7.5 (0.6) 2.0 (0.3)
26.4 (0.9) 25.1 (1.0) 14.0 (0.8) 4.3 (0.5)
23.4 (0.7) 22.9 (0.8) 14.4 (0.7) 6.9 (0.8)
29.4 (1.0) 19.0 (0.8) 7.1 (0.5) 1.4 (0.2)
25.2 (0.9) 16.5 (0.8) 6.8 (0.5) 1.7 (0.2)
22.6 (0.7) 17.7 (0.7) 8.6 (0.5) 2.3 (0.3)
13.1 (0.8) 3.7 (0.5) 0.5 (0.1) 0.0 (0.0)
23.2 (1.1) 23.6 (0.9) 14.2 (0.8) 4.3 (0.5)
25.0 (0.7) 18.9 (0.7) 8.8 (0.4) 2.7 (0.3)
26.5 (0.8) 20.6 (0.9) 9.8 (0.6) 2.4 (0.4)
26.5 (0.8) 22.3 (0.7) 11.7 (0.7) 4.1 (0.5)
24.5 (1.1) 19.7 (0.8) 9.1 (0.6) 2.5 (0.3)
24.2 (0.9) 18.6 (0.9) 8.4 (0.6) 2.3 (0.3)
26.4 (0.9) 22.0 (0.8) 10.5 (0.8) 3.1 (0.4)
26.0 (0.6) 17.5 (0.5) 6.2 (0.3) 1.1 (0.1)
25.7 (0.8) 21.0 (0.8) 10.0 (0.7) 2.6 (0.3)
24.4 (1.0) 22.3 (0.9) 12.1 (0.7) 4.9 (0.5)
20.4 (0.8) 10.9 (0.5) 3.9 (0.4) 0.9 (0.3)
25.5 (0.7) 20.4 (0.7) 9.8 (0.6) 3.1 (0.4)
24.1 (1.0) 16.3 (0.9) 6.8 (0.7) 1.5 (0.3)
24.4 (0.1) 18.5 (0.1) 8.5 (0.1) 2.4 (0.1)
22.6 (0.3) 16.3 (0.3) 7.4 (0.2) 2.0 (0.1)
19.3 (0.8) 7.5 (0.7) 2.0 (0.2) 0.3 (0.1)

8.8 (0.7) 2.3 (0.3) 0.3 (0.1) 0.0 (0.0)
15.7 (0.7) 6.4 (0.6) 1.7 (0.3) 0.3 (0.1)
23.4 (0.7) 15.2 (0.7) 6.1 (0.5) 1.2 (0.2)
13.1 (0.8) 4.3 (0.5) 0.7 (0.2) 0.1 (0.0)
9.3 (0.5) 3.4 (0.3) 0.8 (0.2) 0.1 (0.0)
16.2 (0.5) 8.9 (0.5) 2.7 (0.3) 0.4 (0.1)
17.5 (0.8) 28.9 (1.0) 27.8 (1.0) 16.5 (1.1)
18.2 (1.0) 9.4 (0.7) 3.3 (0.5) 0.9 (0.2)
11.2 (1.0) 2.8 (0.5) 0.3 (0.1) 0.0 (0.0)
23.3 (0.8) 13.0 (0.8) 4.3 (0.5) 0.8 (0.2)
22.0 (0.8) 12.1 (0.5) 3.7 (0.4) 0.7 (0.1)
1.8 (0.4) 0.3 (0.1) 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 c
11.9 (0.8) 4.4 (0.5) 0.9 (0.3) 0.1 (0.1)
22.1 (0.7) 26.3 (0.9) 19.5 (0.8) 9.5 (0.8)
6.8 (0.7) 2.3 (0.5) 0.4 (0.2) 0.0 (0.0)
12.4 (0.8) 3.6 (0.5) 0.6 (0.2) 0.1 (0.1)
16.0 (0.6) 6.3 (0.4) 1.6 (0.2) 0.3 (0.1)
5.4 (0.4) 1.4 (0.2) 0.1 (0.1) 0.0 (0.0)
13.1 (0.9) 6.0 (0.5) 1.7 (0.3) 0.3 (0.1)
24.8 (0.9) 30.3 (1.2) 20.0 (0.8) 7.7 (0.6)
19.3 (0.9) 8.5 (0.7) 2.2 (0.4) 0.3 (0.1)
23.2 (1.1) 16.6 (0.7) 6.7 (0.6) 1.8 (0.3)
16.5 (0.7) 7.3 (0.6) 2.0 (0.3) 0.4 (0.1)
17.9 (0.5) 6.9 (0.4) 1.6 (0.2) 0.2 (0.1)
6.2 (0.6) 1.2 (0.2) 0.1 (0.1) 0.0 (0.0)
12.1 (0.7) 4.5 (0.4) 1.0 (0.2) 0.1 (0.1)
4.3 (0.6) 0.9 (0.2) 0.1 (0.1) 0.0 (0.0)
11.6 (0.7) 4.1 (0.5) 0.8 (0.2) 0.1 (0.0)
4.7 (0.7) 0.9 (0.3) 0.1 (0.1) 0.0 (0.0)
14.6 (0.4) 6.9 (0.3) 2.4 (0.2) 0.6 (0.1)
17.3 (1.1) 8.5 (1.0) 2.7 (0.5) 0.4 (0.2)
27.5 (0.9) 17.8 (0.8) 6.6 (0.6) 1.5 (0.2)
6.8 (0.6) 1.5 (0.3) 0.2 (0.1) 0.0 (0.0)
19.2 (0.8) 11.7 (0.7) 4.2 (0.4) 1.0 (0.2)
19.1 (0.7) 25.8 (0.8) 23.2 (0.7) 13.8 (0.8)
23.2 (0.8) 23.5 (0.8) 15.6 (0.8) 7.6 (0.8)
14.3 (0.8) 6.1 (0.7) 1.9 (0.3) 0.3 (0.1)
21.5 (1.0) 11.5 (0.8) 4.0 (0.5) 1.0 (0.3)
17.2 (0.6) 10.4 (0.5) 4.2 (0.3) 1.2 (0.1)
15.8 (1.0) 6.0 (0.6) 1.0 (0.2) 0.1 (0.0)
31.4 (1.1) 18.8 (1.2) 5.7 (0.7) 1.1 (0.3)

ts earlier in the year than in the past, which resulted in the testing period for these exams coinciding with the end of the PISA testing win
end of the PISA testing window. Because of this overlap, a number of students were negatively disposed towards the PISA test and did
ed towards the PISA test and did not try their best to demonstrate their proficiency. Although the data of only a minority of students show
only a minority of students show clear signs of lack of engagement (see PISA 2018 Results Volume I, Annex A9), the comparability of P
Annex A9), the comparability of PISA 2018 data for Spain with those from earlier PISA assessments cannot be fully ensured.
nnot be fully ensured.

Table I.B1.3
Percentage of students at each proficiency level in science
All
Level 1b Level 1a
Below Level 1b
(below 260.54
score points)
points) points)
% S.E. % S.E. % S.E.
OECD
Australia 0.6 (0.1) 4.5 (0.3) 13.7 (0.5)
Austria 0.6 (0.2) 4.8 (0.5) 16.5 (0.9)
Belgium 0.6 (0.1) 5.3 (0.5) 14.2 (0.6)
Canada 0.4 (0.1) 2.6 (0.2) 10.5 (0.4)
Chile 1.0 (0.2) 8.8 (0.7) 25.5 (1.0)
Colombia 2.1 (0.3) 15.3 (1.1) 33.0 (1.1)
Czech Republic 0.4 (0.1) 3.9 (0.4) 14.5 (0.8)
Denmark 0.7 (0.2) 4.1 (0.3) 13.9 (0.6)
Estonia 0.1 (0.1) 1.1 (0.2) 7.5 (0.5)
Finland 0.4 (0.1) 2.8 (0.3) 9.7 (0.6)
France 0.6 (0.2) 5.0 (0.4) 14.9 (0.8)
Germany 0.8 (0.2) 5.0 (0.5) 13.8 (0.7)
Greece 1.2 (0.3) 8.1 (0.8) 22.4 (1.0)
Hungary 0.6 (0.2) 5.7 (0.6) 17.8 (0.9)
Iceland 0.5 (0.2) 5.9 (0.5) 18.6 (0.8)
Ireland 0.3 (0.1) 3.3 (0.3) 13.4 (0.7)
Israel 3.2 (0.4) 10.7 (0.7) 19.2 (0.9)
Italy 1.1 (0.2) 6.6 (0.5) 18.2 (0.9)
Japan 0.2 (0.1) 1.8 (0.3) 8.9 (0.6)
Korea 0.5 (0.1) 3.1 (0.3) 10.6 (0.7)
Latvia 0.3 (0.1) 3.4 (0.4) 14.8 (0.7)
Lithuania 0.5 (0.2) 4.7 (0.4) 17.0 (0.8)
Luxembourg 0.8 (0.2) 6.8 (0.4) 19.2 (0.6)
Mexico 1.0 (0.3) 11.6 (1.0) 34.2 (1.3)
Netherlands* 0.9 (0.2) 4.8 (0.5) 14.4 (0.8)
New Zealand 0.6 (0.2) 4.3 (0.4) 13.1 (0.6)
Norway 1.1 (0.2) 5.7 (0.4) 14.1 (0.8)
Poland 0.2 (0.1) 2.5 (0.3) 11.1 (0.7)
Portugal* 0.4 (0.1) 4.4 (0.6) 14.7 (0.9)
Slovak Republic 1.4 (0.2) 7.9 (0.6) 19.9 (0.7)
Slovenia 0.2 (0.1) 2.5 (0.3) 11.9 (0.6)
Spain** 0.6 (0.1) 4.5 (0.3) 16.2 (0.5)
Sweden 0.6 (0.2) 4.6 (0.5) 13.8 (0.7)
Switzerland 0.4 (0.1) 4.6 (0.5) 15.2 (0.8)
Turkey 0.3 (0.1) 4.7 (0.4) 20.1 (0.8)
United Kingdom 0.6 (0.2) 3.9 (0.4) 12.9 (0.6)
United States* 0.5 (0.2) 4.4 (0.5) 13.7 (0.8)
OECD average 0.7 (0.0) 5.2 (0.1) 16.0 (0.1)
OECD total 0.7 (0.1) 5.6 (0.2) 17.2 (0.3)
Partners
Albania 1.5 (0.2) 11.7 (0.7) 33.7 (1.0)
Argentina 4.9 (0.6) 18.2 (1.0) 30.4 (1.1)
Baku (Azerbaijan) 2.5 (0.3) 17.3 (1.0) 38.0 (1.0)
Belarus 0.5 (0.2) 5.0 (0.5) 18.7 (0.9)
Brazil 4.0 (0.4) 19.9 (0.7) 31.4 (0.8)
B-S-J-Z (China) 0.0 (0.0) 0.3 (0.1) 1.8 (0.3)
Bulgaria 3.0 (0.5) 15.3 (1.0) 28.3 (0.9)
Costa Rica 1.3 (0.3) 12.0 (0.8) 34.5 (1.2)
Croatia 0.6 (0.2) 5.6 (0.5) 19.1 (0.9)
Cyprus 2.0 (0.3) 11.9 (0.6) 25.0 (0.8)
Georgia 5.8 (0.5) 22.9 (0.9) 35.7 (0.9)
Hong Kong (China)* 0.2 (0.1) 2.4 (0.3) 8.9 (0.6)
Indonesia 1.8 (0.3) 16.8 (1.0) 41.4 (1.1)
Jordan 3.2 (0.4) 11.0 (0.8) 26.2 (0.9)
Kazakhstan 2.2 (0.3) 17.8 (0.7) 40.3 (0.8)
Kosovo 4.2 (0.4) 29.3 (0.9) 43.1 (1.0)
Lebanon 8.9 (0.8) 23.6 (1.2) 29.7 (1.0)
Macao (China) 0.1 (0.1) 0.8 (0.2) 5.1 (0.5)
Malaysia 0.7 (0.2) 8.3 (0.7) 27.6 (1.0)
Malta 3.4 (0.4) 10.8 (0.7) 19.4 (0.7)
Moldova 2.4 (0.3) 12.7 (0.7) 27.4 (0.9)
Montenegro 2.2 (0.3) 14.6 (0.6) 31.4 (0.8)
Morocco 2.7 (0.4) 26.1 (1.4) 40.7 (1.1)
North Macedonia 4.5 (0.4) 15.5 (0.6) 29.4 (0.8)
Panama 10.5 (0.9) 27.3 (1.1) 33.5 (1.3)
Peru 2.7 (0.4) 17.3 (0.9) 34.5 (1.1)
Philippines 7.5 (0.8) 35.3 (1.4) 35.2 (1.2)
Qatar 5.2 (0.3) 16.6 (0.4) 26.5 (0.6)
Romania 2.9 (0.5) 13.1 (1.2) 28.0 (1.4)
Russia 0.4 (0.2) 4.1 (0.5) 16.7 (0.9)
Saudi Arabia 4.9 (0.6) 21.7 (1.0) 35.6 (1.0)
Serbia 1.9 (0.3) 11.1 (0.8) 25.3 (1.0)
Singapore 0.2 (0.1) 1.8 (0.2) 7.1 (0.4)
Chinese Taipei 0.7 (0.2) 3.3 (0.3) 11.2 (0.6)
Thailand 1.3 (0.3) 11.6 (0.8) 31.6 (1.1)
Ukraine 1.0 (0.2) 6.3 (0.6) 19.2 (0.9)
Uruguay 2.1 (0.4) 13.2 (0.8) 28.6 (1.0)
Viet Nam*** 0.0 (0.0) 0.3 (0.1) 3.6 (0.5)

** See note under Table I.B1.2 for Spain.
All students
Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5
Level 6
(from 409.54 to less (from 484.14 to less (from 558.73 to less (from 633.33 to less
(above 707.93
than 484.14 score than 558.73 score than 633.33 score than 707.93 score
score points)
points) points) points) points)
% S.E. % S.E. % S.E. % S.E. % S.E.
23.0 (0.6) 27.5 (0.6) 21.2 (0.6) 7.9 (0.4) 1.6 (0.2)
25.0 (0.8) 27.6 (0.8) 19.2 (0.8) 5.8 (0.6) 0.5 (0.1)
22.2 (0.7) 28.4 (0.8) 21.3 (0.7) 7.3 (0.4) 0.7 (0.2)
22.4 (0.6) 29.3 (0.6) 23.5 (0.7) 9.5 (0.5) 1.8 (0.2)
33.1 (1.0) 22.6 (1.0) 7.9 (0.6) 1.0 (0.2) 0.0 (0.0)
29.6 (1.2) 15.4 (0.8) 4.2 (0.4) 0.4 (0.1) 0.0 (0.0)
25.9 (1.0) 28.7 (1.0) 19.1 (0.8) 6.6 (0.5) 1.0 (0.2)
26.6 (0.7) 30.1 (0.9) 19.1 (0.8) 5.0 (0.5) 0.5 (0.2)
21.5 (0.7) 32.1 (0.9) 25.4 (0.8) 10.2 (0.5) 2.0 (0.2)
21.1 (0.7) 28.9 (0.8) 24.9 (0.8) 10.5 (0.6) 1.8 (0.3)
24.6 (0.9) 28.3 (0.7) 20.0 (0.9) 5.9 (0.5) 0.6 (0.1)
22.0 (0.9) 26.9 (0.9) 21.5 (1.0) 8.5 (0.6) 1.5 (0.2)
31.6 (0.9) 26.0 (1.0) 9.3 (0.6) 1.3 (0.2) 0.0 (0.0)
26.1 (1.0) 28.1 (0.9) 17.0 (0.7) 4.3 (0.5) 0.4 (0.1)
28.3 (0.9) 27.7 (1.0) 15.2 (0.8) 3.6 (0.4) 0.2 (0.1)
26.9 (0.9) 31.3 (0.9) 19.0 (0.7) 5.4 (0.5) 0.5 (0.2)
23.1 (0.9) 22.9 (0.8) 15.1 (0.8) 5.2 (0.4) 0.7 (0.1)
30.2 (1.0) 27.8 (1.1) 13.4 (0.7) 2.6 (0.4) 0.2 (0.1)
19.9 (0.8) 29.7 (1.1) 26.5 (0.9) 11.4 (0.7) 1.6 (0.3)
21.0 (0.8) 28.6 (0.9) 24.5 (0.9) 10.0 (0.6) 1.8 (0.3)
29.5 (0.8) 31.5 (1.1) 16.8 (0.8) 3.5 (0.4) 0.3 (0.1)
28.4 (0.8) 28.7 (0.8) 16.3 (0.6) 4.0 (0.3) 0.5 (0.1)
25.7 (0.8) 25.6 (0.8) 16.6 (0.6) 4.9 (0.5) 0.5 (0.2)
33.9 (0.9) 15.5 (0.9) 3.5 (0.5) 0.3 (0.1) 0.0 c
22.4 (0.8) 24.9 (1.1) 22.1 (1.0) 9.1 (0.7) 1.5 (0.3)
22.0 (0.6) 26.8 (0.7) 21.8 (0.7) 9.5 (0.6) 1.8 (0.3)
25.0 (0.9) 28.6 (0.7) 18.7 (0.7) 6.1 (0.5) 0.7 (0.1)
24.9 (0.8) 30.0 (1.0) 22.0 (0.8) 8.1 (0.7) 1.2 (0.2)
26.2 (0.9) 29.4 (1.0) 19.2 (0.9) 5.1 (0.5) 0.5 (0.2)
28.5 (0.9) 25.3 (0.8) 13.2 (0.6) 3.4 (0.3) 0.3 (0.1)
24.6 (0.8) 31.8 (1.0) 21.8 (0.9) 6.7 (0.5) 0.6 (0.2)
28.4 (0.5) 29.4 (0.5) 16.8 (0.4) 3.9 (0.2) 0.3 (0.1)
24.0 (0.7) 28.0 (0.8) 20.7 (0.9) 7.3 (0.5) 1.0 (0.2)
24.9 (0.9) 27.8 (0.9) 19.3 (1.0) 6.9 (0.7) 0.9 (0.2)
32.8 (1.0) 27.3 (1.0) 12.3 (0.7) 2.3 (0.4) 0.1 (0.1)
24.0 (0.8) 28.1 (0.8) 20.8 (0.7) 8.2 (0.6) 1.5 (0.2)
23.6 (0.9) 27.5 (0.9) 21.1 (0.9) 7.9 (0.7) 1.3 (0.2)
25.8 (0.1) 27.4 (0.1) 18.1 (0.1) 5.9 (0.1) 0.8 (0.0)
25.9 (0.3) 26.0 (0.3) 17.6 (0.3) 6.1 (0.2) 0.9 (0.1)
34.8 (1.1) 15.1 (0.7) 2.9 (0.3) 0.2 (0.1) 0.0 (0.0)
27.0 (0.9) 15.0 (0.8) 4.1 (0.4) 0.5 (0.1) 0.0 (0.0)
29.9 (0.9) 10.3 (0.7) 1.8 (0.4) 0.1 (0.1) 0.0 c
31.3 (0.9) 28.8 (0.8) 13.1 (0.8) 2.5 (0.4) 0.1 (0.1)
29.4 (1.2) 11.7 (0.9) 1.9 (0.3) 0.1 (0.1) 0.0 c
25.3 (0.7) 13.9 (0.7) 4.6 (0.4) 0.8 (0.1) 0.0 (0.0)
25.5 (0.5) 17.4 (0.5) 9.0 (0.4) 2.1 (0.3) 0.1 (0.1)
8.4 (0.6) 23.4 (0.9) 34.6 (1.0) 24.3 (1.1) 7.2 (0.7)
26.7 (1.1) 17.9 (0.9) 7.4 (0.6) 1.4 (0.3) 0.1 (0.1)
34.4 (1.2) 14.9 (1.2) 2.8 (0.6) 0.1 (0.1) 0.0 c
30.0 (0.8) 26.9 (0.9) 14.2 (0.7) 3.3 (0.4) 0.3 (0.1)
28.9 (1.0) 21.4 (0.7) 9.1 (0.4) 1.5 (0.2) 0.1 (0.1)
12.3 (0.9) 2.6 (0.4) 0.3 (0.1) 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 c
24.3 (0.9) 9.5 (0.6) 1.7 (0.3) 0.1 (0.1) 0.0 c
21.7 (0.8) 33.8 (0.9) 25.0 (0.9) 7.1 (0.6) 0.7 (0.2)
29.2 (1.2) 9.2 (0.8) 1.6 (0.3) 0.1 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0)
32.4 (1.0) 20.7 (0.9) 6.0 (0.5) 0.6 (0.2) 0.0 (0.0)
26.9 (0.8) 9.9 (0.5) 2.5 (0.3) 0.4 (0.1) 0.0 (0.0)
19.2 (0.7) 3.9 (0.4) 0.4 (0.1) 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 c
21.8 (1.0) 11.8 (0.8) 3.6 (0.4) 0.5 (0.2) 0.0 (0.0)
17.2 (0.7) 32.3 (1.0) 30.8 (0.9) 11.9 (0.6) 1.7 (0.3)
35.9 (1.0) 21.5 (0.9) 5.4 (0.8) 0.6 (0.2) 0.0 (0.0)
24.9 (0.9) 23.7 (0.9) 13.5 (0.7) 3.9 (0.4) 0.5 (0.1)
29.7 (0.9) 20.2 (0.8) 6.6 (0.5) 0.8 (0.2) 0.0 (0.0)
31.5 (0.7) 15.9 (0.6) 4.0 (0.3) 0.3 (0.1) 0.0 (0.0)
24.0 (1.4) 6.1 (0.6) 0.4 (0.1) 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 c
28.2 (0.9) 16.4 (0.7) 5.2 (0.4) 0.8 (0.2) 0.0 (0.0)
19.7 (0.8) 7.4 (0.7) 1.5 (0.3) 0.1 (0.1) 0.0 c
29.0 (0.8) 13.2 (0.8) 3.1 (0.5) 0.2 (0.1) 0.0 (0.0)
15.4 (0.8) 5.6 (0.7) 1.0 (0.3) 0.1 (0.0) 0.0 c
24.9 (0.5) 17.0 (0.4) 7.5 (0.3) 2.0 (0.2) 0.2 (0.1)
29.8 (1.0) 18.9 (1.3) 6.4 (0.8) 0.9 (0.2) 0.0 (0.0)
31.7 (0.9) 30.0 (0.9) 14.0 (0.8) 2.9 (0.4) 0.2 (0.1)
26.6 (1.0) 9.6 (0.7) 1.5 (0.3) 0.1 (0.0) 0.0 c
29.9 (0.9) 21.1 (0.9) 9.1 (0.7) 1.5 (0.2) 0.1 (0.0)
15.1 (0.7) 25.4 (0.7) 29.7 (0.7) 17.0 (0.5) 3.8 (0.3)
21.1 (0.9) 28.5 (0.9) 23.5 (0.8) 10.0 (0.8) 1.6 (0.3)
31.7 (0.9) 17.8 (1.0) 5.3 (0.7) 0.7 (0.2) 0.0 (0.0)
30.0 (1.1) 26.7 (1.1) 13.4 (0.8) 3.2 (0.5) 0.3 (0.1)
25.6 (0.5) 19.2 (0.5) 9.5 (0.5) 2.6 (0.2) 0.3 (0.1)
30.6 (1.0) 18.7 (0.9) 6.1 (0.5) 0.7 (0.2) 0.0 (0.0)
18.1 (1.2) 36.2 (1.2) 29.8 (1.1) 10.6 (0.8) 1.5 (0.3)

Table I.B1.4
Mean score and variation in reading performance
Mean score Standard deviation

5th
Mean S.E. S.D. S.E. Score S.E.

OECD
Australia 503 (1.6) 109 (0.9) 315 (2.7)
Austria 484 (2.7) 99 (1.2) 318 (3.9)
Belgium 493 (2.3) 103 (1.3) 317 (4.0)
Canada 520 (1.8) 100 (0.8) 349 (2.8)
Chile 452 (2.6) 92 (1.2) 298 (3.7)
Colombia 412 (3.3) 89 (1.5) 272 (4.1)
Czech Republic 490 (2.5) 97 (1.6) 328 (5.2)
Denmark 501 (1.8) 92 (1.2) 344 (4.0)
Estonia 523 (1.8) 93 (1.2) 367 (3.8)
Finland 520 (2.3) 100 (1.3) 345 (4.7)
France 493 (2.3) 101 (1.5) 319 (4.3)
Germany 498 (3.0) 106 (1.5) 316 (5.0)
Greece 457 (3.6) 97 (1.6) 292 (4.8)
Hungary 476 (2.3) 98 (1.3) 311 (3.7)
Iceland 474 (1.7) 105 (1.3) 293 (4.4)
Ireland 518 (2.2) 91 (1.0) 364 (4.1)
Israel 470 (3.7) 124 (1.9) 256 (5.4)
Italy 476 (2.4) 97 (1.7) 306 (5.5)
Japan 504 (2.7) 97 (1.7) 337 (5.1)
Korea 514 (2.9) 102 (1.7) 329 (5.8)
Latvia 479 (1.6) 90 (1.1) 328 (3.6)
Lithuania 476 (1.5) 94 (1.0) 316 (3.5)
Luxembourg 470 (1.1) 108 (1.0) 291 (3.1)
Mexico 420 (2.7) 84 (1.6) 286 (3.9)
Netherlands* 485 (2.7) 105 (1.7) 309 (5.2)
New Zealand 506 (2.0) 106 (1.3) 322 (4.8)
Norway 499 (2.2) 106 (1.3) 310 (4.3)
Poland 512 (2.7) 97 (1.4) 347 (4.5)
Portugal* 492 (2.4) 96 (1.2) 327 (4.7)
Slovak Republic 458 (2.2) 100 (1.4) 291 (4.3)
Slovenia 495 (1.2) 94 (1.2) 335 (3.9)
Spain m m m m m m
Sweden 506 (3.0) 108 (1.5) 317 (5.5)
Switzerland 484 (3.1) 103 (1.5) 308 (5.1)
Turkey 466 (2.2) 88 (1.6) 321 (4.6)
United Kingdom 504 (2.6) 100 (1.3) 334 (4.4)
United States* 505 (3.6) 108 (1.6) 321 (5.7)
OECD average 487 (0.4) 99 (0.2) 318 (0.7)
OECD total 485 (1.2) 105 (0.6) 311 (1.6)
Partners
Albania 405 (1.9) 80 (1.2) 277 (2.9)
Argentina 402 (3.0) 98 (1.5) 240 (4.5)
Baku (Azerbaijan) 389 (2.5) 74 (1.7) 270 (2.6)
Belarus 474 (2.4) 89 (1.3) 322 (4.5)
Bosnia and Herzegovina 403 (2.9) 79 (1.2) 278 (3.1)
Brazil 413 (2.1) 100 (1.3) 258 (2.6)
Brunei Darussalam 408 (0.9) 97 (0.8) 258 (1.9)
B-S-J-Z (China) 555 (2.7) 87 (1.7) 406 (5.9)
Bulgaria 420 (3.9) 101 (1.8) 263 (4.3)
Costa Rica 426 (3.4) 81 (1.7) 295 (3.8)
Croatia 479 (2.7) 89 (1.7) 329 (5.2)
Cyprus 424 (1.4) 98 (0.9) 265 (2.7)
Dominican Republic 342 (2.9) 82 (1.8) 221 (2.8)
Georgia 380 (2.2) 84 (1.2) 249 (3.1)
Hong Kong (China)* 524 (2.7) 99 (1.5) 342 (6.7)
Indonesia 371 (2.6) 75 (1.7) 254 (3.6)
Jordan 419 (2.9) 87 (1.7) 261 (6.9)
Kazakhstan 387 (1.5) 77 (1.2) 271 (2.5)
Kosovo 353 (1.1) 68 (0.7) 245 (2.2)
Lebanon 353 (4.3) 113 (1.6) 180 (4.9)
Macao (China) 525 (1.2) 92 (1.1) 365 (5.0)
Malaysia 415 (2.9) 85 (1.6) 273 (3.5)
Malta 448 (1.7) 113 (1.2) 258 (4.2)
Moldova 424 (2.4) 93 (1.6) 268 (4.4)
Montenegro 421 (1.1) 86 (0.8) 281 (2.6)
Morocco 359 (3.1) 75 (1.1) 244 (2.6)
North Macedonia 393 (1.1) 94 (1.0) 233 (3.4)
Panama 377 (3.0) 88 (1.9) 237 (4.0)
Peru 401 (3.0) 92 (1.5) 256 (3.5)
Philippines 340 (3.3) 80 (2.3) 230 (2.6)
Qatar 407 (0.8) 110 (0.6) 233 (1.9)
Romania 428 (5.1) 98 (2.2) 261 (6.5)
Russia 479 (3.1) 93 (1.8) 321 (5.4)
Saudi Arabia 399 (3.0) 84 (1.6) 256 (4.8)
Serbia 439 (3.3) 96 (1.4) 282 (4.0)
Singapore 549 (1.6) 109 (1.0) 352 (3.8)
Chinese Taipei 503 (2.8) 102 (1.5) 325 (4.2)
Thailand 393 (3.2) 79 (1.6) 271 (3.4)
Ukraine 466 (3.5) 93 (1.7) 302 (6.2)
United Arab Emirates 432 (2.3) 113 (0.9) 251 (2.4)
Uruguay 427 (2.8) 96 (1.6) 267 (3.5)
Viet Nam*** 505 (3.6) 74 (1.7) 381 (4.9)

Percentiles
10th 25th Median (50th) 75th 90th
Score S.E. Score S.E. Score S.E. Score S.E. Score S.E.
357 (2.8) 429 (2.2) 507 (1.9) 580 (2.0) 640 (2.2)
350 (3.7) 413 (4.1) 488 (3.8) 558 (2.9) 612 (2.9)
352 (3.8) 421 (3.2) 498 (2.7) 568 (2.6) 623 (2.6)
388 (2.4) 452 (2.3) 524 (2.2) 592 (2.0) 646 (2.3)
331 (3.6) 389 (3.1) 453 (3.2) 517 (3.4) 572 (3.3)
300 (3.7) 350 (3.5) 408 (3.8) 472 (4.1) 532 (4.7)
362 (4.3) 422 (3.7) 492 (3.0) 560 (2.9) 616 (2.8)
380 (3.0) 439 (2.7) 504 (2.2) 566 (2.1) 618 (2.6)
402 (3.5) 460 (2.6) 524 (2.3) 587 (2.3) 643 (3.1)
387 (4.2) 455 (3.2) 527 (2.8) 591 (2.5) 643 (3.0)
355 (3.5) 423 (3.0) 497 (3.0) 567 (3.3) 622 (3.6)
354 (4.5) 424 (4.4) 504 (4.1) 576 (3.5) 632 (3.5)
326 (4.9) 390 (4.9) 460 (4.1) 526 (3.7) 583 (3.9)
346 (4.0) 407 (3.0) 479 (3.1) 547 (2.9) 602 (3.7)
332 (4.0) 402 (3.3) 477 (2.7) 549 (3.0) 609 (3.3)
398 (3.5) 456 (2.8) 520 (2.4) 583 (2.6) 635 (2.8)
296 (5.9) 381 (5.8) 479 (4.9) 563 (3.8) 628 (3.7)
345 (4.6) 413 (3.2) 481 (2.9) 545 (3.0) 598 (3.4)
374 (4.5) 438 (3.7) 508 (3.0) 572 (3.1) 627 (3.7)
377 (4.9) 449 (3.8) 522 (3.1) 585 (3.1) 640 (3.9)
360 (3.2) 415 (2.3) 480 (2.2) 542 (2.3) 595 (2.7)
351 (2.7) 410 (2.6) 479 (2.3) 543 (1.9) 597 (1.8)
325 (2.1) 392 (2.0) 472 (1.8) 548 (1.9) 612 (2.8)
314 (3.5) 362 (2.8) 419 (2.9) 476 (3.5) 530 (4.2)
344 (4.4) 410 (3.5) 486 (3.7) 562 (3.4) 621 (3.3)
362 (3.7) 432 (3.2) 511 (2.9) 584 (2.1) 640 (2.9)
356 (4.3) 430 (3.2) 506 (2.7) 576 (3.1) 632 (2.9)
384 (3.6) 446 (2.9) 515 (3.3) 581 (3.4) 636 (4.0)
362 (4.0) 425 (3.4) 497 (2.9) 562 (2.9) 613 (2.7)
326 (4.0) 388 (3.1) 458 (2.9) 529 (3.1) 590 (3.3)
372 (3.0) 431 (2.2) 499 (1.9) 561 (2.1) 614 (2.8)
m m m m m m m m m m
360 (5.7) 434 (4.1) 512 (3.4) 583 (3.2) 640 (3.5)
345 (4.6) 413 (4.0) 488 (3.6) 558 (3.8) 615 (4.0)
351 (4.1) 404 (3.0) 466 (2.6) 527 (2.4) 581 (3.1)
372 (4.3) 435 (3.2) 506 (2.7) 575 (3.1) 632 (3.5)
361 (5.3) 430 (4.4) 510 (4.1) 584 (4.3) 643 (3.9)
354 (0.7) 419 (0.6) 490 (0.5) 558 (0.5) 614 (0.5)
347 (1.6) 411 (1.4) 486 (1.4) 560 (1.4) 621 (1.6)
303 (2.9) 349 (2.2) 403 (2.1) 459 (2.8) 510 (3.3)
274 (4.2) 333 (3.4) 402 (3.6) 471 (3.6) 529 (3.4)
294 (2.5) 338 (2.4) 389 (2.4) 438 (3.0) 485 (4.6)
355 (3.4) 412 (3.1) 475 (3.0) 538 (3.0) 589 (3.1)
303 (2.8) 346 (3.0) 400 (3.5) 458 (3.7) 509 (4.1)
286 (2.6) 340 (2.3) 408 (2.4) 482 (3.1) 548 (3.7)
284 (1.9) 335 (1.4) 403 (1.5) 476 (1.7) 542 (2.5)
441 (4.2) 498 (3.5) 559 (2.9) 617 (3.1) 666 (3.5)
290 (4.5) 344 (4.9) 416 (4.8) 491 (5.0) 557 (5.2)
323 (3.1) 370 (2.9) 424 (3.5) 483 (4.5) 534 (5.9)
362 (4.6) 418 (3.7) 480 (3.2) 542 (2.9) 594 (3.2)
295 (2.9) 353 (2.3) 424 (1.9) 494 (2.0) 554 (2.6)
241 (2.5) 281 (2.7) 334 (3.2) 395 (4.0) 453 (5.5)
274 (2.5) 319 (2.6) 374 (2.7) 436 (2.8) 493 (3.6)
390 (5.5) 463 (3.7) 533 (2.9) 595 (2.6) 645 (2.5)
277 (3.1) 318 (2.8) 367 (2.8) 420 (3.6) 472 (5.1)
303 (5.7) 366 (3.9) 426 (3.0) 480 (2.6) 524 (3.1)
294 (2.2) 333 (1.7) 380 (1.5) 433 (1.9) 490 (2.9)
265 (2.1) 304 (1.9) 352 (1.7) 398 (1.7) 442 (2.0)
211 (4.6) 268 (4.6) 347 (5.7) 434 (5.2) 507 (5.0)
403 (3.2) 464 (2.3) 530 (1.7) 590 (2.1) 641 (3.0)
302 (3.4) 357 (3.1) 417 (3.2) 474 (3.4) 524 (4.2)
295 (3.2) 369 (3.0) 452 (2.6) 529 (3.0) 593 (3.3)
301 (3.3) 358 (2.9) 425 (3.1) 491 (3.4) 544 (3.7)
310 (2.1) 360 (1.6) 420 (1.7) 480 (1.6) 534 (2.0)
265 (2.6) 304 (3.0) 355 (3.9) 412 (4.0) 460 (3.6)
268 (2.7) 328 (2.2) 395 (1.9) 460 (1.8) 513 (2.4)
265 (3.7) 315 (3.0) 374 (3.0) 436 (4.2) 493 (5.6)
283 (2.9) 334 (3.3) 397 (3.3) 463 (3.8) 523 (4.9)
248 (2.3) 281 (2.3) 327 (3.1) 388 (4.7) 453 (7.2)
264 (1.8) 326 (1.5) 405 (1.3) 483 (1.2) 552 (1.8)
297 (6.0) 361 (6.1) 431 (6.0) 497 (6.0) 554 (5.9)
357 (4.8) 416 (3.7) 480 (3.4) 543 (3.3) 597 (3.6)
286 (4.4) 341 (4.0) 402 (3.4) 459 (3.1) 507 (3.0)
312 (3.9) 370 (4.4) 440 (4.1) 508 (3.5) 566 (3.5)
398 (3.9) 478 (2.3) 559 (2.1) 628 (2.0) 684 (2.5)
367 (3.8) 435 (3.4) 508 (3.1) 576 (3.7) 630 (3.8)
295 (3.2) 337 (3.2) 388 (3.5) 445 (4.4) 501 (5.1)
340 (5.2) 404 (4.8) 472 (3.5) 532 (3.5) 582 (3.8)
284 (2.7) 348 (2.5) 429 (2.6) 511 (3.5) 584 (3.1)
299 (3.6) 360 (3.6) 427 (3.2) 495 (3.6) 552 (4.5)
409 (4.6) 456 (3.9) 505 (3.7) 554 (4.1) 599 (4.7)
95th
Score S.E.
673 (2.6)
641 (2.9)
653 (2.8)
677 (2.8)
602 (3.5)
566 (4.9)
647 (3.1)
647 (3.3)
676 (3.7)
672 (3.3)
651 (4.0)
663 (3.6)
614 (5.0)
631 (4.1)
640 (3.8)
663 (3.8)
663 (3.9)
628 (3.5)
657 (4.1)
669 (4.1)
624 (3.0)
625 (3.2)
646 (3.9)
562 (5.8)
651 (3.4)
671 (2.9)
661 (3.0)
667 (4.1)
640 (4.4)
623 (3.5)
644 (3.4)
m m
672 (3.7)
647 (4.4)
610 (4.6)
664 (3.8)
676 (4.6)
645 (0.6)
654 (1.8)
542 (4.1)
561 (3.9)
514 (6.3)
617 (4.0)
537 (4.0)
584 (4.1)
578 (2.5)
692 (4.8)
594 (5.3)
563 (6.4)
623 (3.9)
587 (3.0)
488 (6.1)
526 (3.8)
673 (3.3)
502 (5.7)
550 (3.6)
527 (4.1)
470 (3.1)
546 (5.7)
670 (2.8)
552 (5.0)
628 (4.3)
573 (4.9)
566 (2.7)
488 (3.9)
543 (2.7)
528 (6.7)
558 (6.3)
491 (8.3)
592 (2.1)
584 (5.5)
629 (4.4)
534 (3.5)
599 (3.8)
714 (2.6)
661 (4.5)
533 (5.8)
612 (4.8)
624 (3.0)
585 (4.1)
625 (5.5)

Table I.B1.5
Mean score and variation in mathematics performance

5th

OECD
Australia 491 (1.9) 92 (1.2) 339 (3.8)
Austria 499 (3.0) 93 (1.5) 341 (4.4)
Belgium 508 (2.3) 95 (1.7) 344 (4.3)
Canada 512 (2.4) 92 (1.1) 358 (3.2)
Chile 417 (2.4) 85 (1.4) 282 (3.9)
Colombia 391 (3.0) 81 (2.0) 262 (5.4)
Czech Republic 499 (2.5) 93 (1.7) 345 (5.2)
Denmark 509 (1.7) 82 (1.0) 370 (3.6)
Estonia 523 (1.7) 82 (1.1) 390 (3.1)
Finland 507 (2.0) 82 (1.2) 368 (3.6)
France 495 (2.3) 93 (1.5) 333 (4.3)
Germany 500 (2.6) 95 (1.5) 337 (4.6)
Greece 451 (3.1) 89 (1.8) 302 (4.9)
Hungary 481 (2.3) 91 (1.6) 328 (3.9)
Iceland 495 (2.0) 90 (1.2) 340 (3.8)
Ireland 500 (2.2) 78 (1.0) 367 (3.6)
Israel 463 (3.5) 108 (1.9) 276 (6.2)
Italy 487 (2.8) 94 (1.8) 327 (5.5)
Japan 527 (2.5) 86 (1.6) 380 (4.3)
Korea 526 (3.1) 100 (2.0) 354 (5.0)
Latvia 496 (2.0) 80 (1.1) 363 (4.1)
Lithuania 481 (2.0) 91 (1.1) 330 (4.1)
Luxembourg 483 (1.1) 98 (1.3) 321 (3.4)
Mexico 409 (2.5) 78 (1.6) 284 (3.8)
Netherlands* 519 (2.6) 93 (1.8) 362 (5.0)
New Zealand 494 (1.7) 93 (1.1) 339 (3.7)
Norway 501 (2.2) 90 (1.3) 345 (4.1)
Poland 516 (2.6) 90 (1.7) 366 (4.7)
Portugal* 492 (2.7) 96 (1.3) 327 (5.2)
Slovak Republic 486 (2.6) 100 (1.7) 315 (6.0)
Slovenia 509 (1.4) 89 (1.4) 360 (5.3)
Spain** 481 (1.5) 88 (1.0) 331 (2.8)
Sweden 502 (2.7) 91 (1.4) 348 (5.7)
Switzerland 515 (2.9) 94 (1.4) 360 (4.4)
Turkey 454 (2.3) 88 (1.8) 314 (4.3)
United Kingdom 502 (2.6) 93 (1.4) 346 (4.1)
United States* 478 (3.2) 92 (1.5) 326 (5.0)
OECD average 489 (0.4) 91 (0.2) 337 (0.7)
OECD total 478 (1.0) 97 (0.5) 318 (1.7)
Partners
Albania 437 (2.4) 83 (1.3) 303 (3.6)
Argentina 379 (2.8) 84 (1.7) 243 (4.6)
Baku (Azerbaijan) 420 (2.8) 89 (1.7) 276 (3.8)
Belarus 472 (2.7) 93 (1.4) 318 (5.0)
Brazil 384 (2.0) 88 (1.6) 251 (3.1)
B-S-J-Z (China) 591 (2.5) 80 (1.8) 452 (5.2)
Bulgaria 436 (3.8) 97 (2.1) 280 (6.1)
Costa Rica 402 (3.3) 75 (2.0) 282 (4.2)
Croatia 464 (2.5) 87 (1.7) 323 (4.6)
Cyprus 451 (1.4) 95 (1.1) 292 (3.5)
Georgia 398 (2.6) 88 (1.6) 257 (3.9)
Hong Kong (China)* 551 (3.0) 94 (1.9) 387 (6.2)
Indonesia 379 (3.1) 79 (2.2) 255 (4.3)
Jordan 400 (3.3) 85 (1.7) 259 (4.6)
Kazakhstan 423 (1.9) 87 (1.1) 282 (3.2)
Kosovo 366 (1.5) 77 (1.3) 243 (3.7)
Lebanon 393 (4.0) 106 (1.6) 224 (5.2)
Macao (China) 558 (1.5) 81 (1.5) 420 (4.1)
Malaysia 440 (2.9) 83 (1.7) 307 (3.6)
Malta 472 (1.9) 102 (1.4) 297 (4.4)
Moldova 421 (2.4) 94 (1.7) 268 (3.8)
Montenegro 430 (1.2) 83 (1.0) 295 (2.8)
Morocco 368 (3.3) 76 (1.5) 249 (3.5)
North Macedonia 394 (1.6) 93 (1.2) 243 (3.9)
Panama 353 (2.7) 77 (2.1) 228 (5.0)
Peru 400 (2.6) 84 (1.5) 266 (3.4)
Philippines 353 (3.5) 78 (2.0) 229 (4.2)
Qatar 414 (1.2) 98 (0.9) 259 (2.8)
Romania 430 (4.9) 94 (2.1) 277 (5.7)
Russia 488 (3.0) 86 (1.9) 344 (5.5)
Saudi Arabia 373 (3.0) 79 (1.6) 246 (4.6)
Serbia 448 (3.2) 97 (1.7) 293 (5.3)
Singapore 569 (1.6) 94 (1.2) 401 (3.4)
Chinese Taipei 531 (2.9) 100 (1.7) 358 (4.6)
Thailand 419 (3.4) 88 (1.8) 282 (4.8)
Ukraine 453 (3.6) 94 (1.9) 297 (5.2)
Uruguay 418 (2.6) 85 (1.7) 276 (4.4)
Viet Nam*** 496 (4.0) 75 (2.0) 373 (5.0)

Percentiles
371 (3.0) 428 (2.2) 492 (2.1) 555 (2.0) 609 (2.7)
374 (4.4) 433 (4.0) 503 (3.7) 566 (3.5) 618 (3.3)
377 (4.1) 440 (3.2) 514 (2.5) 579 (2.6) 628 (3.4)
392 (3.0) 449 (2.8) 513 (2.6) 576 (2.7) 629 (2.7)
311 (3.5) 359 (2.9) 416 (2.9) 475 (3.2) 528 (3.5)
290 (3.9) 335 (3.5) 387 (3.5) 445 (3.8) 499 (4.5)
378 (4.6) 435 (3.6) 501 (2.7) 564 (2.8) 619 (3.1)
401 (2.6) 454 (2.3) 512 (2.3) 567 (2.3) 613 (2.8)
419 (2.9) 468 (2.4) 524 (2.0) 579 (2.2) 628 (2.7)
399 (3.4) 451 (2.5) 510 (2.5) 565 (2.4) 612 (2.5)
370 (3.4) 433 (3.2) 502 (3.0) 562 (3.2) 611 (3.3)
373 (4.2) 433 (3.6) 504 (3.5) 570 (3.3) 621 (3.2)
334 (4.7) 391 (4.1) 454 (3.3) 513 (3.2) 565 (3.8)
360 (4.0) 418 (3.3) 484 (2.9) 546 (3.0) 597 (3.7)
374 (4.2) 434 (3.4) 499 (2.7) 559 (2.7) 609 (3.0)
397 (3.3) 447 (2.6) 502 (2.5) 554 (2.3) 599 (3.0)
315 (5.5) 388 (5.0) 468 (4.0) 542 (3.6) 600 (3.9)
363 (4.7) 423 (3.1) 490 (3.5) 552 (3.3) 605 (3.9)
413 (3.9) 468 (3.1) 530 (2.9) 589 (2.8) 637 (3.8)
393 (4.4) 460 (3.8) 530 (3.4) 596 (3.6) 651 (4.6)
393 (3.2) 441 (2.4) 497 (2.4) 551 (2.5) 599 (3.1)
362 (3.6) 418 (2.8) 483 (2.3) 545 (2.2) 598 (2.8)
353 (2.9) 413 (2.1) 485 (2.0) 555 (2.0) 611 (2.4)
311 (3.6) 356 (2.7) 408 (2.7) 461 (3.1) 510 (3.6)
394 (4.8) 453 (4.0) 524 (3.0) 588 (2.7) 638 (3.6)
372 (3.0) 430 (2.5) 496 (2.3) 560 (2.2) 614 (2.2)
381 (3.9) 441 (2.9) 504 (2.8) 565 (2.4) 617 (3.1)
398 (3.8) 455 (2.9) 517 (2.8) 578 (3.1) 631 (4.2)
362 (3.8) 426 (3.6) 497 (3.2) 562 (3.0) 614 (3.6)
353 (5.4) 420 (4.1) 492 (3.0) 556 (2.7) 610 (3.1)
392 (3.0) 448 (2.3) 511 (1.8) 571 (2.3) 622 (2.8)
365 (2.4) 421 (1.8) 484 (1.6) 544 (1.8) 593 (2.2)
383 (4.6) 441 (3.7) 505 (3.2) 567 (2.9) 618 (3.3)
391 (3.5) 448 (3.8) 518 (3.7) 582 (3.4) 636 (4.3)
343 (3.8) 392 (3.2) 450 (2.4) 512 (2.7) 571 (4.0)
381 (4.0) 439 (2.9) 504 (2.7) 567 (3.0) 620 (3.3)
357 (4.6) 414 (4.0) 479 (3.8) 543 (3.9) 598 (4.3)
370 (0.6) 427 (0.5) 492 (0.5) 553 (0.5) 605 (0.6)
350 (1.5) 409 (1.3) 478 (1.2) 547 (1.2) 604 (1.3)
332 (3.1) 381 (2.9) 436 (3.0) 493 (2.8) 544 (3.5)
272 (4.1) 322 (3.6) 378 (3.1) 436 (3.5) 489 (3.8)
306 (3.4) 359 (2.9) 418 (3.1) 480 (3.8) 535 (5.0)
351 (3.4) 407 (3.1) 473 (3.0) 537 (3.2) 592 (3.5)
303 (3.2) 349 (3.2) 404 (3.5) 462 (3.7) 514 (4.4)
277 (2.5) 322 (2.3) 377 (2.4) 440 (2.8) 501 (3.9)
316 (2.4) 365 (2.0) 425 (1.6) 492 (2.0) 555 (2.2)
486 (4.2) 540 (3.0) 596 (2.7) 647 (3.0) 691 (3.2)
311 (4.6) 368 (4.6) 434 (4.2) 503 (4.1) 563 (5.7)
308 (3.4) 352 (2.7) 401 (3.3) 452 (4.2) 499 (5.5)
354 (3.9) 405 (3.0) 463 (2.9) 523 (3.1) 577 (3.9)
325 (2.8) 385 (2.5) 454 (1.9) 517 (2.1) 571 (2.4)
236 (2.7) 276 (2.7) 322 (2.9) 370 (3.2) 417 (4.8)
286 (3.5) 336 (2.9) 394 (2.8) 457 (3.7) 515 (4.4)
426 (5.4) 490 (4.2) 557 (3.1) 617 (2.8) 667 (3.5)
281 (3.9) 325 (3.2) 376 (3.1) 427 (3.7) 480 (5.9)
291 (4.2) 343 (3.4) 400 (3.4) 458 (3.9) 508 (4.3)
314 (2.4) 365 (2.2) 422 (2.0) 480 (2.2) 535 (3.0)
269 (2.7) 313 (2.1) 364 (1.8) 416 (2.3) 465 (3.3)
256 (4.8) 317 (5.1) 391 (5.0) 469 (5.0) 533 (4.7)
452 (3.6) 505 (2.3) 561 (2.3) 613 (2.2) 659 (2.6)
335 (3.0) 383 (3.1) 438 (3.0) 496 (3.9) 550 (4.8)
334 (3.4) 401 (3.6) 478 (2.7) 545 (2.7) 599 (3.5)
300 (3.1) 354 (2.6) 419 (2.7) 486 (3.2) 543 (4.4)
324 (2.2) 371 (1.9) 429 (1.7) 487 (1.6) 538 (2.1)
273 (3.2) 314 (3.3) 363 (3.6) 418 (4.4) 469 (4.4)
275 (2.9) 330 (2.1) 394 (2.4) 458 (2.2) 516 (3.5)
255 (3.9) 300 (2.9) 351 (2.7) 403 (3.6) 454 (5.5)
293 (3.1) 341 (2.9) 397 (2.9) 456 (3.5) 511 (4.1)
255 (3.7) 299 (3.2) 349 (3.4) 403 (4.5) 456 (6.0)
290 (2.2) 345 (1.6) 411 (1.8) 481 (1.6) 544 (2.1)
310 (5.4) 365 (4.7) 428 (5.7) 495 (6.1) 554 (6.9)
376 (4.3) 430 (4.0) 489 (3.1) 547 (3.3) 597 (3.9)
273 (4.3) 319 (3.4) 372 (3.3) 426 (3.6) 475 (3.6)
324 (4.3) 380 (3.9) 446 (3.8) 516 (3.8) 576 (3.9)
441 (2.9) 508 (2.4) 576 (2.0) 636 (2.1) 684 (2.7)
397 (3.9) 466 (3.8) 537 (3.1) 601 (3.5) 656 (4.4)
310 (3.6) 358 (3.3) 414 (3.7) 475 (4.3) 535 (5.8)
331 (4.4) 390 (4.2) 454 (4.1) 517 (4.1) 573 (5.0)
299 (3.2) 360 (2.8) 433 (2.7) 509 (2.6) 574 (2.4)
307 (3.5) 359 (3.1) 419 (3.4) 477 (3.7) 529 (3.9)
400 (5.0) 445 (4.4) 496 (4.1) 546 (4.5) 591 (5.1)
95th
Score S.E.
641 (3.6)
646 (3.6)
656 (3.7)
661 (3.2)
559 (4.1)
531 (4.4)
650 (3.9)
640 (3.5)
657 (3.6)
639 (3.3)
638 (3.6)
650 (3.4)
595 (4.7)
626 (4.7)
638 (4.1)
625 (3.5)
632 (3.9)
635 (4.9)
664 (4.5)
684 (5.9)
628 (3.4)
630 (3.2)
641 (2.9)
539 (4.5)
664 (3.7)
645 (3.7)
645 (4.4)
661 (4.7)
643 (4.5)
640 (3.7)
652 (3.4)
621 (2.4)
647 (3.8)
668 (4.8)
605 (5.3)
651 (4.2)
629 (4.6)
634 (0.7)
636 (1.5)
575 (3.8)
520 (4.0)
570 (5.4)
623 (4.1)
545 (4.3)
538 (4.9)
588 (3.4)
716 (3.6)
599 (6.8)
528 (7.0)
608 (4.2)
601 (3.4)
449 (6.6)
548 (6.0)
696 (4.5)
517 (8.7)
539 (5.2)
568 (3.1)
497 (4.0)
569 (4.7)
685 (3.4)
580 (5.9)
630 (4.8)
578 (5.7)
569 (3.1)
499 (5.0)
550 (4.4)
485 (6.3)
544 (5.1)
488 (7.4)
582 (2.5)
588 (7.2)
627 (4.2)
505 (4.1)
609 (3.9)
713 (3.0)
686 (5.3)
572 (6.1)
607 (5.7)
611 (3.2)
558 (4.4)
619 (5.8)

Table I.B1.6
Mean score and variation in science performance

5th

OECD
Australia 503 (1.8) 101 (1.1) 334 (2.7)
Austria 490 (2.8) 96 (1.2) 332 (3.8)
Belgium 499 (2.2) 99 (1.3) 328 (4.2)
Canada 518 (2.2) 96 (1.0) 357 (2.6)
Chile 444 (2.4) 83 (1.4) 309 (3.6)
Colombia 413 (3.1) 82 (1.4) 287 (3.8)
Czech Republic 497 (2.5) 94 (1.6) 341 (4.8)
Denmark 493 (1.9) 91 (1.3) 337 (3.8)
Estonia 530 (1.9) 88 (1.2) 384 (3.9)
Finland 522 (2.5) 96 (1.3) 356 (4.4)
France 493 (2.2) 96 (1.4) 330 (4.2)
Germany 503 (2.9) 103 (1.6) 328 (5.2)
Greece 452 (3.1) 86 (1.6) 309 (5.2)
Hungary 481 (2.3) 94 (1.4) 325 (4.4)
Iceland 475 (1.8) 91 (1.0) 325 (3.6)
Ireland 496 (2.2) 88 (1.2) 348 (4.1)
Israel 462 (3.6) 111 (1.9) 279 (5.6)
Italy 468 (2.4) 90 (1.7) 316 (4.7)
Japan 529 (2.6) 92 (1.6) 371 (4.5)
Korea 519 (2.8) 98 (1.7) 352 (4.9)
Latvia 487 (1.8) 84 (1.2) 347 (3.8)
Lithuania 482 (1.6) 90 (1.0) 334 (3.6)
Luxembourg 477 (1.2) 98 (1.2) 317 (3.6)
Mexico 419 (2.6) 74 (1.6) 303 (4.3)
Netherlands* 503 (2.8) 104 (1.9) 329 (5.5)
New Zealand 508 (2.1) 102 (1.4) 336 (4.5)
Norway 490 (2.3) 98 (1.2) 321 (4.5)
Poland 511 (2.6) 92 (1.4) 359 (4.2)
Portugal* 492 (2.8) 92 (1.3) 336 (5.6)
Slovak Republic 464 (2.3) 96 (1.5) 307 (3.9)
Slovenia 507 (1.3) 88 (1.1) 359 (3.3)
Spain** 483 (1.6) 89 (0.8) 334 (2.3)
Sweden 499 (3.1) 98 (1.5) 333 (6.0)
Switzerland 495 (3.0) 97 (1.4) 335 (3.9)
Turkey 468 (2.0) 84 (1.6) 335 (3.4)
United Kingdom 505 (2.6) 99 (1.4) 340 (4.7)
United States* 502 (3.3) 99 (1.6) 336 (6.1)
OECD average 489 (0.4) 94 (0.2) 333 (0.7)
OECD total 486 (1.1) 99 (0.5) 325 (1.5)
Partners
Albania 417 (2.0) 74 (1.1) 298 (3.2)
Argentina 404 (2.9) 90 (1.6) 261 (4.7)
Baku (Azerbaijan) 398 (2.4) 74 (1.6) 281 (3.0)
Belarus 471 (2.4) 85 (1.3) 331 (3.7)
Brazil 404 (2.1) 90 (1.5) 268 (3.0)
B-S-J-Z (China) 590 (2.7) 83 (1.7) 448 (5.0)
Bulgaria 424 (3.6) 95 (2.0) 279 (5.1)
Costa Rica 416 (3.3) 73 (1.9) 300 (3.9)
Croatia 472 (2.8) 90 (1.6) 327 (4.2)
Cyprus 439 (1.4) 93 (1.1) 291 (3.3)
Georgia 383 (2.3) 81 (1.3) 255 (3.6)
Hong Kong (China)* 517 (2.5) 86 (1.2) 364 (4.6)
Indonesia 396 (2.4) 69 (1.7) 289 (3.2)
Jordan 429 (2.9) 88 (1.5) 282 (5.5)
Kazakhstan 397 (1.7) 76 (1.4) 284 (2.6)
Kosovo 365 (1.2) 65 (0.8) 265 (2.6)
Lebanon 384 (3.5) 95 (1.6) 237 (4.0)
Macao (China) 544 (1.5) 83 (1.0) 402 (4.3)
Malaysia 438 (2.7) 77 (1.5) 313 (3.6)
Malta 457 (1.9) 107 (1.2) 278 (4.8)
Moldova 428 (2.3) 89 (1.4) 285 (3.8)
Montenegro 415 (1.3) 81 (1.0) 285 (2.7)
Morocco 377 (3.0) 67 (1.2) 275 (2.9)
North Macedonia 413 (1.4) 92 (1.2) 265 (3.2)
Panama 365 (2.9) 85 (1.9) 230 (4.8)
Peru 404 (2.7) 80 (1.5) 280 (3.9)
Philippines 357 (3.2) 75 (2.3) 250 (3.3)
Qatar 419 (0.9) 103 (0.9) 259 (2.6)
Romania 426 (4.6) 90 (1.8) 282 (5.5)
Russia 478 (2.9) 84 (1.7) 339 (4.7)
Saudi Arabia 386 (2.8) 79 (1.4) 261 (4.4)
Serbia 440 (3.0) 92 (1.3) 293 (3.8)
Singapore 551 (1.5) 97 (1.0) 376 (3.5)
Chinese Taipei 516 (2.9) 99 (1.5) 346 (4.3)
Thailand 426 (3.2) 82 (1.6) 299 (3.7)
Ukraine 469 (3.3) 91 (1.8) 319 (5.0)
Uruguay 426 (2.5) 87 (1.4) 287 (3.2)
Viet Nam*** 543 (3.3) 77 (1.7) 418 (4.5)

Percentiles
369 (2.6) 432 (2.2) 506 (2.3) 575 (2.2) 631 (2.7)
361 (3.1) 420 (3.6) 493 (3.5) 560 (3.1) 614 (3.3)
363 (4.0) 428 (3.4) 505 (2.6) 571 (2.5) 624 (2.3)
393 (2.3) 453 (2.5) 520 (2.6) 586 (2.6) 640 (2.5)
336 (3.1) 385 (3.0) 442 (2.9) 502 (3.3) 553 (3.3)
311 (3.7) 355 (3.6) 409 (3.6) 469 (4.0) 524 (4.1)
373 (4.0) 430 (3.7) 497 (3.1) 564 (3.1) 620 (2.9)
372 (3.4) 431 (2.6) 496 (2.5) 558 (2.6) 609 (3.1)
417 (3.5) 469 (2.9) 531 (2.4) 591 (2.4) 644 (2.7)
393 (4.1) 458 (3.2) 526 (2.9) 590 (2.8) 643 (2.9)
364 (3.5) 425 (3.1) 497 (3.1) 563 (2.9) 615 (3.2)
363 (4.0) 430 (3.9) 508 (3.9) 577 (3.5) 633 (3.3)
338 (4.6) 392 (4.1) 453 (3.6) 513 (3.3) 561 (3.4)
356 (3.9) 412 (3.1) 484 (3.1) 549 (3.3) 602 (3.6)
354 (3.1) 410 (3.0) 476 (2.6) 540 (2.7) 594 (3.1)
380 (3.5) 435 (2.6) 498 (2.6) 558 (2.6) 610 (3.2)
314 (5.0) 381 (5.1) 464 (5.0) 544 (3.7) 607 (3.8)
348 (3.9) 407 (3.1) 470 (3.0) 532 (3.0) 583 (3.7)
405 (4.4) 466 (3.7) 534 (2.9) 595 (3.0) 646 (3.5)
388 (4.1) 453 (3.7) 524 (3.3) 589 (3.1) 642 (3.8)
377 (3.3) 429 (2.8) 489 (2.2) 546 (2.3) 595 (2.7)
364 (2.9) 418 (2.8) 483 (2.2) 546 (1.8) 599 (2.3)
347 (2.6) 404 (2.1) 477 (1.7) 549 (2.2) 606 (2.9)
326 (3.9) 367 (2.7) 416 (2.7) 469 (3.0) 518 (4.3)
364 (5.2) 428 (4.5) 508 (3.7) 581 (3.1) 636 (3.5)
371 (3.7) 437 (2.8) 512 (2.7) 582 (2.7) 640 (2.9)
357 (3.9) 424 (3.3) 495 (2.5) 560 (2.8) 616 (2.9)
392 (3.4) 448 (2.8) 511 (3.0) 576 (3.4) 630 (4.0)
368 (4.3) 427 (3.6) 494 (3.0) 558 (3.1) 609 (3.5)
338 (3.5) 397 (3.2) 464 (2.9) 531 (2.9) 589 (3.5)
390 (3.4) 447 (2.1) 510 (1.9) 569 (1.9) 621 (2.8)
365 (2.4) 421 (1.9) 485 (1.7) 547 (1.8) 598 (2.2)
368 (5.1) 431 (4.0) 503 (3.4) 570 (3.1) 624 (3.3)
367 (3.5) 426 (3.8) 497 (3.8) 565 (4.0) 622 (4.6)
361 (3.1) 409 (2.8) 466 (2.3) 526 (2.4) 579 (3.9)
374 (3.8) 437 (3.2) 507 (2.7) 575 (3.2) 632 (3.2)
371 (4.9) 433 (4.4) 505 (3.9) 574 (3.8) 629 (3.9)
365 (0.6) 423 (0.5) 491 (0.5) 555 (0.5) 609 (0.5)
357 (1.5) 415 (1.3) 486 (1.2) 558 (1.3) 616 (1.4)
323 (3.1) 366 (2.4) 416 (2.5) 466 (2.6) 514 (3.2)
291 (4.0) 340 (3.4) 401 (3.3) 466 (3.7) 523 (4.0)
305 (2.5) 347 (2.3) 395 (2.2) 446 (3.0) 494 (4.6)
361 (3.5) 412 (3.4) 472 (2.9) 531 (2.7) 581 (2.7)
302 (3.1) 344 (2.7) 396 (3.2) 451 (3.6) 499 (3.8)
292 (2.3) 338 (2.1) 396 (2.3) 464 (3.1) 527 (3.6)
315 (2.0) 359 (1.9) 421 (1.5) 497 (1.7) 566 (2.8)
482 (4.0) 536 (3.4) 594 (2.8) 649 (3.1) 695 (3.7)
305 (4.3) 355 (4.0) 418 (4.1) 490 (4.8) 552 (5.3)
324 (3.2) 364 (3.0) 414 (3.4) 466 (4.3) 512 (5.6)
356 (4.0) 409 (3.5) 471 (3.2) 536 (3.1) 590 (3.5)
319 (2.6) 372 (2.7) 437 (2.2) 505 (2.2) 562 (2.2)
250 (2.8) 286 (2.4) 329 (2.9) 379 (3.5) 431 (4.8)
281 (2.7) 326 (2.7) 379 (2.9) 437 (3.0) 491 (3.9)
401 (4.3) 461 (3.2) 522 (2.7) 577 (2.5) 623 (3.3)
312 (3.0) 348 (2.6) 392 (2.6) 440 (3.1) 488 (4.6)
316 (4.4) 370 (3.7) 431 (3.0) 490 (3.1) 541 (3.4)
307 (2.1) 346 (1.9) 391 (1.8) 442 (2.4) 498 (3.4)
285 (2.5) 320 (1.5) 361 (1.6) 406 (1.7) 450 (2.6)
265 (3.6) 315 (3.7) 377 (4.3) 449 (4.8) 513 (4.9)
434 (3.0) 489 (2.6) 547 (1.8) 601 (1.9) 648 (2.2)
339 (2.9) 384 (2.7) 436 (2.8) 490 (3.4) 538 (4.3)
314 (3.5) 380 (2.9) 460 (2.5) 534 (2.9) 594 (3.3)
314 (2.9) 365 (2.5) 427 (2.7) 492 (3.2) 546 (3.7)
311 (2.2) 358 (1.6) 413 (1.5) 470 (2.0) 523 (2.2)
293 (2.7) 328 (2.8) 372 (3.7) 422 (4.0) 468 (3.9)
296 (2.5) 349 (2.0) 411 (2.0) 476 (2.4) 533 (3.1)
259 (3.8) 305 (3.2) 361 (2.8) 420 (4.1) 478 (5.7)
304 (3.0) 347 (2.6) 400 (2.9) 458 (3.6) 511 (4.4)
269 (3.1) 304 (2.6) 347 (3.1) 401 (4.5) 461 (6.6)
290 (1.5) 345 (1.4) 414 (1.4) 490 (1.5) 557 (2.1)
312 (4.7) 362 (4.6) 424 (5.4) 488 (5.5) 545 (5.8)
369 (4.1) 420 (3.6) 478 (3.2) 536 (3.2) 586 (3.7)
287 (3.2) 331 (3.3) 384 (3.2) 440 (3.4) 489 (3.6)
322 (3.9) 375 (3.8) 438 (3.9) 504 (3.6) 562 (4.0)
416 (3.2) 487 (2.7) 560 (2.1) 621 (1.6) 670 (1.8)
382 (3.9) 449 (3.7) 521 (3.2) 587 (3.7) 641 (4.0)
324 (3.2) 367 (3.0) 421 (3.5) 481 (4.4) 535 (5.2)
351 (4.4) 406 (3.8) 469 (3.8) 532 (3.7) 588 (4.5)
302 (2.1) 358 (2.2) 430 (2.6) 506 (2.8) 572 (3.0)
314 (3.1) 364 (2.9) 423 (3.2) 486 (3.6) 540 (3.9)
445 (3.9) 492 (3.9) 543 (3.5) 595 (3.9) 642 (4.0)
95th
Score S.E.
664 (3.8)
642 (3.7)
652 (2.8)
671 (3.6)
584 (3.8)
555 (4.2)
651 (3.6)
637 (3.6)
674 (3.0)
673 (3.8)
644 (3.8)
665 (3.3)
591 (4.2)
631 (4.1)
623 (3.7)
639 (4.2)
640 (4.0)
612 (4.7)
673 (3.9)
672 (4.4)
623 (3.3)
629 (3.0)
637 (3.8)
548 (4.5)
666 (3.8)
670 (3.3)
645 (3.4)
660 (4.4)
638 (4.1)
622 (3.7)
648 (3.7)
627 (2.2)
655 (3.8)
651 (4.0)
608 (4.8)
664 (3.7)
660 (3.8)
639 (0.6)
648 (1.6)
541 (3.6)
555 (3.7)
524 (6.2)
610 (3.7)
528 (4.1)
563 (4.8)
603 (2.8)
721 (3.9)
587 (6.1)
540 (6.6)
622 (3.9)
592 (2.9)
463 (5.7)
522 (4.9)
650 (4.0)
517 (5.7)
570 (3.9)
533 (4.8)
478 (3.8)
549 (4.9)
674 (3.5)
565 (5.2)
628 (4.2)
575 (4.1)
554 (3.0)
493 (3.8)
566 (3.9)
514 (6.1)
543 (5.3)
500 (8.3)
596 (2.7)
577 (6.2)
616 (4.0)
519 (4.3)
593 (3.7)
698 (2.7)
670 (4.1)
567 (5.8)
619 (5.5)
609 (2.8)
573 (4.0)
669 (5.0)

Table I.B1.7
Percentage of low achievers and top performers in reading, 2009 through 2018
Proficiency level in PISA 2009 Proficiency level in PISA 2012
Below Level 2 Level 5 or above Below Level 2

(less than 407.47 (at or above 625.61 (less than 407.47
score points) score points) score points)
% S.E. % S.E. % S.E.

OECD
Australia 14.2 (0.6) 12.8 (0.8) 14.2 (0.5)
Austria m m m m 19.5 (1.1)
Belgium 17.7 (0.9) 11.2 (0.6) 16.1 (0.8)
Canada 10.3 (0.5) 12.8 (0.5) 10.9 (0.5)
Chile 30.6 (1.5) 1.3 (0.3) 33.0 (1.7)
Colombia 47.1 (1.9) 0.6 (0.2) 51.4 (1.8)
Czech Republic 23.1 (1.3) 5.1 (0.5) 16.9 (1.2)
Denmark 15.2 (0.9) 4.7 (0.5) 14.6 (1.1)
Estonia 13.3 (1.0) 6.1 (0.6) 9.1 (0.6)
Finland 8.1 (0.5) 14.5 (0.8) 11.3 (0.7)
France 19.8 (1.2) 9.6 (1.0) 18.9 (1.0)
Germany 18.5 (1.1) 7.6 (0.6) 14.5 (0.9)
Greece 21.3 (1.8) 5.6 (0.5) 22.6 (1.2)
Hungary 17.6 (1.4) 6.1 (0.7) 19.7 (1.2)
Iceland 16.8 (0.6) 8.5 (0.6) 21.0 (0.7)
Ireland 17.2 (1.0) 7.0 (0.5) 9.6 (0.9)
Israel 26.5 (1.2) 7.4 (0.6) 23.6 (1.6)
Italy 21.0 (0.6) 5.8 (0.3) 19.5 (0.7)
Japan 13.6 (1.1) 13.4 (0.9) 9.8 (0.9)
Korea 5.8 (0.8) 12.9 (1.1) 7.6 (0.9)
Latvia 17.6 (1.2) 2.9 (0.4) 17.0 (1.1)
Lithuania 24.4 (1.2) 2.9 (0.4) 21.2 (1.2)
Luxembourg 26.0 (0.6) 5.7 (0.5) 22.2 (0.7)
Mexico 40.1 (1.0) 0.4 (0.1) 41.1 (0.9)
Netherlands* 14.3 (1.5) 9.8 (1.1) 14.0 (1.2)
New Zealand 14.3 (0.7) 15.7 (0.8) 16.3 (0.8)
Norway 15.0 (0.8) 8.4 (0.9) 16.2 (1.0)
Poland 15.0 (0.8) 7.2 (0.6) 10.6 (0.8)
Portugal* 17.6 (1.2) 4.8 (0.5) 18.8 (1.4)
Slovak Republic 22.2 (1.2) 4.5 (0.5) 28.2 (1.8)
Slovenia 21.2 (0.6) 4.6 (0.5) 21.1 (0.7)
Spain** 19.6 (0.9) 3.3 (0.3) 18.3 (0.8)
Sweden 17.4 (0.9) 9.0 (0.7) 22.7 (1.2)
Switzerland 16.8 (0.9) 8.1 (0.7) 13.7 (0.8)
Turkey 24.5 (1.4) 1.9 (0.4) 21.6 (1.4)
United Kingdom 18.4 (0.8) 8.0 (0.5) 16.6 (1.3)
United States* 17.6 (1.1) 9.9 (0.9) 16.6 (1.3)
OECD average-35a 19.4 (0.2) 7.3 (0.1) 18.9 (0.2)
OECD average-36a m m m m 18.9 (0.2)
Partners
Albania 56.7 (1.9) 0.2 (0.1) 52.3 (1.3)
Argentina 51.6 (1.9) 1.0 (0.2) 53.6 (1.7)
Baku (Azerbaijan) m m m m m m
Belarus m m m m m m
Bosnia and Herzegovina m m m m m m
Brazil 49.6 (1.3) 1.3 (0.2) 50.8 (1.1)
Brunei Darussalam m m m m m m
B-S-J-Z (China) m m m m m m
Bulgaria 41.0 (2.6) 2.8 (0.5) 39.4 (2.2)
Costa Rica 32.6 (1.5) 0.8 (0.3) 32.4 (1.8)
Croatia 22.4 (1.3) 3.2 (0.4) 18.7 (1.3)
Cyprus m m m m 32.8 (0.7)
Dominican Republic m m m m m m
Georgia 62.0 (1.3) 0.3 (0.1) m m
Hong Kong (China)* 8.3 (0.7) 12.4 (0.8) 6.8 (0.7)
Indonesia 53.4 (2.3) 0.0 (0.0) 55.2 (2.2)
Jordan 48.0 (1.6) 0.2 (0.1) 50.7 (1.6)
Kazakhstan 58.7 (1.5) 0.4 (0.1) 57.1 (1.6)
Kosovo m m m m m m
Lebanon m m m m m m
Macao (China) 14.9 (0.5) 2.9 (0.2) 11.5 (0.4)
Malaysia 44.0 (1.6) 0.1 (0.1) 52.7 (1.7)
Malta 36.3 (0.7) 4.4 (0.4) m m
Moldova 57.2 (1.5) 0.1 (0.1) m m
Montenegro 49.5 (1.0) 0.6 (0.2) 43.3 (0.7)
Morocco m m m m m m
North Macedonia m m m m m m
Panama 65.3 (2.6) 0.5 (0.2) m m
Peru 64.8 (1.7) 0.5 (0.2) 59.9 (2.0)
Philippines m m m m m m
Qatar 63.5 (0.5) 1.7 (0.2) 57.1 (0.4)
Romania 40.4 (2.0) 0.7 (0.2) 37.3 (1.9)
Russia 27.4 (1.3) 3.2 (0.5) 22.3 (1.3)
Saudi Arabia m m m m m m
Serbia 32.8 (1.3) 0.8 (0.2) 33.1 (1.7)
Singapore 12.5 (0.5) 15.7 (0.5) 9.9 (0.4)
Chinese Taipei 15.6 (0.9) 5.2 (0.8) 11.5 (0.9)
Thailand 42.9 (1.5) 0.3 (0.2) 33.0 (1.4)
Ukraine m m m m m m
Uruguay 41.9 (1.2) 1.8 (0.3) 47.0 (1.4)
Viet Nam m m m m 9.4 (1.4)

Notes: Values that are statistically significant are indicated in bold (see Annex A3).
Costa Rica, Georgia, Malta and Moldova conducted the PISA 2009 assessment in 2010 as part of PISA 2009+.
*Hong Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: PISA 2018 Data did not meet the PISA technical standards
iciency level in PISA 2012 Proficiency level in PISA 2015 Proficiency level in PISA 2018
Level 5 or above Below Level 2 Level 5 or above Below Level 2 Level 5 or above
(at or above 625.61 (less than 407.47 (at or above 625.61 (less than 407.47 (at or above 625.61
score points) score points) score points) score points) score points)
% S.E. % S.E. % S.E. % S.E. % S.E.
11.7 (0.5) 18.1 (0.5) 11.0 (0.5) 19.6 (0.5) 13.0 (0.5)
5.5 (0.6) 22.5 (1.0) 7.2 (0.6) 23.6 (1.0) 7.4 (0.5)
11.8 (0.6) 19.5 (0.9) 9.3 (0.6) 21.3 (0.9) 9.5 (0.5)
12.9 (0.6) 10.7 (0.6) 14.0 (0.7) 13.8 (0.5) 15.0 (0.6)
0.6 (0.1) 28.4 (1.2) 2.3 (0.3) 31.7 (1.2) 2.6 (0.3)
0.3 (0.1) 42.8 (1.5) 1.0 (0.2) 49.9 (1.7) 0.9 (0.2)
6.1 (0.5) 22.0 (1.1) 7.9 (0.6) 20.7 (1.1) 8.2 (0.5)
5.4 (0.6) 15.0 (0.8) 6.5 (0.6) 16.0 (0.7) 8.4 (0.5)
8.3 (0.7) 10.6 (0.7) 11.0 (0.7) 11.1 (0.6) 13.9 (0.7)
13.5 (0.6) 11.1 (0.8) 13.7 (0.7) 13.5 (0.7) 14.2 (0.7)
12.9 (0.8) 21.5 (0.9) 12.5 (0.7) 20.9 (0.7) 9.2 (0.7)
8.9 (0.7) 16.2 (0.9) 11.7 (0.7) 20.7 (1.1) 11.3 (0.7)
5.1 (0.6) 27.3 (1.8) 4.0 (0.5) 30.5 (1.5) 3.7 (0.5)
5.6 (0.8) 27.5 (1.1) 4.3 (0.4) 25.3 (0.9) 5.7 (0.5)
5.8 (0.5) 22.1 (1.0) 6.6 (0.6) 26.4 (0.9) 7.1 (0.6)
11.4 (0.7) 10.2 (0.8) 10.7 (0.7) 11.8 (0.7) 12.1 (0.7)
9.6 (0.8) 26.6 (1.3) 9.2 (0.7) 31.1 (1.3) 10.4 (0.7)
6.7 (0.3) 21.0 (1.0) 5.7 (0.5) 23.3 (1.0) 5.3 (0.5)
18.5 (1.3) 12.9 (1.0) 10.8 (0.9) 16.8 (1.0) 10.3 (0.7)
14.1 (1.2) 13.7 (1.0) 12.7 (1.0) 15.1 (0.9) 13.1 (0.9)
4.2 (0.6) 17.7 (0.9) 4.3 (0.5) 22.4 (0.7) 4.8 (0.4)
3.3 (0.4) 25.1 (0.9) 4.4 (0.5) 24.4 (0.8) 5.0 (0.4)
8.9 (0.4) 25.6 (0.6) 8.1 (0.4) 29.3 (0.6) 7.6 (0.5)
0.4 (0.1) 41.7 (1.3) 0.3 (0.1) 44.7 (1.3) 0.8 (0.2)
9.8 (0.8) 18.1 (1.0) 10.9 (0.6) 24.1 (1.0) 9.1 (0.6)
14.0 (0.8) 17.3 (0.8) 13.6 (0.9) 19.0 (0.8) 13.1 (0.6)
10.2 (0.7) 14.9 (0.8) 12.2 (0.7) 19.3 (0.8) 11.3 (0.6)
10.0 (0.9) 14.4 (0.8) 8.2 (0.7) 14.7 (0.8) 12.2 (0.8)
5.8 (0.6) 17.2 (0.9) 7.5 (0.6) 20.2 (0.9) 7.3 (0.6)
4.4 (0.7) 32.1 (1.1) 3.5 (0.4) 31.4 (1.0) 4.6 (0.4)
5.0 (0.4) 15.1 (0.6) 8.9 (0.7) 17.9 (0.7) 7.8 (0.5)
5.5 (0.3) 16.2 (0.9) 5.5 (0.5) m m m m
7.9 (0.6) 18.4 (1.1) 10.0 (0.8) 18.4 (1.0) 13.3 (0.7)
9.1 (0.7) 20.0 (1.1) 7.8 (0.6) 23.6 (1.1) 8.1 (0.7)
4.3 (0.9) 40.0 (2.0) 0.6 (0.2) 26.1 (1.0) 3.3 (0.5)
8.8 (0.7) 17.9 (0.9) 9.2 (0.6) 17.3 (0.9) 11.5 (0.8)
7.9 (0.7) 19.0 (1.1) 9.6 (0.7) 19.3 (1.1) 13.5 (0.9)
8.1 (0.1) 20.9 (0.2) 8.1 (0.1) 22.6 (0.2) 8.8 (0.1)
8.0 (0.1) 21.0 (0.2) 8.1 (0.1) 22.6 (0.2) 8.7 (0.1)
1.2 (0.2) 50.3 (1.9) 1.0 (0.2) 52.2 (1.1) 0.4 (0.1)
0.5 (0.1) m m m m 52.1 (1.3) 0.7 (0.2)
m m m m m m 60.4 (1.3) 0.1 (0.1)
m m m m m m 23.4 (1.0) 3.9 (0.4)
m m m m m m 53.7 (1.6) 0.2 (0.1)
0.5 (0.1) 51.0 (1.1) 1.4 (0.2) 50.0 (0.9) 1.8 (0.2)
m m m m m m 51.8 (0.6) 1.3 (0.2)
m m m m m m 5.2 (0.6) 21.7 (1.1)
4.3 (0.6) 41.5 (2.0) 3.6 (0.5) 47.1 (1.7) 2.3 (0.4)
0.6 (0.2) 40.3 (1.4) 0.7 (0.2) 42.0 (1.6) 0.6 (0.2)
4.4 (0.7) 19.9 (1.1) 5.9 (0.5) 21.6 (1.2) 4.7 (0.5)
4.0 (0.3) 35.6 (0.9) 3.1 (0.3) 43.7 (0.7) 1.8 (0.2)
m m 72.1 (1.5) 0.1 (0.1) 79.1 (1.3) 0.1 (0.1)
m m 51.7 (1.3) 1.1 (0.2) 64.4 (1.1) 0.2 (0.1)
16.8 (1.2) 9.3 (0.8) 11.6 (0.9) 12.6 (0.8) 14.8 (0.7)
0.1 (0.1) 55.4 (1.5) 0.2 (0.1) 69.9 (1.4) 0.1 (0.0)
0.1 (0.1) 46.3 (1.4) 0.3 (0.1) 41.2 (1.4) 0.3 (0.1)
0.0 (0.0) m m m m 64.2 (0.7) 0.4 (0.1)
m m 76.9 (0.9) 0.0 c 78.7 (0.6) 0.0 (0.0)
m m 70.4 (1.6) 0.8 (0.3) 67.8 (1.5) 0.7 (0.2)
7.0 (0.4) 11.7 (0.5) 6.7 (0.5) 10.8 (0.5) 13.8 (0.6)
0.1 (0.1) m m m m 45.8 (1.4) 0.5 (0.2)
m m 35.6 (0.8) 5.6 (0.4) 35.9 (0.8) 5.3 (0.5)
m m 45.8 (1.1) 1.2 (0.2) 43.0 (1.1) 1.0 (0.3)
1.0 (0.2) 41.9 (0.7) 1.4 (0.3) 44.4 (0.7) 0.8 (0.2)
m m m m m m 73.3 (1.6) 0.0 (0.0)
m m 70.7 (0.7) 0.2 (0.1) 55.1 (0.7) 0.3 (0.2)
m m m m m m 64.3 (1.4) 0.2 (0.1)
0.5 (0.2) 53.9 (1.5) 0.3 (0.1) 54.3 (1.3) 0.8 (0.2)
m m m m m m 80.6 (1.4) 0.1 (0.0)
1.6 (0.1) 51.6 (0.5) 1.6 (0.2) 50.9 (0.4) 2.6 (0.2)
1.6 (0.4) 38.7 (1.9) 2.0 (0.4) 40.8 (2.2) 1.4 (0.3)
4.6 (0.6) 16.2 (1.2) 6.7 (0.6) 22.1 (1.2) 5.4 (0.5)
m m m m m m 52.4 (1.5) 0.1 (0.1)
2.2 (0.4) m m m m 37.7 (1.5) 2.5 (0.3)
21.2 (0.6) 11.1 (0.5) 18.4 (0.7) 11.2 (0.5) 25.8 (0.7)
11.8 (0.8) 17.2 (0.8) 6.9 (0.8) 17.8 (0.8) 10.9 (0.8)
0.8 (0.2) 50.0 (1.8) 0.3 (0.1) 59.5 (1.7) 0.2 (0.1)
m m m m m m 25.9 (1.4) 3.4 (0.5)
2.2 (0.3) 40.4 (1.2) 3.0 (0.3) 42.9 (0.8) 4.8 (0.3)
0.9 (0.3) 39.0 (1.1) 2.5 (0.4) 41.9 (1.3) 1.5 (0.3)
4.5 (0.8) 13.8 (1.4) 2.7 (0.7) m m m m
part of PISA 2009+.

t the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).
Change between 2009 and 2018 Change between 2012 and 2018 Change between 2015 and 20
(PISA 2018 - PISA 2009) (PISA 2018 - PISA 2012) (PISA 2018 - PISA 2015)
Below Level 2 Level 5 or above Below Level 2 Level 5 or above Below Level 2
(less than 407.47 (at or above 625.61 (less than 407.47 (at or above 625.61 (less than 407.47
% dif. S.E. % dif. S.E. % dif. S.E. % dif. S.E. % dif. S.E.
5.4 (1.1) 0.3 (1.1) 5.4 (1.1) 1.3 (1.1) 1.6 (1.2)
m m m m 4.1 (1.7) 1.9 (0.9) 1.1 (1.8)
3.5 (1.6) -1.6 (0.9) 5.2 (1.6) -2.2 (1.0) 1.7 (1.7)
3.5 (0.9) 2.2 (1.2) 2.9 (0.9) 2.1 (1.4) 3.1 (1.1)
1.2 (2.7) 1.3 (0.4) -1.3 (2.9) 2.0 (0.3) 3.3 (2.9)
2.8 (3.4) 0.4 (0.2) -1.5 (3.5) 0.6 (0.2) 7.1 (3.6)
-2.3 (2.0) 3.1 (0.8) 3.9 (2.0) 2.2 (0.9) -1.3 (2.0)
0.8 (1.4) 3.7 (0.9) 1.4 (1.6) 3.0 (1.1) 1.0 (1.5)
-2.3 (1.3) 7.8 (1.2) 1.9 (1.1) 5.5 (1.3) 0.4 (1.1)
5.4 (1.0) -0.3 (1.5) 2.2 (1.1) 0.7 (1.6) 2.5 (1.1)
1.2 (1.6) -0.4 (1.3) 2.0 (1.5) -3.7 (1.3) -0.5 (1.5)
2.2 (1.7) 3.7 (1.1) 6.2 (1.6) 2.4 (1.2) 4.5 (1.7)
9.2 (2.8) -2.0 (0.7) 7.9 (2.6) -1.5 (0.8) 3.2 (3.0)
7.7 (2.1) -0.4 (0.9) 5.6 (2.1) 0.1 (1.0) -2.2 (2.1)
9.5 (1.6) -1.4 (0.9) 5.4 (1.7) 1.3 (0.8) 4.3 (2.0)
-5.4 (1.4) 5.1 (1.3) 2.2 (1.3) 0.7 (1.4) 1.6 (1.3)
4.5 (1.9) 3.0 (1.0) 7.5 (2.3) 0.8 (1.2) 4.5 (2.0)
2.2 (1.7) -0.5 (0.7) 3.8 (1.9) -1.3 (0.7) 2.3 (2.2)
3.2 (1.7) -3.2 (1.2) 7.0 (1.6) -8.2 (1.6) 3.9 (1.7)
9.3 (1.3) 0.2 (1.6) 7.5 (1.4) -1.0 (1.7) 1.5 (1.5)
4.9 (2.0) 1.9 (0.7) 5.5 (2.1) 0.7 (0.8) 4.8 (2.1)
0.0 (1.8) 2.1 (0.6) 3.2 (1.9) 1.7 (0.6) -0.7 (1.8)
3.3 (1.3) 1.9 (0.7) 7.1 (1.4) -1.3 (0.7) 3.6 (1.5)
4.6 (3.6) 0.4 (0.2) 3.6 (3.9) 0.4 (0.2) 2.9 (4.3)
9.8 (2.2) -0.7 (1.3) 10.1 (2.1) -0.7 (1.2) 6.0 (2.1)
4.6 (1.4) -2.6 (1.4) 2.7 (1.5) -0.9 (1.4) 1.7 (1.6)
4.3 (1.3) 2.9 (1.2) 3.1 (1.5) 1.1 (1.1) 4.4 (1.4)
-0.4 (1.4) 5.0 (1.3) 4.1 (1.4) 2.2 (1.6) 0.3 (1.5)
2.6 (1.8) 2.5 (0.9) 1.4 (2.0) 1.5 (1.0) 3.0 (1.8)
9.2 (2.3) 0.2 (0.7) 3.2 (2.8) 0.3 (0.8) -0.7 (2.6)
-3.3 (1.2) 3.2 (0.8) -3.3 (1.3) 2.7 (0.8) 2.7 (1.3)
m m m m m m m m m m
1.0 (1.5) 4.2 (1.4) -4.3 (1.7) 5.4 (1.5) 0.0 (1.7)
6.8 (1.6) 0.0 (1.1) 9.9 (1.7) -1.0 (1.1) 3.7 (1.9)
1.6 (2.6) 1.5 (0.6) 4.5 (2.8) -1.0 (1.0) -13.8 (3.3)
-1.1 (1.5) 3.4 (1.0) 0.7 (1.9) 2.7 (1.2) -0.6 (1.7)
1.6 (1.7) 3.7 (1.5) 2.7 (1.8) 5.6 (1.4) 0.3 (1.8)
3.2 (1.1) 1.4 (0.5) 3.7 (1.2) 0.7 (0.6) 1.7 (1.3)
m m m m 3.7 (1.2) 0.7 (0.6) 1.7 (1.3)
-4.4 (4.0) 0.2 (0.2) -0.1 (4.2) -0.8 (0.3) 2.0 (4.8)
0.5 (3.2) -0.3 (0.3) -1.4 (3.3) 0.2 (0.2) m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
0.4 (2.4) 0.5 (0.3) -0.8 (2.5) 1.3 (0.3) -1.0 (2.6)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
6.1 (3.5) -0.4 (0.6) 7.7 (3.4) -2.0 (0.7) 5.6 (3.3)
9.3 (3.8) -0.2 (0.3) 9.6 (4.2) 0.1 (0.3) 1.7 (4.4)
-0.9 (2.1) 1.5 (0.7) 2.9 (2.2) 0.3 (0.9) 1.7 (2.2)
m m m m 10.9 (2.2) -2.2 (0.4) 8.1 (2.5)
m m m m m m m m 6.9 (2.4)
2.4 (2.9) -0.1 (0.1) m m m m 12.7 (3.4)
4.3 (1.1) 2.4 (1.4) 5.8 (1.1) -2.0 (1.7) 3.3 (1.1)
16.5 (3.7) 0.0 (0.0) 14.7 (3.9) 0.0 (0.1) 14.5 (3.8)
-6.8 (3.8) 0.0 (0.1) -9.5 (4.1) 0.1 (0.2) -5.1 (4.3)
5.5 (3.5) 0.0 (0.1) 7.1 (3.9) 0.4 (0.1) m m
m m m m m m m m 1.9 (2.9)
m m m m m m m m -2.6 (2.5)
-4.1 (0.9) 10.9 (1.0) -0.7 (0.9) 6.8 (1.1) -0.9 (0.9)
1.9 (3.7) 0.4 (0.2) -6.9 (4.0) 0.4 (0.2) m m
-0.4 (1.6) 0.9 (0.6) m m m m 0.3 (1.9)
-14.2 (2.9) 0.9 (0.3) m m m m -2.8 (3.2)
-5.1 (2.9) 0.2 (0.3) 1.1 (3.2) -0.2 (0.3) 2.5 (3.5)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m -15.5 (2.9)
-0.9 (3.7) -0.3 (0.2) m m m m m m
-10.5 (2.9) 0.3 (0.3) -5.6 (3.2) 0.3 (0.3) 0.4 (3.2)
m m m m m m m m m m
-12.6 (1.7) 0.9 (0.2) -6.3 (1.9) 1.0 (0.2) -0.7 (2.1)
0.4 (3.5) 0.7 (0.4) 3.6 (3.5) -0.2 (0.5) 2.1 (3.7)
-5.3 (2.2) 2.3 (0.7) -0.2 (2.3) 0.8 (0.8) 5.9 (2.3)
m m m m m m m m m m
4.9 (2.7) 1.7 (0.4) 4.6 (3.0) 0.3 (0.5) m m
-1.2 (0.7) 10.1 (1.8) 1.4 (0.7) 4.6 (2.0) 0.1 (0.8)
2.2 (1.4) 5.7 (1.3) 6.3 (1.5) -0.9 (1.4) 0.6 (1.5)
16.7 (3.7) -0.1 (0.2) 26.6 (3.9) -0.6 (0.2) 9.6 (4.4)
m m m m m m m m m m
3.1 (2.0) 2.5 (0.4) 7.4 (2.0) 2.6 (0.4) 2.5 (2.2)
0.0 (2.9) -0.2 (0.4) -5.2 (3.2) 0.6 (0.4) 2.9 (3.3)
m m m m m m m m m m
ge between 2015 and 2018
PISA 2018 - PISA 2015)
Level 5 or above
(at or above 625.61
score points)
% dif. S.E.
2.0 (1.1)
0.2 (0.9)
0.2 (1.0)
1.0 (1.6)
0.3 (0.4)
0.0 (0.2)
0.4 (0.9)
1.9 (1.1)
2.8 (1.4)
0.5 (1.7)
-3.3 (1.2)
-0.4 (1.3)
-0.4 (0.7)
1.4 (0.8)
0.5 (0.9)
1.4 (1.5)
1.2 (1.1)
-0.3 (0.8)
-0.5 (1.3)
0.5 (1.6)
0.5 (0.7)
0.5 (0.7)
-0.5 (0.8)
0.5 (0.2)
-1.8 (1.1)
-0.5 (1.6)
-0.9 (1.1)
4.0 (1.5)
-0.2 (1.0)
1.2 (0.6)
-1.2 (0.9)
m m
3.3 (1.7)
0.3 (1.1)
2.7 (0.6)
2.3 (1.2)
4.0 (1.5)
0.7 (0.6)
0.6 (0.6)
-0.6 (0.3)
m m
m m
m m
m m
0.4 (0.3)
m m
m m
-1.2 (0.6)
0.0 (0.2)
-1.2 (0.8)
-1.3 (0.4)
0.0 (0.1)
-0.9 (0.3)
3.3 (1.6)
-0.1 (0.1)
0.0 (0.1)
m m
0.0 (0.0)
-0.1 (0.3)
7.1 (1.3)
m m
-0.3 (0.7)
-0.2 (0.4)
-0.6 (0.4)
m m
0.2 (0.2)
m m
0.5 (0.2)
m m
1.1 (0.2)
-0.6 (0.5)
-1.2 (0.8)
m m
m m
7.5 (2.2)
4.0 (1.4)
-0.1 (0.1)
m m
1.8 (0.5)
-1.0 (0.5)
m m

Table I.B1.8
Percentage of low achievers and top performers in mathematics, 2003 through 2018
Below Level 2 Level 5 or above Below Level 2 Level 5 or above

(less than 420.07 (at or above 606.99 (less than 420.07 (at or above 606.99
score points) score points) score points) score points)
% S.E. % S.E. % S.E. %

OECD
Australia 14.3 (0.7) 19.8 (0.8) 13.0 (0.6) 16.4
Austria 18.8 (1.2) 14.3 (1.0) 20.0 (1.4) 15.8
Belgium 16.5 (0.8) 26.4 (0.8) 17.3 (1.0) 22.3
Canada 10.1 (0.5) 20.3 (0.7) 10.8 (0.6) 17.9
Chile m m m m 55.1 (2.2) 1.5
Colombia m m m m 71.9 (1.6) 0.4
Czech Republic 16.6 (1.3) 18.3 (1.2) 19.2 (1.2) 18.3
Denmark 15.4 (0.8) 15.9 (0.9) 13.6 (1.0) 13.7
Estonia m m m m 12.1 (1.0) 12.5
Finland 6.8 (0.5) 23.4 (0.8) 6.0 (0.6) 24.4
France 16.6 (1.1) 15.1 (0.9) 22.3 (1.3) 12.5
Germany 21.6 (1.2) 16.2 (0.9) 19.9 (1.4) 15.4
Greece 38.9 (1.9) 4.0 (0.6) 32.3 (1.4) 5.0
Hungary 23.0 (1.0) 10.7 (0.9) 21.2 (1.1) 10.3
Iceland 15.0 (0.7) 15.5 (0.7) 16.8 (0.8) 12.7
Ireland 16.8 (1.0) 11.4 (0.8) 16.4 (1.2) 10.2
Israel m m m m 42.0 (1.7) 6.1
Italy 31.9 (1.5) 7.0 (0.5) 32.8 (0.9) 6.2
Japan 13.3 (1.2) 24.3 (1.5) 13.0 (1.1) 18.3
Korea 9.5 (0.8) 24.8 (1.4) 8.9 (1.0) 27.1
Latvia 23.7 (1.4) 8.0 (0.8) 20.7 (1.2) 6.6
Lithuania m m m m 23.0 (1.1) 9.1
Luxembourg 21.7 (0.6) 10.8 (0.6) 22.8 (0.6) 10.6
Mexico 65.9 (1.7) 0.4 (0.1) 56.5 (1.3) 0.8
Netherlands* 10.9 (1.1) 25.5 (1.3) 11.5 (1.0) 21.1
New Zealand 15.1 (0.8) 20.7 (0.7) 14.0 (0.8) 18.9
Norway 20.8 (1.0) 11.4 (0.6) 22.2 (1.2) 10.4
Poland 22.0 (1.1) 10.1 (0.6) 19.8 (0.9) 10.6
Portugal* 30.1 (1.7) 5.4 (0.5) 30.7 (1.5) 5.7
Slovak Republic 19.9 (1.4) 12.7 (0.9) 20.9 (1.0) 11.0
Slovenia m m m m 17.7 (0.7) 13.7
Spain** 23.0 (1.0) 7.9 (0.7) 24.7 (1.1) 7.2
Sweden 17.3 (0.9) 15.8 (0.8) 18.3 (1.0) 12.6
Switzerland 14.5 (0.8) 21.2 (1.5) 13.5 (0.9) 22.6
Turkey 52.2 (2.6) 5.5 (1.6) 52.1 (1.8) 4.2
United Kingdom m m m m 19.8 (0.8) 11.1
United States* 25.7 (1.2) 10.1 (0.7) 28.1 (1.7) 7.6
OECD average-29a 21.7 (0.2) 14.4 (0.2) 21.4 (0.2) 13.1
OECD average-30 21.6 (0.2) 14.4 (0.2) 21.3 (0.2) 13.2
OECD average-36b m m m m 23.9 (0.2) 12.1
OECD average-37 m m m m 23.8 (0.2) 12.2
Partners
Albania m m m m m m m
Argentina m m m m 64.1 (2.5) 1.0
Baku (Azerbaijan) m m m m m m m
Belarus m m m m m m m
Bosnia and Herzegovina m m m m m m m
Brazil 75.2 (1.7) 1.2 (0.4) 72.5 (1.2) 1.0
Brunei Darussalam m m m m m m m
B-S-J-Z (China) m m m m m m m
Bulgaria m m m m 53.3 (2.4) 3.1
Costa Rica m m m m m m m
Croatia m m m m 28.6 (1.2) 4.7
Cyprus m m m m m m m
Dominican Republic m m m m m m m
Georgia m m m m m m m
Hong Kong (China)* 10.4 (1.2) 30.7 (1.5) 9.5 (0.9) 27.7
Indonesia 78.1 (1.7) 0.2 (0.1) 65.8 (3.1) 0.4
Jordan m m m m 66.4 (1.6) 0.2
Kazakhstan m m m m m m m
Kosovo m m m m m m m
Lebanon m m m m m m m
Macao (China) 11.2 (1.2) 18.7 (1.4) 10.9 (0.7) 17.4
Malaysia m m m m m m m
Malta m m m m m m m
Moldova m m m m m m m
Montenegro m m m m 60.1 (1.0) 0.8
Morocco m m m m m m m
North Macedonia m m m m m m m
Panama m m m m m m m
Peru m m m m m m m
Philippines m m m m m m m
Qatar m m m m 87.2 (0.6) 0.6
Romania m m m m 52.7 (2.2) 1.3
Russia 30.2 (1.8) 7.0 (0.8) 26.6 (1.6) 7.4
Saudi Arabia m m m m m m m
Serbia m m m m 42.6 (1.7) 2.8
Singapore m m m m m m m
Chinese Taipei m m m m 12.0 (1.1) 31.9
Thailand 54.0 (1.7) 1.6 (0.4) 53.0 (1.3) 1.3
Ukraine m m m m m m m
United Arab Emirates m m m m m m m
Uruguay 48.1 (1.5) 2.8 (0.4) 46.1 (1.2) 3.2
Viet Nam m m m m m m m

*Hong Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: PISA 2018 Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but
vel in PISA 2006 Proficiency level in PISA 2009 Proficiency level in PISA 2012 Proficiency level in PI
Level 5 or above Below Level 2 Level 5 or above Below Level 2 Level 5 or above Below Level 2
(at or above 606.99 (less than 420.07 (at or above 606.99 (less than 420.07 (at or above 606.99 (less than 420.07
score points) score points) score points) score points) score points) score points)
S.E. % S.E. % S.E. % S.E. % S.E. %
(0.8) 15.9 (0.7) 16.4 (0.9) 19.7 (0.6) 14.8 (0.6) 22.0
(1.0) m m m m 18.7 (1.0) 14.3 (0.9) 21.8
(0.8) 19.1 (0.8) 20.4 (0.7) 19.0 (0.8) 19.5 (0.8) 20.1
(0.7) 11.5 (0.5) 18.3 (0.6) 13.8 (0.5) 16.4 (0.6) 14.4
(0.4) 51.0 (1.7) 1.3 (0.3) 51.5 (1.7) 1.6 (0.2) 49.4
(0.2) 70.4 (1.6) 0.1 (0.1) 73.8 (1.4) 0.3 (0.1) 66.3
(1.2) 22.3 (1.1) 11.6 (0.9) 21.0 (1.2) 12.9 (0.8) 21.7
(0.8) 17.1 (0.9) 11.6 (0.8) 16.8 (1.0) 10.0 (0.7) 13.6
(0.8) 12.6 (0.9) 12.1 (0.8) 10.5 (0.6) 14.6 (0.8) 11.2
(1.0) 7.8 (0.5) 21.7 (0.9) 12.3 (0.7) 15.3 (0.7) 13.6
(0.9) 22.5 (1.3) 13.7 (1.0) 22.4 (0.9) 12.9 (0.8) 23.5
(1.0) 18.6 (1.1) 17.8 (0.9) 17.7 (1.0) 17.5 (0.9) 17.2
(0.5) 30.3 (1.8) 5.7 (0.6) 35.7 (1.3) 3.9 (0.4) 35.8
(0.9) 22.3 (1.5) 10.1 (1.1) 28.1 (1.3) 9.3 (1.1) 28.0
(0.7) 17.0 (0.6) 13.6 (0.6) 21.5 (0.7) 11.2 (0.7) 23.6
(0.8) 20.8 (1.0) 6.7 (0.6) 16.9 (1.0) 10.7 (0.5) 15.0
(0.6) 39.5 (1.3) 5.9 (0.7) 33.5 (1.7) 9.4 (1.0) 32.1
(0.5) 24.9 (0.6) 9.0 (0.5) 24.7 (0.8) 9.9 (0.6) 23.3
(1.0) 12.5 (1.0) 20.9 (1.2) 11.1 (1.0) 23.7 (1.5) 10.7
(1.5) 8.1 (1.0) 25.6 (1.6) 9.1 (0.9) 30.9 (1.8) 15.5
(0.6) 22.6 (1.4) 5.7 (0.6) 19.9 (1.1) 8.0 (0.8) 21.4
(0.9) 26.3 (1.2) 7.0 (0.7) 26.0 (1.2) 8.1 (0.6) 25.4
(0.5) 23.9 (0.6) 11.4 (0.6) 24.3 (0.5) 11.2 (0.4) 25.8
(0.2) 50.8 (1.0) 0.7 (0.1) 54.7 (0.8) 0.6 (0.1) 56.6
(1.1) 13.4 (1.4) 19.9 (1.5) 14.8 (1.3) 19.3 (1.2) 16.7
(0.9) 15.4 (0.9) 18.9 (0.9) 22.6 (0.8) 15.0 (0.9) 21.6
(0.7) 18.2 (0.9) 10.2 (0.7) 22.3 (1.1) 9.4 (0.7) 17.1
(0.8) 20.5 (1.1) 10.4 (0.9) 14.4 (0.9) 16.7 (1.3) 17.2
(0.5) 23.7 (1.1) 9.6 (0.8) 24.9 (1.5) 10.6 (0.8) 23.8
(0.9) 21.0 (1.2) 12.7 (1.0) 27.5 (1.3) 11.0 (0.9) 27.7
(0.6) 20.3 (0.5) 14.2 (0.6) 20.1 (0.6) 13.7 (0.6) 16.1
(0.5) 23.7 (0.8) 8.0 (0.5) 23.6 (0.8) 8.0 (0.4) 22.2
(0.7) 21.1 (1.0) 11.4 (0.8) 27.1 (1.1) 8.0 (0.5) 20.8
(1.2) 13.5 (0.8) 24.1 (1.4) 12.4 (0.7) 21.4 (1.2) 15.8
(1.2) 42.1 (1.8) 5.6 (1.2) 42.0 (1.9) 5.9 (1.1) 51.4
(0.6) 20.2 (0.9) 9.8 (0.7) 21.8 (1.3) 11.8 (0.8) 21.9
(0.8) 23.4 (1.3) 9.9 (1.0) 25.8 (1.4) 8.8 (0.8) 29.4
(0.2) 20.8 (0.2) 13.2 (0.2) 22.3 (0.2) 12.8 (0.2) 22.9
(0.2) m m m m 22.2 (0.2) 12.9 (0.2) 22.9
(0.1) 23.5 (0.2) 12.0 (0.1) 24.5 (0.2) 12.0 (0.1) 24.7
(0.1) m m m m 24.4 (0.2) 12.1 (0.1) 24.6
m 67.7 (1.9) 0.4 (0.2) 60.7 (1.0) 0.8 (0.2) 53.3

(0.4) 63.6 (2.0) 0.9 (0.3) 66.5 (2.0) 0.3 (0.1) m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
(0.3) 69.1 (1.2) 0.8 (0.2) 68.3 (1.0) 0.7 (0.2) 70.3
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
(0.8) 47.1 (2.5) 3.8 (1.0) 43.8 (1.8) 4.1 (0.6) 42.1
m 56.7 (1.9) 0.3 (0.2) 59.9 (1.9) 0.6 (0.2) 62.5
(0.5) 33.2 (1.4) 4.9 (0.7) 29.9 (1.4) 7.0 (1.1) 32.0
m m m m m 42.0 (0.6) 3.7 (0.3) 42.6
m m m m m m m m m 90.5
m 68.7 (1.2) 0.6 (0.2) m m m m 57.1
(1.2) 8.8 (0.7) 30.7 (1.2) 8.5 (0.8) 33.7 (1.4) 9.0
(0.2) 76.7 (1.9) 0.1 (0.0) 75.7 (2.1) 0.3 (0.2) 68.6
(0.1) 65.3 (1.9) 0.3 (0.2) 68.6 (1.5) 0.6 (0.4) 67.5
m 59.1 (1.5) 1.2 (0.4) 45.2 (1.7) 0.9 (0.3) m
(0.7) 11.0 (0.5) 17.1 (0.5) 10.8 (0.5) 24.3 (0.6) 6.6
m 59.3 (1.6) 0.4 (0.1) 51.8 (1.7) 1.3 (0.3) m
m 33.7 (0.8) 7.7 (0.4) m m m m 29.1
m 60.7 (1.6) 0.7 (0.2) m m m m 50.3
(0.2) 58.4 (1.1) 1.0 (0.2) 56.6 (1.0) 1.0 (0.2) 51.9
m m m m m m m m m m
m 78.8 (2.2) 0.4 (0.2) m m m m m
m 73.5 (1.8) 0.6 (0.2) 74.6 (1.8) 0.6 (0.2) 66.2
m m m m m m m m m m
(0.1) 73.8 (0.4) 1.8 (0.2) 69.6 (0.5) 2.0 (0.2) 58.7
(0.3) 47.0 (2.0) 1.3 (0.3) 40.8 (1.9) 3.2 (0.6) 39.9
(0.8) 28.6 (1.5) 5.2 (0.8) 24.0 (1.1) 7.8 (0.8) 18.9
m m m m m m m m m m
(0.4) 40.6 (1.4) 3.5 (0.5) 38.9 (1.5) 4.6 (0.7) m
m 9.8 (0.6) 35.6 (0.8) 8.3 (0.5) 40.0 (0.7) 7.6
(1.4) 12.8 (0.8) 28.6 (1.5) 12.8 (0.8) 37.2 (1.2) 12.7
(0.3) 52.5 (1.6) 1.3 (0.4) 49.7 (1.7) 2.6 (0.5) 53.8
m m m m m m m m m m
m 51.3 (1.1) 2.9 (0.3) 46.3 (1.2) 3.5 (0.3) 48.7
(0.5) 47.6 (1.3) 2.4 (0.4) 55.8 (1.3) 1.4 (0.3) 52.4
m m m m m 14.2 (1.7) 13.3 (1.5) 19.1
technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).
Change between 2003 and 2018
(PISA 2018 - PISA 2003)
Below Level 2 Level 5 or above Below Level 2 Level 5 or above Below Level 2 Level 5 or above
(less than 420.07 (at or above 606.99 (less than 420.07 (at or above 606.99 (less than 420.07 (at or above 606.99
S.E. % S.E. % S.E. % S.E. % dif. S.E. % dif.
(0.6) 11.3 (0.6) 22.4 (0.7) 10.5 (0.5) 8.1 (1.2) -9.3
(1.1) 12.5 (0.9) 21.1 (1.2) 12.6 (0.8) 2.3 (1.8) -1.7
(1.0) 15.9 (0.7) 19.7 (0.9) 15.7 (0.9) 3.2 (1.3) -10.7
(0.7) 15.1 (0.8) 16.3 (0.7) 15.3 (0.7) 6.1 (1.1) -5.0
(1.3) 1.4 (0.2) 51.9 (1.3) 1.2 (0.2) m m m
(1.2) 0.3 (0.1) 65.4 (1.6) 0.5 (0.1) m m m
(1.1) 10.4 (0.8) 20.4 (1.1) 12.7 (0.7) 3.8 (1.9) -5.6
(0.9) 11.7 (0.7) 14.6 (0.6) 11.6 (0.7) -0.8 (1.2) -4.3
(0.7) 14.2 (0.8) 10.2 (0.6) 15.5 (0.8) m m m
(0.8) 11.7 (0.7) 15.0 (0.7) 11.1 (0.6) 8.2 (1.1) -12.3
(0.9) 11.4 (0.7) 21.3 (0.8) 11.0 (0.8) 4.6 (1.5) -4.1
(1.0) 12.9 (0.8) 21.1 (1.1) 13.3 (0.8) -0.5 (1.7) -2.9
(1.8) 3.9 (0.5) 35.8 (1.5) 3.7 (0.5) -3.1 (2.7) -0.3
(1.2) 8.1 (0.6) 25.6 (1.0) 8.0 (0.7) 2.6 (1.8) -2.7
(1.0) 10.3 (0.8) 20.7 (1.0) 10.4 (0.6) 5.7 (1.4) -5.1
(0.9) 9.8 (0.6) 15.7 (0.8) 8.2 (0.7) -1.1 (1.5) -3.1
(1.4) 8.9 (0.9) 34.1 (1.4) 8.8 (0.6) m m m
(1.1) 10.5 (0.8) 23.8 (1.1) 9.5 (0.8) -8.1 (2.1) 2.5
(0.8) 20.3 (1.3) 11.5 (0.8) 18.3 (1.1) -1.9 (1.4) -5.9
(1.1) 20.9 (1.3) 15.0 (0.9) 21.4 (1.1) 5.5 (1.3) -3.4
(1.0) 5.2 (0.4) 17.3 (1.0) 8.5 (0.6) -6.4 (1.9) 0.5
(1.1) 6.9 (0.7) 25.6 (0.9) 8.4 (0.5) m m m
(0.7) 10.0 (0.5) 27.2 (0.7) 10.8 (0.6) 5.5 (1.3) 0.0
(1.3) 0.3 (0.1) 56.2 (1.4) 0.5 (0.1) -9.7 (2.9) 0.1
(0.9) 15.5 (0.8) 15.8 (1.1) 18.4 (1.0) 4.8 (1.6) -7.1
(1.0) 11.4 (0.7) 21.8 (0.8) 11.6 (0.5) 6.7 (1.5) -9.1
(0.8) 10.6 (0.7) 18.9 (0.8) 12.2 (0.7) -2.0 (1.4) 0.8
(1.0) 12.2 (0.9) 14.7 (0.8) 15.8 (1.0) -7.3 (1.4) 5.7
(1.0) 11.4 (0.7) 23.3 (1.0) 11.6 (0.7) -6.8 (2.1) 6.2
(1.2) 7.8 (0.6) 25.1 (1.1) 10.7 (0.7) 5.1 (1.9) -1.9
(0.6) 13.5 (0.7) 16.4 (0.6) 13.6 (0.7) m m m
(1.0) 7.2 (0.6) 24.7 (0.6) 7.3 (0.4) 1.7 (1.5) -0.7
(1.2) 10.4 (0.9) 18.8 (1.0) 12.6 (0.8) 1.5 (1.5) -3.2
(1.0) 19.2 (1.0) 16.8 (0.9) 17.0 (1.0) 2.3 (1.3) -4.3
(2.2) 1.1 (0.4) 36.7 (1.1) 4.8 (0.6) -15.6 (3.3) -0.7
(1.0) 10.6 (0.7) 19.2 (0.9) 12.9 (0.8) m m m
(1.4) 5.9 (0.7) 27.1 (1.4) 8.3 (0.8) 1.4 (2.1) -1.8
(0.2) 10.8 (0.1) 22.2 (0.2) 11.4 (0.1) 0.5 (0.8) -3.0
(0.2) 10.8 (0.1) 22.1 (0.2) 11.4 (0.1) 0.5 (0.8) -3.0
(0.2) 10.2 (0.1) 24.1 (0.2) 10.9 (0.1) m m m
(0.2) 10.3 (0.1) 24.0 (0.2) 10.9 (0.1) m m m
(1.9) 1.1 (0.2) 42.4 (1.4) 2.3 (0.3) m m m

m m m 69.0 (1.3) 0.3 (0.1) m m m
m m m 50.7 (1.3) 2.0 (0.3) m m m
m m m 29.4 (1.1) 7.3 (0.6) m m m
m m m 57.6 (1.6) 0.8 (0.2) m m m
(1.2) 0.9 (0.2) 68.1 (1.0) 0.9 (0.2) -7.1 (2.2) -0.3
m m m 47.9 (0.7) 3.0 (0.3) m m m
m m m 2.4 (0.4) 44.3 (1.3) m m m
(1.8) 4.4 (0.6) 44.4 (1.7) 4.2 (0.6) m m m
(1.5) 0.3 (0.1) 60.0 (1.9) 0.3 (0.1) m m m
(1.4) 5.6 (0.5) 31.2 (1.3) 5.1 (0.5) m m m
(0.8) 3.2 (0.4) 36.9 (0.7) 4.4 (0.4) m m m
(1.0) 0.0 (0.0) 90.6 (1.0) 0.0 (0.0) m m m
(1.2) 1.6 (0.4) 61.1 (1.3) 1.0 (0.3) m m m
(0.8) 26.5 (1.1) 9.2 (0.8) 29.0 (1.1) -1.2 (1.4) -1.7
(1.6) 0.7 (0.2) 71.9 (1.5) 0.5 (0.2) -6.3 (2.8) 0.2
(1.3) 0.3 (0.1) 59.3 (1.6) 0.7 (0.2) m m m
m m m 49.1 (0.9) 1.9 (0.2) m m m
(1.0) 0.0 (0.0) 76.6 (0.9) 0.1 (0.1) m m m
(1.6) 2.0 (0.3) 59.8 (1.7) 2.0 (0.3) m m m
(0.5) 21.9 (0.6) 5.0 (0.5) 27.6 (0.8) -6.2 (1.3) 9.0
m m m 41.5 (1.4) 2.5 (0.4) m m m
(0.8) 11.8 (0.7) 30.2 (1.0) 8.5 (0.7) m m m
(1.2) 1.7 (0.3) 50.3 (1.1) 2.4 (0.4) m m m
(1.0) 1.5 (0.2) 46.2 (0.8) 1.8 (0.2) m m m
m m m 75.6 (1.6) 0.1 (0.1) m m m
(0.8) 0.8 (0.2) 61.0 (0.9) 1.1 (0.2) m m m
m m m 81.2 (1.3) 0.1 (0.1) m m m
(1.4) 0.4 (0.1) 60.3 (1.3) 0.9 (0.2) m m m
m m m 80.7 (1.6) 0.1 (0.1) m m m
(0.7) 2.2 (0.2) 53.7 (0.6) 2.9 (0.2) m m m
(1.8) 3.3 (0.5) 46.6 (2.3) 3.2 (0.6) m m m
(1.2) 8.8 (0.7) 21.6 (1.3) 8.1 (0.7) -8.6 (2.4) 1.0
m m m 72.7 (1.5) 0.2 (0.1) m m m
m m m 39.7 (1.4) 5.2 (0.4) m m m
(0.4) 34.8 (0.8) 7.1 (0.4) 36.9 (0.8) m m m
(0.7) 28.1 (1.2) 14.0 (0.8) 23.2 (1.1) m m m
(1.6) 1.4 (0.3) 52.7 (1.7) 2.3 (0.4) -1.3 (2.8) 0.6
m m m 35.9 (1.6) 5.0 (0.6) m m m
(1.2) 3.7 (0.3) 45.5 (0.9) 5.4 (0.3) m m m
(1.2) 1.7 (0.4) 50.7 (1.5) 1.0 (0.3) 2.6 (2.7) -1.8
(1.7) 9.3 (1.3) m m m m m m m
n 2003 and 2018 Change between 2006 and 2018 Change between 2009 and 2018 Change between 20
- PISA 2003) (PISA 2018 - PISA 2006) (PISA 2018 - PISA 2009) (PISA 2018 - PI
S.E. % dif. S.E. % dif. S.E. % dif. S.E. % dif. S.E. % dif.
(1.0) 9.5 (1.3) -6.0 (1.1) 6.6 (1.6) -6.0 (1.2) 2.8
(1.4) 1.1 (2.0) -3.2 (1.4) m m m m 2.4
(1.4) 2.3 (1.5) -6.6 (1.5) 0.6 (1.5) -4.6 (1.6) 0.7
(1.3) 5.5 (1.3) -2.6 (1.4) 4.8 (1.4) -3.0 (1.5) 2.4
m -3.2 (3.7) -0.2 (0.4) 0.9 (3.8) -0.1 (0.4) 0.4
m -6.5 (3.4) 0.1 (0.2) -5.1 (3.8) 0.4 (0.2) -8.4
(1.4) 1.2 (1.9) -5.6 (1.5) -1.9 (2.0) 1.0 (1.4) -0.6
(1.3) 0.9 (1.3) -2.1 (1.2) -2.5 (1.4) 0.1 (1.4) -2.3
m -1.9 (1.4) 2.9 (1.5) -2.4 (1.4) 3.4 (1.7) -0.3
(1.1) 9.0 (1.3) -13.3 (1.3) 7.1 (1.4) -10.5 (1.3) 2.7
(1.3) -1.0 (1.7) -1.5 (1.3) -1.3 (1.7) -2.7 (1.4) -1.1
(1.4) 1.2 (1.9) -2.1 (1.5) 2.5 (1.8) -4.5 (1.6) 3.4
(0.8) 3.5 (2.6) -1.3 (0.7) 5.5 (3.1) -2.0 (0.8) 0.1
(1.2) 4.5 (2.0) -2.4 (1.2) 3.3 (2.5) -2.1 (1.4) -2.4
(1.0) 3.9 (1.6) -2.3 (1.1) 3.7 (1.7) -3.2 (1.1) -0.8
(1.1) -0.7 (1.8) -2.0 (1.1) -5.1 (1.8) 1.6 (1.1) -1.2
m -7.9 (2.4) 2.7 (0.9) -5.4 (2.2) 2.9 (1.0) 0.6
(1.0) -9.0 (1.9) 3.3 (1.1) -1.1 (1.9) 0.6 (1.1) -0.8
(2.1) -1.6 (1.4) 0.0 (1.9) -1.0 (1.4) -2.5 (2.2) 0.4
(2.0) 6.1 (1.4) -5.7 (2.3) 6.9 (1.5) -4.2 (2.5) 5.9
(1.1) -3.4 (1.9) 1.9 (1.0) -5.2 (2.1) 2.8 (1.0) -2.6
m 2.7 (1.9) -0.7 (1.1) -0.7 (2.1) 1.5 (0.9) -0.4
(0.9) 4.4 (1.4) 0.2 (0.9) 3.3 (1.6) -0.5 (1.0) 2.9
(0.2) -0.3 (3.2) -0.3 (0.2) 5.4 (3.6) -0.2 (0.2) 1.5
(1.8) 4.2 (1.6) -2.7 (1.8) 2.3 (1.9) -1.4 (2.2) 1.0
(1.0) 7.7 (1.6) -7.4 (1.2) 6.4 (1.8) -7.3 (1.3) -0.9
(1.1) -3.4 (1.6) 1.8 (1.2) 0.7 (1.5) 2.0 (1.3) -3.4
(1.3) -5.1 (1.3) 5.2 (1.5) -5.8 (1.5) 5.4 (1.6) 0.3
(1.0) -7.4 (2.0) 5.9 (1.0) -0.4 (1.8) 2.0 (1.3) -1.6
(1.2) 4.2 (1.7) -0.2 (1.3) 4.1 (1.9) -1.9 (1.4) -2.4
m -1.2 (1.1) -0.1 (1.2) -3.9 (1.1) -0.6 (1.3) -3.7
(0.8) 0.0 (1.8) 0.0 (0.8) 1.0 (1.9) -0.8 (0.8) 1.1
(1.2) 0.5 (1.6) 0.0 (1.2) -2.3 (1.7) 1.2 (1.4) -8.3
(1.9) 3.3 (1.4) -5.7 (1.7) 3.4 (1.5) -7.2 (1.9) 4.4
(1.7) -15.4 (3.1) 0.6 (1.3) -5.5 (3.6) -0.9 (1.4) -5.3
m -0.5 (1.6) 1.7 (1.1) -1.0 (1.8) 3.0 (1.2) -2.6
(1.1) -1.0 (2.6) 0.6 (1.2) 3.7 (2.5) -1.7 (1.3) 1.3
(0.5) 0.8 (1.0) -1.7 (0.6) 1.3 (1.2) -1.7 (0.7) -0.1
(0.5) 0.8 (1.0) -1.8 (0.6) m m m m 0.0
m 0.1 (1.0) -1.2 (0.5) 0.6 (1.3) -1.1 (0.6) -0.5
m 0.2 (1.0) -1.3 (0.5) m m m m -0.4
m m m m m -25.4 (3.8) 1.9 (0.3) -18.3

m 4.8 (3.3) -0.7 (0.4) 5.4 (3.1) -0.5 (0.3) 2.5
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
(0.5) -4.4 (2.1) -0.1 (0.4) -1.0 (2.3) 0.1 (0.3) -0.2
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m -8.9 (3.3) 1.1 (1.0) -2.7 (3.6) 0.4 (1.2) 0.7
m m m m m 3.3 (4.3) 0.0 (0.2) 0.1
m 2.6 (2.5) 0.4 (0.8) -2.0 (2.9) 0.2 (0.9) 1.3
m m m m m m m m m -5.2
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m -7.7 (2.9) 0.4 (0.4) m
(2.1) -0.4 (1.3) 1.2 (2.1) 0.4 (1.1) -1.7 (2.3) 0.7
(0.2) 6.1 (4.1) 0.1 (0.2) -4.8 (3.6) 0.4 (0.2) -3.8
m -7.0 (3.4) 0.4 (0.3) -5.9 (4.0) 0.4 (0.3) -9.2
m m m m m -10.0 (3.4) 0.8 (0.5) 3.9
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
(2.5) -5.9 (0.8) 10.2 (2.7) -6.0 (0.7) 10.5 (3.1) -5.8
m m m m m -17.8 (3.8) 2.1 (0.5) -10.3
m m m m m -3.5 (1.8) 0.8 (0.9) m
m m m m m -10.3 (2.7) 1.8 (0.4) m
m -13.9 (2.5) 0.9 (0.3) -12.3 (3.0) 0.8 (0.3) -10.5
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m 2.4 (2.9) -0.3 (0.2) m
m m m m m -13.2 (3.5) 0.2 (0.3) -14.2
m m m m m m m m m m
m -33.5 (1.8) 2.3 (0.2) -20.1 (2.1) 1.2 (0.3) -15.9
m -6.2 (3.5) 1.9 (0.7) -0.5 (3.6) 1.9 (0.7) 5.7
(1.1) -5.0 (2.4) 0.6 (1.1) -6.9 (2.5) 2.8 (1.1) -2.3
m m m m m m m m m m
m -2.9 (2.5) 2.4 (0.6) -0.8 (2.6) 1.7 (0.7) 0.8
m m m m m -2.7 (0.7) 1.3 (2.7) -1.1
m 2.0 (1.4) -8.7 (2.2) 1.2 (1.1) -5.4 (2.4) 1.1
(0.5) -0.3 (2.9) 0.9 (0.4) 0.2 (3.4) 1.0 (0.6) 3.0
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m -5.8 (2.3) 2.6 (0.5) -0.8
(0.5) 4.6 (2.8) -2.2 (0.5) 3.1 (3.2) -1.4 (0.4) -5.1
m m m m m m m m m m
Change between 2012 and 2018 Change between 2015 and 2018
(PISA 2018 - PISA 2012) (PISA 2018 - PISA 2015)

S.E. % dif. S.E. % dif. S.E. % dif. S.E.
(1.4) -4.3 (1.0) 0.5 (1.0) -0.9 (0.9)

(1.8) -1.7 (1.5) -0.7 (1.7) 0.1 (1.2)
(1.4) -3.8 (1.5) -0.4 (1.4) -0.1 (1.2)
(1.3) -1.1 (1.4) 1.9 (1.1) 0.3 (1.2)
(3.5) -0.4 (0.3) 2.6 (2.3) -0.2 (0.3)
(3.5) 0.2 (0.2) -0.9 (2.4) 0.2 (0.2)
(2.0) -0.2 (1.3) -1.3 (1.6) 2.3 (1.1)
(1.4) 1.7 (1.2) 1.0 (1.1) 0.0 (1.1)
(1.2) 0.9 (1.6) -1.0 (1.1) 1.3 (1.2)
(1.4) -4.1 (1.2) 1.4 (1.2) -0.6 (1.0)
(1.4) -1.9 (1.2) -2.2 (1.3) -0.4 (1.1)
(1.7) -4.1 (1.5) 3.9 (1.5) 0.4 (1.2)
(2.7) -0.2 (0.7) 0.1 (2.5) -0.2 (0.7)
(2.2) -1.3 (1.4) -2.3 (1.7) -0.2 (1.0)
(1.6) -0.8 (1.1) -2.9 (1.5) 0.1 (1.1)
(1.7) -2.4 (1.0) 0.7 (1.4) -1.6 (0.9)
(2.4) -0.6 (1.3) 2.0 (2.0) -0.1 (1.1)
(1.9) -0.4 (1.1) 0.6 (1.7) -1.0 (1.2)
(1.3) -5.3 (2.2) 0.8 (1.1) -2.0 (1.8)
(1.4) -9.5 (2.5) -0.5 (1.4) 0.5 (1.9)
(1.9) 0.5 (1.1) -4.1 (1.5) 3.3 (0.8)
(2.0) 0.4 (0.9) 0.2 (1.6) 1.5 (0.9)
(1.5) -0.4 (0.8) 1.4 (1.1) 0.8 (0.8)
(3.2) -0.1 (0.1) -0.4 (2.3) 0.2 (0.2)
(1.7) -0.8 (1.9) -1.0 (1.4) 2.9 (1.4)
(1.7) -3.4 (1.2) 0.1 (1.4) 0.2 (1.0)
(1.6) 2.8 (1.2) 1.8 (1.2) 1.5 (1.0)
(1.3) -1.0 (1.9) -2.5 (1.3) 3.6 (1.4)
(2.0) 1.0 (1.2) -0.5 (1.5) 0.2 (1.1)
(1.9) -0.2 (1.3) -2.6 (1.7) 2.9 (1.0)
(1.1) -0.1 (1.2) 0.3 (0.9) 0.1 (1.1)
(1.7) -0.7 (0.7) 2.5 (1.3) 0.0 (0.8)
(1.7) 4.6 (1.1) -2.0 (1.6) 2.2 (1.2)
(1.4) -4.4 (1.7) 1.0 (1.4) -2.3 (1.5)
(3.4) -1.1 (1.3) -14.7 (2.8) 3.6 (0.7)
(1.9) 1.0 (1.3) -2.6 (1.5) 2.2 (1.1)
(2.4) -0.5 (1.2) -2.3 (2.1) 2.4 (1.1)
(1.1) -1.4 (0.6) -0.8 (0.6) 0.6 (0.4)
(1.1) -1.4 (0.6) -0.8 (0.6) 0.6 (0.4)
(1.1) -1.1 (0.6) -0.6 (0.6) 0.6 (0.3)
(1.1) -1.1 (0.6) -0.6 (0.6) 0.6 (0.3)
(3.1) 1.5 (0.3) -10.9 (2.7) 1.2 (0.4)

(3.0) 0.1 (0.1) m m m m
m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m
(2.0) 0.2 (0.3) -2.2 (1.7) 0.0 (0.3)
m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m
(3.0) 0.2 (0.9) 2.3 (2.6) -0.2 (0.9)
(4.0) -0.2 (0.2) -2.5 (2.8) 0.1 (0.2)
(2.7) -1.8 (1.3) -0.9 (2.1) -0.4 (0.8)
(1.9) 0.7 (0.5) -5.7 (1.4) 1.2 (0.6)
m m m 0.0 (1.4) 0.0 (0.0)
m m m 4.0 (2.0) -0.5 (0.5)
(1.2) -4.7 (2.3) 0.2 (1.1) 2.4 (1.7)
(3.5) 0.2 (0.2) 3.2 (2.5) -0.2 (0.2)
(3.5) 0.1 (0.5) -8.2 (2.5) 0.4 (0.2)
(3.3) 1.0 (0.4) m m m m
m m m -1.1 (1.7) 0.1 (0.1)
m m m -0.5 (2.4) 0.1 (0.4)
(0.7) 3.3 (2.9) -1.6 (0.7) 5.8 (1.7)
(3.6) 1.1 (0.5) m m m m
m m m 1.1 (1.4) -3.4 (1.0)
m m m 0.1 (1.9) 0.7 (0.5)
(2.7) 0.7 (0.3) -5.7 (1.7) 0.3 (0.3)
m m m m m m m
m m m -9.2 (1.6) 0.3 (0.3)
m m m m m m m
(3.2) 0.3 (0.3) -5.8 (2.2) 0.5 (0.2)
m m m m m m m
(1.9) 0.9 (0.3) -5.0 (1.3) 0.7 (0.3)
(3.4) 0.0 (0.9) 6.6 (3.0) -0.1 (0.8)
(2.2) 0.3 (1.2) 2.7 (1.8) -0.7 (1.0)
m m m m m m m
(2.5) 0.7 (0.9) m m m m
(0.7) -3.1 (2.4) -0.4 (0.6) 2.1 (1.6)
(1.2) -14.0 (2.1) 1.3 (1.1) -4.9 (1.8)
(3.3) -0.3 (0.6) -1.1 (2.6) 0.8 (0.5)
m m m m m m m
(2.2) 2.0 (0.5) -3.2 (1.7) 1.7 (0.5)
(3.0) -0.3 (0.4) -1.7 (2.3) -0.7 (0.5)
m m m m m m m

Table I.B1.9
Percentage of low achievers and top performers in science, 2006 through 2018

% S.E. % S.E. % S.E. %

OECD
Australia 12.9 (0.6) 14.6 (0.7) 12.6 (0.6) 14.5
Austria 16.3 (1.4) 10.0 (0.8) m m m
Belgium 17.0 (1.0) 10.1 (0.5) 18.0 (0.8) 10.1
Canada 10.0 (0.6) 14.4 (0.5) 9.6 (0.5) 12.1
Chile 39.7 (2.1) 1.9 (0.3) 32.3 (1.4) 1.1
Colombia 60.2 (1.8) 0.2 (0.1) 54.1 (1.9) 0.1
Czech Republic 15.5 (1.2) 11.6 (0.9) 17.3 (1.2) 8.4
Denmark 18.4 (1.1) 6.8 (0.7) 16.6 (0.8) 6.7
Estonia 7.7 (0.6) 11.5 (0.8) 8.3 (0.8) 10.4
Finland 4.1 (0.5) 20.9 (0.8) 6.0 (0.5) 18.7
France 21.2 (1.4) 8.0 (0.7) 19.3 (1.3) 8.1
Germany 15.4 (1.3) 11.8 (0.7) 14.8 (1.0) 12.8
Greece 24.0 (1.3) 3.4 (0.4) 25.3 (1.6) 3.1
Hungary 15.0 (1.0) 6.9 (0.6) 14.1 (1.4) 5.4
Iceland 20.6 (0.8) 6.3 (0.5) 17.9 (0.7) 7.0
Ireland 15.5 (1.1) 9.4 (0.7) 15.2 (1.1) 8.7
Israel 36.1 (1.4) 5.2 (0.6) 33.1 (1.2) 3.9
Italy 25.3 (0.9) 4.6 (0.3) 20.6 (0.6) 5.8
Japan 12.0 (1.0) 15.1 (0.8) 10.7 (1.0) 16.9
Korea 11.2 (1.1) 10.3 (1.1) 6.3 (0.8) 11.6
Latvia 17.4 (1.2) 4.1 (0.4) 14.7 (1.2) 3.1
Lithuania 20.3 (1.0) 5.0 (0.7) 17.0 (1.1) 4.6
Luxembourg 22.1 (0.5) 5.9 (0.4) 23.7 (0.8) 6.7
Mexico 50.9 (1.4) 0.3 (0.1) 47.4 (1.0) 0.2
Netherlands* 13.0 (1.0) 13.1 (0.9) 13.2 (1.6) 12.7
New Zealand 13.7 (0.7) 17.6 (0.8) 13.4 (0.7) 17.6
Norway 21.1 (1.3) 6.1 (0.5) 15.8 (0.9) 6.4
Poland 17.0 (0.8) 6.8 (0.5) 13.1 (0.8) 7.5
Portugal* 24.5 (1.4) 3.1 (0.4) 16.5 (1.1) 4.2
Slovak Republic 20.2 (1.0) 5.8 (0.5) 19.3 (1.2) 6.2
Slovenia 13.9 (0.6) 12.9 (0.6) 14.8 (0.5) 9.9
Spain** 19.6 (0.9) 4.9 (0.4) 18.2 (0.9) 4.0
Sweden 16.4 (0.8) 7.9 (0.5) 19.1 (1.0) 8.1
Switzerland 16.1 (0.9) 10.5 (0.8) 14.0 (0.8) 10.7
Turkey 46.6 (1.6) 0.9 (0.3) 30.0 (1.5) 1.1
United Kingdom 16.7 (0.8) 13.7 (0.6) 15.0 (0.8) 11.4
United States* 24.4 (1.6) 9.1 (0.7) 18.1 (1.1) 9.2
OECD average-36b 21.0 (0.2) 8.4 (0.1) 18.8 (0.2) 8.0
OECD average-37 20.9 (0.2) 8.4 (0.1) m m m
Partners
Albania m m m m 57.3 (2.0) 0.1
Argentina 56.3 (2.5) 0.4 (0.1) 52.4 (1.9) 0.7
Brazil 61.0 (1.4) 0.6 (0.2) 54.2 (1.3) 0.6
Bulgaria 42.6 (2.4) 3.1 (0.6) 38.8 (2.5) 2.6
Costa Rica m m m m 39.0 (1.5) 0.3
Croatia 17.0 (0.9) 5.1 (0.5) 18.5 (1.1) 3.7
Georgia m m m m 65.6 (1.3) 0.2
Hong Kong (China)* 8.7 (0.8) 15.9 (0.9) 6.6 (0.7) 16.2
Indonesia 61.6 (3.4) 0.0 (0.0) 65.6 (2.3) 0.0
Jordan 44.3 (1.2) 0.6 (0.2) 45.6 (1.7) 0.5
Kazakhstan m m m m 55.4 (1.6) 0.3
Macao (China) 10.3 (0.5) 5.3 (0.4) 9.6 (0.4) 4.8
Malaysia m m m m 43.0 (1.5) 0.2
Malta m m m m 32.5 (0.8) 6.0
Moldova m m m m 47.3 (1.5) 0.2
Montenegro 50.2 (0.9) 0.3 (0.1) 53.6 (1.0) 0.2
Panama m m m m 65.1 (2.8) 0.2
Peru m m m m 68.3 (1.7) 0.2
Qatar 79.1 (0.4) 0.3 (0.1) 65.2 (0.6) 1.4
Romania 46.9 (2.4) 0.5 (0.1) 41.4 (2.1) 0.4
Russia 22.2 (1.4) 4.2 (0.5) 22.0 (1.4) 4.4
Serbia 38.5 (1.6) 0.8 (0.2) 34.4 (1.3) 1.0
Singapore m m m m 11.5 (0.5) 19.9
Chinese Taipei 11.6 (1.0) 14.6 (0.9) 11.1 (0.7) 8.8
Thailand 46.1 (1.2) 0.4 (0.1) 42.8 (1.6) 0.6
United Arab Emirates m m m m 39.2 (1.2) 2.2
Uruguay 42.1 (1.4) 1.4 (0.2) 42.6 (1.1) 1.5
vel in PISA 2009 Proficiency level in PISA 2012 Proficiency level in PISA 2015 Proficiency level in PI
S.E. % S.E. % S.E. % S.E. % S.E. %
(0.8) 13.6 (0.5) 13.6 (0.5) 17.6 (0.6) 11.2 (0.5) 18.9
m 15.8 (1.0) 7.9 (0.7) 20.8 (1.0) 7.7 (0.5) 21.9
(0.7) 17.7 (0.9) 9.1 (0.4) 19.8 (0.9) 9.0 (0.4) 20.0
(0.5) 10.4 (0.5) 11.3 (0.5) 11.1 (0.5) 12.4 (0.6) 13.4
(0.2) 34.5 (1.6) 1.0 (0.2) 34.8 (1.2) 1.2 (0.2) 35.3
(0.1) 56.2 (1.6) 0.1 (0.1) 49.0 (1.3) 0.4 (0.1) 50.4
(0.7) 13.8 (1.1) 7.6 (0.6) 20.7 (1.0) 7.3 (0.5) 18.8
(0.6) 16.7 (1.0) 6.8 (0.7) 15.9 (0.8) 7.0 (0.6) 18.7
(0.8) 5.0 (0.5) 12.8 (0.7) 8.8 (0.7) 13.5 (0.7) 8.8
(0.9) 7.7 (0.6) 17.1 (0.7) 11.5 (0.7) 14.3 (0.6) 12.9
(0.8) 18.7 (1.0) 7.9 (0.8) 22.1 (0.9) 8.0 (0.5) 20.5
(0.8) 12.2 (0.9) 12.2 (1.0) 17.0 (1.0) 10.6 (0.6) 19.6
(0.4) 25.5 (1.5) 2.5 (0.4) 32.7 (1.9) 2.1 (0.3) 31.7
(0.6) 18.0 (1.1) 5.9 (0.8) 26.0 (1.0) 4.6 (0.5) 24.1
(0.4) 24.0 (0.8) 5.2 (0.6) 25.3 (0.9) 3.8 (0.4) 25.0
(0.8) 11.1 (0.9) 10.7 (0.6) 15.3 (1.0) 7.1 (0.5) 17.0
(0.4) 28.9 (1.7) 5.8 (0.6) 31.4 (1.4) 5.8 (0.5) 33.1
(0.3) 18.7 (0.7) 6.1 (0.4) 23.2 (1.0) 4.1 (0.4) 25.9
(0.9) 8.5 (0.9) 18.2 (1.2) 9.6 (0.7) 15.3 (1.0) 10.8
(1.1) 6.6 (0.8) 11.7 (1.1) 14.4 (0.9) 10.6 (0.8) 14.2
(0.5) 12.4 (1.0) 4.4 (0.5) 17.2 (0.8) 3.8 (0.4) 18.5
(0.5) 16.1 (1.1) 5.1 (0.5) 24.7 (1.1) 4.2 (0.5) 22.2
(0.5) 22.2 (0.6) 8.2 (0.5) 25.9 (0.7) 6.9 (0.4) 26.8
(0.0) 47.0 (0.8) 0.1 (0.0) 47.8 (1.3) 0.1 (0.1) 46.8
(1.2) 13.1 (1.1) 11.8 (1.1) 18.5 (1.0) 11.1 (0.6) 20.0
(0.8) 16.3 (0.9) 13.4 (0.7) 17.4 (0.9) 12.8 (0.7) 18.0
(0.6) 19.6 (1.1) 7.5 (0.6) 18.7 (0.8) 8.0 (0.5) 20.8
(0.5) 9.0 (0.7) 10.8 (1.0) 16.3 (0.8) 7.3 (0.6) 13.8
(0.5) 19.0 (1.4) 4.5 (0.5) 17.4 (0.9) 7.4 (0.5) 19.6
(0.6) 26.9 (1.6) 4.9 (0.7) 30.7 (1.1) 3.6 (0.4) 29.3
(0.6) 12.9 (0.6) 9.6 (0.7) 15.0 (0.5) 10.6 (0.6) 14.6
(0.3) 15.7 (0.7) 4.8 (0.3) 18.3 (0.8) 5.0 (0.4) 21.3
(0.6) 22.2 (1.1) 6.3 (0.5) 21.6 (1.1) 8.5 (0.7) 19.0
(0.9) 12.8 (0.7) 9.3 (0.8) 18.5 (1.1) 9.8 (0.6) 20.2
(0.3) 26.4 (1.5) 1.8 (0.4) 44.5 (2.1) 0.3 (0.1) 25.2
(0.7) 15.0 (1.1) 11.2 (0.8) 17.4 (0.8) 10.9 (0.7) 17.4
(1.0) 18.1 (1.3) 7.5 (0.7) 20.3 (1.1) 8.5 (0.6) 18.6
(0.1) 18.7 (0.2) 8.0 (0.1) 22.1 (0.2) 7.4 (0.1) 22.0
m 18.6 (0.2) 8.0 (0.1) 22.1 (0.2) 7.4 (0.1) 22.0
(0.1) 53.1 (1.2) 0.4 (0.1) 41.7 (1.7) 0.4 (0.2) 47.0
(0.2) 50.9 (2.2) 0.2 (0.1) m m m m 53.5
(0.1) 55.2 (1.1) 0.3 (0.1) 56.6 (1.1) 0.7 (0.1) 55.4
(0.5) 36.9 (2.0) 3.1 (0.6) 37.9 (1.9) 2.9 (0.4) 46.5
(0.1) 39.3 (1.7) 0.2 (0.1) 46.4 (1.2) 0.1 (0.1) 47.8
(0.6) 17.3 (0.9) 4.6 (0.8) 24.6 (1.2) 3.9 (0.4) 25.4
m 38.0 (0.7) 2.0 (0.3) 42.1 (0.8) 1.6 (0.2) 39.0
m m m m m 85.7 (1.1) 0.0 (0.0) 84.8
(0.1) m m m m 50.8 (1.3) 0.9 (0.2) 64.4
(1.0) 5.6 (0.6) 16.7 (1.0) 9.4 (0.7) 7.4 (0.6) 11.6
(0.0) 66.6 (2.2) 0.0 (0.0) 56.0 (1.6) 0.1 (0.1) 60.0
(0.2) 49.6 (1.5) 0.2 (0.2) 49.8 (1.4) 0.2 (0.1) 40.3
(0.2) 41.9 (1.8) 0.2 (0.1) m m m m 60.3
m m m m m 67.7 (1.1) 0.0 (0.0) 76.5
m m m m m 62.6 (1.7) 0.4 (0.1) 62.3
(0.5) 8.8 (0.5) 6.7 (0.4) 8.1 (0.4) 9.2 (0.5) 6.0
(0.1) 45.5 (1.6) 0.3 (0.1) m m m m 36.6
(0.6) m m m m 32.5 (0.8) 7.6 (0.5) 33.5
(0.1) m m m m 42.2 (1.1) 0.7 (0.2) 42.6
(0.1) 50.7 (0.7) 0.4 (0.1) 51.0 (0.7) 0.5 (0.1) 48.2
m m m m m 62.9 (0.8) 0.2 (0.1) 49.5
(0.1) m m m m m m m m 71.3
(0.1) 68.5 (2.0) 0.0 (0.1) 58.5 (1.4) 0.1 (0.1) 54.5
(0.1) 62.6 (0.5) 1.5 (0.1) 49.8 (0.5) 1.7 (0.2) 48.4
(0.1) 37.3 (1.6) 0.9 (0.3) 38.5 (1.8) 0.7 (0.2) 43.9
(0.5) 18.8 (1.1) 4.3 (0.6) 18.2 (1.1) 3.7 (0.4) 21.2
(0.2) 35.0 (1.8) 1.7 (0.4) m m m m 38.3
(0.6) 9.6 (0.5) 22.7 (0.8) 9.6 (0.4) 24.2 (0.6) 9.0
(0.9) 9.8 (0.8) 8.3 (0.6) 12.4 (0.8) 15.4 (1.1) 15.1
(0.3) 33.6 (1.6) 0.9 (0.3) 46.7 (1.5) 0.5 (0.2) 44.5
(0.2) 35.2 (1.3) 2.5 (0.3) 41.8 (1.1) 2.8 (0.2) 42.8
(0.2) 46.9 (1.3) 1.0 (0.2) 40.8 (1.1) 1.3 (0.2) 43.9
m 6.7 (1.1) 8.1 (1.1) 5.9 (0.8) 8.3 (1.2) m
Proficiency level in PISA 2018
Below Level 2 Level 5 or above Below Level 2 Level 5 or above Below Level 2 Level 5 or above
(less than 409.54 (at or above 633.33 (less than 409.54 (at or above 633.33 (less than 409.54 (at or above 633.33
S.E. % S.E. % dif. S.E. % dif. S.E. % dif. S.E. % dif.
(0.6) 9.5 (0.5) 6.0 (1.2) -5.1 (1.0) 6.3 (1.3) -5.1
(1.0) 6.3 (0.6) 5.5 (2.1) -3.7 (1.0) m m m
(0.9) 8.0 (0.5) 3.0 (1.5) -2.0 (0.8) 2.0 (1.5) -2.1
(0.5) 11.3 (0.6) 3.4 (1.0) -3.1 (1.0) 3.9 (1.0) -0.8
(1.2) 1.0 (0.2) -4.4 (3.2) -0.9 (0.4) 3.1 (3.0) -0.1
(1.7) 0.4 (0.1) -9.8 (4.0) 0.3 (0.1) -3.7 (4.3) 0.3
(1.1) 7.5 (0.5) 3.2 (1.9) -4.1 (1.1) 1.5 (1.9) -0.8
(0.7) 5.5 (0.5) 0.2 (1.6) -1.3 (0.9) 2.1 (1.4) -1.2
(0.6) 12.2 (0.6) 1.1 (1.0) 0.7 (1.2) 0.4 (1.1) 1.8
(0.7) 12.3 (0.7) 8.8 (1.0) -8.6 (1.3) 6.9 (1.0) -6.4
(0.8) 6.6 (0.5) -0.7 (1.8) -1.5 (0.9) 1.2 (1.8) -1.6
(1.0) 10.0 (0.6) 4.2 (1.8) -1.8 (1.0) 4.8 (1.6) -2.8
(1.5) 1.3 (0.2) 7.7 (2.9) -2.1 (0.4) 6.5 (3.1) -1.7
(0.9) 4.7 (0.5) 9.1 (1.9) -2.2 (0.8) 10.0 (2.2) -0.7
(0.9) 3.8 (0.4) 4.4 (2.0) -2.5 (0.7) 7.0 (2.1) -3.1
(0.8) 5.8 (0.6) 1.5 (1.6) -3.6 (0.9) 1.9 (1.6) -2.9
(1.4) 5.8 (0.5) -3.0 (2.2) 0.6 (0.8) 0.0 (2.2) 1.9
(1.0) 2.7 (0.4) 0.6 (2.0) -1.9 (0.5) 5.2 (1.9) -3.1
(0.8) 13.1 (0.9) -1.2 (1.4) -2.0 (1.6) 0.2 (1.4) -3.9
(0.8) 11.8 (0.8) 2.9 (1.5) 1.5 (1.5) 7.8 (1.3) 0.2
(0.8) 3.7 (0.4) 1.1 (1.8) -0.4 (0.6) 3.8 (1.9) 0.6
(0.9) 4.4 (0.3) 1.8 (1.7) -0.5 (0.8) 5.2 (1.8) -0.2
(0.6) 5.4 (0.5) 4.7 (1.5) -0.4 (0.7) 3.1 (1.7) -1.3
(1.4) 0.3 (0.1) -4.1 (4.2) 0.0 (0.1) -0.5 (4.4) 0.1
(1.1) 10.6 (0.8) 7.1 (1.7) -2.5 (1.3) 6.9 (2.1) -2.1
(0.8) 11.3 (0.6) 4.3 (1.2) -6.3 (1.1) 4.7 (1.3) -6.3
(1.0) 6.8 (0.5) -0.2 (1.9) 0.7 (0.8) 5.1 (1.8) 0.4
(0.8) 9.3 (0.8) -3.1 (1.3) 2.5 (1.2) 0.7 (1.4) 1.7
(1.0) 5.6 (0.6) -4.9 (1.9) 2.5 (0.7) 3.1 (1.7) 1.5
(1.0) 3.7 (0.4) 9.1 (2.3) -2.1 (0.7) 10.0 (2.4) -2.5
(0.7) 7.3 (0.6) 0.7 (1.1) -5.6 (0.9) -0.2 (1.1) -2.5
(0.6) 4.2 (0.3) 1.6 (1.6) -0.7 (0.5) 3.0 (1.7) 0.2
(1.1) 8.3 (0.6) 2.6 (1.5) 0.4 (0.9) -0.1 (1.7) 0.2
(1.0) 7.8 (0.7) 4.2 (1.8) -2.7 (1.2) 6.2 (1.8) -2.9
(1.1) 2.5 (0.5) -21.4 (2.7) 1.5 (0.6) -4.8 (2.7) 1.3
(0.9) 9.7 (0.6) 0.7 (1.5) -4.1 (1.0) 2.4 (1.6) -1.7
(1.2) 9.1 (0.7) -5.7 (2.1) 0.0 (1.2) 0.5 (1.8) 0.0
(0.2) 6.8 (0.1) 1.0 (1.1) -1.6 (0.3) 3.2 (1.2) -1.3
(0.2) 6.8 (0.1) 1.1 (1.1) -1.6 (0.3) m m m
(1.3) 0.2 (0.1) m m m m -10.3 (4.4) 0.1

(1.4) 0.5 (0.1) -2.8 (3.5) 0.0 (0.2) 1.1 (3.2) -0.2
(1.2) 0.1 (0.1) m m m m m m m
(1.2) 2.6 (0.4) m m m m m m m
(1.6) 0.1 (0.1) m m m m m m m
(1.0) 0.8 (0.2) -5.6 (2.3) 0.2 (0.3) 1.2 (2.4) 0.2
(0.6) 2.3 (0.3) m m m m m m m
(0.3) 31.5 (1.3) m m m m m m m
(1.6) 1.5 (0.3) 3.9 (3.5) -1.5 (0.7) 7.7 (3.7) -1.1
(1.8) 0.1 (0.1) m m m m 8.8 (4.4) -0.2
(1.2) 3.6 (0.4) 8.4 (2.0) -1.5 (0.6) 6.9 (2.2) -0.1
(1.0) 1.6 (0.2) m m m m m m m
(1.1) 0.0 (0.0) m m m m m m m
(1.2) 0.1 (0.1) m m m m -1.2 (3.2) -0.1
(0.8) 7.8 (0.7) 2.8 (1.3) -8.1 (1.3) 4.9 (1.3) -8.4
(1.5) 0.1 (0.0) -1.6 (5.5) 0.0 (0.1) -5.6 (5.1) 0.1
(1.4) 0.7 (0.2) -4.0 (2.9) 0.0 (0.3) -5.3 (3.3) 0.2
(1.0) 0.4 (0.1) m m m m 4.9 (4.3) 0.1
(0.7) 0.0 (0.0) m m m m m m m
(1.6) 0.5 (0.2) m m m m m m m
(0.5) 13.6 (0.6) -4.3 (0.8) 8.3 (1.3) -3.6 (0.7) 8.9
(1.3) 0.6 (0.2) m m m m -6.4 (3.8) 0.4
(0.9) 4.4 (0.4) m m m m 1.0 (1.5) -1.6
(1.2) 0.9 (0.2) m m m m -4.7 (3.7) 0.6
(0.7) 0.3 (0.1) -2.0 (3.3) 0.1 (0.2) -5.3 (3.6) 0.1
(1.8) 0.0 (0.0) m m m m m m m
(0.8) 0.8 (0.2) m m m m m m m
(1.4) 0.1 (0.1) m m m m 6.2 (3.7) -0.1
(1.4) 0.2 (0.1) m m m m -13.8 (3.8) 0.0
(1.5) 0.1 (0.0) m m m m m m m
(0.5) 2.2 (0.2) -30.7 (1.9) 1.9 (0.2) -16.8 (2.1) 0.8
(2.1) 1.0 (0.3) -3.0 (4.1) 0.5 (0.3) 2.6 (4.0) 0.6
(1.2) 3.1 (0.4) -1.0 (2.5) -1.1 (0.6) -0.8 (2.5) -1.3
(1.5) 0.1 (0.0) m m m m m m m
(1.5) 1.6 (0.2) -0.2 (2.8) 0.8 (0.3) 3.9 (2.7) 0.5
(0.4) 20.7 (0.6) m m m m -2.5 (0.7) 0.8
(0.8) 11.7 (0.9) 3.5 (1.4) -3.0 (1.4) 4.1 (1.2) 2.8
(1.5) 0.7 (0.2) -1.6 (3.3) 0.3 (0.2) 1.7 (3.6) 0.1
(1.4) 3.5 (0.5) m m m m m m m
(0.9) 2.9 (0.2) m m m m 3.6 (2.6) 0.7
(1.3) 0.7 (0.2) 1.7 (3.1) -0.7 (0.3) 1.3 (3.1) -0.8
m m m m m m m m m m
n 2009 and 2018 Change between 2012 and 2018 Change between 2015 and 2018
- PISA 2009) (PISA 2018 - PISA 2012) (PISA 2018 - PISA 2015)
S.E. % dif. S.E. % dif. S.E. % dif. S.E. % dif. S.E.
(1.1) 5.2 (1.4) -4.1 (1.0) 1.2 (0.8) -1.7 (0.7)

m 6.1 (2.2) -1.6 (1.0) 1.0 (1.4) -1.4 (0.8)
(1.0) 2.3 (1.6) -1.0 (0.9) 0.2 (1.3) -1.0 (0.6)
(1.0) 3.0 (1.1) 0.0 (1.1) 2.3 (0.8) -1.0 (0.9)
(0.3) 0.9 (3.6) 0.0 (0.2) 0.5 (1.7) -0.2 (0.3)
(0.1) -5.8 (4.8) 0.3 (0.1) 1.4 (2.2) 0.1 (0.1)
(0.9) 5.0 (2.0) -0.1 (0.9) -1.9 (1.5) 0.2 (0.7)
(0.8) 2.0 (1.7) -1.2 (0.9) 2.8 (1.1) -1.5 (0.8)
(1.2) 3.7 (1.0) -0.6 (1.3) 0.0 (0.9) -1.3 (0.9)
(1.4) 5.2 (1.2) -4.8 (1.5) 1.4 (1.0) -2.1 (0.9)
(1.0) 1.8 (1.7) -1.3 (1.1) -1.6 (1.2) -1.4 (0.8)
(1.1) 7.4 (1.7) -2.2 (1.2) 2.6 (1.4) -0.6 (0.9)
(0.4) 6.2 (3.5) -1.2 (0.5) -1.0 (2.4) -0.8 (0.4)
(0.8) 6.1 (2.3) -1.2 (1.0) -1.9 (1.4) 0.1 (0.7)
(0.6) 1.0 (2.4) -1.4 (0.8) -0.3 (1.3) 0.1 (0.5)
(1.0) 5.9 (1.6) -4.9 (0.9) 1.7 (1.3) -1.2 (0.7)
(0.7) 4.2 (2.6) 0.0 (0.9) 1.7 (2.0) 0.0 (0.7)
(0.5) 7.2 (2.3) -3.3 (0.6) 2.7 (1.5) -1.3 (0.6)
(1.7) 2.4 (1.4) -5.2 (2.0) 1.2 (1.0) -2.3 (1.4)
(1.5) 7.5 (1.3) 0.1 (1.7) -0.2 (1.2) 1.2 (1.2)
(0.6) 6.1 (1.9) -0.7 (0.7) 1.2 (1.1) -0.1 (0.5)
(0.6) 6.1 (2.0) -0.7 (0.6) -2.5 (1.4) 0.3 (0.6)
(0.8) 4.5 (2.0) -2.7 (0.9) 0.9 (0.9) -1.5 (0.6)
(0.1) -0.2 (5.2) 0.1 (0.1) -1.0 (2.1) 0.1 (0.1)
(1.6) 6.9 (1.9) -1.2 (1.5) 1.5 (1.5) -0.5 (1.0)
(1.2) 1.8 (1.4) -2.0 (1.2) 0.6 (1.2) -1.5 (0.9)
(0.9) 1.2 (2.0) -0.8 (0.9) 2.1 (1.3) -1.2 (0.7)
(1.2) 4.8 (1.4) -1.5 (1.6) -2.4 (1.2) 1.9 (1.0)
(0.9) 0.6 (2.1) 1.1 (0.9) 2.2 (1.4) -1.8 (0.8)
(0.7) 2.4 (3.0) -1.2 (0.8) -1.4 (1.5) 0.1 (0.5)
(1.0) 1.7 (1.3) -2.2 (1.1) -0.4 (0.8) -3.3 (0.8)
(0.4) 5.6 (1.8) -0.6 (0.5) 3.0 (1.0) -0.8 (0.5)
(0.9) -3.2 (1.8) 2.0 (0.9) -2.6 (1.6) -0.2 (0.9)
(1.2) 7.4 (2.0) -1.5 (1.2) 1.8 (1.5) -2.0 (1.0)
(0.6) -1.2 (3.1) 0.7 (0.6) -19.3 (2.4) 2.2 (0.5)
(1.1) 2.5 (1.9) -1.5 (1.2) 0.0 (1.2) -1.2 (0.9)
(1.4) 0.5 (2.0) 1.7 (1.3) -1.7 (1.6) 0.6 (1.0)
(0.4) 3.3 (1.5) -1.2 (0.4) -0.1 (0.3) -0.7 (0.1)
m 3.4 (1.5) -1.2 (0.4) -0.1 (0.3) -0.7 (0.1)
(0.1) -6.1 (4.9) -0.2 (0.2) 5.3 (2.2) -0.1 (0.2)

(0.2) 2.6 (3.8) 0.2 (0.2) m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
(0.2) 0.2 (2.6) 0.5 (0.2) -1.2 (1.5) 0.1 (0.2)
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
(0.6) 9.6 (3.7) -1.6 (0.7) 8.6 (2.5) -1.4 (0.6)
(0.1) 8.5 (5.3) -0.1 (0.1) 1.5 (2.2) 0.0 (0.1)
(0.7) 8.1 (2.4) -0.9 (0.9) 0.7 (1.7) -0.3 (0.5)
m 0.9 (2.8) -0.3 (0.4) -3.2 (1.3) 0.1 (0.3)
m m m m m -0.9 (1.6) 0.0 (0.0)
(0.1) m m m m 13.6 (1.8) -0.8 (0.2)
(1.3) 6.0 (1.3) -8.9 (1.4) 2.1 (1.1) 0.5 (1.0)
(0.0) -6.6 (6.1) 0.1 (0.0) 4.1 (2.3) 0.0 (0.1)
(0.2) -9.2 (3.7) 0.4 (0.2) -9.5 (2.0) 0.5 (0.2)
(0.2) 18.4 (5.3) 0.2 (0.1) m m m m
m m m m m 8.8 (1.3) 0.0 (0.0)
m m m m m -0.4 (2.4) 0.1 (0.2)
(1.3) -2.8 (0.8) 7.0 (1.5) -2.1 (0.7) 4.5 (0.8)
(0.2) -8.9 (4.5) 0.3 (0.2) m m m m
(0.7) m m m m 1.0 (1.2) -3.2 (0.6)
(0.2) m m m m 0.4 (1.7) 0.1 (0.3)
(0.2) -2.5 (4.3) -0.1 (0.2) -2.8 (1.1) -0.1 (0.2)
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m -13.5 (1.2) 0.6 (0.2)
(0.1) m m m m m m m m
(0.2) -14.0 (4.6) 0.2 (0.1) -4.0 (2.0) 0.1 (0.1)
m m m m m m m m m
(0.2) -14.3 (2.5) 0.8 (0.2) -1.4 (0.8) 0.5 (0.2)
(0.3) 6.6 (4.3) 0.1 (0.4) 5.4 (2.9) 0.3 (0.3)
(0.7) 2.5 (2.7) -1.2 (0.7) 3.1 (1.7) -0.7 (0.5)
m m m m m m m m m
(0.3) 3.3 (3.3) -0.1 (0.4) m m m m
(1.9) -0.6 (0.8) -2.0 (2.3) -0.6 (0.6) -3.4 (0.9)
(1.4) 5.3 (1.3) 3.3 (1.3) 2.7 (1.1) -3.7 (1.4)
(0.3) 10.9 (4.2) -0.2 (0.3) -2.3 (2.2) 0.3 (0.2)
m m m m m m m m m
(0.3) 7.6 (3.1) 0.3 (0.4) 1.0 (1.5) 0.1 (0.3)
(0.3) -3.0 (3.7) -0.3 (0.3) 3.1 (1.8) -0.6 (0.3)
m m m m m m m m m
Annex B1 economies
Annex B1 economies
Table I.B1.10
Mean reading performance, 2000 through 2018
Reading performance, by P
PISA 2000 PISA 2003 PISA 2006
Mean Mean Mean

score S.E. score S.E. score S.E.
OECD
Australia 528 (3.5) 525 (2.1) 513 (2.1)
Austria 492 (2.7) 491 (3.8) 490 (4.1)
Belgium 507 (3.6) 507 (2.6) 501 (3.0)
Canada 534 (1.6) 528 (1.7) 527 (2.4)
Chile 410 (3.6) m m 442 (5.0)
Colombia m m m m 385 (5.1)
Czech Republic 492 (2.4) 489 (3.5) 483 (4.2)
Denmark 497 (2.4) 492 (2.8) 494 (3.2)
Estonia m m m m 501 (2.9)
Finland 546 (2.6) 543 (1.6) 547 (2.1)
France 505 (2.7) 496 (2.7) 488 (4.1)
Germany 484 (2.5) 491 (3.4) 495 (4.4)
Greece 474 (5.0) 472 (4.1) 460 (4.0)
Hungary 480 (4.0) 482 (2.5) 482 (3.3)
Iceland 507 (1.5) 492 (1.6) 484 (1.9)
Ireland 527 (3.2) 515 (2.6) 517 (3.5)
Israel 452 (8.5) m m 439 (4.6)
Italy 487 (2.9) 476 (3.0) 469 (2.4)
Japan 522 (5.2) 498 (3.9) 498 (3.6)
Korea 525 (2.4) 534 (3.1) 556 (3.8)
Latvia 458 (5.3) 491 (3.7) 479 (3.7)
Lithuania m m m m 470 (3.0)
Luxembourg m m 479 (1.5) 479 (1.3)
Mexico 422 (3.3) 400 (4.1) 410 (3.1)
Netherlands* m m 513 (2.9) 507 (2.9)
New Zealand 529 (2.8) 522 (2.5) 521 (3.0)
Norway 505 (2.8) 500 (2.8) 484 (3.2)
Poland 479 (4.5) 497 (2.9) 508 (2.8)
Portugal* 470 (4.5) 478 (3.7) 472 (3.6)
Slovak Republic m m 469 (3.1) 466 (3.1)
Slovenia m m m m 494 (1.0)
Spain** 493 (2.7) 481 (2.6) 461 (2.2)
Sweden 516 (2.2) 514 (2.4) 507 (3.4)
Switzerland 494 (4.2) 499 (3.3) 499 (3.1)
Turkey m m 441 (5.8) 447 (4.2)
United Kingdom m m m m 495 (2.3)
United States* 504 (7.0) 495 (3.2) m m
OECD average-23 500 (0.7) 497 (0.6) 495 (0.7)
OECD average-27 494 (0.8) m m m m
OECD average-29b m m 494 (0.6) m m
OECD average-35a m m m m m m
OECD average-35b m m m m 486 (0.6)
Partners
Albania 349 (3.3) m m m m
Argentina 418 (9.9) m m 374 (7.2)
Belarus m m m m m m
Brazil 396 (3.1) 403 (4.6) 393 (3.7)
Bulgaria 430 (4.9) m m 402 (6.9)
Costa Rica m m m m m m
Croatia m m m m 477 (2.8)
Cyprus m m m m m m
Georgia m m m m m m
Hong Kong (China)* 525 (2.9) 510 (3.7) 536 (2.4)
Indonesia 371 (4.0) 382 (3.4) 393 (5.9)
Jordan m m m m 401 (3.3)
Kazakhstan m m m m m m
Kosovo m m m m m m
Lebanon m m m m m m
Macao (China) m m 498 (2.2) 492 (1.1)
Malaysia m m m m m m
Malta m m m m m m
Moldova m m m m m m
Montenegro m m m m 392 (1.2)
Morocco m m m m m m
North Macedonia 373 (1.9) m m m m
Panama m m m m m m
Peru 327 (4.4) m m m m
Qatar m m m m 312 (1.2)
Romania m m m m 396 (4.7)
Russia 462 (4.2) 442 (3.9) 440 (4.3)
Serbia m m m m 401 (3.5)
Singapore m m m m m m
Chinese Taipei m m m m 496 (3.4)
Thailand 431 (3.2) 420 (2.8) 417 (2.6)
Ukraine m m m m m m
United Arab Emirates m m m m m m
Uruguay m m 434 (3.4) 413 (3.4)
Viet Nam m m m m m m
1. The average 3-year trend is the average change, per 3-year period, between the earliest available measurement in PISA
2. Curvilinear trends in performance are computed only for countries with comparable data in more than four PISA assessm
for the quadratic term represents the acceleration or deceleration of the change in performance.
Albania, Argentina, Bulgaria, Chile, Indonesia, the Republic of North Macedonia, Peru and Thailand conducted the PISA 20
Estimates of the average 3-year trend and the curvilinear trend for these countries consider the year in which the assessme
Reading performance, by PISA cycle C
PISA 2000
PISA 2009 PISA 2012 PISA 2015 PISA 2018 (PISA 2018 - PISA
2000)
Mean Mean Mean Mean

score S.E. score S.E. score S.E. score S.E. Score dif. S.E.
515 (2.3) 512 (1.6) 503 (1.7) 503 (1.6) -26 (5.6)
m m 490 (2.8) 485 (2.8) 484 (2.7) -8 (5.6)
506 (2.3) 509 (2.3) 499 (2.4) 493 (2.3) -14 (5.9)
524 (1.5) 523 (1.9) 527 (2.3) 520 (1.8) -14 (4.7)
449 (3.1) 441 (2.9) 459 (2.6) 452 (2.6) 43 (6.0)
413 (3.7) 403 (3.4) 425 (2.9) 412 (3.3) m m
478 (2.9) 493 (2.9) 487 (2.6) 490 (2.5) -1 (5.3)
495 (2.1) 496 (2.6) 500 (2.5) 501 (1.8) 4 (5.0)
501 (2.6) 516 (2.0) 519 (2.2) 523 (1.8) m m
536 (2.3) 524 (2.4) 526 (2.5) 520 (2.3) -26 (5.3)
496 (3.4) 505 (2.8) 499 (2.5) 493 (2.3) -12 (5.4)
497 (2.7) 508 (2.8) 509 (3.0) 498 (3.0) 14 (5.6)
483 (4.3) 477 (3.3) 467 (4.3) 457 (3.6) -16 (7.4)
494 (3.2) 488 (3.2) 470 (2.7) 476 (2.3) -4 (6.1)
500 (1.4) 483 (1.8) 482 (2.0) 474 (1.7) -33 (4.6)
496 (3.0) 523 (2.6) 521 (2.5) 518 (2.2) -9 (5.6)
474 (3.6) 486 (5.0) 479 (3.8) 470 (3.7) 18 (10.1)
486 (1.6) 490 (2.0) 485 (2.7) 476 (2.4) -11 (5.5)
520 (3.5) 538 (3.7) 516 (3.2) 504 (2.7) -18 (7.1)
539 (3.5) 536 (3.9) 517 (3.5) 514 (2.9) -11 (5.6)
484 (3.0) 489 (2.4) 488 (1.8) 479 (1.6) 21 (6.8)
468 (2.4) 477 (2.5) 472 (2.7) 476 (1.5) m m
472 (1.3) 488 (1.5) 481 (1.4) 470 (1.1) m m
425 (2.0) 424 (1.5) 423 (2.6) 420 (2.7) -1 (5.9)
508 (5.1) 511 (3.5) 503 (2.4) 485 (2.7) m m
521 (2.4) 512 (2.4) 509 (2.4) 506 (2.0) -23 (5.3)
503 (2.6) 504 (3.2) 513 (2.5) 499 (2.2) -6 (5.4)
500 (2.6) 518 (3.1) 506 (2.5) 512 (2.7) 33 (6.6)
489 (3.1) 488 (3.8) 498 (2.7) 492 (2.4) 22 (6.5)
477 (2.5) 463 (4.2) 453 (2.8) 458 (2.2) m m
483 (1.0) 481 (1.2) 505 (1.5) 495 (1.2) m m
481 (2.0) 488 (1.9) 496 (2.4) m m m m
497 (2.9) 483 (3.0) 500 (3.5) 506 (3.0) -11 (5.5)
501 (2.4) 509 (2.6) 492 (3.0) 484 (3.1) -10 (6.6)
464 (3.5) 475 (4.2) 428 (4.0) 466 (2.2) m m
494 (2.3) 499 (3.5) 498 (2.8) 504 (2.6) m m
500 (3.7) 498 (3.7) 497 (3.4) 505 (3.6) 1 (8.9)
499 (0.6) 501 (0.6) 497 (0.6) 493 (0.5) -7 (4.1)
m m 498 (0.6) 495 (0.5) 491 (0.5) -4 (4.1)
m m 498 (0.5) 493 (0.5) 490 (0.5) m m
491 (0.5) 493 (0.5) 490 (0.5) 487 (0.4) m m
m m 493 (0.5) 490 (0.5) 487 (0.4) m m
m m 493 (0.5) 490 (0.5) 487 (0.4) m m
385 (4.0) 394 (3.2) 405 (4.1) 405 (1.9) 57 (5.6)

398 (4.6) 396 (3.7) m m 402 (3.0) -17 (11.1)
m m m m m m 389 (2.5) m m
m m m m m m 474 (2.4) m m
m m m m m m 403 (2.9) m m
412 (2.7) 407 (2.0) 407 (2.8) 413 (2.1) 17 (5.5)
m m m m m m 408 (0.9) m m
m m m m m m 555 (2.7) m m
429 (6.7) 436 (6.0) 432 (5.0) 420 (3.9) -11 (7.5)
443 (3.2) 441 (3.5) 427 (2.6) 426 (3.4) m m
476 (2.9) 485 (3.3) 487 (2.7) 479 (2.7) m m
m m 449 (1.2) 443 (1.7) 424 (1.4) m m
m m m m 358 (3.1) 342 (2.9) m m
374 (2.9) m m 401 (3.0) 380 (2.2) m m
533 (2.1) 545 (2.8) 527 (2.7) 524 (2.7) -1 (5.7)
402 (3.7) 396 (4.2) 397 (2.9) 371 (2.6) 0 (6.2)
405 (3.3) 399 (3.6) 408 (2.9) 419 (2.9) m m
390 (3.1) 393 (2.7) m m 387 (1.5) m m
m m m m 347 (1.6) 353 (1.1) m m
m m m m 347 (4.4) 353 (4.3) m m
487 (0.9) 509 (0.9) 509 (1.3) 525 (1.2) m m
414 (2.9) 398 (3.3) m m 415 (2.9) m m
442 (1.6) m m 447 (1.8) 448 (1.7) m m
388 (2.8) m m 416 (2.5) 424 (2.4) m m
408 (1.7) 422 (1.2) 427 (1.6) 421 (1.1) m m
m m m m m m 359 (3.1) m m
m m m m 352 (1.4) 393 (1.1) 20 (4.6)
371 (6.5) m m m m 377 (3.0) m m
370 (4.0) 384 (4.3) 398 (2.9) 401 (3.0) 73 (6.7)
m m m m m m 340 (3.3) m m
372 (0.8) 388 (0.8) 402 (1.0) 407 (0.8) m m
424 (4.1) 438 (4.0) 434 (4.1) 428 (5.1) m m
459 (3.3) 475 (3.0) 495 (3.1) 479 (3.1) 17 (6.6)
m m m m m m 399 (3.0) m m
442 (2.4) 446 (3.4) m m 439 (3.3) m m
526 (1.1) 542 (1.4) 535 (1.6) 549 (1.6) m m
495 (2.6) 523 (3.0) 497 (2.5) 503 (2.8) m m
421 (2.6) 441 (3.1) 409 (3.3) 393 (3.2) -38 (6.1)
m m m m m m 466 (3.5) m m
431 (2.9) 442 (2.5) 434 (2.9) 432 (2.3) m m
426 (2.6) 411 (3.2) 437 (2.5) 427 (2.8) m m
m m 508 (4.4) 487 (3.7) m m m m
available measurement in PISA and PISA 2018, calculated by a linear regression.
n more than four PISA assessments. Curvilinear trends are calculated by a regression of performance over both linear and quadratic (sq
nce.
hailand conducted the PISA 2000 assessment in 2001, Hong Kong (China), Israel and Romania conducted the assessment in 2002, as
the year in which the assessment was conducted.
Change in reading performance between PISA 2018 and:
PISA 2003 PISA 2006 PISA 2009 PISA 2012 PISA 2015
(PISA 2018 - PISA (PISA 2018 - PISA (PISA 2018 - PISA (PISA 2018 - PISA (PISA 2018 - PISA
2003) 2006) 2009) 2012) 2015)
Score dif. S.E. Score dif. S.E. Score dif. S.E. Score dif. S.E. Score dif. S.E.
-23 (8.2) -10 (5.9) -12 (4.5) -9 (4.4) 0 (4.6)

-6 (9.0) -6 (7.2) m m -5 (5.4) 0 (5.5)
-14 (8.5) -8 (6.5) -13 (4.8) -16 (4.9) -6 (5.2)
-8 (8.2) -7 (6.1) -4 (4.2) -3 (4.6) -7 (4.9)
m m 10 (7.7) 3 (5.4) 11 (5.4) -6 (5.4)
m m 27 (8.0) -1 (6.1) 9 (6.0) -13 (5.9)
2 (8.9) 8 (7.2) 12 (5.2) -3 (5.4) 3 (5.4)
9 (8.5) 7 (6.4) 6 (4.5) 5 (4.9) 1 (5.0)
m m 22 (6.3) 22 (4.8) 7 (4.6) 4 (4.9)
-23 (8.3) -27 (6.1) -16 (4.8) -4 (5.0) -6 (5.2)
-4 (8.5) 5 (7.0) -3 (5.4) -13 (5.2) -7 (5.2)
7 (9.0) 3 (7.5) 1 (5.3) -9 (5.6) -11 (5.8)
-15 (9.5) -2 (7.5) -25 (6.6) -20 (6.1) -10 (6.9)
-6 (8.5) -6 (6.6) -18 (5.2) -12 (5.4) 6 (5.3)
-18 (8.1) -10 (5.9) -26 (4.2) -9 (4.5) -8 (4.7)
3 (8.5) 1 (6.7) 22 (5.1) -5 (5.1) -3 (5.2)
m m 32 (7.9) -4 (6.3) -15 (7.2) -9 (6.6)
1 (8.7) 8 (6.3) -10 (4.6) -13 (4.9) -8 (5.3)
6 (9.1) 6 (6.9) -16 (5.6) -34 (5.9) -12 (5.7)
-20 (8.9) -42 (7.1) -25 (5.7) -22 (6.2) -3 (6.0)
-12 (8.7) -1 (6.6) -5 (4.9) -10 (4.7) -9 (4.6)
m m 6 (6.2) 7 (4.5) -1 (4.7) 3 (5.0)
-9 (8.0) -9 (5.5) -2 (3.9) -18 (4.2) -11 (4.3)
21 (9.2) 10 (6.7) -5 (4.9) -3 (4.9) -3 (5.4)
-28 (8.7) -22 (6.6) -24 (6.8) -26 (5.7) -18 (5.3)
-16 (8.4) -15 (6.4) -15 (4.7) -6 (4.9) -4 (5.0)
0 (8.5) 15 (6.5) -4 (4.9) -4 (5.4) -14 (5.1)
15 (8.7) 4 (6.5) 11 (5.1) -6 (5.6) 6 (5.4)
14 (9.0) 19 (6.8) 2 (5.3) 4 (5.8) -6 (5.3)
-11 (8.7) -8 (6.5) -19 (4.9) -5 (6.0) 5 (5.3)
m m 1 (5.5) 12 (3.9) 14 (4.1) -10 (4.4)
m m m m m m m m m m
-8 (8.7) -2 (7.0) 8 (5.5) 22 (5.7) 6 (6.1)
-15 (9.0) -15 (6.8) -17 (5.3) -25 (5.5) -8 (5.9)
25 (9.9) 18 (7.1) 1 (5.4) -10 (6.0) 37 (6.0)
m m 9 (6.3) 10 (4.9) 5 (5.7) 6 (5.5)
10 (9.1) m m 6 (6.2) 8 (6.4) 8 (6.3)
-5 (7.8) -3 (5.3) -7 (3.6) -9 (3.8) -4 (4.0)
m m m m m m -7 (3.8) -4 (4.0)
-4 (7.8) m m m m -9 (3.8) -3 (4.0)
m m m m -4 (3.6) -6 (3.8) -3 (4.0)
m m 1 (5.3) m m -7 (3.8) -3 (4.0)
m m m m m m -6 (3.8) -3 (4.0)
m m m m 21 (5.7) 11 (5.3) 0 (6.0)

m m 28 (9.4) 3 (6.5) 6 (6.0) m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
10 (9.3) 20 (6.8) 1 (4.9) 6 (4.8) 6 (5.2)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m 18 (9.5) -9 (8.5) -16 (8.1) -12 (7.5)
m m m m -16 (5.8) -14 (6.2) -1 (5.8)
m m 2 (6.5) 3 (5.3) -6 (5.7) -8 (5.5)
m m m m m m -25 (4.2) -18 (4.5)
m m m m m m m m -16 (5.7)
m m m m 5 (5.0) m m -22 (5.4)
15 (9.0) -12 (6.4) -9 (4.9) -20 (5.4) -2 (5.5)
-11 (8.9) -22 (8.3) -31 (5.7) -25 (6.2) -26 (5.5)
m m 18 (6.8) 14 (5.7) 20 (5.9) 11 (5.7)
m m m m -4 (4.9) -6 (4.8) m m
m m m m m m m m 6 (4.4)
m m m m m m m m 7 (7.3)
27 (8.2) 33 (5.5) 38 (3.8) 16 (4.0) 16 (4.3)
m m m m 1 (5.4) 17 (5.8) m m
m m m m 6 (4.2) m m 2 (4.6)
m m m m 36 (5.1) m m 8 (5.3)
m m 29 (5.5) 14 (4.1) -1 (4.1) -6 (4.4)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m 41 (4.3)
m m m m 6 (8.0) m m m m
m m m m 31 (6.1) 16 (6.5) 3 (5.7)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m 95 (5.4) 35 (3.7) 20 (3.9) 5 (4.1)
m m 32 (8.7) 3 (7.5) -10 (7.5) -6 (7.6)
36 (9.2) 39 (7.5) 19 (5.7) 3 (5.7) -16 (5.9)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m 38 (7.1) -3 (5.4) -7 (6.0) m m
m m m m 24 (4.0) 7 (4.3) 14 (4.5)
m m 6 (6.8) 7 (5.2) -21 (5.6) 6 (5.5)
-27 (8.9) -24 (6.7) -28 (5.5) -48 (5.8) -16 (6.1)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m 0 (5.1) -10 (5.1) -2 (5.4)
-7 (8.9) 15 (6.8) 1 (5.2) 16 (5.6) -9 (5.4)
m m m m m m m m m m
oth linear and quadratic (squared) terms of the gap between the year of assessment and 2018. The coefficient for the linear term repres
he assessment in 2002, as part of PISA 2000+. Costa Rica, Georgia, Malta and Moldova conducted the PISA 2009 assessment in 2010
Curvilinear trend in reading
performance across PISA assessments2
Average 3-year trend in
reading performance1
across PISA assessments Rate of
(since 2000 or earliest Annual rate of acceleration or
assessment available) change in 2018 deceleration in
(linear term) performance
(quadratic term)
Coef. S.E. p-value Coef. S.E. Coef. S.E.
-4.4 (1.3) 0.001 -1.0 (0.5) 0.0 (0.0)

-1.3 (2.0) 0.512 -0.8 (0.8) 0.0 (0.0)
-1.8 (1.3) 0.172 -1.8 (0.6) -0.1 (0.0)
-1.7 (1.3) 0.173 0.0 (0.4) 0.0 (0.0)
7.1 (1.4) 0.000 -1.3 (0.8) -0.2 (0.0)
6.6 (1.8) 0.000 -2.5 (1.3) -0.4 (0.1)
0.1 (1.3) 0.925 1.7 (0.7) 0.1 (0.0)
1.1 (1.3) 0.398 1.3 (0.5) 0.1 (0.0)
6.3 (1.4) 0.000 1.6 (0.8) 0.0 (0.1)
-4.9 (1.3) 0.000 -2.2 (0.5) 0.0 (0.0)
-0.4 (1.3) 0.745 0.5 (0.7) 0.0 (0.0)
3.3 (1.3) 0.015 -0.9 (0.7) -0.1 (0.0)
-1.5 (1.5) 0.293 -2.5 (0.9) -0.1 (0.1)
-1.1 (1.4) 0.416 -3.0 (0.7) -0.1 (0.0)
-4.4 (1.3) 0.000 -1.4 (0.4) 0.0 (0.0)
-0.3 (1.3) 0.824 2.8 (0.6) 0.2 (0.0)
6.1 (1.9) 0.001 -1.0 (1.2) -0.2 (0.1)
0.2 (1.3) 0.862 0.1 (0.5) 0.0 (0.0)
0.8 (1.4) 0.594 -1.1 (0.8) -0.1 (0.0)
-3.1 (1.3) 0.021 -6.7 (0.7) -0.3 (0.0)
2.3 (1.4) 0.094 -3.0 (0.7) -0.2 (0.0)
1.6 (1.4) 0.268 0.2 (0.8) 0.0 (0.1)
-0.7 (1.3) 0.576 -1.8 (0.3) -0.1 (0.0)
2.0 (1.3) 0.134 0.9 (0.6) 0.0 (0.0)
-4.3 (1.4) 0.002 -4.4 (1.0) -0.2 (0.1)
-3.7 (1.3) 0.005 -1.5 (0.5) 0.0 (0.0)
1.0 (1.3) 0.429 1.4 (0.6) 0.1 (0.0)
4.5 (1.4) 0.001 -1.4 (0.7) -0.2 (0.0)
4.3 (1.4) 0.002 0.8 (0.7) 0.0 (0.0)
-3.2 (1.4) 0.019 -2.4 (0.8) -0.1 (0.1)
2.4 (1.3) 0.062 3.5 (0.5) 0.2 (0.0)
m m m m m m m
-3.0 (1.3) 0.024 2.6 (0.7) 0.2 (0.0)
-1.3 (1.4) 0.339 -3.7 (0.7) -0.2 (0.0)
2.2 (1.6) 0.160 -2.3 (1.0) -0.2 (0.1)
2.1 (1.4) 0.137 1.5 (1.0) 0.1 (0.1)
0.2 (1.6) 0.916 1.7 (1.0) 0.1 (0.1)
-0.5 (1.2) 0.672 -0.8 (0.1) -0.03 (0.01)
0.0 (1.2) 0.997 -0.7 (0.1) -0.04 (0.01)
-0.7 (1.2) 0.598 -1.0 (0.1) -0.05 (0.01)
0.4 (1.2) 0.736 -0.7 (0.1) -0.05 (0.01)
0.4 (1.2) 0.765 -0.8 (0.1) -0.06 (0.01)
0.4 (1.2) 0.769 -0.7 (0.1) -0.05 (0.01)
10.5 (1.4) 0.000 1.1 (0.8) -0.1 (0.0)

-1.2 (2.0) 0.553 4.3 (1.2) 0.3 (0.1)
m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m
2.6 (1.3) 0.051 0.9 (0.6) 0.0 (0.0)
m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m
0.8 (1.6) 0.598 0.4 (1.3) 0.0 (0.1)
-6.8 (2.1) 0.001 m m m m
1.4 (1.5) 0.332 -1.3 (1.1) -0.1 (0.1)
-12.2 (2.1) 0.000 m m m m
-16.1 (5.7) 0.005 m m m m
3.5 (1.9) 0.061 m m m m
1.6 (1.4) 0.251 -4.0 (0.7) -0.3 (0.0)
1.2 (1.4) 0.403 -6.6 (0.9) -0.4 (0.1)
4.0 (1.6) 0.010 4.0 (1.2) 0.2 (0.1)
-1.4 (1.6) 0.376 m m m m
5.9 (4.4) 0.175 m m m m
6.8 (7.3) 0.352 m m m m
6.0 (1.3) 0.000 5.9 (0.4) 0.3 (0.0)
2.2 (2.0) 0.260 m m m m
2.3 (1.5) 0.127 m m m m
13.7 (1.9) 0.000 m m m m
7.7 (1.3) 0.000 -2.4 (0.4) -0.4 (0.0)
m m m m m m m
1.1 (4.0) 0.791 m m m m
2.1 (2.7) 0.435 m m m m
13.5 (1.5) 0.000 2.2 (0.9) -0.1 (0.1)
m m m m m m m
21.9 (1.3) 0.000 -3.1 (0.3) -0.9 (0.0)
7.2 (1.9) 0.000 -5.8 (1.7) -0.7 (0.1)
6.8 (1.4) 0.000 5.1 (0.8) 0.2 (0.0)
m m m m m m m
7.7 (1.6) 0.000 m m m m
6.4 (1.4) 0.000 m m m m
1.5 (1.6) 0.339 -3.4 (1.1) -0.3 (0.1)
-4.1 (1.4) 0.003 -5.3 (0.7) -0.2 (0.0)
m m m m m m m
-0.7 (2.2) 0.738 m m m m
0.6 (1.4) 0.656 3.4 (0.8) 0.2 (0.1)
-21.4 (6.1) 0.000 m m m m
for the linear term represents the annual rate of change in 2018, while the coefficient
2009 assessment in 2010 as part of PISA 2009+.


Table I.B1.11
Mean mathematics performance, 2003 through 2018
Mathematics performance, by PISA cycle
PISA 2003 PISA 2006 PISA 2009 PISA 2012
Mean Mean Mean Mean

score S.E. score S.E. score S.E. score
OECD
Australia 524 (2.1) 520 (2.2) 514 (2.5) 504
Austria 506 (3.3) 505 (3.7) m m 506
Belgium 529 (2.3) 520 (3.0) 515 (2.3) 515
Canada 532 (1.8) 527 (2.0) 527 (1.6) 518
Chile m m 411 (4.6) 421 (3.1) 423
Colombia m m 370 (3.8) 381 (3.2) 376
Czech Republic 516 (3.5) 510 (3.6) 493 (2.8) 499
Denmark 514 (2.7) 513 (2.6) 503 (2.6) 500
Estonia m m 515 (2.7) 512 (2.6) 521
Finland 544 (1.9) 548 (2.3) 541 (2.2) 519
France 511 (2.5) 496 (3.2) 497 (3.1) 495
Germany 503 (3.3) 504 (3.9) 513 (2.9) 514
Greece 445 (3.9) 459 (3.0) 466 (3.9) 453
Hungary 490 (2.8) 491 (2.9) 490 (3.5) 477
Iceland 515 (1.4) 506 (1.8) 507 (1.4) 493
Ireland 503 (2.4) 501 (2.8) 487 (2.5) 501
Israel m m 442 (4.3) 447 (3.3) 466
Italy 466 (3.1) 462 (2.3) 483 (1.9) 485
Japan 534 (4.0) 523 (3.3) 529 (3.3) 536
Korea 542 (3.2) 547 (3.8) 546 (4.0) 554
Latvia 483 (3.7) 486 (3.0) 482 (3.1) 491
Lithuania m m 486 (2.9) 477 (2.6) 479
Luxembourg 493 (1.0) 490 (1.1) 489 (1.2) 490
Mexico 385 (3.6) 406 (2.9) 419 (1.8) 413
Netherlands* 538 (3.1) 531 (2.6) 526 (4.7) 523
New Zealand 523 (2.3) 522 (2.4) 519 (2.3) 500
Norway 495 (2.4) 490 (2.6) 498 (2.4) 489
Poland 490 (2.5) 495 (2.4) 495 (2.8) 518
Portugal* 466 (3.4) 466 (3.1) 487 (2.9) 487
Slovak Republic 498 (3.3) 492 (2.8) 497 (3.1) 482
Slovenia m m 504 (1.0) 501 (1.2) 501
Spain** 485 (2.4) 480 (2.3) 483 (2.1) 484
Sweden 509 (2.6) 502 (2.4) 494 (2.9) 478
Switzerland 527 (3.4) 530 (3.2) 534 (3.3) 531
Turkey 423 (6.7) 424 (4.9) 445 (4.4) 448
United Kingdom m m 495 (2.1) 492 (2.4) 494
United States* 483 (2.9) 474 (4.0) 487 (3.6) 481
OECD average-29a 499 (0.6) 497 (0.5) 499 (0.5) 496
OECD average-30 499 (0.6) 497 (0.5) m m 496
OECD average-36b m m 490 (0.5) 492 (0.5) 490
OECD average-37 m m 490 (0.5) m m 490
Partners
Albania m m m m 377 (4.0) 394
Argentina m m 381 (6.2) 388 (4.1) 388
Brazil 356 (4.8) 370 (2.9) 386 (2.4) 389
Bulgaria m m 413 (6.1) 428 (5.9) 439
Costa Rica m m m m 409 (3.0) 407
Croatia m m 467 (2.4) 460 (3.1) 471
Cyprus m m m m m m 440
Georgia m m m m 379 (2.8) m
Hong Kong (China)* 550 (4.5) 547 (2.7) 555 (2.7) 561
Indonesia 360 (3.9) 391 (5.6) 371 (3.7) 375
Jordan m m 384 (3.3) 387 (3.7) 386
Kazakhstan m m m m 405 (3.0) 432
Macao (China) 527 (2.9) 525 (1.3) 525 (0.9) 538
Malaysia m m m m 404 (2.7) 421
Malta m m m m 463 (1.4) m
Moldova m m m m 397 (3.1) m
Montenegro m m 399 (1.4) 403 (2.0) 410
Panama m m m m 360 (5.2) m
Peru m m m m 365 (4.0) 368
Qatar m m 318 (1.0) 368 (0.7) 376
Romania m m 415 (4.2) 427 (3.4) 445
Russia 468 (4.2) 476 (3.9) 468 (3.3) 482
Serbia m m 435 (3.5) 442 (2.9) 449
Singapore m m m m 562 (1.4) 573
Chinese Taipei m m 549 (4.1) 543 (3.4) 560
Thailand 417 (3.0) 417 (2.3) 419 (3.2) 427
United Arab Emirates m m m m 421 (2.5) 434
Uruguay 422 (3.3) 427 (2.6) 427 (2.6) 409
Viet Nam m m m m m m 511
1. The average 3-year trend is the average change, per 3-year period, between the earliest available measurement in PISA and
2. Curvilinear trends in performance are computed only for countries with comparable data in more than four PISA assessment
the quadratic term represents the acceleration or deceleration of the change in performance.
Estimates of the average 3-year trend and the curvilinear trend for these countries consider the year in which the assessment w
mance, by PISA cycle Change in mathematics performance between P

PISA 2012 PISA 2015 PISA 2018 (PISA 2018 - PISA (PISA 2018 - PISA (PISA 2018 - PISA
2003) 2006) 2009)
Mean Mean
S.E. score S.E. score S.E. Score dif. S.E. Score dif. S.E. Score dif.
(1.6) 494 (1.6) 491 (1.9) -33 (4.0) -29 (4.3) -23
(2.7) 497 (2.9) 499 (3.0) -7 (5.2) -7 (5.7) m
(2.1) 507 (2.4) 508 (2.3) -21 (4.3) -12 (4.9) -7
(1.8) 516 (2.3) 512 (2.4) -20 (4.1) -15 (4.4) -15
(3.1) 423 (2.5) 417 (2.4) m m 6 (6.1) -4
(2.9) 390 (2.3) 391 (3.0) m m 21 (5.8) 10
(2.9) 492 (2.4) 499 (2.5) -17 (5.1) -10 (5.4) 7
(2.3) 511 (2.2) 509 (1.7) -5 (4.3) -4 (4.5) 6
(2.0) 520 (2.0) 523 (1.7) m m 9 (4.5) 11
(1.9) 511 (2.3) 507 (2.0) -37 (3.9) -41 (4.4) -33
(2.5) 493 (2.1) 495 (2.3) -15 (4.4) 0 (5.1) -1
(2.9) 506 (2.9) 500 (2.6) -3 (5.1) -4 (5.7) -13
(2.5) 454 (3.8) 451 (3.1) 6 (5.7) -8 (5.3) -15
(3.2) 477 (2.5) 481 (2.3) -9 (4.6) -10 (4.9) -9
(1.7) 488 (2.0) 495 (2.0) -20 (3.7) -10 (4.1) -11
(2.2) 504 (2.1) 500 (2.2) -3 (4.3) -2 (4.8) 12
(4.7) 470 (3.6) 463 (3.5) m m 21 (6.4) 16
(2.0) 490 (2.8) 487 (2.8) 21 (5.0) 25 (4.8) 4
(3.6) 532 (3.0) 527 (2.5) -7 (5.5) 4 (5.2) -2
(4.6) 524 (3.7) 526 (3.1) -16 (5.3) -22 (5.8) -20
(2.8) 482 (1.9) 496 (2.0) 13 (5.0) 10 (4.8) 14
(2.6) 478 (2.3) 481 (2.0) m m -5 (4.7) 5
(1.1) 486 (1.3) 483 (1.1) -10 (3.2) -7 (3.5) -6
(1.4) 408 (2.2) 409 (2.5) 24 (5.2) 3 (5.0) -10
(3.5) 512 (2.2) 519 (2.6) -19 (5.0) -11 (4.9) -7
(2.2) 495 (2.3) 494 (1.7) -29 (4.0) -27 (4.3) -25
(2.7) 502 (2.2) 501 (2.2) 6 (4.3) 11 (4.7) 3
(3.6) 504 (2.4) 516 (2.6) 25 (4.6) 20 (4.8) 21
(3.8) 492 (2.5) 492 (2.7) 26 (5.2) 26 (5.2) 6
(3.4) 475 (2.7) 486 (2.6) -12 (5.1) -6 (5.0) -11
(1.2) 510 (1.3) 509 (1.4) m m 4 (3.6) 7
(1.9) 486 (2.2) 481 (1.5) -4 (4.0) 1 (4.2) -2
(2.3) 494 (3.2) 502 (2.7) -7 (4.6) 0 (4.8) 8
(3.0) 521 (2.9) 515 (2.9) -11 (5.3) -14 (5.3) -19
(4.8) 420 (4.1) 454 (2.3) 30 (7.6) 30 (6.3) 8
(3.3) 492 (2.5) 502 (2.6) m m 6 (4.6) 9
(3.6) 470 (3.2) 478 (3.2) -5 (5.2) 4 (6.1) -9
(0.5) 491 (0.5) 494 (0.4) -5 (2.9) -3 (3.3) -5
(0.5) 491 (0.5) 494 (0.4) -5 (2.9) -3 (3.3) m
(0.5) 487 (0.4) 489 (0.4) m m -1 (3.2) -3
(0.5) 487 (0.4) 489 (0.4) m m -1 (3.2) m
(2.0) 413 (3.4) 437 (2.4) m m m m 60

(3.5) m m 379 (2.8) m m -2 (7.5) -9
m m m 420 (2.8) m m m m m
m m m 472 (2.7) m m m m m
m m m 406 (3.1) m m m m m
(1.9) 377 (2.9) 384 (2.0) 28 (5.9) 14 (4.8) -2
m m m 430 (1.2) m m m m m
m m m 591 (2.5) m m m m m
(4.0) 441 (4.0) 436 (3.8) m m 23 (7.9) 8
(3.0) 400 (2.5) 402 (3.3) m m m m -7
(3.5) 464 (2.8) 464 (2.5) m m -3 (4.7) 4
(1.1) 437 (1.7) 451 (1.4) m m m m m
m 328 (2.7) 325 (2.6) m m m m m
m 404 (2.8) 398 (2.6) m m m m 18
(3.2) 548 (3.0) 551 (3.0) 1 (6.1) 4 (5.1) -3
(4.0) 386 (3.1) 379 (3.1) 19 (5.7) -12 (7.2) 7
(3.1) 380 (2.7) 400 (3.3) m m 16 (5.7) 13
(3.0) m m 423 (1.9) m m m m 18
m 362 (1.6) 366 (1.5) m m m m m
m 396 (3.7) 393 (4.0) m m m m m
(1.0) 544 (1.1) 558 (1.5) 30 (4.3) 33 (3.8) 32
(3.2) m m 440 (2.9) m m m m 36
m 479 (1.7) 472 (1.9) m m m m 9
m 420 (2.5) 421 (2.4) m m m m 23
(1.1) 418 (1.5) 430 (1.2) m m 30 (3.7) 27
m m m 368 (3.3) m m m m m
m 371 (1.3) 394 (1.6) m m m m m
m m m 353 (2.7) m m m m -7
(3.7) 387 (2.7) 400 (2.6) m m m m 35
m m m 353 (3.5) m m m m m
(0.8) 402 (1.3) 414 (1.2) m m 96 (3.6) 46
(3.8) 444 (3.8) 430 (4.9) m m 15 (7.2) 3
(3.0) 494 (3.1) 488 (3.0) 19 (5.8) 12 (5.8) 20
m m m 373 (3.0) m m m m m
(3.4) m m 448 (3.2) m m 13 (5.7) 6
(1.3) 564 (1.5) 569 (1.6) m m m m 7
(3.3) 542 (3.0) 531 (2.9) m m -18 (5.9) -12
(3.4) 415 (3.0) 419 (3.4) 2 (5.4) 1 (5.2) 0
m m m 453 (3.6) m m m m m
(2.4) 427 (2.4) 435 (2.1) m m m m 14
(2.8) 418 (2.5) 418 (2.6) -5 (5.1) -9 (4.9) -9
(4.8) 495 (4.5) m m m m m m m
easurement in PISA and PISA 2018, calculated by a linear regression.

n four PISA assessments. Curvilinear trends are calculated by a regression of performance over both linear and quadratic (squared) terms o
which the assessment was conducted.

Curvilinear trend in mathematics
tics performance between PISA 2018 and:
Average 3-year trend in performance across PISA assessmen
mathematics performance
across PISA assessments
PISA 2009 PISA 2012 PISA 2015 (since 2003 or earliest Annual rate of
(PISA 2018 - PISA (PISA 2018 - PISA (PISA 2018 - PISA assessment available after change in 2018
2009) 2012) 2015) 2003) (linear term)
S.E. Score dif. S.E. Score dif. S.E. Coef. S.E. p-value Coef. S.E.
(4.8) -13 (4.2) -3 (3.4) -7.2 (1.1) 0.000 -2.6 (0.6)

m -7 (5.2) 2 (4.7) -1.7 (1.2) 0.154 -1.3 (1.0)
(4.8) -6 (4.6) 1 (4.0) -4.1 (1.1) 0.000 -0.2 (0.6)
(4.5) -6 (4.5) -4 (4.0) -4.1 (1.1) 0.000 -1.3 (0.6)
(5.3) -5 (5.1) -5 (4.2) 1.4 (1.4) 0.307 -2.5 (1.1)
(5.7) 14 (5.3) 1 (4.4) 5.1 (1.3) 0.000 1.5 (1.1)
(5.2) 1 (5.0) 7 (4.2) -3.7 (1.2) 0.002 2.1 (0.8)
(4.7) 9 (4.4) -2 (3.6) -0.9 (1.1) 0.390 2.1 (0.6)
(4.7) 3 (4.3) 4 (3.6) 2.5 (1.1) 0.032 1.1 (0.7)
(4.6) -11 (4.3) -4 (3.8) -9.1 (1.1) 0.000 -4.1 (0.6)
(5.2) 0 (4.8) 2 (3.9) -2.5 (1.1) 0.025 1.3 (0.7)
(5.3) -13 (5.1) -6 (4.6) -0.1 (1.2) 0.907 -3.0 (0.8)
(6.1) -2 (5.2) -2 (5.4) 0.1 (1.3) 0.950 -3.2 (0.9)
(5.5) 4 (5.2) 4 (4.1) -2.8 (1.1) 0.013 -0.3 (0.8)
(4.3) 2 (4.2) 7 (3.6) -4.7 (1.0) 0.000 0.2 (0.4)
(4.9) -2 (4.6) -4 (3.8) 0.1 (1.1) 0.897 1.6 (0.6)
(6.0) -3 (6.7) -7 (5.6) 6.4 (1.5) 0.000 -1.6 (1.5)
(4.9) 1 (4.8) -3 (4.6) 5.4 (1.2) 0.000 -0.1 (0.7)
(5.5) -9 (5.5) -5 (4.5) 0.0 (1.2) 0.998 -0.3 (0.9)
(6.2) -28 (6.5) 2 (5.4) -4.1 (1.2) 0.001 -5.3 (1.0)
(5.1) 6 (4.8) 14 (3.6) 1.7 (1.2) 0.162 1.7 (0.8)
(4.8) 2 (4.7) 3 (3.8) -0.7 (1.2) 0.532 2.0 (0.9)
(3.9) -6 (3.7) -2 (2.9) -1.7 (1.0) 0.078 -0.8 (0.3)
(4.7) -4 (4.4) 1 (4.1) 3.4 (1.2) 0.004 -4.0 (0.7)
(6.5) -4 (5.5) 7 (4.2) -4.2 (1.2) 0.000 0.0 (0.9)
(4.6) -5 (4.4) -1 (3.7) -7.0 (1.1) 0.000 -2.4 (0.6)
(4.8) 12 (4.9) -1 (3.9) 1.5 (1.1) 0.164 1.7 (0.7)
(5.2) -2 (5.6) 11 (4.2) 5.1 (1.1) 0.000 1.1 (0.8)
(5.3) 5 (5.7) 1 (4.3) 6.0 (1.2) 0.000 0.2 (0.9)
(5.3) 5 (5.4) 11 (4.4) -3.6 (1.2) 0.002 0.1 (0.8)
(4.0) 8 (3.8) -1 (3.0) 1.8 (0.9) 0.060 1.8 (0.5)
(4.4) -3 (4.1) -4 (3.5) 0.0 (1.1) 0.989 -0.1 (0.6)
(5.3) 24 (4.8) 8 (4.7) -2.1 (1.1) 0.069 4.4 (0.7)
(5.6) -16 (5.4) -6 (4.7) -2.5 (1.2) 0.039 -3.9 (0.9)
(6.1) 6 (6.3) 33 (5.3) 4.1 (1.5) 0.006 0.4 (1.2)
(5.0) 8 (5.3) 9 (4.3) 1.3 (1.1) 0.250 2.5 (1.0)
(6.0) -3 (5.9) 9 (5.1) -1.2 (1.2) 0.313 -0.8 (0.9)
(3.6) -2 (3.4) 2 (2.4) -1.3 (1.0) 0.166 -0.5 (0.1)
m -2 (3.4) 2 (2.4) -1.3 (1.0) 0.161 -0.6 (0.1)
(3.6) -1 (3.4) 2 (2.4) -0.6 (0.9) 0.538 -0.3 (0.1)
m -1 (3.4) 2 (2.4) -0.6 (0.9) 0.516 -0.3 (0.1)
(5.9) 43 (4.6) 24 (4.8) 19.8 (1.9) 0.000 m m

(6.1) -9 (5.6) m m -1.0 (1.6) 0.549 m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
(4.7) -5 (4.4) 6 (4.2) 4.6 (1.2) 0.000 -2.9 (0.8)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
(7.8) -3 (6.5) -5 (6.0) 5.9 (1.8) 0.001 -2.4 (1.6)
(5.7) -5 (5.6) 2 (4.7) -3.0 (2.0) 0.142 m m
(5.3) -7 (5.5) 0 (4.4) -0.2 (1.2) 0.871 -0.3 (1.1)
m 11 (3.8) 14 (3.2) 5.7 (1.9) 0.003 m m
m m m -3 (4.4) -2.6 (4.4) 0.556 m m
(5.2) m m -6 (4.5) 7.6 (2.0) 0.000 m m
(5.4) -10 (5.5) 3 (4.8) 0.4 (1.3) 0.749 -1.3 (0.9)
(6.0) 4 (6.1) -7 (5.0) 2.2 (1.3) 0.086 -1.4 (1.0)
(6.1) 14 (5.6) 20 (4.8) 2.5 (1.3) 0.057 3.7 (1.3)
(5.0) -9 (4.9) m m 4.7 (1.6) 0.004 m m
m m m 4 (3.2) 4.4 (3.2) 0.175 m m
m m m -3 (6.0) -2.8 (6.0) 0.638 m m
(4.0) 20 (3.8) 14 (3.0) 6.2 (1.1) 0.000 5.0 (0.4)
(5.3) 20 (5.4) m m 12.7 (1.9) 0.000 m m
(4.3) m m -7 (3.5) 3.9 (1.6) 0.014 m m
(5.3) m m 1 (4.2) 9.2 (2.0) 0.000 m m
(4.3) 20 (3.7) 12 (3.0) 7.6 (1.0) 0.000 4.3 (0.4)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m 23 (3.1) 23.3 (3.3) 0.000 m m
(6.9) m m m m -2.3 (2.3) 0.317 m m
(5.9) 32 (5.6) 13 (4.4) 12.2 (1.9) 0.000 m m
m m m m m m m m m m
(3.8) 38 (3.6) 12 (2.9) 22.6 (0.9) 0.000 1.8 (0.4)
(6.9) -15 (7.0) -14 (6.6) 4.7 (1.7) 0.005 -5.2 (1.6)
(5.7) 6 (5.4) -6 (4.9) 4.7 (1.3) 0.000 1.9 (0.9)
m m m m m m m m m m
(5.6) -1 (5.7) m m 3.0 (1.4) 0.031 m m
(4.1) -4 (3.9) 5 (3.2) 1.1 (1.4) 0.432 m m
(5.7) -29 (5.5) -11 (4.8) -3.8 (1.4) 0.007 -5.5 (1.2)
(5.9) -8 (5.9) 3 (5.1) 0.3 (1.2) 0.806 -1.0 (0.9)
m m m m m m m m m m
(4.8) 1 (4.7) 7 (4.0) 3.7 (2.0) 0.059 m m
(5.1) 8 (5.1) 0 (4.3) -2.0 (1.2) 0.093 -0.4 (0.8)
m m m m m -17.1 (6.7) 0.011 m m
nd quadratic (squared) terms of the gap between the year of assessment and 2018. The coefficient for the linear term represents the annua
linear trend in mathematics
nce across PISA assessments1
Rate of
acceleration or
deceleration in
performance
(quadratic term)
Coef. S.E.
0.0 (0.0)
0.0 (0.1)
0.1 (0.0)
0.0 (0.0)
-0.2 (0.1)
0.0 (0.1)
0.2 (0.1)
0.2 (0.0)
0.0 (0.1)
-0.1 (0.0)
0.1 (0.0)
-0.2 (0.1)
-0.2 (0.1)
0.0 (0.1)
0.1 (0.0)
0.1 (0.0)
-0.3 (0.1)
-0.1 (0.0)
0.0 (0.1)
-0.3 (0.1)
0.1 (0.1)
0.2 (0.1)
0.0 (0.0)
-0.3 (0.0)
0.1 (0.1)
0.0 (0.0)
0.1 (0.0)
0.0 (0.1)
-0.1 (0.1)
0.1 (0.1)
0.1 (0.0)
0.0 (0.0)
0.3 (0.0)
-0.2 (0.1)
-0.1 (0.1)
0.2 (0.1)
0.0 (0.1)
0.0 (0.0)
0.0 (0.0)
0.0 (0.0)
0.0 (0.0)
m m
m m
m m
m m
m m
-0.3 (0.1)
m m
m m
-0.4 (0.1)
m m
0.0 (0.1)
m m
m m
m m
-0.1 (0.1)
-0.1 (0.1)
0.2 (0.1)
m m
m m
m m
0.2 (0.0)
m m
m m
m m
0.1 (0.0)
m m
m m
m m
m m
m m
-0.5 (0.0)
-0.6 (0.1)
0.0 (0.1)
m m
m m
m m
-0.4 (0.1)
-0.1 (0.1)
m m
m m
0.0 (0.1)
m m
ear term represents the annual rate of change in 2018, while the coefficient for

Table I.B1.12
Mean science performance, 2006 through 2018
Science performance, by PISA cycle
Mean Mean Mean Mean

score S.E. score S.E. score S.E. score
OECD
Australia 527 (2.3) 527 (2.5) 521 (1.8) 510
Austria 511 (3.9) m m 506 (2.7) 495
Belgium 510 (2.5) 507 (2.5) 505 (2.2) 502
Canada 534 (2.0) 529 (1.6) 525 (1.9) 528
Chile 438 (4.3) 447 (2.9) 445 (2.9) 447
Colombia 388 (3.4) 402 (3.6) 399 (3.1) 416
Czech Republic 513 (3.5) 500 (3.0) 508 (3.0) 493
Denmark 496 (3.1) 499 (2.5) 498 (2.7) 502
Estonia 531 (2.5) 528 (2.7) 541 (1.9) 534
Finland 563 (2.0) 554 (2.3) 545 (2.2) 531
France 495 (3.4) 498 (3.6) 499 (2.6) 495
Germany 516 (3.8) 520 (2.8) 524 (3.0) 509
Greece 473 (3.2) 470 (4.0) 467 (3.1) 455
Hungary 504 (2.7) 503 (3.1) 494 (2.9) 477
Iceland 491 (1.6) 496 (1.4) 478 (2.1) 473
Ireland 508 (3.2) 508 (3.3) 522 (2.5) 503
Israel 454 (3.7) 455 (3.1) 470 (5.0) 467
Italy 475 (2.0) 489 (1.8) 494 (1.9) 481
Japan 531 (3.4) 539 (3.4) 547 (3.6) 538
Korea 522 (3.4) 538 (3.4) 538 (3.7) 516
Latvia 490 (3.0) 494 (3.1) 502 (2.8) 490
Lithuania 488 (2.8) 491 (2.9) 496 (2.6) 475
Luxembourg 486 (1.1) 484 (1.2) 491 (1.3) 483
Mexico 410 (2.7) 416 (1.8) 415 (1.3) 416
Netherlands* 525 (2.7) 522 (5.4) 522 (3.5) 509
New Zealand 530 (2.7) 532 (2.6) 516 (2.1) 513
Norway 487 (3.1) 500 (2.6) 495 (3.1) 498
Poland 498 (2.3) 508 (2.4) 526 (3.1) 501
Portugal* 474 (3.0) 493 (2.9) 489 (3.7) 501
Slovak Republic 488 (2.6) 490 (3.0) 471 (3.6) 461
Slovenia 519 (1.1) 512 (1.1) 514 (1.3) 513
Spain** 488 (2.6) 488 (2.1) 496 (1.8) 493
Sweden 503 (2.4) 495 (2.7) 485 (3.0) 493
Switzerland 512 (3.2) 517 (2.8) 515 (2.7) 506
Turkey 424 (3.8) 454 (3.6) 463 (3.9) 425
United Kingdom 515 (2.3) 514 (2.5) 514 (3.4) 509
United States* 489 (4.2) 502 (3.6) 497 (3.8) 496
OECD average-36b 494 (0.5) 498 (0.5) 498 (0.5) 491
OECD average-37 495 (0.5) m m 498 (0.5) 491
Partners
Albania m m 391 (3.9) 397 (2.4) 427
Argentina 391 (6.1) 401 (4.6) 406 (3.9) m
Brazil 390 (2.8) 405 (2.4) 402 (2.1) 401
Bulgaria 434 (6.1) 439 (5.9) 446 (4.8) 446
Costa Rica m m 430 (2.8) 429 (2.9) 420
Croatia 493 (2.4) 486 (2.8) 491 (3.1) 475
Cyprus m m m m 438 (1.2) 433
Dominican Republic m m m m m m 332
Georgia m m 373 (2.9) m m 411
Hong Kong (China)* 542 (2.5) 549 (2.8) 555 (2.6) 523
Indonesia 393 (5.7) 383 (3.8) 382 (3.8) 403
Jordan 422 (2.8) 415 (3.5) 409 (3.1) 409
Kazakhstan m m 400 (3.1) 425 (3.0) m
Kosovo m m m m m m 378
Lebanon m m m m m m 386
Macao (China) 511 (1.1) 511 (1.0) 521 (0.8) 529
Malaysia m m 422 (2.7) 420 (3.0) m
Malta m m 461 (1.7) m m 465
Moldova m m 413 (3.0) m m 428
Montenegro 412 (1.1) 401 (2.0) 410 (1.1) 411
North Macedonia m m m m m m 384
Panama m m 376 (5.7) m m m
Peru m m 369 (3.5) 373 (3.6) 397
Qatar 349 (0.9) 379 (0.9) 384 (0.7) 418
Romania 418 (4.2) 428 (3.4) 439 (3.3) 435
Russia 479 (3.7) 478 (3.3) 486 (2.9) 487
Serbia 436 (3.0) 443 (2.4) 445 (3.4) m
Singapore m m 542 (1.4) 551 (1.5) 556
Chinese Taipei 532 (3.6) 520 (2.6) 523 (2.3) 532
Thailand 421 (2.1) 425 (3.0) 444 (2.9) 421
United Arab Emirates m m 438 (2.6) 448 (2.8) 437
Uruguay 428 (2.7) 427 (2.6) 416 (2.8) 435
Viet Nam m m m m 528 (4.3) 525
1. The average 3-year trend is the average change, per 3-year period, between the earliest available measurement in PISA and
2. Curvilinear trends in performance are computed only for countries with comparable data in more than four PISA assessment
the quadratic term represents the acceleration or deceleration of the change in performance.
SA cycle Change in science performance between PISA 2018 and:

PISA 2015 PISA 2018 (PISA 2018 - PISA (PISA 2018 - PISA (PISA 2018 - PISA (PISA 2018 - PISA
2006) 2009) 2012) 2015)
Mean
S.E. score S.E. Score dif. S.E. Score dif. S.E. Score dif. S.E. Score dif.
(1.5) 503 (1.8) -24 (4.5) -24 (4.7) -19 (4.7) -7

(2.4) 490 (2.8) -21 (5.9) m m -16 (5.6) -5
(2.3) 499 (2.2) -12 (4.8) -8 (4.9) -6 (5.1) -3
(2.1) 518 (2.2) -16 (4.6) -11 (4.5) -7 (4.9) -10
(2.4) 444 (2.4) 5 (6.0) -4 (5.2) -1 (5.5) -3
(2.4) 413 (3.1) 25 (5.7) 12 (6.0) 15 (5.9) -2
(2.3) 497 (2.5) -16 (5.5) -4 (5.3) -12 (5.6) 4
(2.4) 493 (1.9) -3 (5.0) -7 (4.8) -6 (5.2) -9
(2.1) 530 (1.9) -1 (4.7) 2 (4.9) -11 (4.8) -4
(2.4) 522 (2.5) -41 (4.7) -32 (5.0) -24 (5.2) -9
(2.1) 493 (2.2) -2 (5.3) -5 (5.6) -6 (5.3) -2
(2.7) 503 (2.9) -13 (5.9) -17 (5.4) -21 (5.8) -6
(3.9) 452 (3.1) -22 (5.7) -18 (6.2) -15 (6.0) -3
(2.4) 481 (2.3) -23 (5.0) -22 (5.3) -13 (5.5) 4
(1.7) 475 (1.8) -16 (4.2) -21 (4.3) -3 (4.9) 2
(2.4) 496 (2.2) -12 (5.2) -12 (5.3) -26 (5.2) -6
(3.4) 462 (3.6) 8 (6.2) 7 (6.0) -8 (7.3) -4
(2.5) 468 (2.4) -7 (4.7) -21 (4.7) -26 (5.1) -13
(3.0) 529 (2.6) -2 (5.5) -10 (5.6) -18 (6.0) -9
(3.1) 519 (2.8) -3 (5.6) -19 (5.7) -19 (6.1) 3
(1.6) 487 (1.8) -2 (4.9) -7 (5.0) -15 (5.2) -3
(2.7) 482 (1.6) -6 (4.7) -9 (4.9) -14 (5.0) 7
(1.1) 477 (1.2) -10 (3.8) -7 (4.0) -14 (4.4) -6
(2.1) 419 (2.6) 10 (5.1) 3 (4.8) 4 (4.9) 3
(2.3) 503 (2.8) -21 (5.3) -19 (7.1) -19 (6.0) -5
(2.4) 508 (2.1) -22 (4.9) -24 (4.9) -7 (5.0) -5
(2.3) 490 (2.3) 4 (5.2) -9 (5.0) -4 (5.6) -8
(2.5) 511 (2.6) 13 (4.9) 3 (5.1) -15 (5.7) 10
(2.4) 492 (2.8) 17 (5.4) -1 (5.4) 2 (6.1) -9
(2.6) 464 (2.3) -24 (4.9) -26 (5.2) -7 (5.9) 3
(1.3) 507 (1.3) -12 (3.9) -5 (4.0) -7 (4.4) -6
(2.1) 483 (1.6) -5 (4.6) -5 (4.4) -13 (4.7) -10
(3.6) 499 (3.1) -4 (5.2) 4 (5.5) 15 (5.9) 6
(2.9) 495 (3.0) -16 (5.6) -21 (5.5) -20 (5.7) -10
(3.9) 468 (2.0) 44 (5.6) 14 (5.5) 5 (5.9) 43
(2.6) 505 (2.6) -10 (4.9) -9 (5.1) -9 (5.8) -5
(3.2) 502 (3.3) 13 (6.4) 0 (6.1) 5 (6.4) 6
(0.4) 489 (0.4) -6 (3.5) -9 (3.6) -9 (4.1) -2
(0.4) 489 (0.4) -6 (3.5) m m -10 (4.1) -2
(3.3) 417 (2.0) m m 26 (5.7) 19 (5.1) -10

m 404 (2.9) 13 (7.6) 3 (6.5) -2 (6.3) m
m 398 (2.4) m m m m m m m
m 471 (2.4) m m m m m m m
m 398 (2.7) m m m m m m m
(2.3) 404 (2.1) 13 (4.9) -2 (4.8) 2 (5.0) 3
m 431 (1.2) m m m m m m m
m 590 (2.7) m m m m m m m
(4.4) 424 (3.6) -10 (7.9) -15 (7.8) -22 (7.2) -22
(2.1) 416 (3.3) m m -15 (5.6) -14 (5.9) -4
(2.5) 472 (2.8) -21 (5.1) -14 (5.4) -19 (5.8) -3
(1.4) 439 (1.4) m m m m 1 (4.4) 6
(2.6) 336 (2.5) m m m m m m 4
(2.4) 383 (2.3) m m 10 (5.2) m m -28
(2.5) 517 (2.5) -26 (5.0) -32 (5.2) -38 (5.4) -7
(2.6) 396 (2.4) 3 (7.1) 14 (5.7) 14 (6.0) -7
(2.7) 429 (2.9) 7 (5.4) 14 (5.8) 20 (5.9) 21
m 397 (1.7) m m -3 (5.0) -28 (5.3) m
(1.7) 365 (1.2) m m m m m m -14
(3.4) 384 (3.5) m m m m m m -3
(1.1) 544 (1.5) 33 (3.9) 33 (4.0) 23 (4.4) 15
m 438 (2.7) m m 15 (5.2) 18 (5.7) m
(1.6) 457 (1.9) m m -5 (4.4) m m -8
(2.0) 428 (2.3) m m 16 (5.2) m m 0
(1.0) 415 (1.3) 3 (3.9) 14 (4.3) 5 (4.4) 4
m 377 (3.0) m m m m m m m
(1.2) 413 (1.4) m m m m m m 29
m 365 (2.9) m m -11 (7.4) m m m
(2.4) 404 (2.7) m m 35 (5.7) 31 (6.0) 8
m 357 (3.2) m m m m m m m
(1.0) 419 (0.9) 70 (3.7) 40 (3.8) 35 (4.2) 2
(3.2) 426 (4.6) 7 (7.1) -2 (6.7) -13 (6.9) -9
(2.9) 478 (2.9) -2 (5.8) -1 (5.7) -9 (5.7) -9
m 386 (2.8) m m m m m m m
m 440 (3.0) 4 (5.5) -3 (5.3) -5 (6.1) m
(1.2) 551 (1.5) m m 9 (4.1) -1 (4.5) -5
(2.7) 516 (2.9) -17 (5.7) -5 (5.3) -8 (5.5) -17
(2.8) 426 (3.2) 5 (5.2) 1 (5.6) -18 (5.9) 4
m 469 (3.3) m m m m m m m
(2.4) 434 (2.0) m m -4 (4.9) -15 (5.3) -3
(2.2) 426 (2.5) -2 (5.1) -1 (5.1) 10 (5.5) -10
(3.9) m m m m m m m m m
easurement in PISA and PISA 2018, calculated by a linear regression.

n four PISA assessments. Curvilinear trends are calculated by a regression of performance over both linear and quadratic (squared) terms o
which the assessment was conducted.

Curvilinear trend in science
018 and:
Average 3-year trend in performance across PISA assessments1
science performance
across PISA assessments Rate of
PISA 2015 (since 2006 or earliest Annual rate of acceleration or
(PISA 2018 - PISA assessment available after change in 2018 deceleration in
2015) 2006) (linear term) performance
(quadratic term)
S.E. Coef. S.E. p-value Coef. S.E. Coef. S.E.
(2.8) -6.5 (1.2) 0.000 -4.1 (0.7) -0.2 (0.1)

(4.0) -5.5 (1.5) 0.000 m m m m
(3.5) -2.7 (1.3) 0.035 -0.9 (0.8) 0.0 (0.1)
(3.4) -3.4 (1.2) 0.006 -1.3 (0.7) 0.0 (0.1)
(3.7) 1.1 (1.5) 0.468 -1.6 (1.1) -0.2 (0.1)
(4.1) 6.4 (1.4) 0.000 1.0 (1.2) -0.1 (0.1)
(3.7) -4.0 (1.4) 0.004 -0.4 (1.0) 0.1 (0.1)
(3.4) -0.4 (1.3) 0.763 -2.1 (0.9) -0.2 (0.1)
(3.2) 0.4 (1.3) 0.771 -2.0 (0.8) -0.2 (0.1)
(3.8) -10.7 (1.3) 0.000 -4.2 (0.9) -0.1 (0.1)
(3.4) -0.8 (1.4) 0.581 -1.7 (1.0) -0.1 (0.1)
(4.2) -3.6 (1.5) 0.014 -5.0 (1.1) -0.3 (0.1)
(5.2) -5.9 (1.5) 0.000 -2.8 (1.2) -0.1 (0.1)
(3.7) -7.1 (1.3) 0.000 -2.2 (1.0) 0.0 (0.1)
(2.9) -5.4 (1.2) 0.000 -1.2 (0.7) 0.0 (0.1)
(3.6) -3.0 (1.4) 0.030 -5.4 (0.9) -0.4 (0.1)
(5.2) 2.8 (1.5) 0.066 -1.9 (1.5) -0.2 (0.1)
(3.8) -2.3 (1.3) 0.063 -7.4 (0.8) -0.6 (0.1)
(4.2) -0.6 (1.4) 0.668 -5.0 (1.1) -0.4 (0.1)
(4.5) -2.9 (1.4) 0.046 -5.5 (1.2) -0.4 (0.1)
(2.8) -0.8 (1.3) 0.519 -3.7 (0.9) -0.3 (0.1)
(3.5) -2.8 (1.3) 0.032 -2.7 (0.8) -0.2 (0.1)
(2.2) -1.9 (1.1) 0.082 -2.8 (0.5) -0.2 (0.0)
(3.7) 1.9 (1.3) 0.158 0.2 (0.8) 0.0 (0.1)
(3.9) -5.6 (1.4) 0.000 -3.6 (1.3) -0.1 (0.1)
(3.5) -6.2 (1.3) 0.000 -1.9 (0.8) 0.0 (0.1)
(3.6) 0.6 (1.3) 0.657 -3.0 (1.0) -0.3 (0.1)
(3.9) 2.1 (1.3) 0.109 -3.4 (1.0) -0.3 (0.1)
(4.0) 4.3 (1.4) 0.002 -2.4 (1.2) -0.3 (0.1)
(3.8) -7.8 (1.3) 0.000 -1.5 (1.1) 0.1 (0.1)
(2.4) -2.2 (1.1) 0.043 -0.9 (0.4) 0.0 (0.0)
(3.0) -0.5 (1.2) 0.674 -3.0 (0.7) -0.2 (0.1)
(5.0) -1.0 (1.4) 0.463 4.1 (1.1) 0.4 (0.1)
(4.4) -4.4 (1.4) 0.002 -5.2 (1.1) -0.3 (0.1)
(4.7) 6.1 (1.5) 0.000 0.0 (1.1) -0.2 (0.1)
(3.9) -2.4 (1.3) 0.064 -2.0 (1.0) -0.1 (0.1)
(4.8) 2.1 (1.6) 0.182 -0.3 (1.3) -0.1 (0.1)
(1.6) -1.9 (1.1) 0.075 -2.4 (0.2) -0.15 (0.01)
(1.6) -2.0 (1.1) 0.061 m m m m
(4.1) 10.7 (2.0) 0.000 m m m m

m 3.0 (1.7) 0.076 m m m m
m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m
(3.4) 2.2 (1.3) 0.087 -1.3 (0.8) -0.2 (0.1)
m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m
(5.9) -1.4 (1.9) 0.452 -6.4 (1.7) -0.5 (0.1)
(4.2) -6.1 (2.2) 0.006 m m m m
(4.0) -5.3 (1.3) 0.000 -3.1 (1.1) -0.1 (0.1)
(2.5) 0.7 (2.2) 0.770 m m m m
(3.9) 4.0 (3.9) 0.306 m m m m
(3.7) 5.6 (2.0) 0.005 m m m m
(3.9) -7.7 (1.3) 0.000 -8.6 (1.0) -0.5 (0.1)
(3.8) 2.5 (1.7) 0.139 3.6 (1.3) 0.2 (0.1)
(4.2) 0.8 (1.4) 0.574 6.0 (1.1) 0.5 (0.1)
m -2.9 (1.6) 0.073 m m m m
(2.6) -13.6 (2.6) 0.000 m m m m
(5.1) -2.8 (5.1) 0.590 m m m m
(2.4) 8.3 (1.1) 0.000 5.3 (0.5) 0.2 (0.0)
m 6.6 (1.9) 0.001 m m m m
(2.9) -1.3 (1.7) 0.433 m m m m
(3.4) 6.1 (2.0) 0.003 m m m m
(2.2) 1.7 (1.1) 0.144 2.5 (0.4) 0.2 (0.0)
m m m m m m m m
(2.4) 28.7 (2.7) 0.000 m m m m
m -3.8 (2.5) 0.126 m m m m
(3.9) 12.8 (2.0) 0.000 m m m m
m m m m m m m m
(2.0) 17.9 (1.1) 0.000 3.4 (0.3) -0.2 (0.0)
(5.8) 2.1 (1.7) 0.218 -4.4 (1.5) -0.4 (0.1)
(4.4) 0.5 (1.5) 0.755 -2.1 (1.1) -0.2 (0.1)
m m m m m m m m
m 0.7 (1.3) 0.615 m m m m
(2.4) 3.2 (1.6) 0.039 m m m m
(4.2) -2.2 (1.4) 0.118 -1.1 (1.0) 0.0 (0.1)
(4.5) 0.6 (1.3) 0.677 -3.8 (1.1) -0.3 (0.1)
m m m m m m m m
(3.5) -2.5 (2.3) 0.276 m m m m
(3.6) 0.4 (1.3) 0.746 1.5 (0.9) 0.1 (0.1)
m -3.8 (6.2) 0.541 m m m m
nd quadratic (squared) terms of the gap between the year of assessment and 2018. The coefficient for the linear term represents the annua
ar term represents the annual rate of change in 2018, while the coefficient for

Table I.B1.13
Distribution of reading scores, 2000 through 2018
PISA 2000
Median (50th
10th percentile 25th percentile
percentile)
Score S.E. Score S.E. Score S.E.

OECD
Australia 394 (4.4) 458 (4.4) 534 (4.6)
Austria 359 (5.8) 428 (3.4) 499 (3.6)
Belgium 354 (8.9) 437 (6.6) 523 (3.6)
Canada 410 (2.4) 472 (2.0) 540 (1.7)
Chile 291 (5.3) 350 (4.4) 412 (4.3)
Colombia m m m m m m
Czech Republic 368 (4.9) 433 (2.7) 498 (2.8)
Denmark 367 (5.0) 434 (3.3) 504 (2.7)
Estonia m m m m m m
Finland 429 (5.1) 492 (2.9) 553 (2.5)
France 381 (5.2) 444 (4.5) 511 (3.0)
Germany 335 (6.3) 417 (4.6) 494 (3.1)
Greece 342 (8.4) 409 (7.4) 479 (6.1)
Hungary 354 (5.5) 414 (5.3) 486 (4.9)
Iceland 383 (3.6) 447 (3.1) 513 (2.0)
Ireland 401 (6.4) 468 (4.3) 533 (3.4)
Israel 305 (13.0) 379 (11.1) 460 (8.8)
Italy 368 (5.8) 429 (4.1) 492 (3.2)
Japan 407 (9.8) 471 (7.0) 530 (4.7)
Korea 433 (4.4) 481 (2.9) 530 (2.5)
Latvia 322 (8.2) 390 (6.9) 462 (5.7)
Lithuania m m m m m m
Luxembourg m m m m m m
Mexico 311 (3.4) 360 (3.6) 420 (4.3)
Netherlands* m m m m m m
New Zealand 382 (5.2) 459 (4.0) 538 (3.1)
Norway 364 (5.5) 440 (4.5) 515 (2.9)
Poland 343 (6.8) 414 (5.8) 487 (4.9)
Portugal* 337 (6.2) 403 (6.4) 476 (5.5)
Slovak Republic m m m m m m
Slovenia m m m m m m
Spain** 379 (5.0) 436 (4.6) 499 (3.0)
Sweden 392 (4.0) 456 (3.1) 523 (2.5)
Switzerland 355 (5.8) 426 (5.5) 503 (4.6)
Turkey m m m m m m
United Kingdom m m m m m m
United States* 363 (11.4) 436 (8.8) 511 (7.0)
OECD average-23 371 (1.2) 437 (1.0) 506 (0.8)
OECD average-27 365 (1.3) 431 (1.0) 501 (0.8)
OECD average-29b m m m m m m
Partners
Albania 216 (6.4) 279 (4.9) 352 (3.8)
Argentina 270 (11.5) 344 (13.2) 425 (11.4)
Belarus m m m m m m
Brazil 288 (4.5) 339 (3.4) 395 (3.3)
Bulgaria 295 (6.6) 361 (5.8) 435 (6.5)
Croatia m m m m m m
Cyprus m m m m m m
Georgia m m m m m m
Hong Kong (China)* 413 (7.3) 477 (3.8) 535 (2.9)
Indonesia 277 (4.0) 321 (4.3) 371 (4.3)
Jordan m m m m m m
Kosovo m m m m m m
Lebanon m m m m m m
Macao (China) m m m m m m
Malta m m m m m m
Moldova m m m m m m
Montenegro m m m m m m
Morocco m m m m m m
North Macedonia 249 (3.9) 307 (3.5) 374 (2.8)
Panama m m m m m m
Peru 205 (4.9) 259 (5.2) 325 (5.0)
Qatar m m m m m m
Romania m m m m m m
Russia 340 (5.4) 400 (5.1) 464 (4.2)
Serbia m m m m m m
Chinese Taipei m m m m m m
Thailand 333 (4.8) 381 (4.0) 432 (3.3)
Ukraine m m m m m m
Uruguay m m m m m m
1. The average 3-year trend is the average change, per 3-year-period, between the earliest available measurement in PISA
A 2000 PISA 2003
Median (50th
75th percentile 90th percentile 10th percentile 25th percentile
percentile)
602 (4.6) 656 (4.2) 395 (3.6) 464 (3.0) 533 (2.5)
563 (3.4) 614 (3.8) 354 (6.3) 423 (4.9) 499 (4.3)
587 (2.3) 634 (2.5) 355 (6.6) 440 (4.2) 522 (3.0)
600 (1.5) 652 (1.9) 410 (3.1) 472 (2.3) 534 (1.9)
472 (3.9) 524 (3.8) m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
557 (2.8) 610 (3.2) 362 (6.9) 428 (4.7) 495 (3.6)
566 (2.7) 617 (2.9) 376 (4.6) 438 (4.0) 498 (3.0)
m m m m m m m m m m
608 (2.6) 654 (2.8) 437 (3.1) 494 (2.4) 549 (1.9)
570 (2.4) 619 (2.9) 367 (7.0) 436 (4.0) 505 (2.9)
563 (3.1) 619 (2.8) 341 (6.8) 419 (5.6) 504 (4.7)
543 (4.5) 595 (5.1) 333 (6.2) 406 (5.2) 480 (4.5)
549 (4.5) 598 (4.4) 361 (4.2) 422 (3.3) 487 (2.7)
573 (2.1) 621 (3.5) 362 (4.8) 431 (2.3) 499 (2.4)
593 (3.6) 641 (4.0) 401 (4.6) 460 (3.8) 521 (3.1)
532 (8.1) 587 (7.1) m m m m m m
552 (3.2) 601 (2.7) 341 (6.8) 411 (4.4) 483 (3.4)
582 (4.4) 625 (4.5) 355 (6.5) 431 (5.4) 509 (4.4)
574 (2.6) 608 (2.9) 428 (5.2) 484 (4.1) 539 (3.0)
530 (5.2) 586 (5.8) 372 (5.3) 431 (4.9) 495 (4.0)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m 344 (2.9) 416 (2.8) 488 (2.2)
482 (4.8) 535 (5.5) 274 (5.5) 335 (4.9) 403 (4.7)
m m m m 400 (5.2) 454 (4.5) 517 (3.8)
606 (3.0) 661 (4.4) 381 (4.4) 453 (3.5) 529 (3.1)
579 (2.7) 631 (3.1) 364 (4.7) 434 (3.8) 507 (3.7)
551 (6.0) 603 (6.6) 374 (5.0) 436 (3.6) 500 (3.2)
541 (4.5) 592 (4.2) 351 (7.1) 418 (5.2) 486 (4.3)
m m m m 348 (5.8) 408 (4.6) 473 (3.4)
m m m m m m m m m m
553 (2.6) 597 (2.6) 354 (4.9) 421 (3.4) 487 (2.9)
581 (3.1) 630 (2.9) 390 (4.3) 453 (3.4) 521 (2.7)
567 (4.6) 621 (5.5) 373 (5.6) 439 (4.5) 506 (3.8)
m m m m 324 (5.3) 377 (5.7) 437 (5.9)
m m m m m m m m m m
577 (6.8) 636 (6.5) 361 (5.2) 429 (4.1) 501 (3.6)
568 (0.8) 618 (0.8) 370 (1.1) 436 (0.9) 504 (0.7)
563 (0.8) 614 (0.8) m m m m m m
m m m m 367 (1.0) 432 (0.8) 501 (0.7)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
421 (3.2) 476 (2.9) m m m m m m

495 (8.8) 554 (9.6) m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
452 (3.4) 507 (4.2) 256 (7.5) 328 (5.5) 408 (4.4)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
502 (6.6) 560 (7.4) m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
584 (2.7) 624 (2.9) 397 (6.7) 461 (5.1) 519 (3.6)
422 (5.7) 464 (6.9) 282 (4.9) 332 (3.7) 382 (3.2)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m 409 (5.1) 455 (3.5) 501 (3.0)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
442 (2.0) 493 (2.5) m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
392 (5.5) 452 (5.6) m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
526 (4.5) 579 (4.4) 319 (6.1) 381 (5.4) 447 (4.1)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
482 (3.3) 526 (4.6) 322 (3.4) 366 (3.1) 420 (3.3)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m 272 (6.0) 355 (4.4) 439 (3.9)
m m m m m m m m m m
available measurement in PISA and PISA 2018, calculated by a linear regression.
hailand conducted the PISA 2000 assessment in 2001, Hong Kong (China), Israel and Romania conducted the assessment in 2002, as
the year in which the assessment was conducted.
A 2003 PISA 2006
Median (50th
percentile)
594 (2.5) 644 (2.7) 388 (3.4) 453 (2.4) 519 (2.3)
565 (4.2) 617 (3.7) 348 (9.4) 421 (5.5) 499 (4.0)
587 (2.1) 635 (2.1) 347 (8.3) 433 (4.7) 515 (3.1)
590 (2.1) 636 (2.1) 402 (3.9) 468 (3.0) 534 (2.6)
m m m m 310 (5.8) 373 (5.4) 443 (5.4)
m m m m 243 (7.0) 316 (7.2) 392 (6.0)
555 (4.0) 607 (3.8) 335 (7.0) 408 (6.2) 489 (4.6)
553 (3.0) 600 (2.7) 378 (5.0) 437 (3.9) 499 (3.3)
m m m m 389 (5.4) 448 (3.8) 505 (3.0)
599 (1.7) 641 (2.2) 441 (3.8) 494 (2.9) 550 (2.3)
565 (2.8) 614 (2.7) 346 (7.5) 421 (6.1) 499 (4.8)
572 (3.4) 624 (3.2) 350 (8.0) 429 (5.9) 508 (4.9)
546 (4.4) 599 (4.4) 321 (8.5) 398 (5.2) 469 (4.2)
546 (3.3) 597 (3.4) 359 (5.0) 422 (4.8) 490 (4.0)
560 (2.2) 612 (2.8) 356 (4.1) 423 (3.0) 491 (2.2)
577 (2.8) 622 (3.0) 395 (5.5) 457 (4.7) 522 (4.1)
m m m m 280 (8.0) 356 (6.2) 445 (5.1)
547 (2.5) 598 (2.1) 325 (4.8) 402 (3.6) 478 (2.5)
574 (3.7) 624 (4.8) 361 (6.6) 433 (6.1) 505 (3.9)
590 (2.8) 634 (4.1) 440 (7.9) 503 (4.8) 563 (3.9)
554 (3.5) 603 (4.6) 361 (5.4) 419 (4.9) 483 (4.3)
m m m m 343 (3.9) 405 (4.0) 474 (3.5)
551 (1.9) 601 (2.1) 344 (3.3) 415 (2.3) 487 (2.1)
467 (4.3) 521 (6.1) 285 (6.2) 348 (4.2) 415 (3.2)
576 (3.2) 621 (2.9) 379 (6.4) 446 (4.3) 515 (3.6)
596 (2.8) 652 (2.9) 381 (4.6) 453 (4.5) 528 (3.2)
571 (3.6) 625 (3.9) 346 (5.5) 416 (4.6) 492 (3.5)
563 (3.1) 616 (3.4) 374 (4.6) 441 (3.5) 513 (3.1)
544 (3.5) 592 (3.5) 339 (6.3) 408 (5.3) 479 (3.6)
535 (3.2) 587 (3.0) 326 (6.6) 398 (4.3) 473 (3.9)
m m m m 377 (2.6) 437 (1.8) 501 (1.5)
548 (2.8) 597 (2.8) 343 (4.1) 405 (2.9) 468 (2.5)
582 (2.9) 631 (2.9) 378 (5.6) 445 (3.8) 513 (3.9)
565 (3.7) 615 (3.9) 373 (5.1) 440 (3.5) 506 (3.2)
500 (6.6) 562 (11.4) 330 (6.4) 388 (4.4) 450 (4.4)
m m m m 359 (4.0) 431 (2.8) 501 (2.3)
568 (3.6) 622 (3.5) m m m m m m
565 (0.7) 615 (0.7) 364 (1.2) 433 (0.9) 503 (0.8)
m m m m m m m m m m
562 (0.6) 612 (0.7) m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m 355 (1.0) 422 (0.8) 493 (0.6)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m 209 (10.7) 291 (9.0) 383 (8.9)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
479 (5.1) 542 (5.2) 264 (6.0) 326 (4.2) 394 (3.7)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m 251 (9.0) 321 (8.5) 404 (7.6)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m 359 (5.4) 418 (4.1) 482 (3.0)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
569 (2.8) 608 (2.9) 426 (5.8) 484 (3.7) 543 (2.7)
433 (4.0) 478 (4.6) 298 (5.0) 342 (5.3) 392 (6.2)
m m m m 277 (6.1) 342 (3.7) 409 (3.6)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
544 (4.4) 583 (3.7) 394 (2.5) 445 (1.9) 496 (1.6)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m 276 (3.2) 331 (2.1) 393 (1.8)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m 181 (2.7) 237 (1.8) 303 (2.0)
m m m m 274 (7.2) 333 (7.3) 399 (5.4)
506 (3.9) 558 (4.4) 316 (6.0) 377 (5.7) 445 (4.9)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m 282 (4.6) 339 (4.5) 404 (4.1)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m 381 (5.9) 442 (4.9) 504 (3.5)
472 (3.6) 520 (4.5) 312 (3.9) 363 (3.3) 418 (2.9)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
518 (4.4) 587 (4.5) 253 (5.8) 333 (5.0) 418 (4.3)
m m m m m m m m m m
he assessment in 2002, as part of PISA 2000+. Costa Rica, Georgia, Malta and Moldova conducted the PISA 2009 assessment in 2010
A 2006 PISA 2009
Median (50th
percentile)
579 (2.3) 628 (2.9) 384 (3.1) 450 (2.9) 521 (2.4)
568 (3.7) 621 (3.1) m m m m m m
581 (2.3) 631 (2.2) 368 (4.3) 436 (3.8) 516 (2.9)
593 (2.6) 644 (2.7) 406 (2.7) 464 (1.9) 529 (1.8)
513 (6.4) 575 (6.7) 342 (5.0) 393 (4.1) 451 (3.4)
462 (5.6) 518 (5.2) 302 (5.2) 355 (4.4) 414 (4.3)
564 (3.8) 621 (4.2) 357 (4.9) 413 (4.2) 479 (3.3)
557 (2.9) 604 (3.7) 383 (3.7) 440 (2.9) 500 (2.3)
560 (2.8) 606 (3.2) 392 (4.4) 446 (3.3) 504 (2.9)
603 (2.2) 649 (2.5) 419 (3.6) 481 (2.7) 542 (2.9)
564 (3.8) 614 (4.0) 352 (7.0) 429 (4.7) 505 (3.8)
573 (3.4) 625 (3.7) 367 (5.1) 432 (4.5) 505 (3.3)
531 (3.8) 583 (4.2) 355 (8.0) 420 (6.3) 488 (4.4)
549 (3.6) 595 (4.4) 371 (6.9) 435 (4.3) 501 (3.5)
552 (2.8) 603 (3.2) 371 (4.1) 439 (2.9) 507 (1.8)
582 (3.9) 633 (3.5) 373 (4.7) 435 (3.9) 503 (3.5)
526 (4.8) 588 (4.9) 322 (7.8) 401 (4.4) 483 (3.9)
546 (2.3) 599 (2.9) 358 (2.6) 422 (2.3) 493 (2.0)
569 (3.4) 623 (3.5) 386 (7.1) 459 (4.8) 530 (3.2)
617 (3.4) 663 (4.3) 435 (5.9) 490 (4.1) 545 (3.7)
543 (4.2) 593 (4.0) 379 (4.2) 429 (3.8) 488 (3.7)
538 (3.9) 591 (3.9) 353 (4.2) 409 (3.3) 471 (2.5)
552 (1.8) 602 (2.5) 332 (3.6) 403 (2.4) 480 (1.7)
478 (2.8) 530 (3.1) 314 (2.9) 370 (2.4) 429 (2.1)
578 (2.5) 622 (2.4) 390 (5.0) 442 (6.1) 510 (7.0)
595 (2.9) 651 (2.8) 383 (4.5) 452 (3.1) 528 (3.0)
558 (3.0) 613 (4.1) 382 (4.0) 443 (3.6) 507 (3.0)
579 (3.2) 633 (3.4) 382 (4.2) 441 (3.4) 504 (2.7)
543 (3.6) 594 (3.7) 373 (4.9) 432 (4.4) 493 (3.6)
542 (3.4) 597 (3.8) 358 (5.2) 416 (4.1) 480 (3.3)
558 (2.2) 603 (2.1) 359 (2.1) 421 (1.9) 488 (1.8)
523 (2.3) 569 (2.7) 364 (3.5) 426 (3.3) 488 (2.5)
575 (3.3) 629 (4.0) 368 (5.5) 437 (3.3) 502 (2.8)
566 (3.1) 615 (3.6) 374 (4.0) 437 (3.6) 506 (2.6)
510 (5.2) 564 (6.5) 356 (4.3) 409 (3.8) 466 (3.6)
566 (2.5) 621 (3.1) 370 (3.1) 430 (2.8) 497 (3.0)
m m m m 372 (3.9) 433 (4.0) 501 (4.2)
565 (0.7) 616 (0.7) 376 (1.0) 439 (0.8) 505 (0.6)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m 368 (0.8) 430 (0.6) 496 (0.6)
556 (0.6) 608 (0.6) m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m 254 (5.4) 319 (4.9) 389 (4.8)

464 (7.1) 527 (7.0) 257 (8.3) 329 (5.8) 403 (5.3)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
460 (4.0) 523 (5.3) 293 (3.2) 348 (2.7) 409 (3.2)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
486 (7.6) 554 (7.8) 276 (7.8) 351 (8.6) 436 (8.5)
m m m m 339 (4.7) 388 (3.7) 444 (3.3)
540 (3.0) 589 (3.4) 359 (3.6) 416 (4.5) 481 (3.5)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m 244 (5.0) 308 (3.6) 378 (3.1)
594 (2.4) 636 (2.9) 418 (4.5) 482 (3.0) 541 (2.3)
444 (8.4) 490 (8.6) 315 (5.0) 357 (4.1) 402 (3.6)
467 (3.8) 514 (4.5) 284 (5.0) 350 (4.1) 412 (3.8)
m m m m 275 (3.8) 327 (3.1) 387 (3.8)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
545 (1.6) 587 (1.8) 388 (1.8) 437 (1.4) 489 (1.2)
m m m m 304 (4.6) 363 (4.0) 420 (3.2)
m m m m 280 (5.2) 366 (3.0) 451 (2.6)
m m m m 271 (4.1) 329 (3.8) 391 (3.2)
454 (1.9) 506 (2.6) 288 (3.8) 345 (2.6) 409 (2.5)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m 246 (10.0) 304 (7.4) 368 (7.2)
m m m m 241 (3.9) 302 (4.3) 370 (4.2)
m m m m m m m m m m
380 (1.9) 456 (3.6) 228 (2.2) 288 (1.3) 365 (1.6)
461 (5.2) 512 (5.6) 304 (5.7) 365 (6.0) 429 (4.7)
505 (4.2) 556 (3.6) 344 (5.5) 401 (3.6) 461 (3.3)
m m m m m m m m m m
466 (3.9) 518 (3.7) 331 (3.8) 388 (3.2) 446 (2.9)
m m m m 394 (3.1) 460 (2.0) 532 (2.1)
556 (3.0) 598 (3.0) 380 (3.9) 439 (3.2) 502 (2.7)
472 (2.9) 522 (3.7) 331 (3.8) 373 (3.2) 420 (3.0)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m 304 (4.4) 365 (4.0) 433 (2.9)
497 (3.8) 565 (4.3) 297 (4.2) 359 (3.5) 428 (3.2)
m m m m m m m m m m
2009 assessment in 2010 as part of PISA 2009+.
A 2009 PISA 2012
Median (50th
percentile)
584 (2.7) 638 (3.2) 386 (2.4) 448 (2.2) 516 (1.8)
m m m m 365 (5.1) 427 (3.9) 496 (3.4)
583 (2.2) 631 (2.7) 373 (4.3) 444 (3.2) 517 (2.5)
588 (1.7) 637 (1.9) 403 (2.8) 464 (2.2) 528 (2.2)
506 (3.3) 556 (3.6) 339 (4.2) 388 (3.8) 443 (3.3)
473 (3.9) 524 (4.1) 295 (5.4) 348 (4.0) 404 (3.7)
545 (3.3) 598 (3.2) 378 (4.7) 434 (3.7) 496 (3.7)
554 (2.8) 599 (3.0) 385 (5.1) 442 (3.5) 501 (2.5)
559 (2.8) 605 (3.6) 412 (3.4) 463 (3.0) 519 (2.3)
597 (2.2) 642 (2.6) 399 (4.3) 463 (3.5) 530 (3.1)
572 (4.0) 624 (3.9) 358 (5.4) 435 (4.3) 515 (2.9)
567 (2.8) 615 (3.2) 384 (4.8) 447 (3.6) 514 (3.4)
550 (3.1) 601 (3.7) 346 (6.0) 416 (4.5) 486 (3.4)
559 (3.6) 607 (3.5) 363 (5.2) 427 (4.6) 494 (3.7)
567 (2.0) 619 (2.6) 352 (4.1) 422 (2.9) 490 (2.0)
562 (2.8) 611 (2.8) 410 (5.7) 469 (3.6) 526 (2.9)
554 (3.4) 611 (4.0) 329 (7.5) 414 (6.8) 497 (5.4)
556 (1.7) 604 (1.7) 359 (2.9) 427 (2.6) 497 (2.5)
590 (3.0) 639 (3.6) 409 (6.5) 475 (4.8) 545 (4.1)
595 (3.4) 635 (3.0) 424 (6.2) 483 (4.3) 543 (4.4)
541 (3.3) 584 (3.2) 375 (5.6) 434 (3.0) 495 (2.8)
530 (3.1) 580 (3.4) 363 (4.0) 419 (3.9) 482 (2.8)
547 (1.7) 600 (2.0) 347 (2.7) 418 (2.4) 492 (2.2)
485 (1.9) 531 (2.2) 319 (2.5) 370 (1.9) 425 (1.8)
575 (5.4) 625 (4.6) 386 (6.6) 451 (5.1) 519 (4.3)
595 (2.8) 649 (2.7) 374 (4.9) 443 (3.2) 516 (2.9)
568 (2.9) 619 (3.9) 375 (4.8) 442 (4.0) 510 (3.4)
565 (3.2) 613 (3.3) 404 (4.6) 461 (3.2) 522 (3.5)
551 (3.4) 599 (3.5) 362 (6.0) 429 (4.9) 493 (4.2)
543 (2.7) 594 (3.2) 321 (8.4) 396 (6.8) 472 (4.5)
550 (1.7) 598 (2.9) 362 (2.5) 420 (1.9) 484 (1.9)
543 (2.0) 588 (2.0) 367 (3.6) 430 (2.6) 494 (2.2)
565 (3.1) 620 (3.7) 343 (5.4) 416 (4.3) 490 (3.3)
569 (3.0) 617 (3.3) 388 (3.9) 451 (3.3) 514 (2.8)
522 (4.5) 569 (5.2) 365 (4.6) 417 (4.0) 475 (4.6)
561 (3.2) 616 (2.6) 372 (7.0) 438 (4.8) 504 (3.8)
569 (4.6) 625 (5.0) 378 (4.8) 436 (4.5) 500 (3.9)
566 (0.6) 614 (0.6) 377 (1.0) 441 (0.8) 507 (0.6)
m m m m 373 (1.0) 437 (0.7) 504 (0.6)
m m m m 373 (0.9) 437 (0.7) 504 (0.6)
557 (0.5) 607 (0.6) 370 (0.9) 433 (0.7) 499 (0.6)
m m m m 369 (0.9) 433 (0.7) 499 (0.6)
m m m m 370 (0.8) 433 (0.7) 499 (0.6)
458 (4.8) 509 (4.9) 247 (7.2) 325 (4.8) 402 (3.4)
473 (6.3) 535 (7.1) 274 (5.4) 332 (4.5) 399 (4.1)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
474 (3.9) 537 (4.2) 297 (2.8) 348 (2.4) 406 (2.4)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
512 (6.5) 572 (7.3) 275 (8.0) 353 (8.2) 443 (7.2)
498 (3.8) 544 (4.4) 344 (5.4) 391 (4.3) 441 (3.8)
539 (3.1) 586 (3.5) 370 (5.1) 427 (4.4) 487 (3.6)
m m m m 297 (3.3) 378 (2.4) 459 (2.1)
m m m m m m m m m m
442 (3.1) 498 (3.7) m m m m m m
592 (2.5) 634 (2.9) 430 (5.4) 493 (4.4) 552 (3.2)
447 (4.6) 487 (5.0) 299 (6.1) 346 (4.7) 397 (4.4)
468 (3.5) 515 (3.9) 280 (6.4) 343 (4.5) 406 (3.4)
452 (4.2) 513 (5.0) 297 (4.4) 344 (3.1) 394 (3.1)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
540 (1.4) 582 (1.8) 400 (2.4) 457 (1.8) 513 (1.2)
470 (2.9) 513 (3.1) 288 (4.4) 343 (3.7) 402 (3.6)
530 (2.6) 587 (2.6) m m m m m m
450 (3.6) 501 (3.6) m m m m m m
473 (2.4) 526 (2.7) 301 (3.0) 360 (2.5) 423 (2.2)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
436 (7.7) 502 (9.3) m m m m m m
437 (5.2) 496 (6.4) 263 (5.1) 319 (4.7) 385 (4.7)
m m m m m m m m m m
450 (1.4) 529 (2.1) 242 (2.0) 310 (1.7) 386 (1.2)
488 (4.7) 537 (4.0) 322 (4.4) 375 (4.4) 437 (4.6)
519 (3.2) 572 (4.5) 359 (4.5) 415 (4.0) 476 (3.4)
m m m m m m m m m m
501 (2.5) 547 (2.7) 325 (5.5) 384 (4.4) 448 (4.0)
597 (2.1) 648 (2.8) 408 (2.9) 475 (2.1) 548 (2.2)
555 (2.9) 600 (4.6) 399 (5.2) 467 (4.4) 532 (3.3)
469 (2.6) 514 (4.0) 341 (4.4) 389 (3.5) 442 (3.4)
m m m m m m m m m m
499 (2.9) 557 (3.3) 316 (3.7) 376 (3.1) 445 (3.1)
495 (3.1) 552 (3.3) 285 (5.3) 348 (4.3) 414 (3.4)
m m m m 411 (8.2) 462 (5.4) 512 (4.1)
A 2012 PISA 2015
Median (50th
percentile)
579 (1.9) 634 (2.3) 365 (2.7) 435 (2.4) 509 (2.0)
557 (3.0) 603 (2.5) 347 (5.1) 417 (4.0) 491 (3.3)
583 (2.2) 633 (2.3) 360 (3.9) 429 (3.8) 507 (3.0)
587 (2.2) 638 (2.6) 404 (3.6) 466 (2.8) 531 (2.4)
496 (3.3) 541 (3.3) 342 (3.7) 398 (3.3) 461 (3.1)
460 (3.7) 509 (4.5) 308 (4.4) 361 (4.0) 425 (3.5)
554 (3.6) 604 (3.8) 352 (4.8) 418 (4.0) 492 (3.1)
555 (2.4) 602 (2.8) 383 (4.3) 443 (3.2) 505 (2.8)
571 (2.4) 618 (2.8) 404 (4.0) 460 (2.8) 523 (2.7)
590 (2.3) 639 (2.5) 401 (4.7) 469 (3.7) 534 (2.7)
584 (3.6) 639 (3.9) 344 (5.7) 423 (3.7) 510 (2.9)
574 (3.1) 621 (3.2) 375 (5.3) 442 (3.8) 516 (3.7)
545 (3.4) 597 (3.9) 334 (8.2) 400 (6.1) 473 (4.6)
555 (3.3) 603 (3.9) 338 (4.2) 399 (3.9) 475 (3.6)
551 (2.9) 602 (2.4) 350 (4.3) 417 (3.2) 485 (2.5)
582 (2.7) 631 (3.2) 406 (4.1) 463 (3.1) 524 (2.7)
568 (4.5) 624 (4.5) 326 (5.8) 401 (5.1) 485 (4.6)
559 (2.1) 609 (2.2) 359 (4.2) 421 (3.7) 489 (3.3)
607 (3.8) 658 (4.4) 391 (5.8) 457 (4.2) 523 (3.5)
596 (4.1) 640 (4.0) 386 (5.6) 455 (4.4) 524 (3.9)
548 (2.9) 593 (2.8) 374 (3.4) 431 (3.0) 491 (2.3)
538 (2.8) 585 (3.1) 347 (3.5) 407 (3.0) 475 (3.1)
564 (2.2) 620 (2.3) 336 (2.9) 405 (2.1) 487 (2.4)
479 (1.8) 525 (1.9) 321 (3.6) 370 (3.0) 425 (2.8)
579 (3.7) 625 (3.6) 368 (4.6) 434 (4.0) 509 (3.0)
586 (3.1) 645 (4.0) 368 (4.5) 439 (3.6) 514 (3.3)
573 (3.4) 627 (3.9) 381 (4.0) 449 (3.3) 518 (2.8)
579 (3.6) 626 (4.8) 386 (3.7) 446 (3.5) 511 (3.0)
554 (3.5) 604 (3.5) 374 (3.7) 436 (4.2) 504 (3.5)
538 (4.1) 591 (5.2) 312 (4.6) 382 (4.1) 459 (3.3)
548 (2.1) 598 (2.5) 382 (2.7) 444 (2.3) 510 (2.0)
552 (2.1) 601 (2.3) 379 (3.9) 438 (3.3) 502 (2.6)
558 (3.3) 614 (4.2) 364 (4.6) 433 (4.4) 507 (4.1)
573 (2.8) 622 (3.2) 360 (5.0) 426 (4.0) 499 (3.6)
534 (5.6) 588 (6.8) 322 (4.9) 372 (4.4) 429 (4.5)
567 (3.4) 619 (3.8) 372 (4.0) 432 (3.2) 500 (3.1)
561 (3.9) 614 (4.0) 364 (5.4) 430 (4.7) 501 (3.7)
567 (0.6) 618 (0.7) 368 (1.0) 433 (0.8) 503 (0.7)
564 (0.6) 614 (0.7) 365 (0.9) 430 (0.7) 500 (0.6)
565 (0.6) 615 (0.7) 363 (0.9) 428 (0.7) 498 (0.6)
559 (0.5) 610 (0.6) 362 (0.8) 426 (0.6) 495 (0.5)
559 (0.5) 609 (0.6) 361 (0.8) 425 (0.6) 495 (0.5)
559 (0.5) 609 (0.6) 361 (0.8) 425 (0.6) 495 (0.5)
473 (3.2) 536 (3.4) 279 (5.2) 340 (4.7) 407 (4.7)
462 (4.1) 516 (4.4) m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
465 (2.6) 518 (3.1) 279 (2.8) 336 (3.0) 405 (3.1)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
523 (6.0) 585 (6.1) 277 (6.6) 347 (7.0) 437 (6.5)
490 (4.2) 536 (5.0) 326 (3.5) 374 (3.0) 427 (3.0)
546 (3.8) 593 (4.9) 367 (4.2) 424 (3.8) 489 (3.4)
528 (2.1) 583 (2.6) 305 (2.7) 372 (2.8) 447 (2.2)
m m m m 250 (3.8) 297 (3.5) 354 (3.4)
m m m m 266 (4.2) 332 (3.9) 403 (3.2)
604 (3.0) 648 (3.4) 412 (4.5) 473 (3.7) 533 (2.9)
447 (4.6) 492 (6.1) 300 (5.1) 346 (3.7) 397 (3.1)
462 (3.2) 510 (4.6) 281 (5.4) 348 (3.7) 416 (3.3)
444 (3.4) 487 (3.5) m m m m m m
m m m m 243 (2.8) 294 (2.5) 350 (2.0)
m m m m 203 (5.8) 265 (4.9) 339 (5.4)
566 (1.4) 611 (1.6) 399 (2.6) 456 (2.0) 514 (1.8)
457 (3.9) 503 (4.3) m m m m m m
m m m m 284 (4.9) 366 (3.7) 456 (2.5)
m m m m 289 (3.7) 349 (3.1) 418 (3.1)
487 (1.8) 540 (3.4) 304 (2.5) 361 (2.5) 427 (2.3)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m 222 (3.3) 284 (2.4) 353 (2.5)
m m m m m m m m m m
447 (5.2) 504 (6.4) 281 (3.2) 333 (3.2) 398 (3.6)
m m m m m m m m m m
465 (1.9) 535 (2.3) 256 (1.8) 321 (1.8) 403 (1.5)
501 (5.5) 555 (5.3) 310 (5.4) 370 (5.0) 435 (4.6)
537 (3.9) 592 (4.2) 381 (3.9) 434 (3.9) 495 (3.6)
m m m m m m m m m m
509 (4.1) 566 (4.6) m m m m m m
614 (2.1) 668 (3.2) 400 (3.7) 470 (2.6) 542 (1.8)
587 (2.8) 633 (3.6) 371 (4.2) 437 (3.4) 505 (2.7)
494 (3.7) 541 (4.4) 308 (3.3) 354 (3.7) 407 (3.5)
m m m m m m m m m m
508 (2.8) 562 (3.1) 295 (3.9) 359 (3.5) 435 (3.5)
477 (3.0) 534 (4.1) 311 (3.1) 368 (3.3) 436 (3.0)
559 (3.9) 599 (5.0) 393 (4.9) 438 (4.3) 487 (3.8)
A 2015 PISA 2018
Median (50th
percentile)
576 (2.0) 631 (2.2) 357 (2.8) 429 (2.2) 507 (1.9)
559 (3.1) 611 (3.0) 350 (3.7) 413 (4.1) 488 (3.8)
573 (2.2) 623 (2.5) 352 (3.8) 421 (3.2) 498 (2.7)
591 (2.4) 642 (2.7) 388 (2.4) 452 (2.3) 524 (2.2)
521 (3.2) 572 (3.5) 331 (3.6) 389 (3.1) 453 (3.2)
489 (3.3) 542 (3.1) 300 (3.7) 350 (3.5) 408 (3.8)
559 (2.8) 614 (3.5) 362 (4.3) 422 (3.7) 492 (3.0)
561 (2.6) 608 (3.4) 380 (3.0) 439 (2.7) 504 (2.2)
581 (2.6) 630 (2.9) 402 (3.5) 460 (2.6) 524 (2.3)
592 (2.7) 640 (2.6) 387 (4.2) 455 (3.2) 527 (2.8)
583 (3.1) 637 (3.0) 355 (3.5) 423 (3.0) 497 (3.0)
581 (3.1) 634 (3.4) 354 (4.5) 424 (4.4) 504 (4.1)
539 (3.6) 590 (3.7) 326 (4.9) 390 (4.9) 460 (4.1)
541 (3.1) 593 (3.2) 346 (4.0) 407 (3.0) 479 (3.1)
552 (2.6) 607 (4.0) 332 (4.0) 402 (3.3) 477 (2.7)
582 (2.7) 629 (2.8) 398 (3.5) 456 (2.8) 520 (2.4)
562 (4.3) 621 (4.3) 296 (5.9) 381 (5.8) 479 (4.9)
552 (3.1) 602 (2.9) 345 (4.6) 413 (3.2) 481 (2.9)
581 (3.4) 629 (3.7) 374 (4.5) 438 (3.7) 508 (3.0)
586 (3.9) 637 (4.3) 377 (4.9) 449 (3.8) 522 (3.1)
548 (2.0) 595 (2.5) 360 (3.2) 415 (2.3) 480 (2.2)
541 (3.6) 593 (4.4) 351 (2.7) 410 (2.6) 479 (2.3)
561 (2.1) 616 (2.5) 325 (2.1) 392 (2.0) 472 (1.8)
478 (3.2) 523 (3.9) 314 (3.5) 362 (2.8) 419 (2.9)
577 (2.8) 630 (3.1) 344 (4.4) 410 (3.5) 486 (3.7)
584 (3.3) 643 (4.3) 362 (3.7) 432 (3.2) 511 (2.9)
583 (2.9) 636 (3.0) 356 (4.3) 430 (3.2) 506 (2.7)
570 (2.8) 617 (3.5) 384 (3.6) 446 (2.9) 515 (3.3)
564 (2.8) 614 (3.1) 362 (4.0) 425 (3.4) 497 (2.9)
528 (3.1) 583 (3.2) 326 (4.0) 388 (3.1) 458 (2.9)
570 (2.1) 621 (3.4) 372 (3.0) 431 (2.2) 499 (1.9)
558 (2.7) 603 (2.9) m m m m m m
573 (3.8) 625 (3.6) 360 (5.7) 434 (4.1) 512 (3.4)
563 (3.6) 614 (3.6) 345 (4.6) 413 (4.0) 488 (3.6)
487 (5.2) 535 (5.9) 351 (4.1) 404 (3.0) 466 (2.6)
565 (3.0) 621 (3.6) 372 (4.3) 435 (3.2) 506 (2.7)
568 (3.9) 624 (3.8) 361 (5.3) 430 (4.4) 510 (4.1)
566 (0.6) 617 (0.7) 360 (0.8) 425 (0.7) 497 (0.6)
564 (0.6) 615 (0.7) 356 (0.8) 422 (0.7) 495 (0.6)
562 (0.6) 613 (0.6) 356 (0.8) 421 (0.6) 493 (0.6)
559 (0.5) 611 (0.6) 354 (0.7) 419 (0.6) 490 (0.5)
559 (0.5) 610 (0.6) 354 (0.7) 418 (0.6) 490 (0.5)
559 (0.5) 611 (0.6) 354 (0.7) 419 (0.6) 490 (0.5)
472 (4.7) 528 (5.2) 303 (2.9) 349 (2.2) 403 (2.1)
m m m m 274 (4.2) 333 (3.4) 402 (3.6)
m m m m 294 (2.5) 338 (2.4) 389 (2.4)
m m m m 355 (3.4) 412 (3.1) 475 (3.0)
m m m m 303 (2.8) 346 (3.0) 400 (3.5)
477 (3.2) 539 (3.9) 286 (2.6) 340 (2.3) 408 (2.4)
m m m m 284 (1.9) 335 (1.4) 403 (1.5)
m m m m 441 (4.2) 498 (3.5) 559 (2.9)
517 (5.5) 578 (5.0) 290 (4.5) 344 (4.9) 416 (4.8)
480 (3.2) 530 (3.8) 323 (3.1) 370 (2.9) 424 (3.5)
553 (3.1) 603 (3.3) 362 (4.6) 418 (3.7) 480 (3.2)
516 (2.7) 573 (3.4) 295 (2.9) 353 (2.3) 424 (1.9)
416 (4.1) 471 (5.1) 241 (2.5) 281 (2.7) 334 (3.2)
474 (3.3) 533 (4.5) 274 (2.5) 319 (2.6) 374 (2.7)
587 (2.5) 632 (3.1) 390 (5.5) 463 (3.7) 533 (2.9)
448 (3.0) 495 (3.3) 277 (3.1) 318 (2.8) 367 (2.8)
475 (3.1) 522 (2.9) 303 (5.7) 366 (3.9) 426 (3.0)
m m m m 294 (2.2) 333 (1.7) 380 (1.5)
403 (2.3) 447 (2.6) 265 (2.1) 304 (1.9) 352 (1.7)
426 (6.2) 503 (7.0) 211 (4.6) 268 (4.6) 347 (5.7)
566 (2.0) 610 (2.8) 403 (3.2) 464 (2.3) 530 (1.7)
m m m m 302 (3.4) 357 (3.1) 417 (3.2)
533 (2.7) 595 (3.1) 295 (3.2) 369 (3.0) 452 (2.6)
485 (3.3) 541 (4.1) 301 (3.3) 358 (2.9) 425 (3.1)
493 (2.4) 549 (2.8) 310 (2.1) 360 (1.6) 420 (1.7)
m m m m 265 (2.6) 304 (3.0) 355 (3.9)
421 (2.2) 480 (3.3) 268 (2.7) 328 (2.2) 395 (1.9)
m m m m 265 (3.7) 315 (3.0) 374 (3.0)
462 (3.9) 514 (4.5) 283 (2.9) 334 (3.3) 397 (3.3)
m m m m 248 (2.3) 281 (2.3) 327 (3.1)
483 (2.2) 547 (2.2) 264 (1.8) 326 (1.5) 405 (1.3)
499 (4.7) 555 (5.4) 297 (6.0) 361 (6.1) 431 (6.0)
556 (3.5) 608 (3.5) 357 (4.8) 416 (3.7) 480 (3.4)
m m m m 286 (4.4) 341 (4.0) 402 (3.4)
m m m m 312 (3.9) 370 (4.4) 440 (4.1)
607 (2.0) 657 (2.6) 398 (3.9) 478 (2.3) 559 (2.1)
563 (3.0) 611 (3.8) 367 (3.8) 435 (3.4) 508 (3.1)
463 (4.2) 514 (4.9) 295 (3.2) 337 (3.2) 388 (3.5)
m m m m 340 (5.2) 404 (4.8) 472 (3.5)
509 (3.4) 572 (3.1) 284 (2.7) 348 (2.5) 429 (2.6)
504 (3.1) 563 (4.6) 299 (3.6) 360 (3.6) 427 (3.2)
537 (4.2) 580 (5.3) m m m m m m
Change in percentiles between 2000 and 2018
A 2018
(PISA 2018 - PISA 2000)
Median (50th
percentile)
Score S.E. Score S.E. Score dif. S.E. Score dif. S.E. Score dif. S.E.
580 (2.0) 640 (2.2) -38 (6.6) -30 (6.4) -27 (6.4)
558 (2.9) 612 (2.9) -9 (8.0) -16 (6.7) -11 (6.6)
568 (2.6) 623 (2.6) -2 (10.5) -16 (8.4) -25 (6.1)
592 (2.0) 646 (2.3) -22 (5.3) -20 (5.1) -16 (4.9)
517 (3.4) 572 (3.3) 40 (7.6) 39 (6.7) 41 (6.7)
472 (4.1) 532 (4.7) m m m m m m
560 (2.9) 616 (2.8) -6 (7.7) -11 (6.1) -6 (5.8)
566 (2.1) 618 (2.6) 13 (7.1) 5 (5.9) 0 (5.3)
587 (2.3) 643 (3.1) m m m m m m
591 (2.5) 643 (3.0) -42 (7.8) -37 (5.9) -26 (5.5)
567 (3.3) 622 (3.6) -25 (7.5) -21 (6.7) -14 (5.9)
576 (3.5) 632 (3.5) 19 (8.8) 7 (7.5) 10 (6.5)
526 (3.7) 583 (3.9) -16 (10.5) -19 (9.7) -20 (8.4)
547 (2.9) 602 (3.7) -8 (7.9) -8 (7.3) -7 (7.1)
549 (3.0) 609 (3.3) -52 (6.7) -45 (6.1) -36 (5.2)
583 (2.6) 635 (2.8) -3 (8.3) -12 (6.5) -13 (5.8)
563 (3.8) 628 (3.7) -9 (14.8) 2 (13.1) 18 (10.8)
545 (3.0) 598 (3.4) -22 (8.4) -15 (6.6) -11 (5.9)
572 (3.1) 627 (3.7) -33 (11.5) -33 (8.9) -22 (6.9)
585 (3.1) 640 (3.9) -56 (7.8) -33 (6.3) -8 (5.7)
542 (2.3) 595 (2.7) 38 (9.7) 25 (8.3) 19 (7.3)
543 (1.9) 597 (1.8) m m m m m m
548 (1.9) 612 (2.8) m m m m m m
476 (3.5) 530 (4.2) 2 (6.3) 2 (6.1) -1 (6.6)
562 (3.4) 621 (3.3) m m m m m m
584 (2.1) 640 (2.9) -20 (7.6) -28 (6.6) -27 (5.9)
576 (3.1) 632 (2.9) -8 (8.1) -10 (6.8) -9 (5.6)
581 (3.4) 636 (4.0) 41 (8.7) 32 (7.6) 28 (7.2)
562 (2.9) 613 (2.7) 25 (8.4) 22 (8.3) 21 (7.4)
529 (3.1) 590 (3.3) m m m m m m
561 (2.1) 614 (2.8) m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
583 (3.2) 640 (3.5) -31 (8.1) -22 (6.5) -12 (5.8)
558 (3.8) 615 (4.0) -11 (8.4) -14 (8.0) -15 (7.1)
527 (2.4) 581 (3.1) m m m m m m
575 (3.1) 632 (3.5) m m m m m m
584 (4.3) 643 (3.9) -2 (13.2) -6 (10.6) -1 (9.0)
564 (0.6) 619 (0.7) -11 (4.3) -12 (4.2) -9 (4.2)
563 (0.6) 618 (0.6) -9 (4.3) -10 (4.2) -6 (4.2)
561 (0.6) 617 (0.6) m m m m m m
558 (0.5) 614 (0.6) m m m m m m
558 (0.5) 613 (0.6) m m m m m m
558 (0.5) 614 (0.5) m m m m m m
459 (2.8) 510 (3.3) 87 (8.1) 70 (6.7) 51 (5.9)

471 (3.6) 529 (3.4) 4 (12.9) -11 (14.2) -23 (12.6)
438 (3.0) 485 (4.6) m m m m m m
538 (3.0) 589 (3.1) m m m m m m
458 (3.7) 509 (4.1) m m m m m m
482 (3.1) 548 (3.7) -2 (6.6) 1 (5.8) 12 (5.8)
476 (1.7) 542 (2.5) m m m m m m
617 (3.1) 666 (3.5) m m m m m m
491 (5.0) 557 (5.2) -5 (8.9) -16 (8.5) -19 (9.0)
483 (4.5) 534 (5.9) m m m m m m
542 (2.9) 594 (3.2) m m m m m m
494 (2.0) 554 (2.6) m m m m m m
395 (4.0) 453 (5.5) m m m m m m
436 (2.8) 493 (3.6) m m m m m m
595 (2.6) 645 (2.5) -24 (10.0) -14 (6.6) -1 (5.7)
420 (3.6) 472 (5.1) 0 (6.5) -3 (6.5) -4 (6.6)
480 (2.6) 524 (3.1) m m m m m m
433 (1.9) 490 (2.9) m m m m m m
398 (1.7) 442 (2.0) m m m m m m
434 (5.2) 507 (5.0) m m m m m m
590 (2.1) 641 (3.0) m m m m m m
474 (3.4) 524 (4.2) m m m m m m
529 (3.0) 593 (3.3) m m m m m m
491 (3.4) 544 (3.7) m m m m m m
480 (1.6) 534 (2.0) m m m m m m
412 (4.0) 460 (3.6) m m m m m m
460 (1.8) 513 (2.4) 19 (6.2) 22 (5.8) 21 (5.3)
436 (4.2) 493 (5.6) m m m m m m
463 (3.8) 523 (4.9) 78 (7.0) 74 (7.4) 72 (7.2)
388 (4.7) 453 (7.2) m m m m m m
483 (1.2) 552 (1.8) m m m m m m
497 (6.0) 554 (5.9) m m m m m m
543 (3.3) 597 (3.6) 16 (8.3) 16 (7.5) 15 (6.8)
459 (3.1) 507 (3.0) m m m m m m
508 (3.5) 566 (3.5) m m m m m m
628 (2.0) 684 (2.5) m m m m m m
576 (3.7) 630 (3.8) m m m m m m
445 (4.4) 501 (5.1) -37 (7.1) -44 (6.5) -44 (6.3)
532 (3.5) 582 (3.8) m m m m m m
511 (3.5) 584 (3.1) m m m m m m
495 (3.6) 552 (4.5) m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
between 2000 and 2018 Change in percentiles between 2003 and 2018
- PISA 2000) (PISA 2018 - PISA 2003)
Median (50th
percentile)
-22 (6.4) -15 (6.2) -38 (9.0) -36 (8.6) -25 (8.4)
-5 (6.0) -2 (6.2) -4 (10.7) -11 (10.1) -11 (9.6)
-19 (5.3) -10 (5.4) -3 (10.9) -19 (9.4) -24 (8.7)
-9 (4.8) -5 (5.1) -22 (8.7) -20 (8.4) -9 (8.3)
46 (6.6) 48 (6.5) m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
2 (5.7) 7 (5.9) 0 (11.2) -6 (9.8) -3 (9.1)
0 (5.3) 1 (5.6) 4 (9.5) 1 (9.1) 6 (8.6)
m m m m m m m m m m
-17 (5.4) -11 (5.8) -50 (9.4) -39 (8.7) -22 (8.5)
-4 (5.8) 3 (6.1) -12 (11.0) -13 (9.2) -8 (8.8)
13 (6.1) 13 (6.0) 13 (11.3) 6 (10.6) 0 (10.0)
-16 (7.1) -12 (7.6) -7 (11.1) -16 (10.6) -20 (9.9)
-1 (6.7) 3 (7.0) -16 (9.7) -15 (8.9) -8 (8.8)
-23 (5.4) -12 (6.3) -31 (9.9) -28 (8.8) -21 (8.5)
-10 (6.0) -7 (6.4) -3 (9.7) -4 (9.1) -1 (8.7)
31 (9.8) 41 (9.0) m m m m m m
-8 (6.0) -3 (5.9) 4 (11.3) 2 (9.5) -2 (9.0)
-9 (6.7) 2 (7.1) 20 (11.1) 7 (10.1) -1 (9.5)
12 (5.7) 31 (6.3) -51 (10.6) -35 (9.6) -17 (8.9)
12 (7.0) 8 (7.6) -12 (9.9) -16 (9.5) -14 (9.0)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m -18 (8.5) -23 (8.5) -17 (8.3)
-6 (7.2) -4 (8.0) 40 (10.2) 27 (9.6) 16 (9.5)
m m m m -57 (10.3) -44 (9.6) -31 (9.4)
-22 (5.4) -21 (6.7) -19 (9.7) -21 (9.1) -18 (8.9)
-3 (5.7) 0 (5.8) -8 (10.1) -4 (9.2) -1 (9.0)
31 (8.0) 33 (8.7) 11 (9.9) 9 (9.0) 14 (9.0)
21 (6.7) 20 (6.4) 11 (11.2) 7 (9.9) 12 (9.4)
m m m m -22 (10.5) -20 (9.5) -15 (9.0)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
2 (6.0) 10 (6.1) -30 (10.6) -19 (9.4) -9 (8.9)
-9 (7.2) -6 (7.9) -29 (10.6) -26 (9.8) -18 (9.4)
m m m m 27 (10.3) 27 (10.1) 29 (10.1)
m m m m m m m m m m
6 (9.0) 7 (8.6) 0 (10.8) 1 (9.8) 9 (9.5)
-4 (4.2) 1 (4.2) -10 (7.9) -11 (7.8) -8 (7.8)
0 (4.2) 5 (4.2) m m m m m m
m m m m -10 (7.9) -11 (7.8) -7 (7.8)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
38 (5.8) 35 (6.0) m m m m m m
-24 (10.4) -25 (11.0) m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
30 (6.1) 41 (6.9) 30 (11.1) 12 (9.8) 0 (9.3)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
-11 (9.2) -3 (9.9) m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
11 (5.5) 21 (5.6) -7 (11.6) 2 (10.0) 14 (9.0)
-2 (7.8) 8 (9.5) -5 (9.7) -14 (9.1) -16 (8.9)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m -6 (9.8) 10 (8.8) 29 (8.5)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
18 (4.9) 20 (5.3) m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
71 (7.9) 71 (8.4) m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
17 (6.9) 18 (7.0) 38 (11.0) 35 (10.2) 32 (9.4)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
-37 (6.8) -26 (8.0) -27 (9.1) -29 (9.0) -32 (9.2)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m 27 (10.4) 5 (9.6) -11 (9.3)
m m m m m m m m m m
- PISA 2003) (PISA 2018 - PISA 2006)
Median (50th
percentile)
-14 (8.4) -4 (8.5) -32 (6.8) -24 (6.2) -11 (6.1)

-7 (9.3) -5 (9.1) 2 (11.4) -8 (8.7) -11 (7.6)
-19 (8.4) -12 (8.5) 5 (10.5) -11 (7.7) -17 (6.7)
2 (8.3) 11 (8.4) -14 (7.0) -15 (6.5) -10 (6.2)
m m m m 22 (8.6) 16 (8.1) 11 (8.2)
m m m m 57 (9.5) 34 (9.6) 16 (8.8)
5 (9.2) 10 (9.1) 27 (9.7) 14 (8.9) 3 (7.6)
13 (8.6) 18 (8.6) 2 (7.8) 1 (7.1) 6 (6.6)
m m m m 13 (8.3) 13 (7.0) 19 (6.5)
-8 (8.3) 2 (8.6) -54 (7.7) -39 (6.8) -23 (6.4)
1 (8.9) 8 (9.0) 9 (9.8) 2 (8.6) -2 (7.7)
4 (9.2) 9 (9.1) 4 (10.6) -4 (9.0) -4 (8.3)
-19 (9.7) -17 (9.7) 5 (11.1) -8 (8.9) -10 (7.9)
1 (8.9) 5 (9.2) -13 (8.3) -16 (7.7) -11 (7.3)
-11 (8.6) -3 (8.9) -24 (7.8) -21 (6.9) -14 (6.3)
6 (8.7) 12 (8.8) 3 (8.4) -1 (7.6) -2 (7.1)
m m m m 16 (11.2) 26 (10.0) 33 (8.8)
-2 (8.7) 0 (8.7) 21 (8.5) 11 (7.1) 3 (6.5)
-2 (9.1) 3 (9.8) 14 (9.6) 5 (8.9) 3 (7.2)
-5 (8.8) 6 (9.6) -63 (10.7) -54 (8.1) -41 (7.2)
-12 (8.8) -8 (9.4) -1 (8.2) -4 (7.5) -2 (7.1)
m m m m 8 (7.1) 5 (7.1) 5 (6.7)
-3 (8.2) 11 (8.5) -19 (6.5) -23 (6.1) -16 (5.9)
10 (9.6) 10 (10.7) 29 (8.8) 14 (7.3) 4 (6.8)
-14 (9.0) 0 (8.9) -35 (9.4) -36 (7.6) -29 (7.3)
-12 (8.5) -12 (8.8) -19 (7.9) -21 (7.6) -17 (6.8)
5 (9.1) 7 (9.1) 11 (8.8) 14 (7.7) 14 (6.9)
19 (9.0) 20 (9.4) 10 (7.8) 5 (6.9) 2 (7.0)
18 (9.0) 21 (8.9) 23 (9.1) 18 (8.2) 18 (7.0)
-6 (8.9) 3 (8.9) 0 (9.3) -10 (7.4) -15 (7.2)
m m m m -5 (6.6) -6 (6.0) -2 (5.8)
m m m m m m m m m m
2 (8.9) 9 (9.0) -18 (9.5) -11 (7.7) -1 (7.3)
-8 (9.4) 0 (9.6) -29 (8.6) -27 (7.5) -17 (7.1)
27 (10.5) 19 (14.1) 21 (9.2) 16 (7.5) 16 (7.3)
m m m m 13 (7.8) 5 (6.8) 5 (6.3)
16 (9.6) 21 (9.4) m m m m m m
-1 (7.8) 4 (7.8) -5 (5.5) -8 (5.4) -6 (5.3)
m m m m m m m m m m
0 (7.8) 5 (7.8) m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m 0 (5.4) -4 (5.3) -3 (5.3)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m 65 (12.6) 42 (11.0) 19 (10.9)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
3 (9.8) 6 (10.1) 22 (8.4) 14 (7.1) 14 (6.9)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m 39 (11.4) 24 (11.1) 12 (10.5)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m 3 (8.8) 0 (7.6) -2 (6.8)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
26 (8.7) 37 (8.7) -36 (9.6) -22 (7.4) -9 (6.5)
-13 (9.5) -6 (10.4) -21 (7.9) -25 (8.0) -25 (8.6)
m m m m 26 (9.9) 24 (7.5) 18 (7.0)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
46 (9.2) 59 (9.1) 9 (6.6) 20 (6.0) 33 (5.7)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m 34 (6.5) 29 (5.9) 27 (5.8)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m 82 (6.1) 90 (5.7) 102 (5.7)
m m m m 23 (10.8) 28 (10.9) 32 (9.6)
37 (9.3) 39 (9.7) 40 (9.3) 40 (8.6) 34 (7.9)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m 30 (8.0) 30 (8.2) 36 (7.8)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m -15 (8.7) -7 (8.0) 4 (7.0)
-27 (9.6) -20 (10.3) -17 (7.3) -26 (7.0) -30 (6.9)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
-23 (9.6) -35 (10.0) 46 (8.6) 27 (8.1) 9 (7.5)
m m m m m m m m m m
- PISA 2006) (PISA 2018 - PISA 2009)
Median (50th
percentile)
1 (6.1) 12 (6.4) -28 (5.5) -22 (5.1) -14 (4.7)

-10 (7.0) -9 (6.7) m m m m m m
-13 (6.3) -7 (6.3) -15 (6.7) -15 (6.1) -18 (5.3)
-1 (6.2) 2 (6.3) -18 (5.0) -12 (4.6) -5 (4.5)
5 (8.9) -3 (9.2) -11 (7.1) -5 (6.3) 2 (5.8)
10 (8.7) 13 (8.8) -2 (7.3) -5 (6.7) -6 (6.8)
-4 (7.1) -5 (7.2) 6 (7.4) 9 (6.6) 12 (5.7)
9 (6.4) 14 (6.9) -2 (5.9) -1 (5.3) 5 (4.8)
27 (6.4) 37 (6.9) 10 (6.6) 14 (5.5) 20 (5.1)
-12 (6.2) -6 (6.6) -33 (6.6) -26 (5.5) -16 (5.4)
3 (7.3) 8 (7.5) 4 (8.6) -6 (6.6) -8 (6.0)
3 (7.2) 7 (7.3) -13 (7.7) -8 (7.2) -1 (6.3)
-4 (7.5) 0 (7.8) -29 (10.0) -30 (8.7) -28 (7.0)
-2 (7.0) 6 (7.8) -25 (8.7) -28 (6.3) -22 (5.8)
-3 (6.6) 6 (7.0) -40 (6.7) -36 (5.7) -30 (4.8)
1 (7.1) 2 (6.9) 25 (6.8) 21 (5.9) 17 (5.5)
38 (8.0) 40 (8.1) -26 (10.4) -20 (8.1) -4 (7.2)
-2 (6.4) -1 (6.9) -12 (6.4) -9 (5.3) -12 (5.0)
3 (7.0) 4 (7.3) -11 (9.1) -21 (7.0) -22 (5.6)
-32 (7.0) -23 (7.8) -58 (8.5) -42 (6.6) -23 (6.0)
-1 (7.1) 2 (7.1) -19 (6.4) -13 (5.7) -7 (5.5)
5 (6.8) 6 (6.8) -3 (6.1) 0 (5.5) 8 (4.9)
-4 (5.9) 10 (6.5) -7 (5.4) -11 (4.7) -8 (4.3)
-2 (6.9) 0 (7.4) 0 (5.8) -7 (5.1) -11 (5.0)
-16 (6.7) -2 (6.6) -47 (7.6) -31 (7.9) -23 (8.7)
-11 (6.3) -11 (6.6) -21 (6.8) -20 (5.7) -17 (5.4)
18 (6.8) 18 (7.2) -26 (6.8) -12 (5.9) -1 (5.3)
2 (7.0) 3 (7.4) 2 (6.6) 4 (5.7) 10 (5.5)
19 (7.0) 19 (7.0) -11 (7.3) -7 (6.6) 4 (5.8)
-12 (7.0) -7 (7.2) -32 (7.4) -29 (6.2) -22 (5.6)
3 (6.0) 10 (6.3) 13 (5.1) 11 (4.6) 11 (4.4)
m m m m m m m m m m
8 (7.0) 12 (7.5) -8 (8.7) -2 (6.4) 10 (5.6)
-8 (7.2) 0 (7.5) -30 (7.0) -25 (6.5) -18 (5.7)
17 (7.8) 17 (8.9) -5 (6.9) -5 (5.9) 0 (5.7)
9 (6.6) 12 (7.0) 2 (6.3) 5 (5.5) 9 (5.4)
m m m m -12 (7.5) -3 (6.9) 8 (6.9)
-1 (5.3) 3 (5.3) -16 (3.8) -13 (3.7) -8 (3.6)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m -14 (3.7) -11 (3.6) -6 (3.6)
1 (5.3) 5 (5.3) m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m 49 (7.0) 30 (6.4) 14 (6.3)

7 (9.6) 3 (9.4) 18 (10.0) 4 (7.6) -1 (7.3)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
22 (7.3) 25 (8.3) -7 (5.4) -8 (5.0) -1 (5.3)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
5 (10.5) 4 (10.7) 14 (9.7) -7 (10.4) -21 (10.4)
m m m m -16 (6.7) -19 (5.9) -20 (5.9)
2 (6.7) 6 (7.0) 3 (6.8) 2 (6.8) 0 (5.9)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m 30 (6.6) 11 (5.7) -4 (5.4)
1 (6.3) 9 (6.5) -28 (7.9) -20 (6.0) -8 (5.1)
-24 (10.5) -19 (11.3) -38 (6.9) -39 (6.1) -35 (5.8)
14 (7.0) 10 (7.5) 19 (8.3) 16 (6.6) 14 (6.0)
m m m m 19 (5.6) 6 (5.0) -7 (5.4)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
45 (5.9) 54 (6.3) 15 (5.1) 28 (4.4) 41 (4.1)
m m m m -2 (6.7) -6 (6.1) -3 (5.7)
m m m m 15 (7.1) 3 (5.5) 0 (5.1)
m m m m 30 (6.3) 30 (6.0) 34 (5.7)
27 (5.8) 28 (6.2) 22 (5.6) 15 (4.6) 11 (4.6)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m 19 (11.2) 11 (8.7) 6 (8.5)
m m m m 42 (6.0) 31 (6.4) 27 (6.4)
m m m m m m m m m m
102 (5.7) 96 (6.6) 36 (4.5) 39 (4.0) 40 (4.1)
36 (9.5) 41 (9.6) -6 (9.0) -4 (9.3) 2 (8.4)
38 (7.5) 42 (7.3) 12 (8.1) 16 (6.2) 19 (5.9)
m m m m m m m m m m
41 (7.4) 48 (7.3) -19 (6.5) -18 (6.5) -6 (6.1)
m m m m 5 (6.1) 19 (4.7) 26 (4.6)
20 (7.1) 31 (7.1) -13 (6.5) -4 (5.9) 6 (5.4)
-28 (7.5) -22 (8.2) -36 (6.1) -36 (5.8) -32 (5.8)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m -20 (6.2) -16 (5.9) -5 (5.2)
-2 (7.4) -13 (8.1) 3 (6.6) 1 (6.1) -1 (5.8)
m m m m m m m m m m
- PISA 2009) (PISA 2018 - PISA 2012)
Median (50th
percentile)
-4 (4.8) 3 (5.2) -29 (5.2) -20 (4.8) -8 (4.6)

m m m m -15 (7.3) -14 (6.8) -8 (6.3)
-15 (4.9) -7 (5.1) -21 (6.9) -22 (5.9) -19 (5.2)
3 (4.4) 10 (4.6) -15 (5.3) -12 (4.9) -4 (4.8)
11 (5.9) 16 (6.1) -8 (6.7) 1 (6.2) 10 (5.9)
0 (6.7) 8 (7.2) 5 (7.5) 2 (6.5) 3 (6.5)
15 (5.7) 18 (5.5) -16 (7.4) -12 (6.4) -4 (6.1)
12 (5.0) 19 (5.3) -5 (7.0) -3 (5.8) 4 (5.0)
28 (5.0) 39 (5.9) -10 (6.1) -3 (5.5) 5 (4.9)
-6 (4.9) 1 (5.3) -13 (7.1) -8 (6.0) -3 (5.6)
-6 (6.3) -2 (6.3) -3 (7.4) -12 (6.4) -19 (5.6)
9 (5.7) 17 (5.9) -30 (7.6) -22 (6.8) -10 (6.5)
-23 (6.0) -19 (6.5) -20 (8.6) -26 (7.6) -26 (6.5)
-12 (5.8) -5 (6.2) -17 (7.6) -20 (6.6) -15 (6.1)
-18 (5.0) -10 (5.5) -20 (6.8) -19 (5.8) -12 (5.0)
20 (5.2) 24 (5.3) -12 (7.7) -13 (5.9) -6 (5.3)
9 (6.2) 17 (6.5) -34 (10.2) -32 (9.7) -18 (8.2)
-11 (4.9) -6 (5.2) -14 (6.6) -14 (5.6) -16 (5.4)
-18 (5.6) -12 (6.2) -35 (8.7) -37 (7.1) -37 (6.3)
-10 (5.8) 4 (6.0) -47 (8.8) -34 (6.8) -21 (6.5)
2 (5.3) 10 (5.4) -15 (7.4) -18 (5.3) -14 (5.2)
14 (5.1) 17 (5.2) -13 (6.1) -9 (6.0) -3 (5.2)
1 (4.4) 12 (5.0) -22 (5.1) -26 (4.9) -21 (4.7)
-8 (5.3) -1 (5.9) -6 (5.7) -8 (5.1) -7 (5.1)
-13 (7.2) -4 (6.7) -42 (8.8) -41 (7.2) -33 (6.8)
-11 (4.9) -9 (5.3) -12 (7.2) -11 (5.9) -5 (5.5)
8 (5.5) 13 (6.0) -18 (7.5) -12 (6.3) -4 (5.7)
17 (5.9) 23 (6.2) -20 (6.9) -15 (5.7) -8 (6.1)
11 (5.7) 14 (5.6) 0 (8.1) -4 (7.0) 4 (6.3)
-13 (5.4) -4 (5.8) 5 (10.0) -8 (8.3) -14 (6.5)
11 (4.4) 16 (5.4) 10 (5.4) 12 (4.8) 15 (4.6)
m m m m m m m m m m
18 (5.7) 20 (6.2) 17 (8.7) 18 (7.0) 21 (6.0)
-11 (6.0) -2 (6.3) -44 (7.1) -38 (6.4) -26 (5.9)
5 (6.2) 12 (7.0) -14 (7.3) -12 (6.2) -9 (6.5)
14 (5.6) 16 (5.6) 0 (9.0) -3 (6.9) 2 (6.0)
15 (7.2) 18 (7.3) -18 (8.1) -6 (7.3) 9 (6.8)
-2 (3.6) 5 (3.6) -17 (4.0) -16 (3.9) -10 (3.8)
m m m m -17 (3.9) -15 (3.9) -9 (3.8)
m m m m -17 (3.9) -16 (3.9) -11 (3.8)
1 (3.6) 8 (3.6) -15 (3.9) -14 (3.8) -8 (3.8)
m m m m -15 (3.9) -14 (3.8) -9 (3.8)
m m m m -15 (3.9) -14 (3.8) -8 (3.8)
2 (6.6) 1 (6.9) 56 (8.6) 25 (6.5) 2 (5.5)

-2 (8.1) -5 (8.6) 0 (7.8) 1 (6.8) 3 (6.6)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
8 (6.1) 12 (6.6) -11 (5.3) -8 (5.0) 2 (5.1)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
-21 (8.9) -15 (9.6) 14 (9.9) -9 (10.2) -27 (9.5)
-16 (6.9) -10 (8.2) -21 (7.3) -21 (6.4) -17 (6.4)
3 (5.5) 9 (5.9) -8 (7.9) -9 (6.8) -7 (6.1)
m m m m -2 (5.8) -25 (5.0) -35 (4.7)
m m m m m m m m m m
-6 (5.5) -5 (6.3) m m m m m m
3 (5.0) 10 (5.2) -40 (8.6) -30 (6.8) -19 (5.7)
-27 (6.8) -16 (7.9) -23 (7.8) -29 (6.6) -30 (6.4)
13 (5.6) 9 (6.1) 23 (9.3) 23 (7.0) 20 (5.9)
-19 (5.8) -23 (6.7) -3 (6.2) -11 (5.1) -14 (5.1)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
50 (4.3) 59 (4.9) 3 (5.5) 8 (4.7) 16 (4.3)
4 (5.7) 11 (6.3) 14 (6.7) 14 (6.1) 15 (6.1)
-1 (5.3) 6 (5.4) m m m m m m
41 (6.1) 43 (6.3) m m m m m m
8 (4.6) 9 (4.9) 8 (5.2) 0 (4.8) -3 (4.6)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
0 (9.5) -8 (11.4) m m m m m m
25 (7.3) 27 (8.8) 20 (7.0) 14 (6.8) 12 (6.9)
m m m m m m m m m m
33 (4.0) 24 (4.5) 22 (4.6) 17 (4.3) 18 (4.1)
9 (8.4) 17 (7.9) -25 (8.3) -15 (8.5) -6 (8.4)
24 (5.8) 25 (6.8) -2 (7.6) 1 (6.6) 4 (6.1)
m m m m m m m m m m
7 (5.5) 19 (5.7) -12 (7.7) -15 (7.3) -8 (6.9)
31 (4.5) 36 (5.1) -10 (6.2) 3 (4.9) 11 (4.8)
20 (5.9) 30 (6.9) -32 (7.4) -32 (6.7) -24 (5.9)
-24 (6.2) -13 (7.4) -45 (6.7) -52 (6.0) -54 (6.2)
m m m m m m m m m m
12 (5.8) 27 (5.7) -32 (5.9) -28 (5.5) -16 (5.5)
0 (5.9) 0 (6.6) 14 (7.4) 12 (6.7) 13 (6.0)
m m m m m m m m m m
- PISA 2012) (PISA 2018 - PISA 2015)
Median (50th
percentile)
1 (4.6) 6 (4.9) -8 (5.5) -6 (5.1) -1 (4.8)

1 (5.6) 9 (5.4) 3 (7.4) -4 (7.0) -3 (6.4)
-15 (5.1) -9 (5.1) -8 (6.7) -8 (6.3) -10 (5.6)
5 (4.8) 9 (5.1) -16 (5.8) -13 (5.3) -7 (5.1)
21 (6.0) 31 (6.0) -11 (6.5) -9 (6.0) -7 (5.9)
12 (6.7) 22 (7.5) -8 (7.0) -11 (6.6) -18 (6.5)
6 (5.9) 12 (6.0) 10 (7.5) 4 (6.7) -1 (5.8)
11 (4.9) 16 (5.4) -3 (6.6) -4 (5.7) -1 (5.3)
16 (5.0) 25 (5.6) -2 (6.6) 0 (5.5) 1 (5.3)
1 (5.0) 4 (5.4) -14 (7.4) -14 (6.3) -7 (5.5)
-17 (6.2) -17 (6.5) 11 (7.8) 0 (6.2) -13 (5.7)
2 (6.0) 11 (6.0) -21 (8.0) -18 (7.0) -12 (6.8)
-19 (6.3) -14 (6.7) -8 (10.3) -9 (8.7) -14 (7.3)
-8 (5.8) -1 (6.5) 8 (7.0) 8 (6.3) 4 (6.2)
-2 (5.6) 7 (5.5) -19 (7.1) -14 (6.1) -7 (5.4)
0 (5.3) 3 (5.6) -8 (6.7) -7 (5.7) -5 (5.4)
-5 (7.0) 4 (6.9) -30 (9.2) -20 (8.7) -7 (7.8)
-14 (5.2) -11 (5.5) -13 (7.4) -8 (6.3) -8 (5.9)
-34 (6.2) -31 (6.9) -17 (8.3) -19 (6.8) -15 (6.1)
-11 (6.3) -1 (6.7) -9 (8.4) -6 (7.1) -2 (6.3)
-6 (5.3) 1 (5.4) -14 (6.1) -16 (5.5) -11 (5.1)
5 (5.1) 12 (5.2) 3 (5.9) 2 (5.6) 4 (5.5)
-16 (4.8) -8 (5.2) -11 (5.3) -13 (4.9) -16 (4.9)
-2 (5.5) 5 (5.9) -7 (6.4) -7 (5.7) -6 (5.6)
-17 (6.3) -4 (6.2) -24 (7.5) -24 (6.6) -22 (6.2)
-2 (5.3) -5 (6.2) -7 (7.0) -7 (6.3) -3 (5.9)
3 (5.9) 5 (6.1) -25 (7.1) -18 (6.0) -12 (5.5)
3 (6.2) 10 (7.2) -2 (6.5) -1 (6.0) 4 (5.9)
8 (5.9) 8 (5.7) -12 (6.7) -11 (6.7) -6 (6.0)
-8 (6.3) -1 (7.2) 14 (7.2) 5 (6.4) -2 (5.9)
13 (4.8) 15 (5.3) -10 (5.7) -13 (5.1) -11 (4.8)
m m m m m m m m m m
26 (5.9) 26 (6.6) -4 (8.3) 1 (7.2) 4 (6.6)
-15 (6.0) -6 (6.4) -15 (7.8) -13 (6.9) -11 (6.4)
-7 (7.1) -7 (8.4) 29 (7.5) 33 (6.6) 37 (6.5)
8 (5.9) 13 (6.4) 0 (7.1) 3 (6.0) 6 (5.7)
23 (6.9) 29 (6.7) -3 (8.5) 0 (7.6) 9 (6.8)
-3 (3.8) 1 (3.9) -9 (4.1) -8 (4.1) -6 (4.0)
-2 (3.8) 4 (3.9) -9 (4.1) -8 (4.1) -5 (4.0)
-4 (3.8) 2 (3.8) -7 (4.1) -7 (4.0) -5 (4.0)
-1 (3.8) 5 (3.8) -7 (4.1) -7 (4.0) -5 (4.0)
-2 (3.8) 4 (3.8) -7 (4.1) -7 (4.0) -5 (4.0)
-1 (3.8) 5 (3.8) -7 (4.1) -7 (4.0) -5 (4.0)
-14 (5.7) -26 (6.0) 25 (7.1) 9 (6.5) -4 (6.5)

8 (6.6) 13 (6.7) m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
17 (5.5) 30 (6.1) 7 (5.5) 3 (5.5) 3 (5.5)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
-32 (8.7) -28 (8.8) 12 (8.9) -3 (9.4) -21 (9.0)
-8 (7.2) -2 (8.6) -4 (6.1) -4 (5.8) -2 (6.0)
-4 (6.1) 1 (7.0) -5 (7.4) -6 (6.6) -8 (6.1)
-34 (4.7) -29 (5.2) -10 (5.6) -19 (5.4) -23 (4.9)
m m m m -9 (6.0) -16 (5.9) -20 (6.1)
m m m m 9 (6.2) -12 (6.1) -29 (5.8)
-10 (5.5) -3 (5.7) -22 (8.1) -11 (6.6) 0 (5.7)
-28 (7.0) -20 (8.8) -23 (7.1) -28 (6.1) -31 (5.7)
18 (5.6) 14 (6.7) 23 (8.8) 18 (6.7) 10 (6.0)
-11 (5.4) 4 (5.9) m m m m m m
m m m m 22 (5.2) 10 (5.0) 2 (4.7)
m m m m 8 (8.4) 3 (7.8) 8 (8.8)
24 (4.5) 31 (5.0) 4 (5.7) 9 (5.0) 16 (4.7)
17 (6.4) 21 (7.1) m m m m m m
m m m m 11 (7.0) 3 (6.2) -4 (5.4)
m m m m 12 (6.3) 9 (5.8) 7 (5.9)
-6 (4.5) -6 (5.4) 5 (5.1) -1 (4.9) -7 (4.8)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m 46 (5.8) 45 (5.1) 42 (5.0)
m m m m m m m m m m
15 (7.5) 19 (8.9) 3 (5.8) 1 (6.0) -1 (6.3)
m m m m m m m m m m
18 (4.4) 17 (4.8) 8 (4.6) 5 (4.6) 2 (4.4)
-3 (8.9) -1 (8.7) -13 (9.0) -9 (8.9) -4 (8.5)
6 (6.3) 6 (6.7) -24 (7.4) -18 (6.7) -15 (6.3)
m m m m m m m m m m
-2 (6.5) 0 (6.9) m m m m m m
14 (4.7) 16 (5.5) -2 (6.7) 9 (5.3) 17 (4.8)
-12 (6.0) -3 (6.4) -4 (6.9) -2 (6.2) 3 (5.7)
-50 (6.9) -41 (7.7) -13 (6.1) -17 (6.3) -20 (6.3)
m m m m m m m m m m
3 (5.9) 22 (5.8) -11 (6.1) -11 (5.9) -7 (5.9)
18 (6.0) 19 (7.1) -11 (6.2) -8 (6.3) -8 (5.9)
m m m m m m m m m m
between 2015 and 2018
Average 3-year trend in percentiles of reading performance across
- PISA 2015)
Median (50th
percentile)
Score dif. S.E. Score dif. S.E. Coef. S.E. Coef. S.E. Coef. S.E.
4 (4.8) 10 (5.0) -6.2 (1.4) -5.5 (1.4) -4.6 (1.4)

-1 (5.8) 1 (5.7) -0.9 (2.1) -1.9 (2.0) -1.9 (2.0)
-5 (5.2) 1 (5.3) 1.1 (1.7) -2.0 (1.5) -3.6 (1.4)
1 (5.0) 4 (5.3) -2.8 (1.3) -2.7 (1.3) -2.0 (1.3)
-4 (6.1) 0 (6.2) 8.1 (1.6) 7.3 (1.5) 7.0 (1.5)
-16 (6.6) -11 (6.9) 12.0 (2.1) 7.4 (2.1) 4.3 (2.0)
1 (5.7) 2 (6.0) 0.2 (1.5) -1.0 (1.4) -0.6 (1.4)
5 (5.2) 10 (5.8) 2.2 (1.4) 1.0 (1.3) 0.6 (1.3)
6 (5.2) 13 (5.8) 3.7 (1.9) 4.1 (1.6) 5.6 (1.5)
-1 (5.4) 3 (5.6) -8.6 (1.5) -6.9 (1.3) -4.5 (1.3)
-16 (6.0) -15 (6.1) -4.0 (1.5) -2.7 (1.4) -0.5 (1.3)
-5 (6.1) -1 (6.2) 5.8 (1.7) 3.2 (1.5) 2.0 (1.4)
-12 (6.5) -7 (6.7) -0.8 (1.8) -1.9 (1.7) -2.0 (1.5)
6 (5.8) 9 (6.2) -2.4 (1.5) -2.4 (1.5) -1.4 (1.4)
-2 (5.6) 2 (6.5) -6.5 (1.4) -5.9 (1.4) -5.0 (1.3)
1 (5.4) 6 (5.6) 0.6 (1.5) -0.6 (1.4) -1.0 (1.3)
2 (6.9) 7 (6.9) 2.6 (2.5) 4.3 (2.3) 6.1 (1.9)
-8 (5.8) -4 (5.9) 0.1 (1.6) 0.0 (1.4) -0.1 (1.4)
-9 (6.1) -2 (6.6) 0.9 (1.8) -0.1 (1.6) 0.2 (1.4)
-1 (6.3) 3 (7.0) -9.5 (1.6) -6.3 (1.4) -2.7 (1.4)
-6 (5.0) 0 (5.4) 4.7 (1.6) 3.2 (1.5) 2.2 (1.4)
2 (5.7) 4 (6.1) 1.0 (1.6) 0.7 (1.6) 1.4 (1.6)
-13 (4.9) -4 (5.5) -2.9 (1.4) -3.8 (1.3) -2.0 (1.3)
-2 (6.2) 7 (6.9) 4.9 (1.4) 3.5 (1.4) 1.8 (1.4)
-15 (5.9) -9 (6.0) -9.0 (1.8) -6.9 (1.6) -4.6 (1.5)
0 (5.5) -3 (6.5) -3.2 (1.5) -4.3 (1.4) -4.4 (1.3)
-7 (5.8) -5 (5.7) 1.4 (1.5) 0.9 (1.4) 0.5 (1.3)
11 (5.9) 19 (6.6) 6.4 (1.5) 4.8 (1.4) 4.1 (1.4)
-2 (5.6) -1 (5.7) 5.2 (1.6) 4.4 (1.5) 4.1 (1.4)
2 (5.9) 7 (6.0) -5.4 (1.7) -4.8 (1.6) -3.6 (1.4)
-9 (4.9) -7 (5.9) 1.3 (1.5) 1.3 (1.4) 1.6 (1.3)
m m m m m m m m m m
10 (6.4) 15 (6.4) -6.4 (1.6) -4.8 (1.4) -3.0 (1.4)
-5 (6.5) 1 (6.7) -1.7 (1.6) -2.1 (1.5) -1.8 (1.4)
40 (6.9) 46 (7.7) 3.4 (1.8) 2.7 (1.6) 2.5 (1.6)
9 (5.8) 11 (6.3) 2.9 (1.8) 1.1 (1.5) 1.3 (1.5)
16 (7.0) 19 (6.7) 0.2 (2.0) -0.6 (1.7) -0.2 (1.6)
-2 (4.0) 2 (4.0) -0.8 (1.2) -1.2 (1.2) -0.9 (1.2)
-1 (4.0) 3 (4.0) -0.3 (1.3) -0.7 (1.3) -0.4 (1.2)
0 (4.0) 4 (4.0) -1.1 (1.3) -1.5 (1.2) -1.1 (1.2)
-1 (4.0) 4 (4.0) 0.0 (1.2) -0.4 (1.2) -0.1 (1.2)
-1 (4.0) 3 (4.0) 0.0 (1.2) -0.5 (1.2) -0.1 (1.2)
-1 (4.0) 4 (4.0) 0.0 (1.2) -0.5 (1.2) -0.1 (1.2)
-13 (6.7) -18 (7.3) 14.4 (1.7) 12.3 (1.6) 9.7 (1.5)
m m m m 4.4 (2.4) 0.8 (2.4) -2.5 (2.2)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
5 (6.0) 9 (6.7) 2.6 (1.5) 1.5 (1.4) 1.6 (1.4)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
-26 (8.4) -20 (8.2) 0.9 (1.8) -0.4 (1.8) 0.1 (1.8)
2 (6.8) 4 (8.1) -7.6 (2.5) -8.3 (2.2) -8.3 (2.2)
-11 (5.8) -9 (6.1) 1.4 (2.0) 0.7 (1.7) 0.4 (1.6)
-22 (5.2) -19 (5.8) -0.7 (3.1) -12.6 (2.4) -17.4 (2.4)
-21 (6.9) -17 (8.5) -9.4 (6.0) -15.6 (5.9) -19.7 (6.1)
-38 (5.8) -40 (6.9) 11.6 (2.4) 5.2 (2.2) 0.3 (2.0)
8 (5.4) 13 (5.6) -1.5 (1.7) -0.3 (1.5) 1.3 (1.4)
-28 (6.1) -23 (7.2) 1.2 (1.5) 0.7 (1.4) 0.7 (1.4)
5 (5.6) 2 (5.8) 4.9 (2.2) 4.7 (1.7) 4.0 (1.6)
m m m m 5.0 (1.7) 0.9 (1.6) -2.8 (1.7)
-4 (4.9) -5 (5.2) 22.0 (5.2) 10.0 (5.0) 2.1 (4.7)
9 (9.0) 4 (9.4) 8.4 (8.4) 3.5 (7.8) 8.4 (8.8)
24 (4.9) 31 (5.7) -0.1 (1.5) 3.0 (1.4) 6.3 (1.3)
m m m m 1.1 (2.4) -0.3 (2.2) 0.8 (2.2)
-5 (5.6) -2 (6.0) 5.4 (2.9) 1.1 (2.0) 0.3 (2.0)
7 (6.1) 3 (6.8) 11.1 (2.3) 11.1 (2.3) 12.8 (2.1)
-13 (4.9) -15 (5.3) 8.2 (1.5) 7.5 (1.4) 7.0 (1.3)
m m m m m m m m m m
39 (4.9) 33 (5.7) 0.5 (4.0) 1.1 (4.0) 1.1 (4.0)
m m m m 6.3 (3.7) 3.5 (2.9) 2.0 (2.8)
1 (6.7) 9 (7.7) 14.6 (1.6) 13.9 (1.6) 13.5 (1.6)
m m m m m m m m m m
0 (4.7) 6 (4.8) 19.3 (1.3) 21.3 (1.3) 24.2 (1.3)
-1 (8.6) -2 (8.9) 5.4 (2.3) 6.1 (2.4) 7.0 (2.2)
-12 (6.2) -10 (6.4) 7.7 (1.6) 7.0 (1.5) 6.1 (1.4)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m 4.8 (1.9) 4.9 (1.9) 7.0 (1.8)
21 (4.8) 26 (5.3) 0.3 (1.8) 5.0 (1.6) 7.4 (1.6)
13 (6.2) 19 (6.7) -3.7 (1.9) -1.5 (1.8) 1.2 (1.6)
-18 (7.3) -13 (8.0) -4.1 (1.4) -4.8 (1.4) -5.0 (1.4)
m m m m m m m m m m
2 (6.3) 13 (5.9) -8.1 (2.5) -6.6 (2.4) -2.5 (2.3)
-9 (6.2) -10 (7.5) 8.4 (1.6) 3.4 (1.5) -0.5 (1.5)
m m m m -17.1 (9.7) -24.2 (7.2) -25.0 (5.9)
ing performance across PISA assessments 1
Coef. S.E. Coef. S.E.
-3.6 (1.4) -2.4 (1.3)

-1.4 (2.0) -1.3 (2.0)
-2.9 (1.3) -1.8 (1.3)
-1.1 (1.3) -0.3 (1.3)
6.8 (1.5) 6.2 (1.5)
3.8 (1.8) 4.5 (1.9)
0.2 (1.4) 0.7 (1.4)
0.5 (1.4) 0.7 (1.3)
7.7 (1.5) 10.0 (1.6)
-2.8 (1.3) -1.5 (1.3)
1.6 (1.3) 3.0 (1.3)
2.1 (1.4) 1.9 (1.4)
-1.8 (1.4) -1.5 (1.5)
-0.3 (1.4) 0.3 (1.4)
-3.2 (1.3) -1.7 (1.4)
-0.7 (1.4) -0.2 (1.5)
7.6 (1.8) 8.7 (1.7)
0.0 (1.3) 0.4 (1.3)
0.8 (1.4) 1.8 (1.5)
0.2 (1.4) 2.6 (1.4)
1.0 (1.4) 0.3 (1.4)
2.3 (1.6) 2.7 (1.6)
0.7 (1.3) 3.5 (1.4)
0.3 (1.4) -0.4 (1.5)
-2.1 (1.5) 0.6 (1.4)
-3.6 (1.3) -3.3 (1.4)
1.1 (1.3) 1.3 (1.4)
3.8 (1.5) 3.3 (1.5)
4.0 (1.4) 4.1 (1.4)
-2.3 (1.5) -0.8 (1.5)
2.5 (1.4) 4.3 (1.6)
m m m m
-1.0 (1.3) 0.1 (1.4)
-0.9 (1.5) -0.5 (1.5)
2.2 (1.7) 0.7 (2.2)
2.1 (1.5) 2.9 (1.6)
0.4 (1.6) 0.4 (1.5)
-0.3 (1.2) 0.3 (1.2)
0.3 (1.2) 0.8 (1.2)
-0.3 (1.2) 0.3 (1.2)
0.7 (1.2) 1.5 (1.2)
0.7 (1.2) 1.4 (1.2)
0.7 (1.2) 1.4 (1.2)
7.9 (1.4) 7.9 (1.4)

-3.8 (2.0) -4.3 (2.1)
m m m m
m m m m
m m m m
3.3 (1.4) 4.0 (1.4)
m m m m
m m m m
1.2 (1.8) 1.8 (1.9)
-6.1 (2.5) -3.7 (3.0)
1.7 (1.6) 2.9 (1.6)
-16.8 (2.5) -14.7 (2.7)
-20.8 (6.9) -17.5 (8.5)
-0.1 (2.0) 0.5 (2.4)
3.1 (1.3) 4.8 (1.3)
0.9 (1.5) 2.1 (1.6)
3.5 (1.6) 2.6 (1.7)
-6.1 (1.8) -6.2 (2.2)
-4.3 (4.9) -4.6 (5.2)
8.6 (9.0) 4.0 (9.4)
9.3 (1.5) 11.2 (1.4)
3.1 (2.2) 5.6 (2.4)
-0.3 (2.0) 2.2 (2.0)
15.9 (2.2) 17.0 (2.2)
7.4 (1.3) 8.0 (1.4)
m m m m
0.8 (4.0) 1.6 (4.0)
0.0 (3.2) -2.8 (3.8)
12.9 (1.7) 12.5 (1.7)
m m m m
23.7 (1.3) 20.9 (1.6)
8.1 (2.1) 10.1 (2.2)
6.4 (1.4) 6.7 (1.4)
m m m m
9.0 (1.7) 11.3 (1.7)
8.6 (1.6) 9.5 (1.7)
4.6 (1.6) 7.4 (1.8)
-4.0 (1.4) -2.6 (1.5)
m m m m
3.8 (2.4) 8.9 (2.4)
-3.2 (1.5) -5.8 (1.6)
-22.7 (6.2) -18.9 (7.8)

Table I.B1.14
Distribution of mathematics scores, 2003 through 2018
PISA 2003
Median (50th
10th percentile 25th percentile 75th percentile
percentile)
Score S.E. Score S.E. Score S.E. Score

OECD
Australia 399 (3.4) 460 (2.7) 527 (2.4) 592
Austria 384 (4.4) 439 (4.0) 506 (3.6) 571
Belgium 381 (4.6) 456 (3.4) 537 (3.0) 611
Canada 419 (2.5) 474 (2.2) 534 (2.1) 593
Chile m m m m m m m
Colombia m m m m m m m
Czech Republic 392 (5.7) 449 (4.5) 517 (4.2) 584
Denmark 396 (4.5) 453 (3.7) 516 (3.0) 578
Estonia m m m m m m m
Finland 438 (2.8) 488 (2.2) 544 (2.0) 603
France 389 (5.6) 449 (3.7) 514 (2.7) 575
Germany 363 (5.6) 432 (4.7) 509 (4.4) 578
Greece 324 (5.1) 382 (4.6) 446 (4.3) 508
Hungary 370 (4.2) 426 (3.0) 490 (3.2) 556
Iceland 396 (2.7) 454 (2.8) 518 (2.2) 578
Ireland 393 (3.2) 445 (3.4) 503 (2.9) 562
Israel m m m m m m m
Italy 342 (5.9) 400 (4.3) 466 (3.2) 530
Japan 402 (6.3) 467 (5.4) 540 (4.2) 605
Korea 423 (4.5) 479 (3.7) 544 (3.6) 606
Latvia 371 (5.1) 424 (3.9) 484 (4.0) 544
Lithuania m m m m m m m
Luxembourg 373 (2.7) 430 (2.2) 495 (1.6) 557
Mexico 276 (4.7) 327 (4.3) 385 (4.2) 444
Netherlands* 415 (5.8) 471 (5.4) 540 (4.4) 608
New Zealand 394 (3.9) 455 (2.9) 525 (2.8) 593
Norway 376 (3.4) 433 (2.9) 495 (3.0) 560
Poland 376 (3.6) 428 (3.1) 490 (3.0) 553
Portugal* 352 (5.3) 406 (5.0) 467 (3.7) 526
Slovak Republic 379 (5.8) 436 (4.6) 498 (3.7) 565
Slovenia m m m m m m m
Spain** 369 (3.5) 426 (3.0) 487 (2.8) 546
Sweden 387 (4.4) 446 (3.0) 510 (2.9) 576
Switzerland 396 (4.2) 461 (3.6) 530 (3.6) 595
Turkey 300 (5.0) 351 (5.3) 415 (6.5) 485
United Kingdom m m m m m m m
United States* 356 (4.5) 418 (3.7) 483 (3.1) 550
OECD average-29a 377 (0.8) 435 (0.7) 500 (0.6) 564
OECD average-30 378 (0.8) 436 (0.7) 501 (0.6) 564
OECD average-36b m m m m m m m
OECD average-37 m m m m m m m
Partners
Argentina m m m m m m m
Brazil 233 (5.3) 286 (4.6) 350 (4.7) 419
Bulgaria m m m m m m m
Croatia m m m m m m m
Hong Kong (China)* 417 (8.0) 485 (6.9) 559 (4.8) 622
Indonesia 260 (4.8) 306 (3.5) 357 (4.0) 412
Jordan m m m m m m m
Macao (China) 414 (6.0) 467 (4.4) 529 (3.9) 587
Malta m m m m m m m
Montenegro m m m m m m m
Peru m m m m m m m
Qatar m m m m m m m
Romania m m m m m m m
Russia 351 (5.0) 406 (4.8) 467 (4.7) 530
Serbia m m m m m m m
Chinese Taipei m m m m m m m
Thailand 316 (3.1) 361 (2.9) 412 (3.4) 469
Uruguay 291 (3.8) 353 (4.1) 425 (4.1) 491
1. The average 3-year trend is the average change, per 3-year-period, between the earliest available measurement in PISA and
PISA 2006
Median (50th
75th percentile 90th percentile 10th percentile 25th percentile 75th percentile
percentile)
S.E. Score S.E. Score S.E. Score S.E. Score S.E. Score
(2.5) 645 (3.0) 406 (2.7) 460 (2.3) 521 (2.3) 581
(4.2) 626 (4.0) 373 (6.3) 438 (5.5) 511 (4.8) 577
(2.5) 664 (2.4) 381 (6.6) 451 (4.0) 528 (3.0) 598
(2.1) 644 (2.6) 416 (3.3) 470 (2.4) 529 (2.1) 587
m m m 302 (4.3) 350 (4.4) 408 (5.2) 470
m m m 258 (5.6) 311 (4.9) 369 (4.0) 428
(4.0) 641 (4.3) 376 (4.7) 441 (4.3) 510 (4.1) 582
(3.1) 632 (3.7) 404 (4.3) 456 (3.4) 514 (2.6) 572
m m m 411 (4.3) 461 (3.5) 516 (3.3) 570
(2.3) 652 (2.8) 444 (3.4) 494 (2.6) 550 (2.7) 605
(3.0) 628 (3.6) 369 (5.4) 429 (4.7) 499 (4.2) 565
(3.5) 632 (3.5) 375 (6.8) 437 (4.9) 505 (4.3) 574
(4.3) 566 (5.3) 341 (5.6) 399 (3.9) 461 (3.3) 522
(3.9) 611 (4.7) 377 (3.9) 431 (2.9) 490 (3.3) 551
(1.9) 629 (3.0) 391 (3.6) 446 (2.4) 507 (2.1) 567
(3.0) 614 (3.6) 396 (4.4) 445 (4.1) 503 (3.2) 559
m m m 304 (6.9) 368 (5.4) 442 (5.2) 518
(3.0) 589 (3.6) 341 (3.3) 398 (2.7) 462 (2.4) 527
(4.4) 660 (6.1) 404 (5.5) 463 (4.6) 526 (3.8) 587
(4.2) 659 (5.4) 426 (6.1) 485 (4.3) 550 (3.3) 612
(4.7) 596 (4.4) 378 (5.2) 432 (3.6) 489 (3.4) 542
m m m 369 (4.3) 426 (3.3) 487 (3.2) 549
(1.9) 611 (3.2) 368 (3.5) 426 (1.9) 492 (1.5) 555
(4.5) 497 (4.7) 299 (4.9) 349 (3.7) 406 (2.9) 463
(3.8) 657 (3.2) 412 (5.0) 467 (4.6) 534 (3.5) 596
(2.2) 650 (3.2) 401 (4.1) 458 (3.2) 522 (3.1) 587
(3.3) 614 (3.6) 373 (3.8) 428 (3.9) 490 (2.8) 552
(2.9) 607 (3.3) 384 (3.4) 435 (2.8) 495 (3.0) 557
(3.5) 580 (3.3) 348 (5.2) 404 (4.2) 468 (3.6) 530
(3.8) 619 (3.5) 370 (5.1) 433 (3.6) 494 (3.6) 558
m m m 390 (2.1) 441 (2.4) 503 (1.9) 566
(3.1) 597 (3.5) 366 (2.8) 421 (3.2) 482 (2.5) 542
(3.2) 630 (3.8) 387 (4.2) 442 (3.5) 503 (3.5) 565
(4.9) 652 (5.2) 401 (4.7) 464 (4.1) 534 (3.6) 600
(8.5) 560 (14.2) 316 (4.0) 360 (3.3) 415 (4.0) 477
m m m 381 (3.3) 434 (2.7) 494 (2.5) 557
(3.4) 607 (3.9) 358 (5.8) 411 (4.8) 472 (4.4) 537
(0.7) 619 (0.9) 380 (0.9) 436 (0.7) 498 (0.6) 560
(0.7) 619 (0.8) 379 (0.9) 436 (0.7) 499 (0.6) 561
m m m 373 (0.8) 429 (0.6) 491 (0.6) 553
m m m 373 (0.8) 429 (0.6) 491 (0.6) 554
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m 249 (9.8) 316 (7.9) 385 (7.0) 451
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
(6.2) 488 (9.5) 255 (4.5) 308 (3.0) 365 (3.0) 427
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m 287 (7.2) 345 (6.1) 412 (6.2) 481
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m 361 (3.3) 410 (3.0) 466 (2.8) 524
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
(3.7) 672 (4.1) 423 (6.4) 486 (4.5) 552 (2.7) 614
(4.8) 466 (6.5) 293 (3.9) 336 (4.2) 387 (5.6) 444
m m m 279 (4.3) 330 (3.4) 386 (3.3) 441
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
(4.0) 639 (5.5) 416 (3.1) 467 (2.1) 526 (1.7) 585
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m 291 (3.0) 342 (2.0) 398 (2.0) 456
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m 212 (2.2) 257 (1.3) 308 (1.3) 368
m m m 307 (7.4) 358 (5.5) 414 (4.6) 470
(5.0) 588 (5.3) 363 (4.8) 416 (4.2) 474 (4.2) 535
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m 318 (5.0) 375 (4.4) 437 (3.6) 498
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m 409 (6.2) 477 (6.1) 557 (5.0) 625
(3.8) 526 (4.7) 317 (3.5) 362 (3.3) 414 (2.6) 470
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
(3.8) 550 (4.4) 296 (4.4) 360 (3.5) 430 (3.1) 495
m m m m m m m m m m
measurement in PISA and PISA 2018, calculated by a linear regression.
which the assessment was conducted

PISA 2009
Median (50th
percentile)
(2.5) 633 (3.3) 393 (2.8) 451 (2.5) 516 (2.5) 580
(4.0) 630 (3.8) m m m m m m m
(2.5) 650 (2.4) 373 (4.9) 444 (3.1) 522 (2.9) 593
(2.3) 635 (2.3) 413 (2.7) 468 (2.0) 530 (2.0) 588
(5.1) 527 (6.6) 322 (3.8) 366 (3.1) 418 (3.3) 473
(4.6) 482 (3.8) 286 (5.1) 330 (4.0) 379 (3.4) 431
(4.7) 644 (4.8) 374 (4.3) 428 (3.5) 490 (3.3) 557
(2.8) 621 (3.4) 390 (4.0) 445 (3.1) 505 (2.9) 564
(3.3) 618 (3.2) 409 (3.5) 458 (3.7) 513 (2.9) 567
(2.6) 652 (2.8) 431 (3.7) 487 (3.0) 544 (2.7) 599
(3.8) 617 (3.8) 361 (6.3) 429 (4.8) 503 (3.9) 570
(3.9) 632 (3.8) 380 (4.7) 443 (4.4) 517 (3.5) 585
(4.0) 575 (4.1) 352 (5.9) 406 (4.4) 467 (4.1) 527
(4.1) 609 (5.0) 370 (7.1) 428 (4.6) 493 (4.2) 554
(2.4) 618 (3.2) 388 (3.5) 447 (2.0) 509 (1.7) 569
(3.1) 608 (3.2) 376 (4.4) 432 (3.1) 493 (3.0) 548
(4.7) 581 (5.0) 310 (6.1) 374 (4.6) 450 (3.5) 520
(2.8) 584 (4.2) 363 (2.4) 420 (1.9) 485 (2.2) 548
(3.0) 638 (3.6) 407 (5.4) 468 (4.4) 532 (3.4) 595
(4.4) 664 (6.9) 430 (6.8) 486 (5.3) 549 (4.3) 609
(3.2) 590 (3.4) 379 (4.5) 427 (3.7) 483 (3.8) 537
(3.6) 602 (4.9) 363 (4.2) 417 (3.0) 477 (2.9) 537
(1.9) 610 (2.7) 360 (3.1) 423 (1.7) 491 (1.7) 560
(2.8) 514 (3.3) 318 (2.6) 366 (2.2) 419 (1.9) 472
(2.7) 645 (3.3) 406 (5.6) 460 (6.8) 529 (6.0) 593
(3.0) 643 (4.0) 392 (4.4) 454 (2.8) 523 (2.9) 589
(2.8) 609 (3.3) 387 (3.6) 441 (3.2) 499 (2.9) 557
(3.3) 610 (3.7) 380 (3.8) 434 (3.3) 495 (3.0) 557
(3.0) 583 (2.8) 367 (3.5) 424 (3.4) 488 (3.4) 551
(3.5) 611 (4.4) 376 (4.7) 432 (3.7) 497 (3.7) 561
(2.1) 623 (2.7) 379 (2.4) 435 (2.5) 501 (1.8) 569
(2.5) 593 (2.9) 364 (2.9) 424 (2.5) 488 (2.4) 546
(3.2) 617 (2.8) 374 (4.2) 432 (3.1) 496 (3.5) 560
(3.7) 652 (3.7) 401 (3.6) 468 (4.2) 539 (3.6) 604
(7.2) 550 (12.4) 331 (3.6) 378 (3.8) 439 (4.7) 506
(2.5) 612 (3.2) 380 (3.1) 434 (3.0) 493 (2.9) 552
(5.0) 593 (4.8) 368 (4.3) 425 (3.9) 488 (3.8) 551
(0.6) 614 (0.8) 379 (0.8) 437 (0.7) 501 (0.6) 563
(0.6) 614 (0.8) m m m m m m m
(0.6) 607 (0.7) 374 (0.7) 430 (0.6) 493 (0.5) 555
(0.6) 607 (0.7) m m m m m m m
m m m 261 (5.0) 317 (5.2) 380 (4.1) 438

(6.9) 508 (7.6) 271 (6.0) 327 (4.3) 388 (4.4) 451
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
(3.7) 487 (5.8) 287 (2.7) 331 (2.3) 381 (2.6) 435
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
(6.8) 543 (8.4) 302 (5.8) 359 (6.2) 428 (6.5) 496
m m m 319 (3.3) 361 (2.8) 408 (3.4) 457
(3.3) 576 (3.6) 347 (4.1) 399 (3.5) 460 (3.6) 521
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m 272 (4.3) 321 (3.2) 379 (2.9) 436
(3.1) 665 (3.5) 428 (4.9) 492 (3.5) 559 (3.0) 622
(9.3) 498 (9.4) 284 (4.6) 324 (3.7) 369 (3.8) 416
(3.9) 489 (5.0) 281 (4.8) 333 (3.5) 389 (3.7) 443
m m m 303 (3.3) 347 (3.5) 401 (3.3) 458
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
(2.0) 632 (2.4) 415 (2.7) 468 (1.5) 527 (2.0) 584
m m m 312 (2.9) 354 (2.4) 403 (2.8) 453
m m m 325 (4.0) 392 (2.8) 467 (2.4) 538
m m m 289 (4.1) 340 (3.8) 397 (3.4) 456
(2.4) 510 (2.4) 295 (4.4) 346 (2.8) 403 (2.3) 458
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m 261 (7.0) 306 (5.6) 355 (5.5) 408
m m m 252 (4.0) 303 (3.7) 363 (4.2) 424
m m m m m m m m m m
(1.7) 438 (2.7) 255 (1.5) 300 (1.3) 355 (1.3) 425
(4.9) 523 (7.1) 326 (4.1) 372 (4.0) 426 (3.8) 481
(5.1) 592 (5.3) 360 (4.5) 411 (4.2) 467 (3.5) 524
m m m m m m m m m m
(3.8) 553 (3.9) 327 (4.3) 380 (3.7) 441 (3.5) 504
m m m 422 (4.1) 490 (2.9) 568 (2.4) 638
(3.3) 677 (3.4) 405 (3.8) 471 (3.6) 547 (4.2) 618
(2.9) 524 (3.7) 321 (4.2) 365 (3.5) 415 (3.2) 469
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m 308 (3.7) 358 (3.0) 417 (2.8) 481
(3.5) 551 (5.5) 310 (4.0) 364 (3.4) 426 (3.2) 490
m m m m m m m m m m
PISA 2012
Median (50th
percentile)
(3.1) 634 (3.9) 382 (2.3) 437 (2.0) 503 (1.9) 571
m m m 384 (3.9) 440 (3.2) 506 (3.3) 572
(2.4) 646 (3.0) 378 (3.9) 443 (3.4) 517 (2.8) 589
(1.9) 638 (2.2) 402 (2.4) 457 (2.1) 518 (2.2) 580
(4.2) 527 (5.1) 323 (3.7) 365 (3.5) 417 (3.4) 476
(3.4) 479 (4.2) 285 (4.0) 326 (2.8) 373 (2.9) 423
(3.8) 615 (4.3) 377 (4.9) 432 (3.9) 500 (3.4) 566
(3.3) 614 (3.4) 393 (4.0) 444 (3.3) 501 (2.7) 556
(2.7) 616 (3.6) 417 (3.0) 465 (2.7) 519 (2.6) 576
(2.5) 644 (2.6) 409 (3.3) 463 (2.5) 520 (2.4) 577
(3.7) 622 (3.9) 365 (4.7) 429 (2.7) 497 (2.9) 565
(3.1) 638 (3.5) 385 (4.7) 447 (3.6) 516 (3.3) 583
(3.6) 580 (4.1) 338 (3.8) 393 (3.6) 453 (3.2) 513
(4.5) 608 (5.6) 358 (4.2) 411 (3.3) 474 (3.6) 540
(2.0) 623 (2.8) 372 (2.8) 431 (2.6) 494 (2.3) 557
(2.8) 591 (3.1) 391 (3.6) 445 (3.2) 503 (2.9) 559
(4.2) 581 (5.2) 328 (5.7) 393 (5.1) 468 (5.2) 541
(2.5) 602 (2.5) 366 (2.2) 421 (2.3) 485 (2.4) 550
(3.7) 648 (4.8) 415 (5.1) 473 (4.2) 538 (3.9) 603
(4.3) 659 (4.6) 425 (5.8) 486 (4.8) 557 (4.8) 624
(3.8) 584 (3.8) 387 (4.4) 434 (3.3) 489 (3.4) 546
(3.1) 590 (4.0) 364 (3.5) 418 (3.1) 478 (3.2) 540
(2.2) 613 (2.5) 363 (3.0) 422 (1.5) 491 (1.7) 558
(2.1) 520 (2.8) 320 (1.9) 362 (1.6) 411 (1.6) 462
(4.4) 640 (4.4) 397 (5.5) 457 (5.1) 529 (4.7) 591
(3.1) 642 (3.9) 371 (3.6) 428 (3.2) 499 (2.8) 570
(2.9) 608 (3.4) 373 (3.9) 428 (2.9) 490 (2.9) 552
(3.2) 609 (4.1) 402 (2.8) 454 (3.3) 514 (3.8) 580
(3.4) 605 (4.3) 363 (4.2) 421 (5.0) 488 (4.7) 554
(3.8) 621 (5.4) 352 (6.2) 413 (4.2) 481 (3.8) 553
(2.3) 628 (3.6) 384 (2.5) 434 (2.0) 498 (2.2) 566
(2.3) 597 (2.3) 370 (3.1) 424 (2.6) 486 (2.3) 546
(3.3) 613 (3.9) 360 (3.5) 415 (2.9) 478 (2.6) 543
(3.9) 658 (4.1) 408 (3.3) 466 (3.4) 534 (3.5) 597
(6.3) 574 (9.0) 339 (3.3) 382 (3.6) 438 (4.8) 507
(3.2) 606 (3.9) 371 (5.0) 429 (4.2) 495 (3.5) 560
(4.9) 607 (4.6) 368 (3.9) 418 (3.7) 477 (4.0) 543
(0.6) 616 (0.8) 377 (0.7) 432 (0.6) 496 (0.6) 560
m m m 377 (0.7) 433 (0.6) 496 (0.6) 560
(0.6) 608 (0.7) 372 (0.7) 427 (0.6) 490 (0.6) 553
m m m 373 (0.7) 427 (0.6) 490 (0.5) 554
(4.8) 493 (5.7) 278 (4.8) 338 (3.0) 397 (2.3) 454
(5.0) 509 (7.1) 292 (4.6) 337 (3.8) 388 (4.2) 440
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
(3.3) 493 (4.7) 294 (2.1) 334 (1.9) 383 (1.9) 437
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
(6.6) 555 (9.0) 320 (4.8) 372 (4.7) 436 (4.4) 503
(3.6) 502 (4.7) 323 (3.8) 361 (3.6) 403 (3.1) 449
(3.8) 574 (5.4) 360 (3.3) 408 (3.6) 468 (3.5) 531
m m m 320 (2.6) 376 (1.6) 439 (1.7) 503
m m m m m m m m m m
(3.3) 488 (4.1) m m m m m m m
(3.1) 673 (3.9) 430 (6.2) 499 (4.7) 569 (3.8) 629
(4.6) 462 (6.4) 288 (4.2) 327 (3.8) 370 (3.6) 418
(4.4) 490 (5.5) 290 (4.0) 335 (3.2) 383 (3.1) 435
(4.3) 514 (5.3) 343 (2.5) 383 (2.8) 429 (3.1) 478
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
(1.3) 634 (1.6) 415 (2.8) 476 (1.7) 542 (1.7) 605
(3.4) 500 (4.7) 319 (3.2) 363 (3.1) 417 (3.4) 474
(2.6) 596 (2.9) m m m m m m m
(4.0) 508 (4.6) m m m m m m m
(2.2) 509 (2.7) 306 (2.0) 352 (1.7) 406 (2.1) 465
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
(6.8) 466 (8.6) m m m m m m m
(5.2) 480 (6.4) 264 (3.4) 311 (3.6) 364 (3.8) 421
m m m m m m m m m m
(1.5) 506 (2.4) 257 (1.7) 306 (1.3) 365 (1.1) 440
(3.6) 530 (5.4) 344 (3.5) 386 (3.8) 439 (4.0) 497
(3.8) 576 (5.3) 371 (3.9) 423 (3.1) 481 (3.3) 540
m m m m m m m m m m
(3.2) 560 (4.3) 335 (4.1) 386 (3.7) 445 (3.6) 508
(2.0) 693 (2.5) 432 (3.6) 501 (2.7) 579 (2.5) 650
(4.6) 675 (5.4) 402 (4.8) 478 (4.8) 567 (4.2) 645
(3.7) 522 (5.4) 328 (3.1) 372 (2.6) 421 (3.3) 476
m m m m m m m m m m
(2.8) 543 (3.2) 323 (2.5) 370 (2.9) 429 (2.8) 494
(3.1) 546 (4.1) 297 (4.1) 347 (3.0) 407 (3.2) 470
m m m 401 (7.4) 454 (5.3) 510 (5.0) 568
PISA 2015
Median (50th
percentile)
(2.3) 630 (3.0) 371 (2.5) 430 (2.0) 495 (2.1) 559
(3.5) 624 (3.8) 370 (4.5) 431 (3.9) 501 (3.6) 564
(2.8) 646 (2.5) 374 (3.9) 438 (3.5) 513 (3.0) 579
(2.3) 633 (2.3) 400 (3.2) 456 (2.9) 518 (2.5) 577
(4.2) 532 (4.2) 313 (3.5) 363 (2.9) 422 (3.0) 483
(3.6) 474 (4.8) 293 (3.1) 335 (2.9) 386 (2.6) 441
(3.3) 621 (3.6) 373 (4.2) 431 (3.4) 494 (2.8) 555
(2.7) 607 (3.1) 405 (3.2) 457 (2.9) 513 (2.7) 567
(2.7) 626 (3.2) 415 (3.1) 464 (2.6) 521 (2.3) 576
(2.4) 629 (3.1) 404 (3.8) 456 (3.1) 514 (2.7) 568
(3.4) 621 (3.5) 364 (3.9) 425 (3.3) 499 (2.9) 564
(3.6) 637 (3.8) 389 (4.1) 445 (3.5) 508 (3.2) 568
(2.8) 567 (3.1) 336 (5.3) 391 (5.0) 455 (4.0) 517
(4.8) 603 (6.4) 351 (4.1) 411 (3.7) 480 (3.3) 543
(3.0) 612 (3.3) 367 (3.6) 424 (3.0) 489 (2.7) 553
(2.4) 610 (2.5) 400 (3.8) 450 (2.7) 505 (2.3) 559
(5.3) 603 (6.0) 332 (4.7) 396 (4.3) 473 (4.5) 545
(2.7) 607 (3.0) 368 (3.8) 426 (3.3) 491 (3.2) 555
(4.4) 657 (5.1) 416 (4.4) 474 (3.5) 536 (3.5) 594
(5.1) 679 (6.0) 391 (5.5) 458 (4.5) 529 (4.3) 594
(3.8) 597 (3.7) 382 (3.0) 430 (2.7) 483 (2.3) 536
(3.3) 596 (3.5) 365 (3.8) 419 (3.0) 479 (2.7) 539
(1.6) 613 (2.2) 363 (2.2) 417 (2.1) 487 (1.9) 553
(1.7) 510 (2.0) 312 (2.6) 357 (2.5) 407 (2.6) 459
(4.3) 638 (3.7) 390 (3.9) 449 (3.3) 516 (2.8) 579
(2.8) 632 (3.0) 375 (3.8) 431 (3.2) 497 (2.9) 560
(3.3) 604 (3.4) 391 (3.4) 444 (2.5) 504 (2.7) 561
(4.9) 636 (6.0) 391 (4.1) 443 (3.0) 505 (2.5) 565
(4.3) 610 (3.9) 365 (3.8) 424 (3.1) 495 (3.1) 561
(4.7) 613 (5.3) 349 (4.2) 412 (3.9) 479 (3.2) 543
(2.1) 624 (2.9) 394 (2.5) 449 (2.1) 512 (2.0) 572
(2.1) 597 (2.4) 374 (3.4) 428 (2.8) 489 (2.6) 546
(2.7) 596 (2.9) 376 (4.4) 433 (3.8) 496 (3.5) 557
(3.6) 651 (4.3) 394 (4.4) 455 (3.9) 526 (3.3) 590
(8.0) 577 (9.7) 317 (3.9) 363 (3.8) 417 (4.7) 477
(3.7) 616 (4.1) 371 (3.7) 430 (3.2) 496 (2.9) 556
(4.4) 600 (4.3) 355 (3.9) 408 (3.9) 470 (3.5) 532
(0.7) 615 (0.8) 374 (0.7) 430 (0.6) 493 (0.6) 554
(0.7) 615 (0.8) 374 (0.7) 430 (0.6) 494 (0.6) 555
(0.6) 608 (0.7) 370 (0.6) 426 (0.5) 489 (0.5) 550
(0.6) 609 (0.7) 370 (0.6) 426 (0.5) 489 (0.5) 550
(2.4) 510 (3.5) 303 (4.3) 354 (4.0) 413 (4.2) 472
(4.5) 488 (4.1) m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
(2.6) 492 (4.2) 267 (3.3) 315 (3.1) 371 (3.1) 434
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
(5.2) 565 (5.6) 315 (5.2) 371 (4.7) 441 (4.8) 509
(3.9) 496 (5.1) 315 (2.9) 353 (2.5) 398 (2.6) 445
(4.5) 589 (7.3) 351 (4.2) 402 (3.7) 462 (3.4) 525
(2.0) 561 (2.1) 317 (3.4) 373 (2.2) 438 (1.7) 500
m m m 243 (3.9) 281 (3.2) 324 (3.1) 373
m m m 285 (4.3) 341 (3.6) 403 (3.1) 467
(3.5) 679 (4.2) 426 (5.0) 490 (4.3) 554 (3.3) 611
(5.2) 469 (7.8) 289 (4.1) 331 (3.5) 381 (3.3) 436
(3.3) 485 (4.3) 271 (4.0) 324 (3.2) 382 (2.9) 439
(4.4) 527 (5.7) m m m m m m m
m m m 265 (2.9) 310 (2.3) 360 (2.0) 413
m m m 268 (5.2) 324 (4.7) 392 (4.5) 464
(1.7) 657 (2.3) 439 (2.4) 491 (1.7) 547 (1.5) 599
(4.3) 530 (4.9) m m m m m m m
m m m 331 (3.5) 405 (2.5) 485 (2.7) 558
m m m 303 (3.7) 358 (3.4) 419 (3.1) 482
(2.0) 520 (2.7) 308 (2.8) 358 (2.2) 416 (2.1) 477
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m 251 (3.0) 306 (2.0) 369 (1.6) 434
m m m m m m m m m m
(4.9) 478 (6.7) 283 (2.6) 329 (2.7) 384 (2.8) 442
m m m m m m m m m m
(1.7) 514 (1.9) 278 (2.0) 331 (1.8) 397 (1.8) 470
(4.8) 553 (6.1) 334 (4.6) 384 (4.3) 442 (4.3) 502
(3.6) 595 (4.7) 387 (4.6) 437 (3.4) 494 (3.5) 552
m m m m m m m m m m
(4.4) 567 (5.8) m m m m m m m
(1.9) 707 (2.3) 436 (2.6) 500 (2.4) 571 (2.0) 632
(3.4) 703 (4.9) 404 (4.2) 474 (3.6) 548 (3.2) 616
(4.8) 535 (7.3) 313 (3.7) 360 (3.1) 412 (3.2) 468
m m m m m m m m m m
(2.9) 555 (3.9) 306 (3.3) 360 (2.9) 423 (3.0) 493
(3.6) 526 (3.8) 309 (2.7) 357 (3.3) 415 (2.9) 477
(5.5) 623 (6.8) 388 (5.4) 436 (4.7) 492 (4.7) 551
PISA 2018
Median (50th
percentile)
(2.1) 613 (2.8) 371 (3.0) 428 (2.2) 492 (2.1) 555
(3.4) 618 (3.7) 374 (4.4) 433 (4.0) 503 (3.7) 566
(2.5) 630 (2.5) 377 (4.1) 440 (3.2) 514 (2.5) 579
(2.6) 627 (3.2) 392 (3.0) 449 (2.8) 513 (2.6) 576
(3.5) 534 (3.6) 311 (3.5) 359 (2.9) 416 (2.9) 475
(2.7) 492 (3.3) 290 (3.9) 335 (3.5) 387 (3.5) 445
(2.9) 608 (3.6) 378 (4.6) 435 (3.6) 501 (2.7) 564
(2.5) 614 (2.9) 401 (2.6) 454 (2.3) 512 (2.3) 567
(2.6) 623 (2.7) 419 (2.9) 468 (2.4) 524 (2.0) 579
(2.4) 614 (2.9) 399 (3.4) 451 (2.5) 510 (2.5) 565
(2.6) 613 (2.7) 370 (3.4) 433 (3.2) 502 (3.0) 562
(3.4) 620 (3.4) 373 (4.2) 433 (3.6) 504 (3.5) 570
(4.0) 570 (3.7) 334 (4.7) 391 (4.1) 454 (3.3) 513
(3.2) 598 (3.5) 360 (4.0) 418 (3.3) 484 (2.9) 546
(2.7) 608 (4.0) 374 (4.2) 434 (3.4) 499 (2.7) 559
(2.2) 606 (2.6) 397 (3.3) 447 (2.6) 502 (2.5) 554
(4.3) 601 (4.9) 315 (5.5) 388 (5.0) 468 (4.0) 542
(3.6) 610 (3.8) 363 (4.7) 423 (3.1) 490 (3.5) 552
(3.5) 643 (4.2) 413 (3.9) 468 (3.1) 530 (2.9) 589
(4.2) 649 (4.3) 393 (4.4) 460 (3.8) 530 (3.4) 596
(2.1) 582 (2.9) 393 (3.2) 441 (2.4) 497 (2.4) 551
(2.9) 590 (3.5) 362 (3.6) 418 (2.8) 483 (2.3) 545
(2.0) 607 (2.5) 353 (2.9) 413 (2.1) 485 (2.0) 555
(2.9) 505 (3.5) 311 (3.6) 356 (2.7) 408 (2.7) 461
(2.4) 627 (3.1) 394 (4.8) 453 (4.0) 524 (3.0) 588
(2.8) 613 (3.1) 372 (3.0) 430 (2.5) 496 (2.3) 560
(2.7) 610 (3.0) 381 (3.9) 441 (2.9) 504 (2.8) 565
(3.0) 617 (3.6) 398 (3.8) 455 (2.9) 517 (2.8) 578
(2.8) 614 (3.6) 362 (3.8) 426 (3.6) 497 (3.2) 562
(2.8) 596 (3.3) 353 (5.4) 420 (4.1) 492 (3.0) 556
(1.9) 622 (3.0) 392 (3.0) 448 (2.3) 511 (1.8) 571
(2.5) 593 (3.3) 365 (2.4) 421 (1.8) 484 (1.6) 544
(4.0) 609 (3.9) 383 (4.6) 441 (3.7) 505 (3.2) 567
(3.4) 641 (3.4) 391 (3.5) 448 (3.8) 518 (3.7) 582
(6.0) 529 (6.3) 343 (3.8) 392 (3.2) 450 (2.4) 512
(3.1) 610 (3.1) 381 (4.0) 439 (2.9) 504 (2.7) 567
(3.5) 585 (4.2) 357 (4.6) 414 (4.0) 479 (3.8) 543
(0.6) 605 (0.7) 374 (0.7) 432 (0.6) 496 (0.5) 558
(0.6) 606 (0.6) 374 (0.7) 432 (0.6) 497 (0.5) 558
(0.5) 601 (0.6) 370 (0.6) 427 (0.5) 491 (0.5) 553
(0.5) 601 (0.6) 370 (0.6) 427 (0.5) 492 (0.5) 553
(4.2) 525 (4.4) 332 (3.1) 381 (2.9) 436 (3.0) 493
m m m 272 (4.1) 322 (3.6) 378 (3.1) 436
m m m 306 (3.4) 359 (2.9) 418 (3.1) 480
m m m 351 (3.4) 407 (3.1) 473 (3.0) 537
m m m 303 (3.2) 349 (3.2) 404 (3.5) 462
(3.7) 496 (4.7) 277 (2.5) 322 (2.3) 377 (2.4) 440
m m m 316 (2.4) 365 (2.0) 425 (1.6) 492
m m m 486 (4.2) 540 (3.0) 596 (2.7) 647
(4.9) 568 (5.6) 311 (4.6) 368 (4.6) 434 (4.2) 503
(3.0) 489 (4.2) 308 (3.4) 352 (2.7) 401 (3.3) 452
(3.3) 580 (3.6) 354 (3.9) 405 (3.0) 463 (2.9) 523
(2.3) 558 (3.0) 325 (2.8) 385 (2.5) 454 (1.9) 517
(3.6) 418 (4.7) 236 (2.7) 276 (2.7) 322 (2.9) 370
(3.4) 525 (4.7) 286 (3.5) 336 (2.9) 394 (2.8) 457
(2.8) 659 (3.5) 426 (5.4) 490 (4.2) 557 (3.1) 617
(3.9) 492 (5.4) 281 (3.9) 325 (3.2) 376 (3.1) 427
(3.2) 489 (3.2) 291 (4.2) 343 (3.4) 400 (3.4) 458
m m m 314 (2.4) 365 (2.2) 422 (2.0) 480
(2.6) 460 (4.2) 269 (2.7) 313 (2.1) 364 (1.8) 416
(4.6) 531 (5.5) 256 (4.8) 317 (5.1) 391 (5.0) 469
(1.9) 643 (2.5) 452 (3.6) 505 (2.3) 561 (2.3) 613
m m m 335 (3.0) 383 (3.1) 438 (3.0) 496
(2.5) 616 (3.0) 334 (3.4) 401 (3.6) 478 (2.7) 545
(3.3) 536 (4.1) 300 (3.1) 354 (2.6) 419 (2.7) 486
(2.4) 531 (2.3) 324 (2.2) 371 (1.9) 429 (1.7) 487
m m m 273 (3.2) 314 (3.3) 363 (3.6) 418
(2.4) 496 (3.4) 275 (2.9) 330 (2.1) 394 (2.4) 458
m m m 255 (3.9) 300 (2.9) 351 (2.7) 403
(4.0) 495 (4.3) 293 (3.1) 341 (2.9) 397 (2.9) 456
m m m 255 (3.7) 299 (3.2) 349 (3.4) 403
(1.6) 536 (2.0) 290 (2.2) 345 (1.6) 411 (1.8) 481
(4.6) 557 (5.4) 310 (5.4) 365 (4.7) 428 (5.7) 495
(3.4) 601 (3.8) 376 (4.3) 430 (4.0) 489 (3.1) 547
m m m 273 (4.3) 319 (3.4) 372 (3.3) 426
m m m 324 (4.3) 380 (3.9) 446 (3.8) 516
(1.6) 682 (2.4) 441 (2.9) 508 (2.4) 576 (2.0) 636
(3.6) 670 (4.6) 397 (3.9) 466 (3.8) 537 (3.1) 601
(4.0) 521 (5.2) 310 (3.6) 358 (3.3) 414 (3.7) 475
m m m 331 (4.4) 390 (4.2) 454 (4.1) 517
(3.2) 557 (3.5) 299 (3.2) 360 (2.8) 433 (2.7) 509
(3.4) 532 (3.6) 307 (3.5) 359 (3.1) 419 (3.4) 477
(4.9) 604 (6.9) m m m m m m m
(PISA 2018 - PISA 2003)
Median (50th
percentile)
S.E. Score S.E. Score dif. S.E. Score dif. S.E. Score dif. S.E. Score dif.
(2.0) 609 (2.7) -27 (5.3) -32 (4.5) -35 (4.2) -37
(3.5) 618 (3.3) -11 (6.8) -6 (6.3) -3 (5.8) -5
(2.6) 628 (3.4) -4 (6.7) -16 (5.5) -23 (4.8) -32
(2.7) 629 (2.7) -28 (4.8) -25 (4.5) -21 (4.4) -17
(3.2) 528 (3.5) m m m m m m m
(3.8) 499 (4.5) m m m m m m m
(2.8) 619 (3.1) -14 (7.8) -14 (6.4) -16 (5.8) -20
(2.3) 613 (2.8) 5 (5.9) 1 (5.1) -5 (4.7) -11
(2.2) 628 (2.7) m m m m m m m
(2.4) 612 (2.5) -39 (5.2) -37 (4.4) -33 (4.2) -38
(3.2) 611 (3.3) -19 (7.1) -16 (5.7) -13 (4.9) -13
(3.3) 621 (3.2) 10 (7.5) 1 (6.5) -5 (6.3) -9
(3.2) 565 (3.8) 10 (7.5) 8 (6.7) 7 (6.1) 5
(3.0) 597 (3.7) -10 (6.5) -8 (5.3) -6 (5.2) -10
(2.7) 609 (3.0) -22 (5.7) -20 (5.3) -19 (4.5) -20
(2.3) 599 (3.0) 4 (5.4) 2 (5.1) -1 (4.7) -8
(3.6) 600 (3.9) m m m m m m m
(3.3) 605 (3.9) 21 (8.0) 23 (6.0) 24 (5.5) 22
(2.8) 637 (3.8) 11 (7.9) 1 (6.8) -9 (5.8) -16
(3.6) 651 (4.6) -30 (6.9) -20 (6.0) -14 (5.7) -11
(2.5) 599 (3.1) 22 (6.6) 18 (5.4) 13 (5.4) 7
(2.2) 598 (2.8) m m m m m m m
(2.0) 611 (2.4) -19 (4.8) -17 (4.1) -10 (3.8) -2
(3.1) 510 (3.6) 35 (6.6) 29 (5.8) 23 (5.7) 17
(2.7) 638 (3.6) -21 (8.1) -18 (7.3) -15 (6.1) -20
(2.2) 614 (2.2) -22 (5.7) -25 (4.8) -30 (4.5) -33
(2.4) 617 (3.1) 5 (5.9) 8 (5.0) 9 (5.0) 5
(3.1) 631 (4.2) 22 (5.9) 27 (5.1) 27 (5.0) 25
(3.0) 614 (3.6) 10 (7.0) 20 (6.8) 30 (5.6) 36
(2.7) 610 (3.1) -25 (8.4) -16 (6.7) -7 (5.5) -8
(2.3) 622 (2.8) m m m m m m m
(1.8) 593 (2.2) -4 (5.1) -5 (4.5) -3 (4.3) -2
(2.9) 618 (3.3) -4 (7.0) -6 (5.5) -5 (5.2) -9
(3.4) 636 (4.3) -4 (6.1) -13 (5.9) -12 (5.9) -13
(2.7) 571 (4.0) 42 (6.9) 41 (6.7) 36 (7.5) 27
(3.0) 620 (3.3) m m m m m m m
(3.9) 598 (4.3) 0 (7.0) -4 (6.1) -4 (5.7) -6
(0.5) 609 (0.6) -3 (3.0) -4 (2.9) -4 (2.9) -7
(0.5) 609 (0.6) -4 (3.0) -4 (2.9) -4 (2.9) -7
(0.5) 604 (0.6) m m m m m m m
(0.5) 605 (0.6) m m m m m m m
(2.8) 544 (3.5) m m m m m m m

(3.5) 489 (3.8) m m m m m m m
(3.8) 535 (5.0) m m m m m m m
(3.2) 592 (3.5) m m m m m m m
(3.7) 514 (4.4) m m m m m m m
(2.8) 501 (3.9) 43 (6.5) 36 (5.8) 26 (6.0) 21
(2.0) 555 (2.2) m m m m m m m
(3.0) 691 (3.2) m m m m m m m
(4.1) 563 (5.7) m m m m m m m
(4.2) 499 (5.5) m m m m m m m
(3.1) 577 (3.9) m m m m m m m
(2.1) 571 (2.4) m m m m m m m
(3.2) 417 (4.8) m m m m m m m
(3.7) 515 (4.4) m m m m m m m
(2.8) 667 (3.5) 9 (10.1) 5 (8.5) -2 (6.3) -4
(3.7) 480 (5.9) 21 (6.8) 19 (5.5) 19 (5.8) 16
(3.9) 508 (4.3) m m m m m m m
(2.2) 535 (3.0) m m m m m m m
(2.3) 465 (3.3) m m m m m m m
(5.0) 533 (4.7) m m m m m m m
(2.2) 659 (2.6) 38 (7.5) 38 (5.7) 32 (5.3) 26
(3.9) 550 (4.8) m m m m m m m
(2.7) 599 (3.5) m m m m m m m
(3.2) 543 (4.4) m m m m m m m
(1.6) 538 (2.1) m m m m m m m
(4.4) 469 (4.4) m m m m m m m
(2.2) 516 (3.5) m m m m m m m
(3.6) 454 (5.5) m m m m m m m
(3.5) 511 (4.1) m m m m m m m
(4.5) 456 (6.0) m m m m m m m
(1.6) 544 (2.1) m m m m m m m
(6.1) 554 (6.9) m m m m m m m
(3.3) 597 (3.9) 26 (7.2) 24 (6.9) 22 (6.3) 17
(3.6) 475 (3.6) m m m m m m m
(3.8) 576 (3.9) m m m m m m m
(2.1) 684 (2.7) m m m m m m m
(3.5) 656 (4.4) m m m m m m m
(4.3) 535 (5.8) -6 (5.5) -3 (5.2) 2 (5.7) 6
(4.1) 573 (5.0) m m m m m m m
(2.6) 574 (2.4) m m m m m m m
(3.7) 529 (3.9) 16 (5.9) 5 (5.8) -6 (6.0) -14
m m m m m m m m m m
003 and 2018 Change in percentiles between 2006 and 2018
03) (PISA 2018 - PISA 2006)
Median (50th
percentile)
S.E. Score dif. S.E. Score dif. S.E. Score dif. S.E. Score dif. S.E. Score dif.
(4.3) -35 (4.9) -35 (5.1) -32 (4.5) -28 (4.4) -26
(6.1) -9 (5.9) 1 (8.3) -4 (7.5) -7 (6.8) -10
(4.5) -36 (5.0) -4 (8.4) -11 (6.0) -14 (5.1) -19
(4.4) -15 (4.6) -24 (5.5) -21 (4.9) -16 (4.6) -11
m m m 8 (6.4) 8 (6.2) 8 (6.8) 5
m m m 33 (7.5) 23 (6.8) 18 (6.2) 16
(5.6) -22 (6.0) 1 (7.3) -6 (6.5) -9 (5.8) -18
(4.8) -18 (5.4) -3 (5.9) -3 (5.2) -3 (4.7) -4
m m m 8 (6.1) 7 (5.3) 8 (5.0) 9
(4.3) -40 (4.7) -45 (5.8) -42 (4.8) -40 (4.9) -41
(5.2) -17 (5.6) 2 (7.1) 4 (6.5) 3 (6.1) -3
(5.6) -12 (5.5) -2 (8.6) -4 (6.9) -1 (6.4) -4
(6.0) -1 (7.0) -7 (7.9) -8 (6.5) -8 (5.7) -8
(5.7) -13 (6.6) -17 (6.5) -13 (5.4) -6 (5.4) -4
(4.4) -20 (5.1) -17 (6.4) -12 (5.3) -8 (4.6) -9
(4.7) -15 (5.5) 1 (6.3) 3 (5.9) -1 (5.2) -5
m m m 11 (9.4) 20 (8.0) 26 (7.3) 24
(5.3) 16 (6.0) 22 (6.6) 25 (5.2) 28 (5.3) 25
(5.9) -23 (7.7) 9 (7.5) 6 (6.4) 4 (5.7) 2
(6.2) -8 (7.6) -33 (8.2) -26 (6.5) -20 (5.7) -17
(6.0) 3 (6.1) 14 (6.8) 10 (5.4) 8 (5.2) 9
m m m -7 (6.5) -8 (5.3) -4 (5.1) -5
(3.9) -1 (4.9) -15 (5.5) -14 (4.3) -7 (4.0) 0
(6.1) 13 (6.6) 12 (6.9) 7 (5.6) 2 (5.1) -2
(5.5) -19 (5.6) -18 (7.6) -14 (6.9) -9 (5.6) -8
(4.2) -36 (4.8) -28 (6.0) -28 (5.2) -27 (5.0) -27
(5.0) 3 (5.5) 8 (6.3) 12 (5.8) 14 (5.1) 13
(5.1) 23 (6.1) 15 (6.0) 20 (5.2) 22 (5.2) 21
(5.4) 34 (5.6) 13 (7.2) 22 (6.4) 29 (5.7) 32
(5.4) -9 (5.4) -17 (8.1) -13 (6.3) -3 (5.6) -1
m m m 2 (4.8) 7 (4.6) 8 (4.1) 5
(4.6) -4 (5.0) -1 (4.8) 0 (4.8) 2 (4.3) 2
(5.1) -12 (5.7) -4 (7.0) -1 (6.0) 2 (5.7) 2
(6.6) -16 (7.3) -10 (6.6) -16 (6.4) -16 (6.0) -18
(9.4) 11 (15.0) 27 (6.4) 32 (5.5) 35 (5.7) 35
m m m 0 (6.1) 4 (5.0) 9 (4.8) 10
(5.9) -9 (6.4) -1 (8.0) 3 (7.0) 7 (6.6) 6
(2.9) -10 (3.0) -5 (3.4) -4 (3.3) -2 (3.3) -3
(2.9) -10 (3.0) -5 (3.4) -4 (3.3) -2 (3.3) -3
m m m -3 (3.3) -2 (3.3) 1 (3.3) 0
m m m -3 (3.3) -2 (3.3) 0 (3.3) -1
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m 23 (11.0) 6 (9.2) -7 (8.3) -14
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
(7.3) 13 (10.7) 21 (6.1) 14 (5.0) 12 (4.9) 13
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m 24 (9.1) 22 (8.3) 22 (8.1) 21
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m -7 (6.0) -6 (5.3) -3 (5.2) -1
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
(5.4) -5 (6.1) 3 (9.0) 4 (6.9) 5 (5.2) 3
(6.7) 14 (9.2) -11 (6.4) -11 (6.2) -11 (7.2) -16
m m m 13 (6.8) 13 (5.8) 15 (5.7) 16
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
(5.3) 20 (6.7) 37 (5.7) 38 (4.5) 34 (4.2) 28
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m 33 (4.9) 29 (4.2) 31 (4.2) 31
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m 78 (4.5) 88 (3.8) 103 (3.9) 113
m m m 2 (9.7) 6 (7.9) 14 (7.9) 24
(6.6) 9 (7.1) 14 (7.2) 14 (6.6) 15 (6.1) 12
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m 6 (7.3) 5 (6.7) 9 (6.1) 18
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m -12 (8.0) -12 (7.8) -20 (6.7) -24
(6.4) 9 (8.0) -8 (5.9) -4 (5.6) 0 (5.5) 5
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
(6.0) -21 (6.5) 11 (6.5) -1 (5.7) -11 (5.6) -19
m m m m m m m m m m
06) (PISA 2018 - PISA 2009)
Median (50th
percentile)
(4.5) -24 (5.3) -21 (5.4) -23 (4.9) -24 (4.8) -25
(6.2) -12 (5.9) m m m m m m m
(4.8) -22 (5.2) 4 (7.2) -4 (5.7) -8 (5.2) -14
(4.7) -6 (4.8) -21 (5.4) -19 (5.0) -16 (4.8) -12
(6.8) 1 (8.1) -11 (6.3) -7 (5.5) -3 (5.7) 2
(6.8) 17 (6.7) 4 (7.3) 5 (6.4) 8 (6.0) 14
(6.3) -25 (6.6) 4 (7.2) 7 (6.2) 11 (5.6) 7
(4.8) -8 (5.4) 11 (5.9) 9 (5.2) 7 (5.1) 4
(5.0) 10 (5.2) 10 (5.8) 10 (5.7) 11 (5.0) 12
(4.7) -40 (4.9) -32 (6.1) -35 (5.3) -33 (5.1) -34
(5.9) -6 (5.9) 9 (8.0) 4 (6.8) -1 (6.1) -7
(6.0) -11 (5.9) -7 (7.2) -10 (6.7) -13 (6.1) -16
(6.0) -10 (6.4) -18 (8.3) -15 (7.0) -14 (6.3) -14
(6.0) -11 (7.0) -9 (8.9) -10 (6.7) -9 (6.2) -8
(4.8) -9 (5.4) -14 (6.5) -13 (5.3) -10 (4.8) -11
(5.0) -9 (5.4) 21 (6.5) 15 (5.4) 10 (5.2) 6
(6.7) 20 (7.1) 5 (8.9) 14 (7.7) 19 (6.4) 22
(5.4) 21 (6.6) 0 (6.4) 3 (5.1) 6 (5.4) 4
(5.2) -1 (6.1) 6 (7.6) 0 (6.5) -2 (5.7) -7
(6.5) -13 (8.9) -37 (8.9) -26 (7.4) -19 (6.6) -13
(5.2) 9 (5.6) 14 (6.5) 15 (5.7) 14 (5.7) 14
(5.2) -4 (6.5) -1 (6.6) 2 (5.4) 6 (5.1) 8
(4.2) 1 (4.8) -7 (5.5) -11 (4.4) -6 (4.4) -5
(5.3) -4 (5.9) -7 (5.7) -10 (4.9) -11 (4.8) -11
(4.9) -7 (5.9) -12 (8.2) -7 (8.6) -5 (7.6) -5
(4.9) -29 (5.6) -20 (6.4) -24 (5.2) -27 (5.1) -29
(4.9) 8 (5.5) -6 (6.3) 0 (5.6) 5 (5.4) 8
(5.5) 21 (6.5) 18 (6.4) 21 (5.7) 22 (5.4) 21
(5.3) 31 (5.6) -5 (6.3) 2 (6.1) 9 (5.8) 10
(5.4) -1 (6.2) -23 (8.0) -12 (6.5) -5 (5.9) -5
(4.4) -1 (5.1) 13 (5.2) 13 (4.9) 10 (4.4) 3
(4.5) 1 (4.8) 1 (5.2) -3 (4.7) -3 (4.6) -2
(5.4) 1 (5.3) 9 (7.2) 8 (5.9) 9 (5.9) 7
(5.9) -16 (6.5) -10 (6.1) -20 (6.6) -21 (6.2) -22
(8.3) 21 (13.4) 12 (6.3) 13 (6.1) 12 (6.3) 6
(5.1) 8 (5.6) 1 (6.2) 5 (5.4) 11 (5.3) 15
(7.1) 5 (7.2) -12 (7.2) -11 (6.6) -8 (6.5) -7
(3.3) -5 (3.3) -5 (3.7) -5 (3.7) -4 (3.6) -5
(3.3) -5 (3.3) m m m m m m m
(3.3) -2 (3.3) -4 (3.7) -3 (3.6) -2 (3.6) -2
(3.3) -3 (3.3) m m m m m m m
m m m 72 (6.8) 64 (6.9) 57 (6.2) 55

(8.3) -19 (9.1) 1 (8.1) -6 (6.6) -10 (6.4) -14
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
(5.7) 14 (7.7) -10 (5.1) -9 (4.8) -4 (5.0) 5
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
(8.5) 20 (10.7) 10 (8.2) 8 (8.5) 7 (8.5) 7
m m m -11 (5.9) -9 (5.2) -7 (5.9) -5
(5.6) 1 (6.2) 7 (6.7) 6 (5.9) 3 (5.8) 2
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m 15 (6.6) 15 (5.6) 15 (5.4) 21
(5.2) 2 (5.9) -2 (8.1) -2 (6.5) -2 (5.6) -4
(10.5) -18 (11.6) -3 (7.0) 2 (6.0) 7 (6.1) 11
(6.3) 19 (7.3) 10 (7.3) 10 (6.1) 11 (6.2) 15
m m m 11 (5.4) 18 (5.4) 21 (5.3) 22
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
(4.3) 27 (4.8) 37 (5.7) 37 (4.5) 34 (4.6) 29
m m m 23 (5.5) 29 (5.3) 35 (5.4) 43
m m m 9 (6.4) 9 (5.8) 11 (5.1) 7
m m m 11 (6.3) 14 (5.8) 22 (5.6) 30
(4.3) 28 (4.5) 29 (6.1) 25 (4.9) 26 (4.5) 28
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m -6 (8.8) -6 (7.2) -5 (7.1) -5
m m m 42 (6.2) 37 (5.9) 34 (6.2) 32
m m m m m m m m m m
(3.9) 106 (4.6) 35 (4.5) 45 (4.1) 55 (4.2) 56
(8.4) 31 (10.4) -17 (7.7) -7 (7.2) 2 (7.7) 13
(6.9) 5 (7.3) 16 (7.2) 19 (6.8) 22 (5.9) 23
m m m m m m m m m m
(6.3) 22 (6.3) -2 (7.0) -1 (6.4) 5 (6.3) 12
m m m 19 (6.1) 17 (5.2) 9 (4.8) -2
(5.8) -21 (6.4) -8 (6.5) -6 (6.3) -10 (6.3) -17
(6.1) 12 (7.6) -11 (6.6) -7 (6.0) -1 (6.0) 6
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m -8 (6.0) 2 (5.4) 16 (5.2) 28
(6.0) -23 (7.4) -3 (6.4) -5 (5.8) -8 (5.8) -13
m m m m m m m m m m
09) (PISA 2018 - PISA 2012)
Median (50th
percentile)
(5.1) -25 (5.9) -10 (5.1) -9 (4.5) -11 (4.4) -16

m m m -10 (6.8) -7 (6.1) -3 (6.0) -6
(5.0) -18 (5.8) -1 (6.5) -3 (5.7) -3 (5.0) -10
(4.8) -8 (4.9) -10 (5.1) -8 (4.8) -5 (4.8) -4
(6.3) 1 (7.2) -12 (6.1) -6 (5.7) -1 (5.6) -1
(6.2) 20 (7.1) 5 (6.5) 9 (5.6) 15 (5.7) 21
(5.9) 4 (6.4) 0 (7.5) 3 (6.3) 1 (5.5) -2
(5.3) -1 (5.7) 7 (5.8) 10 (5.3) 11 (4.8) 11
(5.0) 12 (5.7) 2 (5.3) 3 (4.9) 5 (4.7) 4
(4.9) -32 (5.0) -10 (5.8) -11 (4.9) -9 (4.8) -12
(6.0) -11 (6.2) 5 (6.7) 4 (5.4) 5 (5.4) -2
(5.8) -17 (5.9) -12 (7.1) -14 (6.1) -12 (5.9) -13
(6.0) -15 (6.6) -5 (6.9) -2 (6.3) 1 (5.7) 0
(6.5) -10 (7.6) 2 (6.7) 7 (5.8) 10 (5.7) 6
(4.9) -14 (5.4) 2 (6.0) 3 (5.4) 5 (4.8) 2
(5.1) 8 (5.6) 6 (5.9) 2 (5.3) -1 (5.1) -5
(6.6) 20 (7.4) -13 (8.6) -5 (7.9) 0 (7.4) 1
(5.4) 3 (5.9) -2 (6.2) 2 (5.1) 5 (5.4) 2
(5.9) -12 (7.1) -2 (7.2) -5 (6.2) -8 (5.9) -14
(6.6) -7 (7.4) -32 (8.0) -27 (7.0) -26 (6.8) -29
(5.7) 15 (6.0) 6 (6.4) 8 (5.3) 7 (5.3) 5
(5.2) 8 (6.0) -2 (6.0) 1 (5.3) 5 (5.2) 4
(4.6) -2 (4.9) -10 (5.4) -9 (4.2) -6 (4.2) -3
(5.2) -11 (5.8) -9 (5.3) -7 (4.6) -3 (4.6) -1
(6.3) -2 (6.7) -2 (8.0) -5 (7.3) -4 (6.5) -3
(5.2) -27 (5.7) 1 (5.8) 2 (5.3) -3 (4.9) -10
(5.2) 9 (5.8) 8 (6.4) 13 (5.3) 13 (5.2) 13
(5.7) 22 (6.9) -4 (5.8) 1 (5.5) 3 (5.8) -2
(5.8) 9 (6.7) -1 (6.6) 6 (7.0) 9 (6.6) 8
(5.9) -11 (7.1) 2 (8.9) 7 (6.7) 11 (5.9) 4
(4.8) -6 (5.8) 8 (5.1) 14 (4.5) 13 (4.4) 5
(4.6) -4 (4.8) -5 (5.1) -3 (4.6) -2 (4.3) -2
(5.7) 5 (6.2) 23 (6.7) 26 (5.8) 27 (5.3) 24
(6.2) -22 (6.9) -16 (5.8) -18 (6.1) -15 (6.1) -14
(7.7) -3 (10.4) 4 (6.0) 10 (5.8) 12 (6.3) 5
(5.7) 14 (6.2) 10 (7.3) 10 (6.1) 9 (5.5) 7
(7.2) -9 (7.2) -11 (6.9) -4 (6.4) 2 (6.5) 0
(3.6) -6 (3.7) -3 (3.5) -1 (3.4) 0 (3.4) -2
m m m -3 (3.5) -1 (3.4) 0 (3.4) -2
(3.6) -3 (3.7) -2 (3.5) 0 (3.4) 2 (3.4) -1
m m m -2 (3.5) 0 (3.4) 2 (3.4) -1
(6.6) 51 (7.6) 54 (6.6) 43 (5.3) 39 (5.1) 39

(7.0) -20 (8.8) -20 (7.0) -15 (6.2) -10 (6.2) -4
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
(5.6) 8 (7.1) -18 (4.7) -13 (4.5) -6 (4.5) 3
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
(8.5) 8 (11.3) -8 (7.5) -5 (7.4) -1 (7.0) 0
(6.6) -4 (8.0) -15 (6.1) -9 (5.6) -2 (5.6) 3
(6.1) 3 (7.5) -6 (6.1) -3 (5.8) -5 (5.7) -8
m m m 5 (5.1) 9 (4.4) 15 (4.2) 14
m m m m m m m m m m
(6.1) 27 (7.0) m m m m m m m
(5.5) -6 (6.3) -5 (8.8) -9 (7.1) -12 (5.9) -11
(6.9) 18 (9.4) -6 (6.6) -1 (6.0) 5 (5.8) 9
(6.9) 18 (7.8) 2 (6.6) 8 (5.7) 17 (5.7) 22
(6.0) 21 (7.0) -29 (4.8) -17 (4.9) -7 (5.0) 2
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
(4.4) 25 (4.7) 37 (5.7) 29 (4.4) 19 (4.4) 8
(6.3) 50 (7.6) 16 (5.5) 21 (5.5) 22 (5.6) 22
(5.2) 3 (5.8) m m m m m m m
(6.2) 36 (7.3) m m m m m m m
(4.5) 28 (4.9) 17 (4.5) 19 (4.2) 23 (4.3) 22
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
(8.5) -12 (10.8) m m m m m m m
(7.2) 31 (8.4) 29 (5.7) 30 (5.7) 34 (5.8) 35
m m m m m m m m m m
(4.2) 38 (4.8) 33 (4.3) 38 (3.9) 46 (4.0) 41
(7.9) 23 (9.5) -35 (7.3) -21 (6.9) -11 (7.7) -3
(6.2) 21 (7.5) 5 (6.8) 7 (6.0) 8 (5.6) 7
m m m m m m m m m m
(6.1) 16 (6.8) -10 (6.8) -6 (6.3) 1 (6.2) 8
(4.6) -9 (5.1) 9 (5.7) 7 (4.9) -3 (4.6) -14
(6.8) -19 (7.8) -5 (7.1) -13 (7.0) -30 (6.2) -44
(6.7) 13 (8.7) -18 (5.8) -14 (5.3) -6 (5.9) -1
m m m m m m m m m m
(5.2) 32 (5.4) -24 (5.3) -9 (5.3) 4 (5.1) 15
(6.0) -18 (6.6) 10 (6.4) 11 (5.5) 12 (5.7) 7
m m m m m m m m m m
12) (PISA 2018 - PISA 2015)
Median (50th
percentile)
(4.5) -21 (5.2) 0 (4.5) -2 (3.8) -3 (3.8) -4

(6.0) -6 (6.0) 3 (6.7) 2 (6.1) 3 (5.7) 2
(5.1) -17 (5.4) 2 (6.1) 2 (5.3) 1 (4.6) 0
(4.8) -4 (4.8) -9 (5.0) -6 (4.6) -4 (4.3) -1
(6.3) -4 (6.4) -2 (5.5) -5 (4.7) -6 (4.8) -7
(6.2) 25 (7.4) -3 (5.5) -1 (5.1) 1 (5.0) 3
(5.5) -2 (5.9) 4 (6.6) 4 (5.5) 7 (4.6) 9
(4.9) 6 (5.4) -4 (4.7) -3 (4.4) -2 (4.3) 0
(4.8) 1 (5.3) 4 (4.8) 5 (4.3) 3 (3.9) 3
(4.7) -17 (5.2) -5 (5.6) -5 (4.6) -3 (4.3) -3
(5.8) -10 (5.8) 6 (5.7) 8 (5.1) 3 (4.8) -1
(5.9) -16 (6.0) -16 (6.3) -12 (5.5) -4 (5.3) 2
(5.4) -2 (5.9) -2 (7.5) 0 (6.8) -1 (5.7) -4
(6.6) -5 (8.1) 9 (6.2) 7 (5.5) 4 (5.0) 3
(5.2) -3 (5.5) 7 (6.0) 10 (5.1) 11 (4.4) 5
(4.7) -11 (5.1) -3 (5.5) -3 (4.5) -3 (4.1) -5
(7.2) -3 (7.9) -17 (7.6) -8 (7.0) -5 (6.5) -3
(5.4) -2 (6.0) -5 (6.5) -2 (5.1) -1 (5.3) -3
(6.2) -20 (7.2) -4 (6.4) -5 (5.3) -6 (5.1) -5
(7.0) -28 (8.3) 2 (7.4) 2 (6.3) 1 (6.0) 1
(5.6) 2 (5.9) 11 (5.0) 12 (4.3) 14 (4.1) 15
(5.2) 2 (5.5) -3 (5.8) -1 (4.7) 4 (4.2) 6
(4.2) -2 (4.7) -10 (4.3) -5 (3.8) -1 (3.6) 2
(4.9) -1 (5.3) -1 (5.0) -1 (4.3) 0 (4.4) 2
(6.0) 0 (6.2) 4 (6.6) 4 (5.7) 8 (4.7) 9
(4.9) -18 (5.0) -2 (5.4) 0 (4.7) -1 (4.4) 0
(5.3) 13 (5.7) -10 (5.7) -4 (4.5) 0 (4.6) 4
(6.7) -5 (8.1) 7 (6.1) 11 (4.8) 12 (4.4) 13
(6.2) 4 (6.3) -3 (5.8) 2 (5.3) 3 (5.0) 1
(6.4) -2 (7.0) 5 (7.2) 8 (6.1) 13 (4.9) 13
(4.5) -3 (5.2) -2 (4.5) -1 (3.9) -1 (3.5) 0
(4.3) -4 (4.7) -9 (4.8) -7 (4.0) -4 (3.8) -1
(5.2) 22 (5.5) 7 (6.8) 8 (5.8) 9 (5.3) 10
(5.9) -15 (7.0) -3 (6.1) -7 (5.9) -8 (5.5) -8
(9.1) -6 (11.0) 25 (5.9) 29 (5.5) 33 (5.8) 35
(5.8) 4 (6.2) 10 (5.9) 9 (4.9) 8 (4.6) 10
(6.8) -3 (6.9) 2 (6.5) 6 (6.0) 9 (5.7) 12
(3.4) -6 (3.5) 0 (2.5) 2 (2.5) 3 (2.5) 3
(3.4) -6 (3.5) 0 (2.5) 2 (2.5) 3 (2.5) 3
(3.4) -4 (3.5) 0 (2.5) 1 (2.5) 3 (2.4) 3
(3.4) -4 (3.5) 0 (2.5) 1 (2.5) 3 (2.4) 3
(4.9) 34 (5.9) 29 (5.8) 26 (5.4) 23 (5.7) 21

(6.6) 1 (6.5) m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
(5.1) 8 (6.6) 9 (4.7) 7 (4.5) 6 (4.5) 6
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
(7.4) -2 (8.7) -4 (7.3) -4 (7.0) -7 (6.8) -6
(6.6) 3 (8.2) -6 (5.0) -1 (4.3) 3 (4.8) 7
(6.4) -12 (8.9) 2 (6.2) 3 (5.3) 1 (5.1) -2
(4.5) 11 (4.7) 8 (5.0) 12 (4.1) 17 (3.5) 17
m m m -6 (5.3) -5 (4.8) -2 (4.8) -2
m m m 2 (6.1) -5 (5.2) -9 (4.8) -10
(5.6) -13 (6.4) -1 (7.7) 0 (6.4) 3 (5.1) 7
(7.2) 11 (10.3) -7 (6.1) -6 (5.3) -5 (5.1) -8
(6.1) 24 (6.9) 21 (6.3) 19 (5.2) 19 (5.1) 19
(5.9) 8 (7.3) m m m m m m m
m m m 3 (4.6) 4 (3.9) 4 (3.5) 3
m m m -12 (7.4) -7 (7.3) -1 (7.1) 4
(4.3) 2 (4.8) 13 (4.9) 14 (3.7) 14 (3.6) 14
(6.7) 20 (7.7) m m m m m m m
m m m 4 (5.5) -4 (5.0) -7 (4.4) -13
m m m -4 (5.4) -4 (4.9) 0 (4.7) 4
(4.2) 18 (4.8) 16 (4.3) 14 (3.7) 13 (3.6) 9
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m 24 (4.8) 24 (3.7) 24 (3.7) 24
m m m m m m m m m m
(6.9) 33 (8.6) 10 (4.7) 12 (4.6) 13 (4.6) 13
m m m m m m m m m m
(4.1) 29 (4.4) 12 (3.8) 13 (3.3) 13 (3.5) 11
(8.4) 0 (9.9) -24 (7.5) -19 (6.8) -14 (7.5) -7
(5.9) 2 (7.0) -11 (6.7) -7 (5.7) -5 (5.2) -5
m m m m m m m m m m
(6.7) 8 (7.8) m m m m m m m
(4.4) -22 (4.8) 5 (4.5) 7 (4.1) 6 (3.7) 4
(5.9) -47 (7.3) -7 (6.2) -9 (5.7) -12 (5.1) -15
(7.3) 1 (9.9) -3 (5.7) -2 (5.1) 2 (5.4) 7
m m m m m m m m m m
(5.1) 20 (5.7) -7 (5.1) 1 (4.7) 9 (4.7) 16
(6.1) 3 (6.4) -1 (5.0) 2 (5.1) 4 (5.0) 0
m m m m m m m m m m
015 and 2018
Average 3-year trend in percentiles of mathematics performance across PISA asse
15)
Median (50th
percentile)
S.E. Score dif. S.E. Coef. S.E. Coef. S.E. Coef. S.E. Coef.
(3.7) -4 (4.5) -7.1 (1.1) -7.5 (1.1) -7.5 (1.1) -7.4

(5.4) 0 (5.5) -1.7 (1.5) -1.5 (1.4) -1.3 (1.3) -1.8
(4.3) -1 (4.8) -1.1 (1.5) -3.4 (1.2) -4.8 (1.2) -6.2
(4.4) 2 (4.8) -5.5 (1.2) -5.0 (1.2) -4.2 (1.1) -3.5
(5.3) -6 (5.6) 0.9 (1.5) 1.5 (1.4) 2.1 (1.5) 1.9
(5.2) 7 (6.0) 7.2 (1.8) 5.2 (1.6) 4.3 (1.5) 4.4
(4.6) 11 (5.3) -2.0 (1.5) -2.7 (1.3) -3.2 (1.3) -4.8
(4.2) -1 (4.6) 1.0 (1.3) 0.2 (1.2) -0.9 (1.1) -2.1
(4.1) 4 (4.5) 2.2 (1.4) 1.8 (1.2) 2.4 (1.2) 2.6
(4.1) -3 (4.5) -9.7 (1.2) -9.2 (1.2) -8.5 (1.1) -9.2
(4.8) -2 (4.8) -3.1 (1.4) -2.7 (1.3) -2.1 (1.2) -2.2
(5.3) 1 (5.2) 2.8 (1.5) 1.1 (1.4) -0.4 (1.3) -1.7
(5.6) -5 (5.8) 0.5 (1.6) 0.0 (1.4) 0.2 (1.3) 0.1
(5.0) 0 (5.6) -3.7 (1.4) -3.3 (1.2) -2.3 (1.2) -2.4
(4.5) 1 (5.5) -5.6 (1.3) -5.2 (1.2) -4.6 (1.1) -4.5
(3.9) -7 (4.6) 1.3 (1.3) 1.1 (1.3) 0.2 (1.2) -0.8
(6.0) -1 (6.7) 4.4 (2.1) 6.0 (1.8) 7.6 (1.7) 7.2
(5.4) -5 (6.0) 5.2 (1.4) 5.6 (1.3) 5.9 (1.2) 5.4
(5.1) -6 (6.1) 2.9 (1.6) 1.3 (1.4) -0.2 (1.3) -1.5
(6.0) 2 (6.8) -7.3 (1.5) -5.1 (1.3) -3.6 (1.3) -2.6
(4.0) 18 (4.8) 3.5 (1.5) 2.5 (1.3) 1.5 (1.2) 0.8
(4.3) 8 (5.1) -0.9 (1.4) -1.2 (1.3) -0.6 (1.2) -0.6
(3.7) 4 (4.2) -3.1 (1.2) -3.2 (1.1) -1.9 (1.1) -0.5
(4.9) 5 (5.6) 6.0 (1.3) 4.6 (1.2) 3.1 (1.2) 1.9
(4.3) 10 (5.3) -5.2 (1.5) -4.1 (1.5) -3.6 (1.3) -4.4
(4.2) 1 (4.5) -6.0 (1.2) -6.7 (1.2) -7.2 (1.1) -7.5
(4.3) 7 (4.9) 1.8 (1.3) 2.0 (1.2) 2.1 (1.2) 1.2
(4.9) 14 (6.0) 4.4 (1.2) 5.1 (1.2) 5.3 (1.2) 5.0
(4.7) 0 (5.6) 2.6 (1.4) 4.6 (1.4) 6.7 (1.3) 7.9
(4.5) 14 (5.1) -6.1 (1.5) -4.6 (1.4) -2.7 (1.2) -2.6
(3.8) 0 (4.8) 2.0 (1.1) 2.8 (1.1) 2.8 (1.1) 1.3
(3.9) 0 (4.6) 0.4 (1.2) -0.1 (1.2) 0.1 (1.1) 0.0
(5.4) 10 (5.6) -2.0 (1.4) -2.0 (1.2) -1.7 (1.3) -2.4
(5.3) -5 (6.0) -1.1 (1.3) -2.8 (1.3) -2.6 (1.3) -3.0
(7.0) 41 (7.8) 6.3 (1.4) 6.3 (1.4) 5.3 (1.5) 3.9
(4.9) 10 (5.1) -0.8 (1.4) 0.6 (1.2) 2.2 (1.2) 2.5
(5.8) 13 (6.4) -0.1 (1.4) -1.0 (1.3) -1.1 (1.3) -1.6
(2.5) 4 (2.5) -1.0 (1.0) -1.2 (1.0) -1.1 (1.0) -1.5
(2.5) 4 (2.5) -1.1 (1.0) -1.2 (1.0) -1.1 (1.0) -1.6
(2.4) 4 (2.5) -0.4 (0.9) -0.5 (0.9) -0.3 (0.9) -0.7
(2.4) 4 (2.5) -0.5 (0.9) -0.5 (0.9) -0.4 (0.9) -0.7
(5.5) 19 (6.1) 24.0 (2.4) 20.6 (2.3) 18.5 (2.0) 18.1

m m m 5.3 (2.4) 1.0 (2.0) -2.2 (1.8) -4.1
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
(5.2) 4 (6.5) 7.4 (1.4) 5.8 (1.2) 4.3 (1.3) 3.7
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
(6.8) -5 (8.3) 6.2 (2.1) 5.8 (1.9) 5.9 (1.9) 5.7
(5.7) 10 (7.3) -5.0 (2.2) -3.9 (1.9) -2.8 (2.2) -1.8
(5.1) -3 (5.7) -0.9 (1.4) -0.9 (1.3) -0.4 (1.3) 0.2
(3.9) 14 (4.5) 2.6 (2.4) 4.5 (2.2) 7.6 (2.2) 7.6
(5.3) 0 (7.1) -6.4 (5.3) -4.7 (4.8) -2.3 (4.8) -2.5
(5.5) -10 (6.9) 5.9 (2.6) 6.4 (2.2) 6.6 (2.0) 8.8
(4.6) 8 (5.5) 1.6 (1.8) 1.4 (1.6) 0.1 (1.3) -0.7
(5.9) -12 (8.4) 2.7 (1.4) 2.3 (1.2) 2.2 (1.3) 1.5
(5.5) 19 (5.9) 1.6 (1.6) 1.8 (1.4) 2.3 (1.4) 2.8
m m m 1.3 (1.7) 4.0 (1.7) 5.7 (1.7) 6.5
(4.2) 5 (5.8) 3.1 (4.6) 3.6 (3.9) 3.6 (3.5) 3.0
(7.2) 1 (7.7) -11.9 (7.4) -7.0 (7.3) -0.9 (7.1) 4.3
(3.7) 16 (4.3) 7.4 (1.4) 7.6 (1.2) 6.5 (1.2) 5.5
m m m 8.7 (2.0) 11.1 (1.9) 12.8 (1.9) 15.0
(4.4) -17 (5.2) 3.1 (2.3) 3.7 (2.3) 4.6 (2.0) 3.8
(5.1) 7 (6.5) 5.0 (2.4) 6.0 (2.3) 8.9 (2.2) 11.9
(3.7) 7 (3.9) 7.8 (1.3) 7.0 (1.1) 7.5 (1.1) 8.1
m m m m m m m m m m
(4.0) 20 (5.4) 23.7 (4.8) 23.7 (4.0) 25.4 (3.7) 24.1
m m m -2.1 (2.9) -1.9 (2.4) -1.5 (2.4) -1.7
(5.8) 16 (6.4) 14.5 (2.0) 13.1 (2.0) 12.1 (2.0) 11.3
m m m m m m m m m m
(3.3) 8 (3.7) 18.1 (1.2) 20.6 (1.0) 24.6 (1.0) 26.9
(7.9) -4 (9.1) 1.2 (2.3) 2.4 (1.8) 4.3 (1.8) 6.9
(5.3) -4 (5.9) 5.8 (1.5) 5.5 (1.4) 5.4 (1.3) 4.5
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m 1.2 (1.7) 1.2 (1.6) 2.2 (1.5) 4.5
(3.5) 2 (4.3) 5.9 (1.9) 5.3 (1.6) 1.7 (1.5) -2.4
(5.6) -13 (6.8) -2.4 (1.8) -2.1 (1.8) -3.9 (1.5) -5.0
(6.4) 14 (8.1) -1.1 (1.3) -0.4 (1.2) 0.4 (1.2) 0.8
m m m m m m m m m m
(4.7) 18 (4.9) -3.7 (2.3) 0.2 (2.2) 4.3 (2.1) 8.4
(5.6) -4 (5.8) 3.1 (1.3) 0.0 (1.3) -2.9 (1.3) -4.3
m m m -12.9 (9.1) -18.2 (7.3) -18.3 (6.8) -17.7
ormance across PISA assessments 1
S.E. Coef. S.E.
(1.1) -6.9 (1.2)

(1.3) -2.3 (1.3)
(1.1) -6.8 (1.2)
(1.1) -2.9 (1.2)
(1.6) 0.9 (1.8)
(1.6) 4.9 (1.5)
(1.3) -5.9 (1.3)
(1.2) -3.4 (1.2)
(1.3) 2.6 (1.2)
(1.1) -9.3 (1.1)
(1.2) -2.8 (1.2)
(1.3) -2.8 (1.2)
(1.3) -0.8 (1.4)
(1.3) -3.0 (1.4)
(1.1) -4.1 (1.2)
(1.1) -1.8 (1.2)
(1.6) 5.8 (1.6)
(1.2) 4.6 (1.3)
(1.3) -2.7 (1.5)
(1.4) -1.9 (1.6)
(1.2) 0.1 (1.3)
(1.3) -0.8 (1.7)
(1.1) -0.3 (1.1)
(1.3) 0.7 (1.3)
(1.2) -4.1 (1.2)
(1.1) -7.9 (1.3)
(1.2) 0.5 (1.1)
(1.2) 4.7 (1.3)
(1.2) 7.8 (1.2)
(1.2) -2.8 (1.3)
(1.0) -0.8 (1.2)
(1.1) -0.6 (1.1)
(1.2) -2.9 (1.3)
(1.4) -3.4 (1.5)
(1.8) -0.2 (2.6)
(1.2) 1.9 (1.4)
(1.3) -2.3 (1.3)
(1.0) -2.1 (1.0)
(1.0) -2.1 (1.0)
(0.9) -1.3 (0.9)
(0.9) -1.3 (0.9)
(2.1) 16.7 (2.5)

(1.8) -5.6 (2.2)
m m m
m m m
m m m
(1.4) 2.6 (1.9)
m m m
m m m
(2.0) 5.4 (2.5)
(2.4) -1.5 (2.8)
(1.3) 0.6 (1.5)
(2.2) 5.6 (2.3)
(5.3) -0.4 (7.1)
(2.2) 11.2 (2.6)
(1.2) -1.0 (1.3)
(1.5) 1.5 (1.8)
(1.5) 3.6 (1.7)
(2.0) 6.7 (2.4)
(4.2) 5.3 (5.8)
(7.2) 1.4 (7.7)
(1.1) 4.5 (1.4)
(2.3) 16.8 (2.8)
(1.9) 2.4 (1.9)
(2.4) 13.6 (2.9)
(1.0) 7.8 (1.1)
m m m
(4.0) 20.2 (4.6)
(2.8) -4.0 (3.6)
(2.3) 10.8 (2.7)
m m m
(1.0) 23.9 (1.1)
(1.9) 8.8 (2.3)
(1.4) 2.8 (1.4)
m m m
(1.6) 5.6 (1.6)
(1.6) -5.1 (1.8)
(1.4) -5.2 (1.6)
(1.3) 1.4 (1.6)
m m m
(2.1) 10.0 (2.2)
(1.3) -5.4 (1.4)
(7.3) -21.2 (9.8)

Table I.B1.15
Distribution of science scores, 2006 through 2018
PISA 2006
Median (50th
10th percentile 25th percentile 75th percentile
percentile)
Score S.E. Score S.E. Score S.E. Score

OECD
Australia 395 (3.4) 459 (2.6) 530 (2.5) 598
Austria 378 (6.2) 443 (5.4) 516 (4.4) 582
Belgium 374 (5.4) 442 (3.8) 518 (2.7) 584
Canada 410 (3.7) 472 (2.5) 540 (2.3) 601
Chile 323 (4.1) 374 (4.0) 434 (5.3) 501
Colombia 280 (4.5) 332 (4.8) 389 (3.6) 445
Czech Republic 385 (5.2) 443 (4.6) 514 (3.9) 583
Denmark 373 (4.8) 432 (4.3) 498 (3.6) 562
Estonia 422 (3.8) 474 (3.2) 533 (2.8) 589
Finland 453 (3.3) 506 (2.9) 566 (2.3) 622
France 359 (5.5) 424 (5.3) 501 (4.6) 570
Germany 381 (7.0) 447 (5.3) 521 (4.0) 587
Greece 353 (5.4) 413 (4.4) 477 (3.5) 537
Hungary 388 (4.2) 442 (3.5) 506 (3.7) 566
Iceland 364 (3.1) 424 (2.6) 493 (2.0) 560
Ireland 385 (4.4) 444 (4.6) 510 (3.6) 575
Israel 310 (5.2) 374 (4.8) 452 (4.6) 535
Italy 351 (2.8) 409 (3.0) 477 (2.5) 543
Japan 396 (6.2) 465 (5.1) 539 (4.1) 603
Korea 403 (5.7) 462 (4.1) 526 (3.1) 586
Latvia 380 (4.2) 432 (3.7) 491 (3.5) 547
Lithuania 370 (3.2) 425 (3.3) 490 (3.1) 551
Luxembourg 358 (2.8) 419 (2.0) 490 (1.9) 556
Mexico 306 (4.2) 354 (3.6) 407 (3.1) 465
Netherlands* 395 (5.4) 456 (4.7) 530 (3.6) 596
New Zealand 389 (4.5) 455 (3.6) 534 (3.4) 608
Norway 365 (5.6) 422 (3.9) 488 (3.2) 553
Poland 381 (2.9) 434 (2.7) 498 (3.2) 562
Portugal* 357 (4.8) 411 (4.2) 476 (3.6) 539
Slovak Republic 368 (3.7) 426 (3.2) 489 (3.4) 555
Slovenia 391 (2.8) 449 (2.7) 519 (2.1) 589
Spain** 370 (3.7) 427 (3.0) 491 (2.6) 552
Sweden 381 (4.0) 439 (3.3) 505 (3.4) 569
Switzerland 378 (4.9) 445 (3.9) 516 (3.5) 584
Turkey 325 (3.2) 366 (2.6) 416 (3.4) 475
United Kingdom 376 (4.3) 441 (3.2) 518 (2.3) 590
United States* 349 (5.9) 412 (5.4) 488 (4.7) 567
OECD average-36b 371 (0.8) 429 (0.6) 496 (0.6) 561
OECD average-37 371 (0.8) 430 (0.6) 497 (0.6) 562
Partners
Argentina 259 (9.0) 324 (7.2) 394 (6.6) 461
Brazil 281 (3.2) 328 (2.3) 384 (3.0) 447
Bulgaria 300 (7.1) 358 (6.4) 430 (7.3) 509
Croatia 383 (3.8) 433 (3.1) 493 (3.2) 553
Hong Kong (China)* 418 (6.1) 482 (3.6) 549 (2.8) 609
Indonesia 307 (3.5) 345 (4.2) 389 (5.4) 438
Jordan 309 (4.0) 362 (2.8) 423 (3.1) 484
Macao (China) 409 (2.5) 458 (1.9) 513 (1.9) 566
Malta m m m m m m m
Montenegro 312 (2.1) 355 (2.2) 409 (1.8) 466
Peru m m m m m m m
Qatar 253 (1.4) 292 (1.8) 339 (1.1) 396
Romania 314 (5.0) 361 (5.2) 416 (5.2) 473
Russia 364 (5.4) 418 (4.4) 479 (3.8) 541
Serbia 327 (4.0) 377 (3.8) 435 (3.7) 495
Chinese Taipei 402 (5.0) 466 (5.3) 540 (4.3) 602
Thailand 325 (3.4) 368 (2.8) 417 (2.5) 471
Uruguay 306 (4.9) 363 (4.1) 428 (3.1) 493
PISA 2009
Median (50th
percentile)
(2.5) 653 (2.9) 395 (4.0) 461 (2.8) 531 (2.7) 597
(4.1) 633 (3.6) m m m m m m m
(2.4) 634 (2.3) 364 (4.8) 438 (3.6) 516 (3.1) 583
(2.2) 651 (2.4) 412 (2.7) 469 (2.0) 531 (2.1) 593
(5.9) 560 (6.5) 343 (4.1) 392 (3.5) 447 (3.1) 502
(4.7) 496 (4.6) 298 (6.2) 348 (4.7) 401 (3.8) 457
(3.9) 641 (4.3) 375 (5.6) 437 (3.9) 502 (3.5) 568
(2.9) 615 (3.7) 379 (3.9) 438 (3.1) 502 (2.8) 564
(3.1) 640 (3.3) 419 (4.7) 472 (3.8) 528 (3.1) 586
(2.5) 673 (2.9) 437 (4.2) 496 (3.3) 559 (3.0) 617
(4.0) 623 (4.0) 358 (7.1) 433 (5.6) 507 (4.2) 572
(3.6) 642 (3.2) 383 (6.2) 452 (4.1) 527 (3.8) 594
(3.3) 589 (4.1) 353 (6.3) 409 (5.3) 472 (4.3) 535
(3.3) 617 (3.1) 388 (7.6) 446 (4.6) 508 (3.0) 564
(2.3) 614 (2.9) 370 (4.3) 435 (2.6) 499 (2.0) 561
(3.4) 630 (3.7) 382 (4.9) 445 (3.7) 514 (3.5) 576
(4.6) 601 (4.5) 314 (5.5) 382 (4.5) 458 (3.5) 531
(2.4) 598 (2.6) 362 (2.6) 424 (2.3) 494 (2.1) 557
(3.1) 654 (3.1) 405 (7.3) 477 (4.8) 550 (3.3) 610
(3.8) 635 (4.7) 431 (5.2) 485 (4.2) 542 (3.6) 595
(3.5) 597 (3.5) 392 (4.5) 440 (4.1) 497 (3.3) 548
(3.5) 604 (4.2) 382 (4.9) 434 (3.7) 493 (3.0) 549
(2.4) 609 (2.8) 345 (3.2) 415 (3.1) 489 (2.0) 558
(2.9) 516 (3.0) 318 (2.1) 364 (1.7) 415 (1.9) 468
(2.6) 646 (3.4) 395 (7.0) 453 (7.6) 525 (7.7) 594
(2.9) 667 (3.3) 390 (4.3) 461 (4.1) 539 (2.9) 608
(3.0) 610 (3.5) 382 (3.4) 440 (3.0) 502 (2.9) 563
(3.1) 615 (3.3) 396 (3.3) 448 (2.7) 509 (3.0) 569
(3.0) 588 (2.9) 384 (3.7) 436 (3.7) 494 (3.5) 551
(4.0) 609 (4.1) 371 (4.9) 427 (3.9) 492 (3.7) 556
(2.1) 647 (3.3) 387 (2.3) 446 (2.0) 514 (2.2) 580
(3.1) 604 (3.0) 373 (3.2) 431 (3.0) 493 (2.3) 549
(2.8) 622 (2.6) 367 (4.6) 429 (3.8) 497 (3.0) 564
(3.5) 636 (3.8) 388 (3.6) 452 (3.5) 521 (3.3) 585
(5.8) 540 (9.7) 350 (4.2) 397 (3.3) 452 (3.9) 510
(3.1) 652 (2.9) 385 (3.6) 447 (3.7) 517 (3.2) 583
(4.6) 628 (4.3) 374 (4.5) 433 (3.9) 502 (4.6) 572
(0.6) 616 (0.6) 376 (0.8) 436 (0.6) 501 (0.6) 563
(0.6) 616 (0.6) m m m m m m m
m m m 276 (4.7) 331 (4.5) 393 (4.7) 454

(6.6) 520 (6.5) 271 (7.6) 334 (5.5) 404 (5.0) 471
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
(4.5) 510 (5.6) 302 (3.1) 348 (2.3) 401 (2.7) 458
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
(7.8) 577 (8.2) 302 (7.0) 367 (7.6) 441 (7.2) 514
m m m 336 (3.7) 380 (3.4) 430 (3.1) 480
(2.7) 604 (3.2) 377 (4.0) 429 (3.7) 488 (3.5) 546
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m 257 (3.8) 312 (3.5) 372 (3.4) 433
(2.8) 655 (3.5) 432 (4.9) 494 (3.9) 556 (2.9) 610
(8.0) 488 (11.8) 296 (4.0) 336 (3.7) 380 (4.0) 428
(3.5) 537 (4.5) 301 (5.4) 357 (4.4) 420 (3.9) 477
m m m 293 (4.3) 342 (3.4) 397 (3.6) 458
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
(1.8) 611 (1.8) 411 (1.9) 461 (2.0) 514 (1.9) 564
m m m 324 (3.5) 371 (3.0) 423 (2.9) 474
m m m 307 (4.3) 382 (3.2) 466 (3.2) 546
m m m 299 (3.9) 355 (4.1) 416 (3.6) 473
(2.2) 517 (3.0) 290 (4.1) 343 (3.0) 402 (2.5) 461
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m 260 (7.9) 315 (7.6) 373 (7.0) 436
m m m 256 (4.5) 310 (3.7) 368 (3.4) 428
m m m m m m m m m m
(1.4) 462 (2.6) 257 (1.7) 306 (1.5) 368 (1.5) 443
(5.7) 526 (5.7) 327 (4.2) 373 (4.4) 428 (4.4) 483
(4.2) 596 (3.9) 364 (4.7) 418 (4.0) 478 (3.7) 539
m m m m m m m m m m
(3.9) 545 (3.8) 334 (4.4) 387 (3.1) 444 (2.5) 501
m m m 401 (3.1) 471 (2.0) 547 (2.2) 617
(3.4) 651 (2.7) 404 (3.6) 464 (3.1) 525 (2.9) 581
(3.3) 524 (3.8) 326 (4.8) 373 (3.2) 424 (3.0) 477
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m 318 (3.3) 372 (2.9) 436 (3.0) 501
(3.3) 550 (3.6) 303 (3.6) 362 (3.4) 427 (2.8) 493
m m m m m m m m m m
measurement in PISA and PISA 2018, calculated by a linear regression.
which the assessment was conducted

PISA 2012
Median (50th
percentile)
(2.8) 655 (3.9) 391 (2.6) 453 (2.1) 524 (1.9) 592
m m m 383 (5.3) 442 (3.5) 510 (3.3) 571
(2.8) 634 (3.1) 368 (4.5) 439 (3.3) 513 (2.4) 577
(1.7) 642 (1.7) 407 (2.7) 467 (2.1) 528 (2.4) 588
(3.6) 553 (3.8) 343 (3.8) 388 (3.3) 442 (3.4) 500
(3.6) 506 (3.6) 302 (4.6) 347 (3.4) 398 (3.2) 449
(3.4) 624 (4.0) 392 (5.5) 449 (4.0) 512 (3.2) 572
(2.9) 615 (3.7) 378 (4.3) 438 (3.8) 502 (3.0) 563
(3.1) 635 (3.5) 439 (3.3) 487 (2.7) 541 (2.3) 597
(2.9) 665 (3.0) 424 (3.9) 486 (2.8) 550 (2.5) 609
(3.8) 624 (4.2) 366 (6.0) 433 (3.4) 506 (3.1) 570
(3.3) 645 (3.5) 397 (4.8) 461 (3.8) 529 (3.7) 592
(3.8) 586 (3.6) 352 (5.1) 408 (4.5) 469 (3.7) 528
(3.7) 609 (3.6) 376 (4.6) 432 (4.3) 497 (3.2) 558
(2.2) 616 (2.9) 348 (3.4) 413 (2.5) 481 (2.8) 548
(3.3) 627 (4.0) 404 (4.8) 462 (3.1) 525 (2.6) 586
(3.3) 590 (4.0) 328 (6.4) 396 (5.7) 473 (6.1) 548
(2.0) 609 (2.0) 371 (2.8) 431 (2.5) 497 (2.2) 559
(3.2) 659 (3.5) 421 (6.4) 485 (4.5) 553 (3.9) 614
(3.7) 640 (3.7) 431 (4.9) 485 (4.0) 542 (3.8) 595
(3.2) 593 (4.0) 400 (4.5) 449 (3.2) 504 (3.3) 557
(3.2) 600 (3.9) 383 (4.0) 438 (3.2) 498 (2.9) 555
(2.2) 615 (2.2) 355 (3.1) 419 (2.2) 494 (1.6) 566
(2.1) 517 (2.8) 325 (2.1) 368 (1.6) 415 (1.4) 462
(5.1) 645 (4.8) 393 (5.4) 458 (5.0) 528 (4.5) 591
(3.0) 667 (3.3) 377 (4.5) 444 (3.0) 518 (3.0) 591
(2.9) 615 (3.7) 365 (5.2) 429 (3.7) 498 (3.5) 564
(2.7) 621 (2.9) 415 (4.0) 467 (3.3) 526 (3.3) 584
(3.0) 601 (3.3) 372 (5.6) 430 (4.8) 492 (4.1) 551
(3.4) 612 (4.1) 339 (5.7) 403 (5.2) 474 (4.8) 542
(2.3) 633 (3.0) 397 (3.5) 451 (2.2) 515 (1.9) 578
(2.2) 597 (2.2) 384 (3.1) 440 (2.3) 500 (2.2) 557
(3.4) 622 (3.9) 354 (4.7) 419 (4.1) 488 (3.4) 554
(3.4) 637 (3.8) 394 (3.4) 455 (3.8) 519 (3.3) 579
(4.6) 560 (5.8) 363 (3.5) 407 (3.5) 458 (4.3) 518
(3.1) 640 (3.3) 384 (4.9) 448 (4.6) 518 (3.6) 584
(4.7) 629 (5.1) 377 (4.9) 431 (4.4) 498 (4.3) 563
(0.5) 615 (0.6) 378 (0.7) 437 (0.6) 501 (0.6) 562
m m m 378 (0.7) 437 (0.6) 501 (0.5) 562
(4.8) 504 (4.9) 271 (5.2) 340 (3.5) 403 (2.7) 464
(5.5) 530 (6.6) 297 (5.1) 350 (4.6) 407 (4.8) 464
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
(3.4) 517 (4.0) 302 (2.4) 348 (1.9) 399 (2.2) 454
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
(6.8) 575 (5.7) 315 (5.3) 374 (5.6) 447 (5.6) 519
(3.3) 526 (4.6) 341 (3.3) 382 (3.6) 428 (3.2) 476
(3.5) 595 (4.0) 380 (4.0) 433 (3.3) 492 (3.5) 551
m m m 313 (2.9) 373 (2.0) 439 (1.8) 503
m m m m m m m m m m
(3.4) 488 (4.2) m m m m m m m
(2.9) 655 (2.9) 446 (5.1) 505 (3.8) 562 (2.8) 613
(4.6) 472 (6.2) 297 (4.9) 336 (3.8) 380 (3.7) 427
(3.9) 526 (4.4) 303 (4.4) 355 (3.6) 410 (3.2) 466
(3.8) 515 (5.1) 330 (3.6) 375 (3.4) 425 (3.4) 475
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
(1.7) 608 (2.5) 416 (2.7) 469 (1.9) 524 (1.6) 575
(3.0) 519 (4.0) 319 (3.4) 365 (3.4) 419 (3.1) 473
(3.2) 608 (3.3) m m m m m m m
(3.0) 523 (3.8) m m m m m m m
(1.9) 512 (3.0) 302 (2.9) 352 (1.4) 408 (1.6) 468
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
(6.7) 495 (8.0) m m m m m m m
(4.2) 484 (6.4) 275 (3.8) 321 (3.4) 372 (3.8) 425
m m m m m m m m m m
(1.7) 524 (2.5) 254 (1.4) 309 (1.3) 374 (1.1) 453
(4.0) 530 (4.2) 340 (3.2) 383 (3.4) 435 (3.6) 492
(3.5) 594 (4.6) 377 (4.1) 428 (3.6) 487 (3.1) 544
m m m m m m m m m m
(3.0) 548 (3.3) 333 (5.2) 385 (4.5) 443 (3.8) 504
(2.0) 673 (3.0) 412 (3.2) 480 (2.6) 558 (2.2) 627
(3.3) 628 (4.3) 411 (4.3) 469 (3.8) 529 (2.9) 582
(3.3) 527 (4.1) 349 (3.4) 392 (2.6) 441 (3.2) 494
m m m m m m m m m m
(3.0) 561 (3.2) 328 (3.2) 382 (3.5) 447 (3.3) 512
(3.5) 551 (3.8) 293 (4.2) 352 (3.8) 417 (3.1) 480
m m m 428 (7.0) 478 (5.2) 531 (4.2) 580
PISA 2015
Median (50th
percentile)
(2.5) 650 (2.7) 372 (2.5) 438 (2.2) 515 (1.8) 583
(3.1) 623 (3.4) 365 (3.4) 424 (3.6) 498 (2.9) 565
(2.5) 629 (2.0) 364 (3.8) 429 (3.5) 508 (2.9) 577
(2.4) 639 (2.6) 404 (2.9) 465 (2.5) 531 (2.5) 593
(3.6) 552 (3.7) 336 (2.7) 385 (3.0) 445 (3.2) 509
(3.5) 497 (4.0) 315 (3.1) 357 (2.8) 412 (2.8) 471
(3.2) 622 (3.7) 367 (3.7) 424 (3.4) 493 (3.0) 561
(3.2) 615 (4.1) 383 (3.6) 440 (3.1) 504 (2.8) 565
(2.6) 645 (3.1) 416 (3.3) 473 (2.7) 537 (2.4) 597
(2.4) 662 (2.9) 402 (4.2) 466 (3.5) 535 (2.9) 599
(3.0) 622 (4.1) 355 (3.7) 421 (3.4) 501 (2.5) 571
(3.1) 642 (3.9) 376 (4.3) 439 (3.6) 512 (3.3) 580
(3.5) 578 (3.6) 333 (5.6) 388 (5.2) 456 (4.5) 522
(3.5) 610 (4.7) 347 (4.1) 406 (3.5) 480 (3.3) 547
(3.2) 603 (3.7) 354 (3.1) 408 (2.9) 474 (2.5) 538
(2.4) 637 (2.6) 387 (3.9) 441 (3.2) 503 (2.9) 565
(5.7) 608 (5.4) 327 (4.6) 389 (4.4) 466 (4.6) 544
(2.0) 611 (2.5) 359 (3.8) 415 (3.2) 483 (3.5) 547
(3.6) 664 (4.3) 412 (4.4) 475 (3.9) 545 (3.4) 605
(4.1) 639 (4.3) 388 (4.5) 451 (3.8) 520 (3.7) 584
(3.6) 603 (3.2) 382 (3.0) 432 (2.4) 491 (2.2) 548
(3.0) 605 (3.6) 357 (3.8) 410 (2.9) 473 (2.8) 540
(1.9) 624 (2.9) 351 (2.6) 407 (2.2) 482 (1.7) 556
(1.5) 505 (1.9) 325 (2.5) 366 (2.2) 414 (2.4) 464
(3.9) 641 (4.1) 372 (4.3) 434 (3.9) 512 (2.9) 583
(3.1) 649 (3.0) 374 (3.8) 439 (3.8) 516 (3.0) 588
(3.3) 620 (3.4) 370 (3.3) 432 (3.0) 501 (2.7) 566
(4.0) 637 (5.0) 384 (3.4) 437 (2.9) 502 (3.0) 565
(3.6) 602 (3.6) 379 (3.2) 435 (3.4) 503 (3.3) 568
(4.0) 599 (4.9) 329 (4.6) 391 (3.6) 463 (2.9) 532
(2.0) 631 (3.2) 386 (2.6) 445 (2.1) 515 (1.8) 581
(1.8) 605 (2.0) 374 (3.5) 432 (2.9) 496 (2.4) 556
(3.2) 611 (3.4) 357 (4.6) 421 (4.2) 496 (4.1) 567
(3.1) 630 (3.3) 373 (4.1) 433 (4.3) 509 (3.5) 580
(5.8) 573 (6.3) 325 (3.5) 368 (3.7) 421 (4.9) 482
(3.5) 639 (3.9) 377 (3.2) 438 (2.9) 512 (3.3) 581
(4.2) 619 (4.5) 368 (3.9) 425 (3.7) 495 (3.8) 567
(0.6) 614 (0.6) 366 (0.6) 424 (0.6) 492 (0.5) 558
(0.5) 615 (0.6) 366 (0.6) 424 (0.6) 492 (0.5) 558
(3.0) 517 (3.3) 328 (3.2) 373 (3.2) 426 (3.6) 481
(4.7) 513 (4.7) m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
(2.7) 505 (3.5) 291 (2.1) 337 (1.9) 394 (2.5) 460
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
(5.1) 580 (6.1) 313 (4.8) 370 (5.3) 446 (5.8) 521
(3.6) 520 (4.9) 332 (2.3) 370 (2.3) 416 (2.3) 466
(4.2) 602 (5.2) 360 (3.3) 411 (3.4) 474 (3.3) 538
(2.4) 561 (2.5) 314 (2.5) 365 (2.1) 429 (2.0) 497
m m m 244 (2.7) 281 (2.5) 326 (2.8) 376
m m m 297 (3.7) 348 (3.0) 408 (3.1) 471
(3.0) 655 (3.4) 413 (4.5) 473 (3.5) 529 (2.7) 579
(4.7) 471 (6.0) 319 (3.2) 356 (2.9) 399 (3.1) 447
(3.4) 514 (4.2) 299 (3.8) 351 (3.4) 410 (3.1) 468
(3.5) 521 (3.8) m m m m m m m
m m m 289 (2.2) 328 (2.2) 375 (1.9) 426
m m m 276 (3.9) 322 (3.6) 379 (4.2) 446
(1.7) 619 (1.8) 420 (2.3) 474 (1.7) 532 (1.7) 586
(3.6) 521 (4.3) m m m m m m m
m m m 310 (4.3) 382 (3.4) 466 (2.9) 548
m m m 318 (3.0) 367 (2.6) 427 (2.4) 488
(2.2) 522 (2.3) 304 (2.1) 352 (1.5) 407 (1.5) 468
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m 277 (3.0) 325 (1.9) 381 (1.7) 440
m m m m m m m m m m
(4.4) 475 (5.4) 301 (2.6) 342 (2.4) 392 (2.7) 448
m m m m m m m m m m
(1.6) 530 (2.4) 295 (1.8) 344 (1.3) 410 (1.4) 486
(4.6) 543 (5.1) 334 (3.8) 379 (3.6) 433 (3.6) 488
(3.3) 596 (4.9) 379 (3.8) 428 (3.4) 486 (3.6) 544
m m m m m m m m m m
(3.5) 558 (3.9) m m m m m m m
(2.6) 681 (3.4) 412 (2.8) 485 (2.2) 564 (1.6) 631
(2.4) 626 (2.2) 395 (4.6) 465 (3.5) 540 (2.7) 603
(3.8) 544 (5.4) 324 (2.9) 365 (2.6) 416 (3.1) 473
m m m m m m m m m m
(3.5) 572 (3.4) 312 (2.8) 364 (2.8) 431 (3.1) 505
(3.4) 538 (4.3) 326 (2.6) 372 (2.4) 431 (2.7) 496
(4.0) 625 (5.5) 428 (4.1) 470 (4.3) 522 (4.0) 576
PISA 2018
Median (50th
percentile)
(1.9) 639 (2.2) 369 (2.6) 432 (2.2) 506 (2.3) 575
(2.8) 621 (3.0) 361 (3.1) 420 (3.6) 493 (3.5) 560
(2.2) 629 (2.1) 363 (4.0) 428 (3.4) 505 (2.6) 571
(2.2) 644 (2.6) 393 (2.3) 453 (2.5) 520 (2.6) 586
(3.2) 560 (3.3) 336 (3.1) 385 (3.0) 442 (2.9) 502
(2.9) 524 (3.4) 311 (3.7) 355 (3.6) 409 (3.6) 469
(2.5) 618 (3.1) 373 (4.0) 430 (3.7) 497 (3.1) 564
(2.8) 617 (3.2) 372 (3.4) 431 (2.6) 496 (2.5) 558
(2.7) 648 (2.9) 417 (3.5) 469 (2.9) 531 (2.4) 591
(2.5) 651 (2.7) 393 (4.1) 458 (3.2) 526 (2.9) 590
(2.4) 623 (2.8) 364 (3.5) 425 (3.1) 497 (3.1) 563
(2.8) 636 (2.9) 363 (4.0) 430 (3.9) 508 (3.9) 577
(3.8) 575 (4.1) 338 (4.6) 392 (4.1) 453 (3.6) 513
(3.0) 601 (3.5) 356 (3.9) 412 (3.1) 484 (3.1) 549
(2.3) 593 (3.3) 354 (3.1) 410 (3.0) 476 (2.6) 540
(2.5) 618 (2.5) 380 (3.5) 435 (2.6) 498 (2.6) 558
(4.1) 606 (3.7) 314 (5.0) 381 (5.1) 464 (5.0) 544
(2.8) 599 (2.8) 348 (3.9) 407 (3.1) 470 (3.0) 532
(3.2) 655 (4.0) 405 (4.4) 466 (3.7) 534 (2.9) 595
(3.3) 636 (3.7) 388 (4.1) 453 (3.7) 524 (3.3) 589
(2.0) 596 (2.2) 377 (3.3) 429 (2.8) 489 (2.2) 546
(3.3) 597 (3.7) 364 (2.9) 418 (2.8) 483 (2.2) 546
(1.7) 615 (2.3) 347 (2.6) 404 (2.1) 477 (1.7) 549
(2.8) 510 (3.1) 326 (3.9) 367 (2.7) 416 (2.7) 469
(2.5) 638 (2.9) 364 (5.2) 428 (4.5) 508 (3.7) 581
(2.8) 647 (3.5) 371 (3.7) 437 (2.8) 512 (2.7) 582
(2.9) 622 (3.3) 357 (3.9) 424 (3.3) 495 (2.5) 560
(3.1) 619 (3.5) 392 (3.4) 448 (2.8) 511 (3.0) 576
(2.7) 620 (3.1) 368 (4.3) 427 (3.6) 494 (3.0) 558
(2.8) 588 (3.2) 338 (3.5) 397 (3.2) 464 (2.9) 531
(2.1) 636 (3.0) 390 (3.4) 447 (2.1) 510 (1.9) 569
(2.4) 605 (2.4) 365 (2.4) 421 (1.9) 485 (1.7) 547
(4.2) 625 (4.0) 368 (5.1) 431 (4.0) 503 (3.4) 570
(3.3) 632 (2.9) 367 (3.5) 426 (3.8) 497 (3.8) 565
(5.5) 532 (6.1) 361 (3.1) 409 (2.8) 466 (2.3) 526
(3.1) 638 (3.2) 374 (3.8) 437 (3.2) 507 (2.7) 575
(3.9) 626 (3.9) 371 (4.9) 433 (4.4) 505 (3.9) 574
(0.5) 612 (0.5) 365 (0.6) 423 (0.5) 491 (0.5) 555
(0.5) 612 (0.5) 365 (0.6) 423 (0.5) 491 (0.5) 555
(4.8) 530 (5.0) 323 (3.1) 366 (2.4) 416 (2.5) 466
m m m 291 (4.0) 340 (3.4) 401 (3.3) 466
m m m 305 (2.5) 347 (2.3) 395 (2.2) 446
m m m 361 (3.5) 412 (3.4) 472 (2.9) 531
m m m 302 (3.1) 344 (2.7) 396 (3.2) 451
(3.3) 522 (4.1) 292 (2.3) 338 (2.1) 396 (2.3) 464
m m m 315 (2.0) 359 (1.9) 421 (1.5) 497
m m m 482 (4.0) 536 (3.4) 594 (2.8) 649
(5.1) 578 (5.2) 305 (4.3) 355 (4.0) 418 (4.1) 490
(2.8) 514 (3.3) 324 (3.2) 364 (3.0) 414 (3.4) 466
(2.8) 593 (3.3) 356 (4.0) 409 (3.5) 471 (3.2) 536
(2.2) 557 (2.8) 319 (2.6) 372 (2.7) 437 (2.2) 505
(3.3) 429 (4.9) 250 (2.8) 286 (2.4) 329 (2.9) 379
(3.1) 531 (3.9) 281 (2.7) 326 (2.7) 379 (2.9) 437
(2.6) 622 (2.7) 401 (4.3) 461 (3.2) 522 (2.7) 577
(3.3) 493 (3.9) 312 (3.0) 348 (2.6) 392 (2.6) 440
(3.0) 517 (3.4) 316 (4.4) 370 (3.7) 431 (3.0) 490
m m m 307 (2.1) 346 (1.9) 391 (1.8) 442
(2.2) 474 (3.7) 285 (2.5) 320 (1.5) 361 (1.6) 406
(5.1) 511 (4.9) 265 (3.6) 315 (3.7) 377 (4.3) 449
(1.8) 630 (2.0) 434 (3.0) 489 (2.6) 547 (1.8) 601
m m m 339 (2.9) 384 (2.7) 436 (2.8) 490
(2.8) 618 (3.4) 314 (3.5) 380 (2.9) 460 (2.5) 534
(2.9) 541 (3.1) 314 (2.9) 365 (2.5) 427 (2.7) 492
(1.9) 526 (2.9) 311 (2.2) 358 (1.6) 413 (1.5) 470
m m m 293 (2.7) 328 (2.8) 372 (3.7) 422
(2.1) 496 (2.7) 296 (2.5) 349 (2.0) 411 (2.0) 476
m m m 259 (3.8) 305 (3.2) 361 (2.8) 420
(3.3) 500 (3.9) 304 (3.0) 347 (2.6) 400 (2.9) 458
m m m 269 (3.1) 304 (2.6) 347 (3.1) 401
(2.1) 554 (1.9) 290 (1.5) 345 (1.4) 414 (1.4) 490
(4.1) 539 (5.1) 312 (4.7) 362 (4.6) 424 (5.4) 488
(3.3) 595 (3.5) 369 (4.1) 420 (3.6) 478 (3.2) 536
m m m 287 (3.2) 331 (3.3) 384 (3.2) 440
m m m 322 (3.9) 375 (3.8) 438 (3.9) 504
(1.8) 683 (2.2) 416 (3.2) 487 (2.7) 560 (2.1) 621
(3.5) 655 (4.2) 382 (3.9) 449 (3.7) 521 (3.2) 587
(3.6) 528 (4.9) 324 (3.2) 367 (3.0) 421 (3.5) 481
m m m 351 (4.4) 406 (3.8) 469 (3.8) 532
(3.2) 571 (3.2) 302 (2.1) 358 (2.2) 430 (2.6) 506
(3.0) 552 (3.6) 314 (3.1) 364 (2.9) 423 (3.2) 486
(4.5) 624 (6.6) m m m m m m m
(PISA 2018 - PISA 2006)
Median (50th
percentile)
S.E. Score S.E. Score dif. S.E. Score dif. S.E. Score dif. S.E. Score dif.
(2.2) 631 (2.7) -26 (5.5) -27 (4.9) -24 (4.8) -23
(3.1) 614 (3.3) -17 (7.7) -23 (7.3) -24 (6.6) -22
(2.5) 624 (2.3) -11 (7.6) -14 (6.2) -13 (5.1) -13
(2.6) 640 (2.5) -17 (5.6) -19 (5.0) -19 (4.9) -15
(3.3) 553 (3.3) 13 (6.2) 11 (6.0) 8 (6.9) 1
(4.0) 524 (4.1) 31 (6.8) 23 (7.0) 20 (6.1) 24
(3.1) 620 (2.9) -12 (7.4) -13 (6.8) -17 (6.1) -19
(2.6) 609 (3.1) -1 (6.8) -1 (6.1) -2 (5.6) -4
(2.4) 644 (2.7) -6 (6.2) -5 (5.5) -2 (5.1) 2
(2.8) 643 (2.9) -59 (6.3) -49 (5.6) -39 (5.1) -32
(2.9) 615 (3.2) 5 (7.4) 1 (7.0) -4 (6.5) -6
(3.5) 633 (3.3) -17 (8.8) -16 (7.4) -12 (6.6) -10
(3.3) 561 (3.4) -15 (7.9) -21 (7.0) -24 (6.1) -24
(3.3) 602 (3.6) -32 (6.7) -30 (5.8) -22 (5.9) -17
(2.7) 594 (3.1) -10 (5.6) -14 (5.3) -18 (4.8) -20
(2.6) 610 (3.2) -5 (6.6) -8 (6.3) -12 (5.6) -17
(3.7) 607 (3.8) 4 (8.0) 7 (7.8) 12 (7.6) 10
(3.0) 583 (3.7) -4 (5.9) -2 (5.5) -7 (5.2) -11
(3.0) 646 (3.5) 8 (8.3) 1 (7.2) -5 (6.1) -7
(3.1) 642 (3.8) -16 (7.8) -10 (6.5) -2 (5.7) 2
(2.3) 595 (2.7) -3 (6.3) -4 (5.8) -3 (5.4) -1
(1.8) 599 (2.3) -6 (5.5) -7 (5.5) -7 (5.1) -6
(2.2) 606 (2.9) -11 (5.1) -15 (4.5) -13 (4.3) -7
(3.0) 518 (4.3) 20 (6.7) 13 (5.7) 8 (5.4) 4
(3.1) 636 (3.5) -31 (8.2) -28 (7.4) -22 (6.2) -15
(2.7) 640 (2.9) -19 (6.7) -19 (5.7) -22 (5.6) -26
(2.8) 616 (2.9) -8 (7.7) 2 (6.2) 6 (5.3) 7
(3.4) 630 (4.0) 11 (5.7) 14 (5.2) 14 (5.6) 14
(3.1) 609 (3.5) 11 (7.4) 16 (6.5) 18 (5.8) 20
(2.9) 589 (3.5) -30 (6.2) -29 (5.7) -25 (5.6) -23
(1.9) 621 (2.8) -1 (5.6) -2 (4.8) -9 (4.5) -19
(1.8) 598 (2.2) -5 (5.6) -6 (4.9) -6 (4.7) -5
(3.1) 624 (3.3) -13 (7.3) -8 (6.3) -2 (6.0) 1
(4.0) 622 (4.6) -12 (7.0) -19 (6.5) -19 (6.3) -19
(2.4) 579 (3.9) 36 (5.7) 43 (5.2) 50 (5.4) 51
(3.2) 632 (3.2) -2 (6.8) -4 (5.7) -11 (5.0) -16
(3.8) 629 (3.9) 21 (8.4) 21 (7.8) 16 (7.0) 8
(0.5) 609 (0.6) -6 (3.6) -6 (3.6) -6 (3.6) -6
(0.5) 609 (0.5) -6 (3.6) -7 (3.6) -6 (3.5) -6
(2.6) 514 (3.2) m m m m m m m

(3.7) 523 (4.0) 32 (10.5) 16 (8.7) 7 (8.2) 5
(3.0) 494 (4.6) m m m m m m m
(2.7) 581 (2.7) m m m m m m m
(3.6) 499 (3.8) m m m m m m m
(3.1) 527 (3.6) 11 (5.3) 10 (4.7) 12 (5.1) 17
(1.7) 566 (2.8) m m m m m m m
(3.1) 695 (3.7) m m m m m m m
(4.8) 552 (5.3) 6 (9.0) -3 (8.3) -12 (9.0) -19
(4.3) 512 (5.6) m m m m m m m
(3.1) 590 (3.5) -27 (6.6) -25 (5.8) -22 (5.7) -17
(2.2) 562 (2.2) m m m m m m m
(3.5) 431 (4.8) m m m m m m m
(3.0) 491 (3.9) m m m m m m m
(2.5) 623 (3.3) -17 (8.2) -21 (5.9) -27 (5.2) -31
(3.1) 488 (4.6) 4 (5.8) 4 (6.0) 3 (7.0) 2
(3.1) 541 (3.4) 6 (6.9) 8 (5.8) 9 (5.6) 6
(2.4) 498 (3.4) m m m m m m m
(1.7) 450 (2.6) m m m m m m m
(4.8) 513 (4.9) m m m m m m m
(1.9) 648 (2.2) 26 (5.2) 32 (4.7) 34 (4.4) 35
(3.4) 538 (4.3) m m m m m m m
(2.9) 594 (3.3) m m m m m m m
(3.2) 546 (3.7) m m m m m m m
(2.0) 523 (2.2) -1 (4.6) 3 (4.4) 4 (4.2) 5
(4.0) 468 (3.9) m m m m m m m
(2.4) 533 (3.1) m m m m m m m
(4.1) 478 (5.7) m m m m m m m
(3.6) 511 (4.4) m m m m m m m
(4.5) 461 (6.6) m m m m m m m
(1.5) 557 (2.1) 37 (4.0) 52 (4.1) 75 (3.9) 94
(5.5) 545 (5.8) -3 (7.7) 1 (7.8) 8 (8.3) 15
(3.2) 586 (3.7) 5 (7.6) 2 (6.7) -1 (6.1) -5
(3.4) 489 (3.6) m m m m m m m
(3.6) 562 (4.0) -5 (6.6) -2 (6.4) 2 (6.4) 9
(1.6) 670 (1.8) m m m m m m m
(3.7) 641 (4.0) -19 (7.2) -17 (7.4) -19 (6.4) -15
(4.4) 535 (5.2) -1 (5.8) -1 (5.3) 4 (5.5) 10
(3.7) 588 (4.5) m m m m m m m
(2.8) 572 (3.0) m m m m m m m
(3.6) 540 (3.9) 8 (6.8) 1 (6.1) -5 (5.7) -7
m m m m m m m m m m
06) (PISA 2018 - PISA 2009)
Median (50th
percentile)
(4.8) -23 (5.3) -26 (6.0) -28 (5.0) -25 (5.0) -22
(6.2) -20 (6.0) m m m m m m m
(4.9) -10 (4.8) -1 (7.2) -10 (6.1) -11 (5.4) -12
(4.9) -12 (4.9) -20 (5.0) -16 (4.8) -11 (4.9) -7
(7.6) -7 (8.0) -8 (6.3) -7 (5.8) -5 (5.6) -1
(7.1) 28 (7.1) 13 (8.1) 7 (6.9) 8 (6.3) 12
(6.1) -21 (6.3) -2 (7.7) -6 (6.5) -5 (5.9) -4
(5.2) -7 (6.0) -7 (6.3) -8 (5.4) -6 (5.2) -6
(5.2) 4 (5.5) -2 (6.9) -3 (5.9) 2 (5.3) 5
(5.1) -29 (5.4) -43 (6.9) -39 (5.8) -32 (5.5) -26
(6.0) -9 (6.2) 6 (8.7) -8 (7.3) -10 (6.4) -9
(6.1) -9 (5.8) -19 (8.2) -22 (6.7) -18 (6.6) -17
(5.8) -27 (6.3) -14 (8.6) -17 (7.6) -19 (6.7) -22
(5.8) -15 (5.9) -32 (9.3) -34 (6.6) -24 (5.6) -15
(5.0) -20 (5.5) -16 (6.4) -25 (5.3) -23 (4.9) -21
(5.5) -20 (6.0) -2 (7.0) -10 (5.7) -16 (5.6) -17
(6.9) 6 (6.8) 0 (8.2) -1 (7.7) 6 (7.0) 14
(5.2) -16 (5.7) -14 (5.9) -17 (5.3) -24 (5.1) -26
(5.5) -9 (5.8) 0 (9.3) -11 (7.0) -17 (5.7) -14
(6.0) 7 (6.9) -43 (7.5) -32 (6.7) -18 (6.1) -7
(5.4) -1 (5.6) -15 (6.6) -11 (6.1) -8 (5.4) -1
(5.2) -5 (5.9) -18 (6.7) -16 (5.9) -10 (5.1) -4
(4.7) -3 (5.3) 3 (5.5) -11 (5.2) -12 (4.5) -9
(5.5) 2 (6.3) 8 (5.7) 3 (4.8) 1 (4.9) 0
(5.4) -10 (6.0) -31 (9.4) -25 (9.5) -18 (9.2) -13
(5.2) -27 (5.6) -19 (6.7) -24 (6.1) -27 (5.3) -25
(5.4) 5 (5.8) -25 (6.3) -16 (5.8) -7 (5.3) -3
(5.7) 15 (6.3) -4 (5.9) -1 (5.3) 2 (5.5) 7
(5.5) 21 (5.7) -15 (6.7) -9 (6.3) 0 (5.9) 7
(6.1) -20 (6.4) -32 (7.0) -31 (6.2) -27 (5.9) -24
(4.5) -27 (5.6) 3 (5.5) 1 (4.6) -4 (4.6) -11
(5.0) -5 (5.1) -8 (5.3) -10 (5.0) -8 (4.6) -2
(5.4) 2 (5.4) 2 (7.8) 1 (6.6) 6 (5.8) 6
(6.3) -14 (6.9) -22 (6.2) -27 (6.3) -24 (6.2) -20
(7.1) 39 (11.0) 11 (6.4) 12 (5.6) 14 (5.8) 16
(5.7) -20 (5.5) -11 (6.4) -10 (6.0) -10 (5.5) -8
(6.9) 1 (6.8) -4 (7.6) -1 (6.9) 3 (7.0) 3
(3.6) -7 (3.6) -11 (3.7) -13 (3.7) -10 (3.7) -8
(3.5) -7 (3.6) m m m m m m m
m m m 47 (6.6) 34 (6.3) 23 (6.5) 13

(8.3) 3 (8.4) 20 (9.3) 6 (7.4) -2 (7.0) -5
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
(6.5) 17 (7.5) -10 (5.3) -11 (4.8) -4 (5.1) 6
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
(9.8) -24 (10.4) 3 (9.0) -13 (9.3) -23 (9.0) -24
m m m -13 (6.1) -16 (5.8) -16 (5.8) -14
(5.4) -14 (5.9) -21 (6.7) -20 (6.3) -16 (5.9) -10
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m 24 (5.9) 14 (5.7) 6 (5.7) 4
(5.1) -32 (6.0) -32 (7.4) -33 (6.2) -34 (5.4) -33
(9.3) -1 (13.2) 16 (6.1) 12 (5.8) 11 (6.0) 12
(5.9) 4 (6.6) 15 (7.8) 13 (6.8) 12 (6.1) 13
m m m 14 (6.0) 4 (5.3) -6 (5.4) -16
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
(4.3) 37 (4.5) 23 (5.1) 28 (4.8) 33 (4.4) 37
m m m 14 (5.8) 13 (5.4) 13 (5.4) 16
m m m 6 (6.6) -2 (5.6) -7 (5.4) -12
m m m 14 (6.1) 10 (6.0) 11 (5.8) 19
(4.6) 6 (5.1) 21 (5.9) 15 (4.9) 12 (4.6) 9
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m -1 (9.5) -10 (9.0) -12 (8.4) -16
m m m 48 (6.5) 37 (5.8) 32 (5.7) 30
m m m m m m m m m m
(4.0) 95 (4.8) 32 (4.3) 38 (4.1) 46 (4.1) 47
(8.7) 18 (8.8) -16 (7.3) -11 (7.3) -4 (7.8) 5
(6.3) -10 (6.4) 5 (7.2) 2 (6.4) 0 (6.1) -3
m m m m m m m m m m
(6.3) 17 (6.5) -12 (6.9) -13 (6.1) -6 (5.8) 3
m m m 15 (5.7) 16 (4.9) 13 (4.7) 5
(6.1) -9 (5.9) -22 (6.4) -15 (6.0) -5 (5.6) 6
(6.5) 11 (7.3) -2 (6.8) -5 (5.7) -3 (5.8) 4
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m -16 (5.3) -15 (5.1) -7 (5.3) 6
(6.0) -9 (6.3) 11 (6.0) 2 (5.7) -4 (5.6) -7
m m m m m m m m m m
09) (PISA 2018 - PISA 2012)
Median (50th
percentile)
(5.0) -24 (6.0) -22 (5.4) -21 (5.0) -18 (5.0) -16
m m m -22 (7.3) -22 (6.4) -17 (6.3) -11
(5.2) -10 (5.3) -6 (7.2) -10 (6.2) -8 (5.4) -6
(4.7) -2 (4.7) -15 (5.4) -14 (5.2) -8 (5.3) -2
(6.1) 0 (6.2) -7 (6.4) -4 (6.0) 0 (6.0) 2
(6.5) 18 (6.6) 9 (7.1) 7 (6.4) 11 (6.2) 20
(5.8) -4 (6.1) -19 (7.9) -18 (6.8) -14 (6.0) -8
(5.3) -7 (6.0) -6 (6.8) -7 (6.1) -7 (5.6) -5
(5.3) 9 (5.7) -22 (6.3) -17 (5.6) -11 (5.2) -7
(5.4) -21 (5.5) -31 (7.0) -28 (5.9) -23 (5.6) -19
(6.0) -9 (6.4) -2 (8.0) -8 (6.1) -9 (5.9) -7
(6.0) -12 (6.0) -34 (7.4) -31 (6.8) -21 (6.7) -15
(6.2) -25 (6.2) -14 (7.9) -16 (7.3) -16 (6.5) -15
(6.1) -7 (6.2) -20 (7.2) -19 (6.6) -13 (6.0) -9
(5.0) -21 (5.5) 6 (6.1) -4 (5.6) -5 (5.6) -8
(5.5) -17 (6.3) -24 (7.2) -27 (5.7) -27 (5.4) -28
(6.1) 17 (6.6) -14 (9.0) -15 (8.6) -9 (8.8) -3
(5.1) -27 (5.5) -23 (6.2) -24 (5.6) -27 (5.5) -28
(5.6) -13 (6.1) -16 (8.8) -19 (7.1) -20 (6.3) -19
(6.0) 2 (6.4) -43 (7.5) -32 (6.7) -18 (6.4) -7
(5.3) 2 (6.0) -23 (6.9) -20 (5.8) -15 (5.6) -11
(5.1) -1 (5.8) -19 (6.3) -20 (5.8) -15 (5.4) -9
(4.8) -9 (5.1) -7 (5.7) -15 (5.0) -17 (4.7) -17
(5.1) 1 (6.2) 1 (6.0) -1 (5.1) 1 (5.0) 7
(7.0) -9 (6.9) -29 (8.5) -30 (7.8) -20 (7.1) -10
(5.4) -27 (5.7) -6 (7.0) -7 (5.8) -6 (5.7) -8
(5.4) 1 (5.9) -8 (7.6) -5 (6.4) -3 (5.9) -4
(5.6) 9 (6.2) -23 (6.6) -19 (5.9) -15 (6.0) -9
(5.6) 8 (6.0) -3 (8.1) -3 (7.2) 2 (6.5) 7
(5.7) -22 (6.5) -1 (7.8) -7 (7.3) -10 (6.9) -11
(4.7) -12 (5.5) -7 (6.3) -4 (5.0) -5 (4.8) -9
(4.6) 1 (4.8) -19 (5.6) -19 (5.0) -15 (4.9) -10
(5.9) 2 (6.2) 14 (8.0) 11 (7.0) 15 (6.3) 16
(6.4) -15 (7.0) -27 (6.3) -29 (6.7) -22 (6.5) -14
(6.3) 19 (7.8) -2 (6.2) 2 (6.0) 8 (6.3) 8
(5.8) -9 (5.9) -10 (7.4) -12 (6.9) -11 (6.0) -9
(7.0) 0 (7.3) -7 (8.0) 2 (7.4) 7 (7.1) 12
(3.7) -6 (3.7) -13 (4.1) -13 (4.1) -10 (4.1) -7
m m m -14 (4.1) -14 (4.1) -10 (4.1) -7
(6.5) 9 (6.8) 52 (7.3) 26 (5.9) 13 (5.5) 3

(7.5) -7 (8.5) -6 (7.6) -10 (7.0) -6 (7.1) 2
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
(5.8) 10 (6.5) -10 (5.2) -10 (4.9) -3 (5.1) 11
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
(9.1) -23 (8.6) -9 (7.9) -19 (7.9) -29 (8.0) -29
(6.4) -14 (8.1) -17 (6.1) -17 (6.2) -14 (6.2) -11
(5.9) -5 (6.4) -24 (6.9) -24 (6.3) -21 (6.2) -16
m m m 6 (5.6) -2 (5.2) -2 (4.9) 2
m m m m m m m m m m
(5.8) 3 (6.7) m m m m m m m
(5.2) -32 (5.7) -45 (7.8) -44 (6.4) -40 (5.6) -35
(6.6) 15 (8.5) 15 (7.0) 12 (6.1) 11 (6.1) 14
(6.2) 15 (6.6) 13 (7.4) 15 (6.6) 21 (6.0) 25
(5.8) -18 (7.1) -24 (5.8) -29 (5.6) -34 (5.6) -33
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
(4.4) 40 (4.9) 18 (5.7) 21 (5.1) 23 (4.7) 26
(5.8) 19 (6.8) 20 (6.0) 20 (5.9) 18 (5.8) 18
(5.7) -14 (5.9) m m m m m m m
(5.7) 23 (6.4) m m m m m m m
(4.5) 11 (5.2) 9 (5.4) 6 (4.5) 5 (4.6) 2
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
(8.6) -17 (10.5) m m m m m m m
(6.6) 27 (8.5) 29 (6.3) 27 (5.9) 29 (6.2) 33
m m m m m m m m m m
(4.2) 33 (4.9) 35 (4.5) 35 (4.4) 40 (4.4) 37
(7.7) 15 (8.0) -29 (7.0) -20 (7.0) -11 (7.7) -5
(6.0) -7 (6.9) -8 (7.0) -8 (6.4) -9 (6.0) -9
m m m m m m m m m m
(5.9) 14 (6.3) -12 (7.6) -10 (7.1) -6 (6.8) 0
(4.4) -4 (5.0) 3 (6.0) 7 (5.5) 2 (5.0) -6
(6.1) 13 (6.9) -29 (7.1) -20 (6.6) -8 (5.9) 5
(6.5) 8 (7.5) -24 (6.2) -25 (5.6) -20 (6.2) -13
m m m m m m m m m m
(5.5) 11 (5.6) -26 (5.6) -25 (5.8) -17 (5.8) -6
(6.2) -11 (6.5) 21 (6.6) 12 (6.2) 7 (6.0) 6
m m m m m m m m m m
12) (PISA 2018 - PISA 2015)
Median (50th
percentile)
(5.2) -19 (5.5) -3 (3.9) -6 (3.4) -8 (3.3) -8

(5.9) -10 (6.2) -3 (4.9) -4 (5.3) -5 (4.8) -5
(5.3) -6 (5.1) -1 (5.8) -1 (5.1) -2 (4.2) -6
(5.3) 0 (5.4) -11 (4.0) -13 (3.9) -11 (3.9) -7
(6.3) 2 (6.4) 0 (4.4) -1 (4.4) -3 (4.5) -7
(6.7) 27 (7.0) -5 (5.1) -3 (4.8) -3 (4.8) -2
(6.0) -2 (6.2) 6 (5.7) 7 (5.3) 4 (4.5) 3
(5.8) -7 (6.6) -11 (5.2) -9 (4.3) -8 (4.1) -7
(5.3) -1 (5.8) 1 (5.0) -3 (4.2) -6 (3.8) -6
(5.4) -18 (5.7) -8 (6.0) -9 (5.0) -9 (4.4) -8
(5.8) -7 (6.5) 9 (5.3) 4 (4.8) -4 (4.2) -8
(6.2) -9 (6.5) -13 (6.1) -9 (5.5) -3 (5.4) -3
(6.3) -16 (6.4) 5 (7.5) 4 (6.8) -2 (6.0) -9
(6.3) -8 (7.2) 10 (5.8) 6 (4.9) 3 (4.7) 2
(5.8) -9 (6.3) 0 (4.7) 1 (4.4) 2 (3.9) 2
(5.3) -27 (5.7) -7 (5.5) -6 (4.4) -5 (4.1) -6
(7.9) -1 (7.7) -13 (6.9) -7 (6.9) -2 (6.9) 0
(5.4) -28 (6.0) -11 (5.6) -8 (4.7) -13 (4.8) -16
(6.2) -18 (6.9) -7 (6.4) -9 (5.6) -11 (4.7) -10
(6.5) 3 (7.0) 0 (6.2) 2 (5.5) 4 (5.2) 5
(5.8) -7 (5.8) -5 (4.7) -3 (4.0) -2 (3.5) -2
(5.3) -6 (5.9) 7 (5.0) 8 (4.3) 9 (3.8) 5
(4.9) -18 (5.7) -4 (4.0) -3 (3.4) -5 (2.8) -8
(5.3) 13 (6.2) 1 (4.9) 1 (3.8) 2 (3.9) 4
(6.4) -5 (6.7) -8 (6.9) -6 (6.2) -4 (4.9) -2
(5.7) -9 (5.8) -4 (5.5) -2 (5.0) -4 (4.3) -5
(5.9) -4 (6.0) -13 (5.3) -7 (4.7) -7 (4.0) -6
(6.6) -8 (7.6) 8 (5.1) 11 (4.3) 9 (4.5) 10
(6.3) 7 (6.5) -11 (5.6) -7 (5.2) -9 (4.7) -10
(6.3) -10 (7.2) 9 (6.0) 5 (5.1) 1 (4.4) 0
(4.9) -11 (5.9) 4 (4.6) 1 (3.3) -5 (3.0) -12
(4.7) -7 (5.0) -9 (4.4) -11 (3.8) -11 (3.3) -9
(6.0) 12 (6.2) 12 (7.0) 10 (6.0) 7 (5.5) 4
(6.5) -9 (6.9) -6 (5.6) -7 (5.9) -12 (5.4) -15
(7.5) 6 (8.4) 36 (5.0) 41 (4.9) 45 (5.6) 44
(6.2) -7 (6.4) -3 (5.2) -1 (4.6) -6 (4.5) -6
(6.9) 10 (7.2) 3 (6.5) 8 (5.9) 9 (5.6) 7
(4.1) -6 (4.1) -1 (1.8) -1 (1.7) -2 (1.7) -2
(4.1) -6 (4.1) -1 (1.7) -1 (1.7) -2 (1.7) -3
(5.6) -3 (6.1) -5 (4.7) -7 (4.3) -11 (4.7) -14

(7.2) 10 (7.3) m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
(5.7) 22 (6.4) 2 (3.5) 1 (3.2) 2 (3.7) 5
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
(8.1) -27 (9.0) -7 (6.6) -15 (6.8) -27 (7.2) -31
(6.9) -8 (8.5) -8 (4.2) -6 (4.1) -2 (4.4) -1
(6.6) -11 (7.4) -5 (5.4) -2 (5.1) -3 (4.8) -3
(5.2) 2 (5.2) 5 (3.9) 7 (3.7) 8 (3.4) 8
m m m 6 (4.2) 5 (3.8) 3 (4.3) 3
m m m -16 (4.8) -22 (4.3) -29 (4.5) -35
(5.6) -32 (6.2) -12 (6.4) -12 (5.0) -7 (4.1) -2
(6.9) 17 (8.6) -7 (4.6) -7 (4.2) -7 (4.3) -7
(6.1) 27 (6.7) 17 (6.0) 19 (5.3) 21 (4.6) 22
(5.9) -23 (6.5) m m m m m m m
m m m -3 (3.6) -8 (3.1) -14 (2.9) -20
m m m -11 (5.5) -7 (5.4) -2 (6.2) 2
(4.8) 29 (4.9) 14 (4.1) 15 (3.4) 15 (2.9) 16
(6.4) 17 (7.3) m m m m m m m
m m m 4 (5.7) -2 (4.7) -6 (4.1) -14
m m m -4 (4.5) -2 (3.9) 0 (3.9) 4
(5.0) 1 (5.1) 7 (3.4) 6 (2.6) 6 (2.6) 2
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m 19 (4.2) 24 (3.1) 30 (3.1) 36
m m m m m m m m m m
(6.9) 36 (8.0) 3 (4.3) 5 (3.8) 8 (4.2) 10
m m m m m m m m m m
(4.6) 28 (5.1) -5 (2.8) 1 (2.5) 4 (2.5) 4
(8.2) 2 (8.7) -23 (6.2) -17 (6.0) -9 (6.7) 0
(6.1) -9 (7.3) -10 (5.8) -8 (5.1) -8 (5.0) -9
m m m m m m m m m m
(6.4) 4 (6.8) m m m m m m m
(5.1) -12 (5.5) 4 (4.5) 1 (3.8) -4 (3.0) -10
(6.0) 15 (6.0) -13 (6.2) -16 (5.3) -19 (4.4) -16
(7.0) -8 (8.5) 0 (4.6) 2 (4.3) 5 (4.9) 8
m m m m m m m m m m
(6.0) 0 (6.0) -10 (3.9) -6 (3.9) -1 (4.3) 1
(6.4) 2 (7.0) -12 (4.4) -8 (4.1) -8 (4.5) -10
m m m m m m m m m m
015 and 2018
Average 3-year trend in percentiles of science performance across PISA assessm
15)
Median (50th
percentile)
S.E. Score dif. S.E. Coef. S.E. Coef. S.E. Coef. S.E. Coef.
(3.3) -9 (3.8) -7.6 (1.4) -7.7 (1.3) -6.6 (1.3) -5.9

(4.5) -7 (4.7) -4.7 (2.0) -6.4 (1.9) -6.3 (1.7) -5.7
(3.7) -5 (3.5) -2.2 (1.9) -3.5 (1.5) -3.3 (1.4) -3.3
(3.7) -4 (3.9) -4.3 (1.4) -4.3 (1.3) -3.8 (1.3) -3.0
(4.9) -7 (4.9) 1.9 (1.6) 1.7 (1.5) 1.6 (1.6) 0.8
(5.1) 0 (5.6) 8.0 (1.7) 5.5 (1.7) 5.0 (1.5) 6.1
(4.3) 2 (4.5) -3.2 (1.8) -3.9 (1.6) -4.4 (1.5) -4.5
(4.1) -8 (4.7) 0.2 (1.7) -0.1 (1.5) -0.3 (1.4) -0.8
(3.9) -5 (4.2) -1.3 (1.7) -0.9 (1.4) 0.4 (1.3) 1.5
(4.0) -8 (4.3) -15.5 (1.6) -12.8 (1.4) -10.3 (1.3) -8.1
(4.1) -9 (4.5) 0.7 (1.8) -1.0 (1.7) -1.4 (1.6) -1.4
(4.7) -3 (4.6) -4.2 (2.1) -4.4 (1.8) -3.8 (1.6) -3.3
(5.3) -13 (5.5) -5.3 (2.0) -6.6 (1.8) -6.4 (1.6) -6.1
(4.7) 1 (5.2) -10.6 (1.8) -10.1 (1.5) -7.3 (1.5) -5.0
(3.9) 2 (4.7) -3.8 (1.5) -5.7 (1.4) -6.1 (1.3) -6.4
(3.9) -8 (4.4) -0.7 (1.6) -2.1 (1.5) -3.6 (1.4) -4.5
(5.8) 1 (5.5) 2.0 (1.9) 2.1 (1.9) 3.3 (1.8) 3.5
(4.4) -16 (4.9) -0.9 (1.5) -1.3 (1.4) -2.4 (1.4) -3.3
(4.6) -9 (5.5) 2.3 (2.0) -0.2 (1.7) -1.5 (1.5) -2.0
(4.7) 5 (5.5) -7.6 (1.8) -5.3 (1.6) -2.5 (1.5) -0.7
(3.4) -1 (3.8) -1.4 (1.7) -1.4 (1.5) -1.1 (1.4) -0.3
(4.0) 2 (4.6) -3.7 (1.5) -3.6 (1.4) -3.3 (1.4) -2.1
(3.1) -9 (4.0) -1.4 (1.5) -3.7 (1.3) -3.2 (1.2) -1.4
(4.4) 8 (5.5) 4.5 (1.6) 2.7 (1.4) 1.5 (1.4) 0.4
(4.3) -2 (4.8) -8.5 (2.0) -7.6 (1.8) -5.8 (1.7) -3.8
(4.2) -7 (4.8) -5.1 (1.6) -6.0 (1.5) -6.5 (1.5) -7.1
(4.3) -6 (4.7) -2.7 (1.7) -0.5 (1.5) 1.3 (1.4) 1.6
(4.8) 11 (5.5) 1.0 (1.4) 1.5 (1.4) 2.2 (1.4) 2.6
(4.4) -11 (4.9) 1.7 (1.8) 3.2 (1.6) 4.3 (1.5) 5.7
(4.3) 1 (5.0) -10.0 (1.7) -9.4 (1.4) -7.7 (1.4) -7.0
(3.2) -16 (4.4) -0.2 (1.5) -0.5 (1.3) -1.8 (1.2) -3.9
(3.4) -7 (3.6) -0.9 (1.4) -1.0 (1.3) -0.8 (1.3) -0.3
(5.5) -1 (5.4) -3.8 (1.9) -2.3 (1.6) -0.6 (1.5) 0.4
(5.4) -11 (5.7) -3.9 (1.7) -5.7 (1.6) -5.1 (1.5) -4.3
(6.2) 47 (7.4) 4.8 (1.5) 5.7 (1.4) 7.1 (1.5) 7.4
(4.7) -6 (4.8) -1.0 (1.6) -1.8 (1.5) -2.6 (1.3) -3.3
(5.6) 4 (5.7) 3.6 (1.9) 3.4 (1.8) 2.5 (1.7) 1.0
(1.7) -3 (1.7) -2.2 (1.1) -2.4 (1.1) -2.0 (1.1) -1.7
(1.7) -3 (1.7) -2.3 (1.1) -2.5 (1.1) -2.1 (1.1) -1.8
(5.6) -16 (6.1) 19.7 (2.4) 13.4 (2.2) 9.2 (2.2) 5.6
m m m 8.3 (2.3) 4.0 (1.9) 1.5 (1.8) 0.5
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
(4.8) 5 (5.6) 1.2 (1.4) 0.9 (1.2) 1.8 (1.3) 3.4
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
(7.2) -26 (7.5) 2.0 (2.2) -0.3 (2.0) -2.0 (2.2) -3.3
(5.3) -2 (6.7) -5.2 (2.3) -6.4 (2.4) -6.7 (2.3) -5.8
(4.4) -2 (5.0) -7.4 (1.6) -6.8 (1.5) -5.8 (1.5) -4.3
(3.5) 6 (3.9) 3.1 (2.8) -0.6 (2.5) -1.0 (2.5) 0.6
(5.1) 2 (7.0) 6.2 (4.2) 4.9 (3.8) 3.5 (4.3) 3.2
(4.6) -40 (5.7) 10.6 (2.2) 6.7 (2.2) 4.0 (2.2) 3.3
(3.9) 1 (4.6) -5.4 (1.9) -6.3 (1.5) -8.1 (1.4) -9.4
(4.8) -6 (6.2) 3.0 (1.5) 2.7 (1.6) 2.3 (1.7) 2.2
(4.6) 24 (5.0) 1.1 (1.7) 1.0 (1.5) 0.8 (1.4) 0.3
m m m 2.2 (1.9) -1.0 (1.8) -4.3 (1.7) -7.1
(3.1) -24 (4.8) -3.5 (3.6) -8.2 (3.1) -14.4 (2.9) -20.3
(7.2) 3 (7.1) -10.6 (5.5) -6.9 (5.4) -2.0 (6.2) 2.5
(3.0) 18 (3.4) 6.0 (1.3) 7.6 (1.2) 8.4 (1.2) 9.1
m m m 6.5 (2.2) 6.0 (1.9) 6.1 (2.0) 6.8
(4.4) -24 (5.0) 2.6 (2.2) -0.7 (2.1) -2.2 (2.0) -3.8
(4.6) 5 (5.0) 5.9 (2.4) 4.1 (2.4) 4.4 (2.3) 7.1
(3.1) -2 (3.9) 1.0 (1.3) 1.4 (1.2) 1.3 (1.2) 1.7
m m m m m m m m m m
(3.5) 37 (4.4) 18.9 (3.8) 23.9 (3.1) 29.1 (3.3) 36.1
m m m -0.4 (3.2) -3.3 (3.0) -4.1 (2.8) -5.4
(5.1) 11 (6.1) 17.3 (2.2) 13.5 (2.0) 11.7 (2.0) 11.0
m m m m m m m m m m
(3.0) 3 (3.3) 11.3 (1.1) 14.3 (1.1) 19.2 (1.1) 23.1
(7.1) 5 (7.8) 0.1 (1.8) 0.8 (1.8) 2.1 (1.9) 3.3
(4.8) -8 (5.3) 2.5 (1.8) 1.4 (1.6) 0.6 (1.6) -0.6
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m -1.8 (1.6) -1.3 (1.5) 0.0 (1.5) 1.9
(2.9) -14 (3.3) 4.4 (2.1) 5.6 (1.7) 4.4 (1.8) 1.8
(5.3) -14 (6.0) -4.6 (1.7) -3.2 (1.8) -2.5 (1.5) -0.9
(5.8) 8 (7.3) -0.5 (1.5) -0.9 (1.4) 0.1 (1.4) 1.6
m m m m m m m m m m
(4.6) 1 (4.6) -6.5 (2.4) -6.2 (2.4) -3.7 (2.4) 0.9
(4.9) -12 (5.5) 4.0 (1.7) 1.1 (1.5) -0.4 (1.4) -1.0
m m m -0.7 (8.4) -8.5 (7.0) -7.9 (6.2) -4.2
mance across PISA assessments 1
S.E. Coef. S.E.
(1.3) -6.0 (1.4)

(1.6) -5.1 (1.6)
(1.3) -2.5 (1.3)
(1.3) -2.0 (1.4)
(1.9) -0.7 (1.8)
(1.7) 7.3 (1.7)
(1.5) -4.9 (1.6)
(1.4) -1.2 (1.5)
(1.4) 2.1 (1.5)
(1.3) -7.2 (1.4)
(1.5) -1.7 (1.5)
(1.5) -2.6 (1.4)
(1.5) -6.4 (1.5)
(1.4) -3.6 (1.5)
(1.3) -6.1 (1.4)
(1.5) -5.0 (1.6)
(1.7) 2.9 (1.7)
(1.3) -4.3 (1.5)
(1.4) -2.2 (1.4)
(1.5) 1.0 (1.7)
(1.4) 0.1 (1.4)
(1.4) -1.5 (1.5)
(1.2) -0.6 (1.3)
(1.4) -0.2 (1.5)
(1.4) -2.9 (1.5)
(1.4) -7.1 (1.4)
(1.4) 1.9 (1.5)
(1.4) 3.0 (1.5)
(1.4) 6.0 (1.5)
(1.5) -6.2 (1.5)
(1.2) -5.0 (1.4)
(1.3) -0.2 (1.3)
(1.4) 0.5 (1.5)
(1.6) -3.3 (1.8)
(1.8) 5.1 (2.4)
(1.4) -4.2 (1.4)
(1.8) -0.2 (1.7)
(1.1) -1.6 (1.1)
(1.1) -1.7 (1.1)
(2.2) 4.1 (2.5)

(1.8) 0.0 (1.9)
m m m
m m m
m m m
(1.5) 4.0 (1.8)
m m m
m m m
(2.3) -4.6 (2.3)
(2.4) -5.5 (3.1)
(1.4) -2.9 (1.5)
(2.6) 0.7 (2.6)
(5.1) 2.0 (7.0)
(2.2) 3.4 (2.5)
(1.3) -9.6 (1.4)
(2.1) 1.9 (2.8)
(1.5) -0.1 (1.6)
(1.9) -6.6 (2.5)
(3.1) -24.1 (4.8)
(7.2) 2.6 (7.1)
(1.2) 9.7 (1.3)
(2.1) 7.5 (2.5)
(2.2) -4.3 (2.1)
(2.1) 8.6 (2.4)
(1.2) 2.6 (1.4)
m m m
(4.3) 36.6 (4.8)
(2.9) -5.5 (3.5)
(2.3) 10.3 (2.7)
m m m
(1.2) 22.2 (1.4)
(1.9) 4.5 (2.1)
(1.5) -1.9 (1.6)
m m m
(1.6) 4.4 (1.7)
(1.7) -0.9 (1.8)
(1.5) 0.5 (1.4)
(1.6) 2.3 (1.7)
m m m
(2.4) 3.0 (2.4)
(1.5) -1.9 (1.6)
(6.3) -0.9 (9.1)

Table I.B1.16
Percentage of students at each level on the cognitive process subscale of reading "locate information"
Level 1c Level 1b
Below Level 1c
(less than 189.33
score points)
points) points)
% S.E. % S.E. % S.E.
OECD
Australia 0.2 (0.1) 1.5 (0.2) 5.5 (0.4)
Austria 0.2 (0.1) 1.6 (0.3) 7.2 (0.7)
Belgium 0.1 (0.1) 1.2 (0.2) 5.6 (0.5)
Canada 0.1 (0.0) 0.7 (0.1) 3.2 (0.2)
Chile 0.5 (0.2) 3.2 (0.4) 11.0 (0.7)
Colombia 0.7 (0.2) 5.5 (0.6) 18.2 (0.9)
Czech Republic 0.3 (0.2) 1.3 (0.4) 5.3 (0.6)
Denmark 0.1 (0.0) 0.7 (0.2) 3.9 (0.3)
Estonia 0.0 (0.0) 0.2 (0.1) 1.9 (0.3)
Finland 0.1 (0.0) 0.8 (0.2) 3.3 (0.3)
France 0.4 (0.1) 2.0 (0.2) 6.1 (0.4)
Germany 0.3 (0.1) 1.7 (0.3) 6.4 (0.5)
Greece 0.6 (0.2) 3.1 (0.5) 8.9 (0.7)
Hungary 0.2 (0.1) 1.8 (0.3) 7.5 (0.5)
Iceland 0.2 (0.1) 2.2 (0.3) 7.0 (0.5)
Ireland 0.0 (0.0) 0.3 (0.1) 2.6 (0.3)
Israel 1.9 (0.4) 6.1 (0.7) 10.5 (0.7)
Italy 0.8 (0.2) 2.6 (0.5) 7.4 (0.6)
Japan 0.1 (0.1) 0.9 (0.2) 4.3 (0.5)
Korea 0.2 (0.1) 1.2 (0.2) 4.0 (0.4)
Latvia 0.0 (0.0) 0.8 (0.2) 5.5 (0.5)
Lithuania 0.1 (0.1) 1.7 (0.3) 6.9 (0.5)
Luxembourg 0.3 (0.1) 2.8 (0.3) 8.7 (0.7)
Mexico 0.3 (0.1) 3.6 (0.5) 14.2 (0.9)
Netherlands* 0.1 (0.1) 1.0 (0.2) 4.9 (0.5)
New Zealand 0.1 (0.1) 1.1 (0.2) 5.1 (0.5)
Norway 0.2 (0.1) 1.7 (0.2) 5.5 (0.5)
Poland 0.1 (0.1) 0.9 (0.2) 3.2 (0.3)
Portugal* 0.2 (0.1) 1.4 (0.2) 6.0 (0.5)
Slovak Republic 0.5 (0.2) 3.0 (0.4) 8.6 (0.6)
Slovenia 0.1 (0.1) 1.1 (0.2) 4.6 (0.3)
Spain m m m m m m
Sweden 0.2 (0.1) 1.5 (0.3) 4.8 (0.5)
Switzerland 0.2 (0.1) 1.9 (0.3) 7.1 (0.6)
Turkey 0.1 (0.0) 1.3 (0.2) 6.7 (0.6)
United Kingdom 0.2 (0.1) 1.2 (0.2) 4.1 (0.4)
United States* 0.2 (0.1) 1.4 (0.3) 5.5 (0.5)
OECD average 0.3 (0.0) 1.8 (0.1) 6.4 (0.1)
OECD total 0.3 (0.0) 1.9 (0.1) 7.1 (0.2)
Partners
Albania 0.6 (0.2) 5.3 (0.5) 18.9 (0.8)
Argentina m m m m m m
Baku (Azerbaijan) 0.7 (0.2) 6.4 (0.5) 20.9 (0.7)
Belarus 0.2 (0.1) 1.3 (0.3) 5.6 (0.4)
Brazil 1.7 (0.2) 8.6 (0.5) 19.7 (0.7)
B-S-J-Z (China) 0.0 (0.0) 0.2 (0.1) 1.2 (0.2)
Bulgaria 1.2 (0.3) 7.2 (0.8) 17.4 (1.0)
Costa Rica 0.5 (0.2) 2.9 (0.4) 12.4 (0.8)
Croatia 0.2 (0.1) 1.5 (0.3) 6.3 (0.6)
Cyprus 1.3 (0.2) 6.2 (0.4) 14.5 (0.6)
Georgia 2.6 (0.4) 11.8 (0.7) 25.1 (0.9)
Hong Kong (China)* 0.1 (0.1) 0.9 (0.2) 3.5 (0.4)
Indonesia 1.0 (0.3) 8.1 (0.7) 24.8 (1.1)
Jordan m m m m m m
Kazakhstan 0.5 (0.1) 5.0 (0.4) 21.5 (0.8)
Kosovo 1.9 (0.3) 13.6 (0.8) 32.6 (1.2)
Lebanon m m m m m m
Macao (China) 0.0 (0.0) 0.2 (0.1) 1.8 (0.3)
Malaysia 0.4 (0.1) 3.7 (0.4) 13.1 (0.8)
Malta 1.2 (0.3) 5.0 (0.5) 10.2 (0.6)
Moldova m m m m m m
Montenegro 0.8 (0.2) 4.7 (0.3) 14.0 (0.5)
Morocco 1.3 (0.2) 11.6 (1.0) 29.4 (1.3)
Panama 3.1 (0.6) 11.5 (0.8) 24.0 (0.9)
Peru 1.0 (0.2) 6.6 (0.6) 19.3 (0.9)
Philippines 3.1 (0.4) 16.0 (0.9) 31.0 (1.1)
Qatar 3.0 (0.2) 9.1 (0.3) 16.8 (0.4)
Romania m m m m m m
Russia 0.2 (0.1) 1.9 (0.3) 6.0 (0.6)
Serbia 0.8 (0.2) 4.7 (0.5) 13.0 (0.8)
Singapore 0.1 (0.0) 0.5 (0.1) 2.5 (0.3)
Chinese Taipei 0.3 (0.1) 1.7 (0.2) 5.1 (0.4)
Thailand 0.5 (0.2) 5.1 (0.5) 20.6 (1.1)
Ukraine m m m m m m
Uruguay 0.8 (0.2) 5.4 (0.6) 14.8 (1.0)

cate information"
All students
% S.E. % S.E. % S.E. % S.E. % S.E.
12.5 (0.5) 21.4 (0.6) 26.5 (0.6) 20.7 (0.5) 9.3 (0.5)
16.2 (0.7) 23.2 (0.8) 25.8 (0.8) 18.4 (0.9) 6.4 (0.5)
13.2 (0.6) 21.3 (0.7) 26.3 (0.7) 21.5 (0.6) 9.1 (0.6)
9.8 (0.5) 20.5 (0.6) 28.0 (0.6) 24.1 (0.7) 10.8 (0.6)
21.6 (0.9) 28.4 (0.9) 22.7 (0.9) 10.3 (0.7) 2.2 (0.3)
28.8 (1.0) 25.2 (0.9) 15.0 (0.8) 5.5 (0.5) 1.0 (0.2)
14.0 (0.8) 23.4 (0.8) 26.2 (0.9) 19.6 (0.8) 8.1 (0.6)
11.7 (0.6) 23.7 (0.9) 30.1 (0.8) 21.3 (0.8) 7.4 (0.5)
7.5 (0.6) 19.9 (0.8) 30.1 (0.8) 25.9 (1.0) 11.8 (0.5)
8.8 (0.7) 18.1 (0.9) 26.6 (0.8) 26.0 (0.9) 13.1 (0.7)
12.8 (0.7) 21.4 (0.8) 25.0 (1.0) 20.8 (0.9) 9.7 (0.9)
13.6 (0.8) 20.7 (0.8) 23.8 (1.0) 20.2 (0.8) 10.3 (0.7)
17.4 (0.8) 26.1 (0.9) 25.6 (1.0) 14.2 (0.7) 3.7 (0.4)
16.4 (0.8) 25.7 (0.9) 27.2 (1.0) 16.5 (0.8) 4.3 (0.5)
14.6 (0.8) 23.8 (0.9) 25.8 (1.0) 18.0 (0.9) 7.0 (0.6)
8.8 (0.5) 20.3 (0.8) 30.0 (0.8) 25.4 (0.9) 10.8 (0.7)
15.0 (0.7) 19.1 (0.7) 21.0 (0.9) 16.7 (0.9) 7.9 (0.6)
15.4 (0.7) 25.3 (0.8) 26.3 (1.0) 16.1 (1.0) 5.2 (0.5)
12.2 (0.7) 23.1 (0.7) 28.8 (1.0) 21.4 (0.9) 7.7 (0.6)
9.0 (0.5) 18.2 (0.8) 26.9 (0.9) 24.8 (0.9) 12.5 (0.8)
15.7 (0.7) 26.6 (0.8) 27.7 (0.8) 17.1 (0.8) 5.8 (0.5)
16.5 (0.7) 25.6 (0.8) 27.2 (0.8) 16.6 (0.6) 4.8 (0.4)
16.8 (0.6) 23.4 (0.8) 24.7 (0.8) 16.2 (0.7) 6.0 (0.4)
28.5 (1.0) 29.8 (0.9) 17.3 (0.8) 5.4 (0.7) 0.8 (0.2)
13.2 (0.7) 22.3 (0.9) 26.1 (1.0) 21.3 (0.9) 9.5 (0.8)
12.0 (0.6) 20.5 (0.8) 25.8 (0.8) 22.6 (1.0) 10.4 (0.7)
11.6 (0.6) 20.6 (0.8) 26.3 (0.9) 21.4 (0.7) 10.5 (0.7)
10.5 (0.6) 21.6 (0.8) 27.8 (0.8) 22.7 (0.8) 10.7 (0.7)
13.9 (0.8) 22.9 (1.0) 27.3 (1.0) 20.3 (1.0) 7.0 (0.6)
17.9 (0.8) 25.9 (1.0) 24.7 (0.8) 14.3 (0.7) 4.6 (0.4)
12.9 (0.6) 22.8 (1.0) 28.0 (1.0) 20.8 (1.0) 7.8 (0.5)
m m m m m m m m m m
10.8 (0.7) 19.9 (0.8) 25.6 (0.8) 22.9 (0.9) 11.6 (0.7)
14.8 (0.8) 23.3 (1.0) 26.0 (0.9) 18.6 (0.9) 6.8 (0.7)
18.6 (0.9) 30.4 (0.9) 27.2 (0.9) 12.7 (0.6) 2.9 (0.4)
11.6 (0.6) 21.7 (0.6) 27.1 (0.7) 21.5 (0.7) 9.8 (0.6)
12.5 (0.7) 21.4 (0.8) 25.5 (0.9) 21.3 (0.9) 9.8 (0.7)
14.4 (0.1) 23.0 (0.1) 25.9 (0.1) 19.0 (0.1) 7.7 (0.1)
15.5 (0.2) 23.5 (0.3) 24.7 (0.3) 17.9 (0.3) 7.5 (0.2)
31.8 (1.0) 27.5 (0.9) 12.6 (0.7) 3.0 (0.3) 0.3 (0.1)
m m m m m m m m m m
33.9 (1.0) 26.2 (1.0) 9.6 (0.7) 1.9 (0.5) 0.2 (0.1)
15.4 (0.8) 26.2 (0.9) 28.6 (1.0) 17.3 (0.8) 5.0 (0.5)
29.0 (0.9) 25.7 (1.1) 14.1 (0.8) 3.9 (0.5) 0.5 (0.1)
24.4 (0.8) 22.5 (0.7) 15.0 (0.6) 6.5 (0.5) 1.6 (0.2)
26.4 (0.6) 25.7 (0.8) 17.4 (0.6) 8.1 (0.4) 1.6 (0.2)
5.0 (0.5) 14.9 (0.8) 27.7 (1.0) 28.9 (1.0) 16.8 (0.8)
22.8 (0.9) 23.5 (1.0) 16.9 (1.0) 8.5 (0.6) 2.3 (0.3)
25.9 (1.0) 30.7 (0.9) 20.1 (1.0) 6.5 (0.8) 0.9 (0.3)
15.8 (0.8) 26.0 (0.8) 27.2 (0.9) 16.9 (0.7) 5.4 (0.5)
21.4 (0.7) 24.8 (0.8) 19.7 (0.7) 9.4 (0.5) 2.4 (0.3)
25.8 (1.1) 13.8 (0.8) 4.9 (0.5) 1.2 (0.3) 0.2 (0.1)
29.7 (1.0) 19.6 (0.7) 8.8 (0.7) 2.1 (0.3) 0.2 (0.1)
7.8 (0.5) 16.9 (0.8) 27.2 (0.8) 27.3 (1.0) 13.4 (0.8)
33.7 (1.2) 22.0 (1.0) 8.3 (0.7) 1.9 (0.4) 0.2 (0.1)
m m m m m m m m m m
34.8 (0.8) 23.5 (0.9) 10.2 (0.4) 3.6 (0.3) 0.8 (0.1)
33.3 (0.9) 15.1 (0.6) 3.2 (0.3) 0.3 (0.1) 0.0 (0.0)
m m m m m m m m m m
7.1 (0.4) 19.0 (0.8) 31.1 (0.9) 27.5 (0.8) 11.4 (0.6)
24.6 (0.9) 30.3 (0.9) 20.3 (1.0) 6.7 (0.6) 0.9 (0.2)
16.9 (0.8) 23.3 (1.0) 23.3 (1.0) 14.1 (0.8) 4.9 (0.5)
m m m m m m m m m m
26.0 (0.7) 28.9 (0.7) 18.2 (0.5) 6.3 (0.4) 1.0 (0.2)
30.2 (1.1) 19.7 (1.2) 6.7 (0.7) 1.0 (0.3) 0.1 (0.1)
m m m m m m m m m m
27.6 (1.0) 20.6 (1.0) 9.4 (0.8) 3.2 (0.5) 0.6 (0.2)
27.8 (1.0) 24.5 (0.8) 14.6 (0.8) 5.2 (0.6) 0.9 (0.2)
26.5 (0.8) 14.7 (0.8) 6.6 (0.7) 1.9 (0.4) 0.2 (0.1)
22.2 (0.6) 22.0 (0.5) 16.0 (0.4) 8.0 (0.3) 2.5 (0.2)
m m m m m m m m m m
15.3 (0.9) 25.9 (0.9) 26.6 (0.8) 17.0 (0.8) 6.0 (0.6)
m m m m m m m m m m
21.0 (0.8) 25.6 (0.9) 21.4 (0.9) 10.5 (0.7) 2.7 (0.4)
6.8 (0.5) 13.5 (0.6) 22.9 (0.6) 27.9 (0.7) 19.3 (0.6)
11.9 (0.6) 21.6 (0.7) 27.2 (0.8) 21.1 (0.8) 9.3 (0.7)
32.1 (1.1) 25.4 (1.1) 12.5 (0.9) 3.5 (0.5) 0.3 (0.1)
m m m m m m m m m m
21.4 (0.5) 23.1 (0.6) 18.2 (0.6) 10.3 (0.5) 4.0 (0.3)
23.5 (0.8) 26.6 (0.9) 19.4 (0.9) 8.0 (0.7) 1.4 (0.2)
m m m m m m m m m m
Level 6
(above 698.32
score points)
% S.E.
2.3 (0.2)
0.9 (0.2)
1.6 (0.2)
2.7 (0.4)
0.2 (0.1)
0.1 (0.0)
1.7 (0.3)
1.2 (0.3)
2.8 (0.3)
3.2 (0.4)
1.9 (0.3)
2.9 (0.4)
0.3 (0.1)
0.4 (0.1)
1.3 (0.3)
1.8 (0.3)
1.9 (0.2)
0.8 (0.2)
1.4 (0.2)
3.2 (0.4)
0.8 (0.2)
0.5 (0.1)
1.1 (0.2)
0.0 (0.0)
1.7 (0.2)
2.3 (0.3)
2.2 (0.4)
2.6 (0.4)
1.1 (0.2)
0.6 (0.1)
1.9 (0.3)
m m
2.8 (0.4)
1.4 (0.3)
0.2 (0.1)
2.8 (0.4)
2.4 (0.4)
1.6 (0.0)
1.7 (0.1)
0.0 (0.0)
m m
0.0 (0.0)
0.5 (0.2)
0.0 (0.0)
0.2 (0.1)
0.1 (0.0)
5.2 (0.6)
0.3 (0.1)
0.0 (0.0)
0.7 (0.2)
0.3 (0.1)
0.0 (0.0)
0.0 (0.0)
2.9 (0.4)
0.0 (0.0)
m m
0.1 (0.0)
0.0 c
m m
1.8 (0.3)
0.0 (0.0)
0.9 (0.2)
m m
0.0 (0.0)
0.0 c
m m
0.0 (0.0)
0.1 (0.0)
0.0 (0.0)
0.4 (0.1)
m m
1.1 (0.2)
m m
0.3 (0.1)
6.5 (0.5)
1.8 (0.3)
0.0 (0.0)
m m
0.9 (0.1)
0.1 (0.1)
m m

Table I.B1.17
Percentage of students at each level on the cognitive process subscale of reading "understand"
Level 1c Level 1b
Below Level 1c
(less than 189.33
score points)
points) points)
% S.E. % S.E. % S.E.
OECD
Australia 0.2 (0.1) 1.6 (0.2) 5.9 (0.3)
Austria 0.1 (0.1) 1.2 (0.2) 7.2 (0.6)
Belgium 0.1 (0.0) 1.5 (0.2) 6.4 (0.5)
Canada 0.1 (0.0) 0.7 (0.1) 3.4 (0.2)
Chile 0.1 (0.1) 1.9 (0.3) 9.7 (0.6)
Colombia 0.2 (0.1) 3.5 (0.4) 16.0 (0.9)
Czech Republic 0.1 (0.1) 1.1 (0.2) 5.8 (0.6)
Denmark 0.0 (0.0) 0.7 (0.1) 4.3 (0.3)
Estonia 0.0 (0.0) 0.2 (0.1) 1.9 (0.3)
Finland 0.0 (0.0) 0.8 (0.1) 3.9 (0.3)
France 0.2 (0.1) 1.5 (0.2) 6.3 (0.5)
Germany 0.1 (0.1) 1.5 (0.2) 6.7 (0.5)
Greece 0.2 (0.1) 2.8 (0.4) 9.3 (0.8)
Hungary 0.1 (0.1) 1.3 (0.3) 7.0 (0.5)
Iceland 0.1 (0.1) 1.7 (0.3) 7.1 (0.5)
Ireland 0.0 (0.0) 0.4 (0.1) 3.2 (0.4)
Israel 1.0 (0.2) 5.1 (0.6) 10.1 (0.7)
Italy 0.2 (0.1) 1.7 (0.3) 6.7 (0.5)
Japan 0.1 (0.1) 0.9 (0.2) 4.7 (0.5)
Korea 0.1 (0.1) 1.0 (0.2) 3.9 (0.4)
Latvia 0.0 (0.0) 0.5 (0.1) 5.0 (0.4)
Lithuania 0.1 (0.1) 1.5 (0.2) 7.2 (0.4)
Luxembourg 0.2 (0.1) 2.4 (0.2) 9.9 (0.5)
Mexico 0.1 (0.1) 2.5 (0.4) 14.1 (0.8)
Netherlands* 0.2 (0.1) 1.3 (0.3) 7.2 (0.6)
New Zealand 0.1 (0.1) 1.1 (0.2) 5.6 (0.5)
Norway 0.2 (0.1) 1.7 (0.2) 6.0 (0.4)
Poland 0.1 (0.1) 0.7 (0.2) 3.3 (0.3)
Portugal* 0.1 (0.1) 1.1 (0.2) 6.1 (0.6)
Slovak Republic 0.3 (0.1) 2.6 (0.4) 9.6 (0.6)
Slovenia 0.1 (0.0) 0.6 (0.1) 4.5 (0.3)
Spain m m m m m m
Sweden 0.1 (0.1) 1.4 (0.2) 5.3 (0.5)
Switzerland 0.1 (0.1) 1.5 (0.2) 7.3 (0.7)
Turkey 0.0 (0.0) 0.5 (0.1) 5.3 (0.5)
United Kingdom 0.2 (0.1) 1.2 (0.2) 4.8 (0.4)
United States* 0.1 (0.1) 1.4 (0.2) 6.1 (0.6)
OECD average 0.1 (0.0) 1.5 (0.0) 6.6 (0.1)
OECD total 0.1 (0.0) 1.5 (0.1) 7.1 (0.2)
Partners
Albania 0.4 (0.1) 4.3 (0.4) 17.2 (0.8)
Baku (Azerbaijan) 0.4 (0.1) 5.5 (0.4) 20.8 (0.8)
Belarus 0.1 (0.1) 1.0 (0.2) 5.8 (0.5)
Brazil 0.7 (0.1) 6.0 (0.4) 18.3 (0.6)
B-S-J-Z (China) 0.0 c 0.1 (0.1) 0.7 (0.2)
Bulgaria 0.8 (0.2) 6.4 (0.7) 17.8 (1.0)
Costa Rica 0.1 (0.1) 2.0 (0.4) 11.7 (0.8)
Croatia 0.1 (0.0) 0.7 (0.2) 5.2 (0.5)
Cyprus 0.6 (0.1) 5.1 (0.4) 15.2 (0.6)
Georgia 1.6 (0.3) 9.9 (0.7) 23.2 (0.9)
Hong Kong (China)* 0.1 (0.1) 0.9 (0.2) 3.6 (0.4)
Indonesia 0.5 (0.2) 7.4 (0.7) 26.5 (1.1)
Jordan m m m m m m
Kazakhstan 0.2 (0.1) 3.8 (0.3) 20.2 (0.6)
Kosovo 0.6 (0.2) 9.4 (0.5) 31.8 (0.9)
Lebanon m m m m m m
Macao (China) 0.1 (0.0) 0.3 (0.1) 2.0 (0.3)
Malaysia 0.2 (0.1) 3.1 (0.4) 15.2 (0.8)
Malta 0.9 (0.2) 5.8 (0.5) 13.1 (0.7)
Moldova m m m m m m
Montenegro 0.5 (0.1) 4.4 (0.3) 14.7 (0.5)
Morocco 0.4 (0.1) 9.0 (0.7) 31.6 (1.4)
Panama 1.4 (0.3) 9.5 (0.7) 24.0 (1.0)
Peru 0.3 (0.1) 4.1 (0.4) 17.0 (1.0)
Philippines 1.4 (0.2) 17.2 (0.9) 37.0 (1.0)
Qatar 1.6 (0.2) 8.4 (0.3) 17.7 (0.4)
Romania m m m m m m
Russia 0.1 (0.0) 1.3 (0.2) 5.7 (0.6)
Serbia 0.4 (0.1) 3.7 (0.5) 12.8 (0.8)
Singapore 0.1 (0.0) 0.6 (0.1) 3.0 (0.3)
Chinese Taipei 0.1 (0.1) 1.3 (0.2) 4.7 (0.4)
Thailand 0.2 (0.1) 3.4 (0.5) 18.8 (1.1)
Ukraine m m m m m m
Uruguay 0.4 (0.2) 4.3 (0.4) 13.5 (0.8)

All students
% S.E. % S.E. % S.E. % S.E. % S.E.
12.6 (0.4) 20.7 (0.5) 24.6 (0.5) 21.0 (0.4) 10.4 (0.4)
16.5 (0.8) 23.2 (0.9) 26.1 (0.7) 18.8 (0.8) 6.3 (0.4)
14.4 (0.7) 21.6 (0.7) 25.9 (0.7) 20.2 (0.7) 8.6 (0.5)
10.2 (0.4) 20.0 (0.5) 26.5 (0.5) 23.6 (0.6) 12.1 (0.4)
20.8 (0.8) 29.2 (0.8) 24.2 (0.9) 11.6 (0.6) 2.4 (0.3)
30.1 (1.1) 27.3 (1.0) 16.2 (0.9) 5.8 (0.5) 0.8 (0.1)
15.1 (0.7) 24.4 (0.9) 26.2 (0.9) 18.6 (0.7) 7.6 (0.6)
12.9 (0.5) 23.9 (0.8) 29.0 (0.8) 20.5 (0.8) 7.4 (0.4)
8.6 (0.6) 20.9 (0.9) 29.1 (1.1) 24.2 (1.0) 11.9 (0.5)
10.3 (0.6) 19.1 (0.7) 26.4 (0.8) 24.8 (0.7) 12.0 (0.6)
14.5 (0.6) 22.1 (0.8) 25.5 (0.7) 20.3 (0.8) 8.3 (0.7)
14.3 (0.8) 20.6 (1.0) 24.8 (0.8) 20.9 (0.9) 9.3 (0.7)
18.6 (0.9) 26.6 (0.8) 24.8 (0.9) 13.6 (0.7) 3.7 (0.4)
16.5 (0.8) 24.3 (0.8) 26.5 (1.1) 18.0 (0.9) 5.9 (0.5)
16.1 (0.8) 24.2 (1.0) 25.5 (1.0) 17.0 (0.8) 7.0 (0.5)
10.5 (0.6) 22.6 (0.8) 29.4 (0.8) 23.4 (0.8) 9.2 (0.6)
15.2 (0.8) 19.6 (0.8) 21.3 (0.8) 17.4 (0.8) 8.4 (0.6)
14.8 (0.7) 25.4 (0.9) 28.1 (0.9) 17.7 (0.8) 5.0 (0.5)
11.8 (0.7) 21.6 (0.8) 27.5 (0.8) 22.1 (0.9) 9.5 (0.6)
8.8 (0.6) 18.3 (0.7) 26.8 (0.9) 25.9 (0.8) 12.3 (0.8)
15.8 (0.7) 26.9 (0.9) 29.2 (0.8) 17.2 (0.7) 4.9 (0.4)
16.8 (0.6) 24.9 (0.6) 26.7 (0.8) 17.3 (0.7) 4.9 (0.3)
17.7 (0.6) 22.5 (0.7) 23.1 (0.7) 15.8 (0.7) 6.9 (0.5)
29.3 (0.9) 31.2 (0.9) 17.0 (0.8) 5.1 (0.5) 0.7 (0.1)
15.8 (0.8) 23.4 (0.9) 24.1 (1.0) 18.7 (1.0) 8.2 (0.6)
12.3 (0.6) 20.4 (0.6) 24.7 (0.7) 22.3 (0.7) 11.0 (0.5)
12.4 (0.6) 21.2 (0.7) 25.4 (0.8) 21.1 (0.7) 10.0 (0.6)
10.6 (0.6) 21.5 (0.8) 27.6 (0.9) 23.2 (0.9) 10.6 (0.6)
14.4 (0.6) 22.2 (0.9) 28.1 (0.7) 20.7 (0.9) 6.4 (0.5)
19.4 (0.8) 26.1 (0.9) 22.9 (0.8) 13.8 (0.6) 4.6 (0.4)
13.1 (0.5) 24.0 (0.8) 29.2 (0.9) 20.6 (0.9) 6.8 (0.4)
m m m m m m m m m m
12.2 (0.7) 20.9 (0.7) 25.1 (0.9) 22.1 (0.9) 10.6 (0.7)
15.7 (0.9) 23.1 (0.9) 25.4 (1.0) 18.3 (0.8) 7.2 (0.6)
17.6 (0.8) 29.1 (0.9) 28.2 (0.9) 15.1 (0.7) 3.8 (0.4)
12.8 (0.6) 23.3 (0.8) 26.5 (0.6) 20.5 (0.7) 8.7 (0.5)
13.4 (0.7) 20.8 (0.8) 24.3 (0.8) 21.0 (0.9) 10.2 (0.8)
15.1 (0.1) 23.3 (0.1) 25.6 (0.1) 18.8 (0.1) 7.6 (0.1)
16.1 (0.3) 23.5 (0.3) 24.4 (0.3) 18.0 (0.3) 7.6 (0.2)
30.9 (0.8) 28.5 (0.8) 14.4 (0.7) 3.7 (0.3) 0.5 (0.1)
m m m m m m m m m m
34.4 (1.0) 26.8 (0.9) 9.8 (0.7) 2.0 (0.5) 0.2 (0.1)
16.0 (0.7) 27.3 (0.9) 28.3 (0.9) 16.7 (0.7) 4.5 (0.4)
30.0 (0.9) 27.0 (0.9) 14.6 (0.8) 3.8 (0.4) 0.4 (0.1)
26.0 (0.7) 24.0 (0.6) 16.0 (0.6) 7.2 (0.6) 1.7 (0.2)
28.1 (0.8) 24.6 (0.7) 15.9 (0.4) 6.7 (0.3) 1.1 (0.2)
3.7 (0.4) 12.7 (0.8) 27.1 (1.0) 31.9 (1.1) 19.1 (1.0)
23.4 (0.9) 23.6 (1.1) 17.0 (0.9) 8.4 (0.6) 2.3 (0.3)
28.0 (1.1) 31.7 (0.9) 19.9 (1.1) 6.1 (0.8) 0.5 (0.1)
15.9 (0.9) 28.3 (0.8) 28.9 (0.9) 16.4 (0.8) 4.2 (0.5)
23.4 (0.8) 26.2 (0.9) 19.3 (0.7) 8.5 (0.5) 1.6 (0.2)
29.4 (1.1) 14.9 (1.0) 5.1 (0.5) 0.9 (0.2) 0.1 (0.1)
29.7 (0.8) 22.1 (0.8) 10.5 (0.6) 2.7 (0.3) 0.3 (0.1)
7.7 (0.5) 16.9 (0.7) 26.7 (0.9) 27.2 (0.9) 13.9 (0.7)
35.0 (1.1) 21.4 (1.1) 7.5 (0.7) 1.6 (0.3) 0.1 (0.0)
m m m m m m m m m m
35.4 (0.7) 25.5 (0.6) 10.8 (0.4) 3.4 (0.3) 0.6 (0.1)
36.4 (1.1) 17.7 (0.8) 3.8 (0.4) 0.3 (0.1) 0.0 (0.0)
m m m m m m m m m m
7.6 (0.5) 18.7 (0.7) 29.8 (1.0) 27.0 (1.0) 12.3 (0.7)
28.0 (0.9) 31.0 (0.9) 17.8 (0.9) 4.2 (0.5) 0.5 (0.2)
19.1 (0.8) 22.5 (0.9) 20.6 (0.8) 12.7 (0.7) 4.4 (0.6)
m m m m m m m m m m
26.3 (0.8) 28.3 (0.7) 18.0 (0.6) 6.6 (0.4) 1.1 (0.1)
32.8 (1.0) 19.8 (1.3) 5.8 (0.6) 0.6 (0.2) 0.0 (0.0)
m m m m m m m m m m
30.3 (0.9) 22.5 (0.9) 9.6 (0.8) 2.4 (0.4) 0.3 (0.1)
29.1 (1.0) 27.6 (0.8) 15.9 (0.8) 5.1 (0.5) 0.8 (0.2)
25.8 (0.9) 12.9 (0.7) 4.7 (0.7) 1.0 (0.3) 0.0 (0.0)
23.7 (0.5) 23.0 (0.4) 15.7 (0.4) 7.3 (0.3) 2.3 (0.1)
m m m m m m m m m m
14.9 (0.8) 27.0 (0.9) 28.0 (0.8) 17.2 (0.8) 5.2 (0.5)
m m m m m m m m m m
21.4 (0.7) 26.4 (0.8) 21.1 (0.9) 10.8 (0.6) 3.0 (0.3)
7.9 (0.4) 14.3 (0.5) 22.4 (0.7) 26.1 (0.5) 18.6 (0.7)
11.6 (0.6) 20.8 (0.8) 26.9 (0.9) 22.2 (0.8) 10.2 (0.7)
32.9 (1.3) 27.2 (1.0) 13.3 (0.9) 3.9 (0.5) 0.4 (0.1)
m m m m m m m m m m
21.3 (0.4) 23.3 (0.6) 18.5 (0.6) 10.8 (0.5) 4.1 (0.3)
23.2 (0.9) 26.8 (1.0) 20.9 (0.9) 8.9 (0.7) 1.7 (0.4)
m m m m m m m m m m
Level 6
(above 698.32
score points)
% S.E.
3.0 (0.3)
0.7 (0.1)
1.3 (0.2)
3.3 (0.3)
0.2 (0.1)
0.0 (0.0)
1.1 (0.1)
1.3 (0.3)
3.1 (0.3)
2.6 (0.4)
1.2 (0.2)
1.9 (0.3)
0.4 (0.1)
0.6 (0.2)
1.2 (0.3)
1.4 (0.3)
1.9 (0.3)
0.5 (0.1)
1.9 (0.2)
2.9 (0.5)
0.4 (0.1)
0.6 (0.1)
1.4 (0.2)
0.0 (0.0)
1.1 (0.2)
2.5 (0.3)
1.9 (0.3)
2.4 (0.4)
0.8 (0.2)
0.6 (0.1)
1.1 (0.2)
m m
2.2 (0.3)
1.3 (0.2)
0.3 (0.1)
1.9 (0.2)
2.8 (0.4)
1.4 (0.0)
1.7 (0.1)
0.0 (0.0)
m m
0.0 (0.0)
0.3 (0.1)
0.0 (0.0)
0.2 (0.1)
0.0 (0.0)
4.8 (0.6)
0.3 (0.1)
0.0 (0.0)
0.3 (0.1)
0.1 (0.1)
0.0 c
0.0 (0.0)
3.1 (0.3)
0.0 (0.0)
m m
0.1 (0.0)
0.0 c
m m
2.3 (0.4)
0.0 (0.0)
0.9 (0.2)
m m
0.0 (0.0)
0.0 c
m m
0.0 (0.0)
0.0 (0.0)
0.0 c
0.4 (0.1)
m m
0.7 (0.1)
m m
0.3 (0.1)
7.1 (0.4)
2.0 (0.4)
0.0 (0.0)
m m
0.8 (0.1)
0.1 (0.1)
m m

Table I.B1.18
Percentage of students at each level on the cognitive process subscale of reading "evaluate and reflect"
Level 1c Level 1b
Below Level 1c
(less than 189.33
score points)
points) points)
% S.E. % S.E. % S.E.
OECD
Australia 0.2 (0.1) 1.6 (0.2) 5.5 (0.3)
Austria 0.1 (0.1) 1.4 (0.3) 7.5 (0.6)
Belgium 0.2 (0.1) 2.1 (0.3) 6.0 (0.5)
Canada 0.1 (0.0) 0.9 (0.1) 3.5 (0.3)
Chile 0.2 (0.1) 2.2 (0.4) 9.8 (0.7)
Colombia 0.4 (0.1) 4.3 (0.5) 16.1 (1.0)
Czech Republic 0.1 (0.1) 0.8 (0.2) 5.4 (0.6)
Denmark 0.0 (0.0) 0.4 (0.1) 3.4 (0.3)
Estonia 0.0 (0.0) 0.4 (0.1) 2.6 (0.4)
Finland 0.1 (0.0) 0.7 (0.2) 3.5 (0.3)
France 0.1 (0.1) 1.6 (0.3) 6.2 (0.5)
Germany 0.2 (0.1) 1.6 (0.3) 6.5 (0.6)
Greece 0.3 (0.1) 2.6 (0.4) 9.3 (0.8)
Hungary 0.1 (0.1) 1.0 (0.2) 7.4 (0.6)
Iceland 0.1 (0.1) 1.4 (0.3) 8.0 (0.6)
Ireland 0.0 (0.0) 0.3 (0.1) 2.7 (0.4)
Israel 1.0 (0.2) 4.4 (0.5) 9.6 (0.7)
Italy 0.2 (0.1) 1.7 (0.3) 6.7 (0.7)
Japan 0.1 (0.1) 1.2 (0.3) 5.4 (0.5)
Korea 0.2 (0.1) 1.1 (0.2) 4.4 (0.5)
Latvia 0.0 (0.0) 0.6 (0.2) 5.5 (0.5)
Lithuania 0.1 (0.1) 1.2 (0.3) 7.0 (0.5)
Luxembourg 0.3 (0.1) 3.0 (0.4) 10.3 (0.5)
Mexico 0.2 (0.1) 2.6 (0.4) 12.7 (0.8)
Netherlands* 1.2 (0.4) 3.8 (0.5) 9.0 (0.6)
New Zealand 0.1 (0.1) 1.3 (0.2) 5.8 (0.5)
Norway 0.1 (0.1) 1.3 (0.3) 5.4 (0.5)
Poland 0.1 (0.0) 0.6 (0.2) 3.3 (0.4)
Portugal* 0.1 (0.1) 1.0 (0.2) 5.6 (0.5)
Slovak Republic 0.3 (0.1) 2.7 (0.4) 9.2 (0.7)
Slovenia 0.1 (0.1) 0.7 (0.2) 4.6 (0.5)
Spain m m m m m m
Sweden 0.1 (0.1) 1.2 (0.3) 5.2 (0.5)
Switzerland 0.1 (0.1) 1.6 (0.3) 7.5 (0.6)
Turkey 0.0 (0.0) 1.0 (0.2) 6.5 (0.6)
United Kingdom 0.1 (0.1) 1.0 (0.2) 4.3 (0.4)
United States* 0.1 (0.1) 1.4 (0.2) 5.7 (0.5)
OECD average 0.2 (0.0) 1.6 (0.0) 6.6 (0.1)
OECD total 0.2 (0.0) 1.6 (0.1) 7.0 (0.2)
Partners
Albania 0.5 (0.1) 4.6 (0.5) 18.1 (0.8)
Baku (Azerbaijan) 0.8 (0.2) 7.8 (0.6) 23.6 (0.9)
Belarus 0.1 (0.1) 1.0 (0.2) 6.4 (0.5)
Brazil 0.4 (0.1) 4.6 (0.4) 17.6 (0.7)
B-S-J-Z (China) 0.0 (0.0) 0.1 (0.1) 1.0 (0.2)
Bulgaria 0.6 (0.2) 5.8 (0.6) 18.3 (1.2)
Costa Rica 0.7 (0.2) 4.4 (0.4) 17.0 (0.9)
Croatia 0.1 (0.0) 1.0 (0.2) 6.5 (0.6)
Cyprus 0.4 (0.1) 3.9 (0.3) 14.0 (0.6)
Georgia 1.0 (0.3) 8.3 (0.7) 23.8 (0.9)
Hong Kong (China)* 0.1 (0.0) 0.7 (0.1) 3.2 (0.4)
Indonesia 0.4 (0.2) 5.2 (0.5) 24.6 (1.2)
Jordan m m m m m m
Kazakhstan 0.4 (0.1) 4.8 (0.5) 21.6 (0.7)
Kosovo 0.3 (0.1) 8.0 (0.7) 33.8 (1.1)
Lebanon m m m m m m
Macao (China) 0.0 (0.0) 0.3 (0.1) 2.1 (0.3)
Malaysia 0.1 (0.1) 2.3 (0.3) 14.4 (0.9)
Malta 0.5 (0.2) 4.2 (0.4) 12.9 (0.7)
Moldova m m m m m m
Montenegro 0.2 (0.1) 3.3 (0.4) 14.6 (0.7)
Morocco 0.3 (0.1) 7.3 (0.7) 30.7 (1.4)
Panama 1.9 (0.3) 10.5 (0.8) 25.8 (0.9)
Peru 0.7 (0.2) 5.3 (0.5) 17.2 (0.9)
Philippines 2.6 (0.4) 18.8 (1.3) 35.3 (1.2)
Qatar 1.2 (0.1) 6.7 (0.3) 17.1 (0.4)
Romania m m m m m m
Russia 0.1 (0.0) 1.1 (0.2) 5.6 (0.5)
Serbia 0.2 (0.1) 3.0 (0.4) 13.5 (1.0)
Singapore 0.1 (0.0) 0.6 (0.1) 3.0 (0.3)
Chinese Taipei 0.1 (0.1) 1.1 (0.2) 4.9 (0.4)
Thailand 0.3 (0.1) 4.0 (0.5) 19.4 (1.1)
Ukraine m m m m m m
Uruguay 0.3 (0.1) 3.8 (0.5) 13.7 (1.0)

aluate and reflect"
All students
% S.E. % S.E. % S.E. % S.E. % S.E.
11.7 (0.4) 19.1 (0.5) 23.6 (0.6) 21.1 (0.6) 12.4 (0.4)
16.5 (0.8) 22.1 (0.8) 25.0 (0.9) 18.6 (0.8) 7.6 (0.6)
12.8 (0.6) 20.6 (0.7) 25.4 (0.7) 21.0 (0.7) 9.7 (0.6)
9.5 (0.4) 18.3 (0.6) 25.1 (0.7) 24.1 (0.6) 13.9 (0.5)
20.3 (1.0) 26.7 (0.9) 23.5 (0.8) 12.9 (0.7) 3.9 (0.4)
27.8 (1.0) 25.5 (1.0) 16.4 (0.9) 7.3 (0.6) 2.0 (0.3)
15.4 (0.8) 24.6 (0.9) 25.9 (0.9) 18.6 (0.7) 7.7 (0.6)
11.7 (0.7) 22.8 (0.8) 30.1 (0.9) 22.0 (0.9) 8.1 (0.5)
9.4 (0.5) 21.0 (0.8) 28.8 (1.2) 23.8 (1.1) 11.1 (0.7)
10.8 (0.6) 20.1 (0.7) 26.6 (0.8) 24.1 (0.7) 11.4 (0.8)
14.5 (0.7) 22.1 (0.9) 25.7 (0.9) 19.8 (0.9) 8.4 (0.6)
13.6 (0.8) 21.0 (0.9) 24.2 (1.0) 21.0 (1.0) 9.8 (0.7)
17.8 (0.9) 25.6 (1.0) 24.6 (0.9) 14.7 (0.8) 4.4 (0.5)
17.6 (1.0) 24.4 (1.1) 25.0 (1.0) 17.4 (0.8) 6.3 (0.6)
16.7 (1.0) 24.6 (1.1) 26.1 (0.9) 16.3 (0.8) 6.0 (0.5)
10.2 (0.6) 21.2 (0.7) 28.1 (0.8) 23.1 (0.8) 11.6 (0.7)
13.8 (0.9) 18.3 (0.7) 21.1 (0.8) 18.7 (0.8) 10.1 (0.7)
15.0 (0.9) 24.0 (1.0) 26.6 (1.0) 18.3 (0.8) 6.5 (0.6)
13.0 (0.8) 21.2 (0.8) 25.7 (0.9) 20.3 (0.8) 10.2 (0.6)
9.5 (0.7) 17.7 (0.7) 25.5 (0.9) 24.6 (0.8) 13.1 (0.7)
17.1 (0.7) 27.5 (0.9) 28.0 (1.1) 16.4 (0.8) 4.4 (0.4)
17.9 (0.7) 25.5 (1.0) 25.6 (0.9) 16.4 (0.6) 5.5 (0.5)
18.0 (0.6) 22.1 (0.8) 21.7 (0.7) 15.4 (0.6) 7.3 (0.5)
27.6 (1.0) 30.2 (0.9) 18.7 (0.8) 6.5 (0.7) 1.4 (0.3)
14.5 (0.8) 19.8 (0.8) 22.2 (0.9) 19.0 (0.9) 8.8 (0.7)
12.4 (0.7) 19.4 (0.7) 23.5 (0.7) 21.7 (0.7) 12.2 (0.6)
12.3 (0.7) 21.2 (0.8) 26.2 (0.8) 21.1 (0.7) 10.2 (0.6)
10.7 (0.7) 21.7 (1.0) 27.4 (1.1) 23.2 (0.9) 10.7 (0.8)
14.2 (0.7) 22.5 (0.9) 26.6 (0.8) 20.8 (1.0) 7.9 (0.8)
19.6 (0.8) 26.2 (0.8) 23.3 (0.8) 13.9 (0.6) 4.3 (0.5)
13.5 (0.6) 24.6 (1.0) 28.4 (1.3) 19.5 (0.9) 7.4 (0.6)
m m m m m m m m m m
11.9 (0.8) 19.7 (0.6) 24.0 (0.8) 22.0 (0.8) 12.3 (0.8)
15.9 (0.8) 23.3 (0.9) 24.7 (0.9) 17.8 (0.8) 7.6 (0.7)
17.7 (0.8) 27.0 (0.9) 26.3 (0.8) 15.7 (0.7) 5.1 (0.6)
11.8 (0.6) 21.1 (0.7) 25.8 (0.6) 21.4 (0.9) 11.0 (0.6)
12.4 (0.9) 19.1 (0.9) 23.5 (1.0) 21.3 (1.0) 12.5 (0.9)
14.9 (0.1) 22.5 (0.1) 25.0 (0.1) 18.9 (0.1) 8.4 (0.1)
15.5 (0.3) 22.3 (0.3) 23.8 (0.3) 18.3 (0.3) 8.9 (0.3)
30.0 (0.9) 27.2 (0.8) 14.1 (0.6) 4.5 (0.4) 0.8 (0.2)
m m m m m m m m m m
33.4 (0.9) 23.9 (1.0) 8.6 (0.7) 1.8 (0.5) 0.2 (0.1)
17.4 (0.9) 27.3 (1.0) 27.5 (0.8) 15.7 (0.8) 4.2 (0.5)
32.0 (1.0) 25.5 (1.2) 11.6 (0.8) 2.5 (0.4) 0.2 (0.1)
26.0 (0.8) 23.5 (0.7) 16.6 (0.7) 8.2 (0.5) 2.7 (0.3)
29.3 (0.6) 22.8 (0.6) 14.8 (0.7) 7.4 (0.4) 2.0 (0.3)
4.2 (0.5) 12.4 (0.7) 25.3 (0.9) 30.1 (1.0) 20.3 (0.9)
24.3 (0.9) 23.5 (0.9) 15.9 (0.9) 8.5 (0.7) 2.7 (0.4)
28.7 (1.0) 25.9 (0.8) 15.2 (0.9) 6.4 (0.9) 1.6 (0.5)
17.5 (0.8) 27.4 (0.9) 26.6 (1.0) 15.7 (0.8) 4.9 (0.5)
23.1 (0.7) 26.1 (0.8) 20.4 (0.7) 9.5 (0.5) 2.5 (0.3)
30.2 (1.0) 16.0 (0.9) 6.1 (0.7) 1.4 (0.3) 0.3 (0.1)
30.4 (1.0) 22.3 (0.7) 10.6 (0.6) 3.0 (0.4) 0.5 (0.1)
8.1 (0.6) 16.3 (0.8) 26.6 (0.9) 27.6 (0.9) 14.1 (0.9)
37.1 (1.0) 22.6 (1.1) 8.1 (0.8) 1.8 (0.4) 0.2 (0.1)
m m m m m m m m m m
34.9 (0.8) 24.2 (0.7) 10.3 (0.5) 3.2 (0.3) 0.6 (0.1)
37.2 (1.2) 16.3 (0.9) 4.1 (0.4) 0.4 (0.2) 0.0 (0.0)
m m m m m m m m m m
7.6 (0.5) 17.6 (0.8) 28.1 (0.9) 27.7 (0.9) 13.4 (0.6)
29.3 (1.1) 30.3 (1.0) 17.6 (0.9) 5.1 (0.6) 0.8 (0.3)
19.2 (0.9) 23.3 (0.8) 21.2 (0.9) 12.8 (0.8) 4.9 (0.5)
m m m m m m m m m m
28.8 (0.8) 29.4 (0.8) 17.3 (0.7) 5.5 (0.3) 0.8 (0.1)
34.3 (1.0) 19.6 (1.3) 6.6 (0.6) 1.0 (0.2) 0.0 (0.0)
m m m m m m m m m m
30.0 (1.1) 19.9 (0.8) 8.8 (0.8) 2.8 (0.5) 0.4 (0.2)
26.8 (1.1) 24.3 (0.8) 16.3 (0.7) 7.0 (0.6) 2.1 (0.4)
23.9 (1.0) 12.3 (0.8) 5.3 (0.6) 1.6 (0.3) 0.2 (0.1)
23.6 (0.5) 22.9 (0.5) 16.2 (0.4) 8.3 (0.3) 3.1 (0.2)
m m m m m m m m m m
15.8 (0.9) 27.4 (0.9) 27.5 (1.0) 16.3 (0.8) 5.4 (0.6)
m m m m m m m m m m
24.1 (0.9) 27.0 (1.0) 20.0 (1.0) 9.6 (0.7) 2.4 (0.3)
7.4 (0.4) 13.4 (0.5) 19.8 (0.7) 24.5 (0.7) 20.1 (0.9)
12.4 (0.7) 21.2 (0.8) 26.6 (0.7) 21.6 (0.9) 10.0 (0.7)
33.3 (1.1) 25.8 (1.1) 12.6 (1.0) 4.1 (0.6) 0.5 (0.1)
m m m m m m m m m m
20.4 (0.7) 22.1 (0.6) 18.8 (0.6) 12.4 (0.6) 5.4 (0.4)
23.3 (0.9) 26.1 (1.0) 20.4 (0.9) 9.7 (0.7) 2.5 (0.4)
m m m m m m m m m m
Level 6
(above 698.32
score points)
% S.E.
4.9 (0.3)
1.2 (0.2)
2.1 (0.2)
4.7 (0.4)
0.6 (0.1)
0.2 (0.1)
1.4 (0.2)
1.3 (0.2)
2.9 (0.4)
2.8 (0.4)
1.5 (0.3)
2.2 (0.3)
0.6 (0.2)
0.9 (0.2)
0.7 (0.2)
2.8 (0.3)
3.0 (0.4)
1.0 (0.2)
2.8 (0.3)
3.9 (0.6)
0.5 (0.2)
0.9 (0.2)
1.9 (0.3)
0.1 (0.1)
1.6 (0.3)
3.5 (0.4)
2.2 (0.3)
2.4 (0.4)
1.5 (0.3)
0.5 (0.2)
1.1 (0.3)
m m
3.5 (0.4)
1.5 (0.3)
0.8 (0.2)
3.5 (0.4)
4.1 (0.5)
2.0 (0.1)
2.4 (0.2)
0.1 (0.0)
m m
0.0 (0.0)
0.4 (0.1)
0.0 (0.0)
0.5 (0.1)
0.1 (0.1)
6.6 (0.7)
0.5 (0.1)
0.1 (0.1)
0.5 (0.1)
0.2 (0.1)
0.0 (0.0)
0.0 (0.0)
3.3 (0.5)
0.0 (0.0)
m m
0.0 (0.0)
0.0 c
m m
3.2 (0.4)
0.0 (0.0)
1.0 (0.2)
m m
0.0 (0.0)
0.0 c
m m
0.0 (0.0)
0.3 (0.1)
0.0 (0.0)
0.9 (0.1)
m m
0.9 (0.2)
m m
0.2 (0.1)
11.3 (0.6)
2.1 (0.4)
0.0 (0.0)
m m
1.6 (0.2)
0.3 (0.1)
m m

Table I.B1.19
Percentage of students at each level on the text structure subscale of reading "single"
Level 1c Level 1b
Below Level 1c
(less than 189.33
score points)
points) points)
% S.E. % S.E. % S.E.
OECD
Australia 0.3 (0.1) 1.9 (0.2) 5.9 (0.3)
Austria 0.1 (0.1) 1.6 (0.3) 7.8 (0.6)
Belgium 0.1 (0.1) 1.4 (0.2) 6.4 (0.5)
Canada 0.1 (0.0) 0.7 (0.1) 3.3 (0.2)
Chile 0.2 (0.1) 2.3 (0.4) 9.8 (0.7)
Colombia 0.3 (0.1) 4.0 (0.5) 16.8 (1.0)
Czech Republic 0.1 (0.1) 1.4 (0.3) 6.4 (0.6)
Denmark 0.1 (0.0) 0.9 (0.1) 4.4 (0.4)
Estonia 0.0 (0.0) 0.2 (0.1) 2.1 (0.3)
Finland 0.1 (0.0) 0.9 (0.2) 3.9 (0.4)
France 0.3 (0.1) 2.1 (0.2) 7.1 (0.5)
Germany 0.2 (0.1) 1.9 (0.3) 6.7 (0.6)
Greece 0.3 (0.1) 3.0 (0.5) 9.2 (0.8)
Hungary 0.1 (0.1) 1.4 (0.3) 7.5 (0.5)
Iceland 0.1 (0.1) 2.1 (0.4) 7.4 (0.6)
Ireland 0.0 (0.0) 0.4 (0.1) 3.2 (0.4)
Israel 1.6 (0.3) 5.1 (0.5) 9.7 (0.7)
Italy 0.2 (0.1) 1.9 (0.3) 7.0 (0.6)
Japan 0.1 (0.1) 1.1 (0.2) 5.1 (0.5)
Korea 0.2 (0.1) 1.3 (0.2) 4.2 (0.4)
Latvia 0.0 (0.0) 0.5 (0.2) 5.1 (0.4)
Lithuania 0.2 (0.1) 1.7 (0.3) 7.3 (0.4)
Luxembourg 0.4 (0.1) 3.1 (0.3) 10.7 (0.4)
Mexico 0.1 (0.1) 2.6 (0.4) 13.7 (0.8)
Netherlands* 0.2 (0.1) 1.3 (0.3) 6.9 (0.7)
New Zealand 0.1 (0.1) 1.4 (0.3) 6.0 (0.5)
Norway 0.3 (0.1) 1.9 (0.3) 6.0 (0.5)
Poland 0.1 (0.1) 0.8 (0.2) 3.4 (0.4)
Portugal* 0.2 (0.1) 1.4 (0.3) 6.3 (0.6)
Slovak Republic 0.4 (0.1) 3.0 (0.4) 10.2 (0.6)
Slovenia 0.1 (0.1) 0.8 (0.2) 4.5 (0.4)
Spain m m m m m m
Sweden 0.2 (0.1) 1.5 (0.3) 5.3 (0.5)
Switzerland 0.2 (0.1) 2.2 (0.3) 8.3 (0.6)
Turkey 0.0 (0.0) 0.7 (0.2) 5.5 (0.6)
United Kingdom 0.2 (0.1) 1.3 (0.2) 5.1 (0.5)
United States* 0.1 (0.1) 1.6 (0.3) 6.1 (0.5)
OECD average 0.2 (0.0) 1.7 (0.0) 6.8 (0.1)
OECD total 0.2 (0.0) 1.7 (0.1) 7.3 (0.2)
Partners
Albania 0.6 (0.2) 4.6 (0.4) 17.7 (0.6)
Baku (Azerbaijan) 0.6 (0.1) 6.7 (0.4) 21.8 (0.8)
Belarus 0.1 (0.1) 1.2 (0.2) 6.3 (0.5)
Brazil 0.8 (0.2) 6.6 (0.4) 19.0 (0.7)
B-S-J-Z (China) 0.0 (0.0) 0.2 (0.1) 0.9 (0.2)
Bulgaria 0.8 (0.2) 6.4 (0.8) 18.2 (1.1)
Costa Rica 0.1 (0.1) 1.9 (0.3) 12.2 (0.8)
Croatia 0.1 (0.1) 0.8 (0.2) 5.7 (0.5)
Cyprus 1.0 (0.2) 5.9 (0.4) 15.0 (0.6)
Georgia 2.3 (0.4) 11.4 (0.8) 23.4 (0.9)
Hong Kong (China)* 0.0 (0.0) 0.8 (0.2) 3.2 (0.4)
Indonesia 0.5 (0.2) 6.9 (0.6) 26.3 (1.1)
Jordan m m m m m m
Kazakhstan 0.3 (0.1) 4.3 (0.3) 20.9 (0.6)
Kosovo 0.6 (0.2) 10.2 (0.6) 33.6 (0.9)
Lebanon m m m m m m
Macao (China) 0.0 (0.0) 0.4 (0.1) 2.0 (0.3)
Malaysia 0.2 (0.1) 3.3 (0.4) 14.9 (0.8)
Malta 1.3 (0.3) 6.2 (0.6) 12.5 (0.7)
Moldova m m m m m m
Montenegro 0.6 (0.2) 4.6 (0.4) 14.6 (0.7)
Morocco 0.5 (0.1) 9.7 (0.8) 30.6 (1.3)
Panama 1.8 (0.4) 9.9 (0.8) 24.5 (1.0)
Peru 0.5 (0.1) 4.7 (0.5) 17.6 (0.8)
Philippines 2.5 (0.4) 18.9 (1.1) 35.3 (1.2)
Qatar 1.8 (0.2) 8.1 (0.4) 17.6 (0.4)
Romania m m m m m m
Russia 0.1 (0.1) 1.6 (0.3) 6.3 (0.6)
Serbia 0.6 (0.1) 4.5 (0.5) 13.3 (0.9)
Singapore 0.1 (0.0) 0.6 (0.1) 3.0 (0.3)
Chinese Taipei 0.2 (0.1) 1.5 (0.2) 5.1 (0.4)
Thailand 0.4 (0.1) 4.5 (0.5) 20.2 (1.0)
Ukraine m m m m m m
Uruguay 0.8 (0.2) 5.2 (0.5) 14.4 (0.8)

All students
% S.E. % S.E. % S.E. % S.E. % S.E.
12.4 (0.4) 20.4 (0.5) 24.6 (0.6) 20.9 (0.5) 10.4 (0.3)
16.7 (0.8) 22.8 (0.8) 25.5 (0.9) 18.3 (0.9) 6.4 (0.6)
14.5 (0.6) 21.5 (0.7) 26.0 (0.8) 20.4 (0.6) 8.4 (0.5)
9.9 (0.4) 19.8 (0.5) 26.7 (0.7) 23.9 (0.6) 12.1 (0.5)
21.1 (1.0) 28.5 (0.8) 23.7 (0.9) 11.6 (0.7) 2.6 (0.3)
28.9 (1.0) 27.1 (1.0) 15.9 (0.9) 5.9 (0.5) 1.0 (0.2)
15.2 (0.7) 24.3 (0.9) 26.5 (0.9) 18.4 (0.8) 6.7 (0.5)
12.9 (0.5) 24.2 (0.7) 28.6 (0.9) 20.5 (0.9) 7.2 (0.5)
8.8 (0.6) 21.6 (0.8) 29.8 (0.9) 24.3 (0.9) 10.9 (0.5)
10.1 (0.6) 19.4 (0.9) 26.3 (1.1) 24.5 (0.9) 12.0 (0.6)
14.3 (0.7) 21.6 (0.8) 25.3 (0.8) 19.7 (0.7) 8.1 (0.6)
13.8 (0.8) 20.4 (0.9) 24.8 (0.7) 20.8 (0.8) 9.4 (0.7)
17.4 (0.9) 26.2 (0.9) 25.0 (1.0) 14.4 (0.8) 3.9 (0.5)
16.4 (0.7) 25.0 (1.1) 27.5 (0.9) 17.2 (0.8) 4.6 (0.5)
15.8 (0.8) 24.0 (1.0) 25.0 (1.0) 17.3 (0.8) 7.0 (0.5)
10.2 (0.6) 21.9 (0.9) 29.1 (0.9) 23.3 (0.8) 9.9 (0.6)
14.5 (0.8) 19.2 (0.8) 21.4 (0.8) 17.8 (0.8) 8.7 (0.6)
15.7 (0.7) 25.4 (0.9) 27.5 (0.8) 17.1 (0.7) 4.8 (0.4)
12.6 (0.7) 22.2 (0.8) 27.4 (0.9) 21.6 (0.8) 8.4 (0.6)
9.4 (0.6) 18.3 (0.7) 26.8 (0.8) 24.9 (1.0) 11.9 (0.7)
16.4 (0.7) 27.6 (0.9) 29.2 (1.0) 16.7 (0.7) 4.1 (0.4)
16.5 (0.6) 25.0 (0.7) 27.2 (0.8) 16.7 (0.6) 4.9 (0.4)
17.7 (0.6) 22.2 (0.8) 22.8 (0.8) 15.2 (0.6) 6.6 (0.4)
29.2 (1.0) 30.6 (0.9) 17.2 (0.9) 5.5 (0.6) 0.9 (0.2)
15.6 (0.8) 22.4 (0.8) 24.1 (1.1) 19.9 (0.8) 8.5 (0.6)
12.4 (0.6) 20.3 (0.6) 24.5 (0.7) 21.9 (0.6) 10.7 (0.5)
12.1 (0.6) 21.0 (0.7) 25.7 (0.8) 21.3 (0.8) 9.6 (0.5)
10.9 (0.6) 21.6 (0.8) 27.4 (0.7) 23.0 (0.9) 10.4 (0.7)
14.5 (0.6) 22.4 (0.7) 27.3 (0.8) 20.5 (0.9) 6.6 (0.6)
19.6 (0.7) 26.0 (0.8) 23.0 (0.7) 13.2 (0.6) 4.0 (0.4)
12.6 (0.6) 24.0 (0.7) 29.8 (0.8) 20.7 (0.9) 6.6 (0.5)
m m m m m m m m m m
12.1 (0.7) 20.9 (0.7) 25.7 (0.9) 22.1 (0.9) 10.2 (0.7)
15.8 (0.8) 23.2 (0.8) 25.0 (0.9) 17.4 (0.9) 6.7 (0.5)
17.2 (0.7) 29.3 (0.8) 28.1 (0.9) 15.1 (0.7) 3.6 (0.4)
12.6 (0.7) 23.0 (0.7) 26.5 (0.8) 20.5 (0.7) 8.8 (0.6)
13.0 (0.8) 20.6 (0.9) 23.9 (0.9) 20.8 (0.9) 10.7 (0.8)
15.0 (0.1) 23.2 (0.1) 25.6 (0.1) 18.7 (0.1) 7.4 (0.1)
16.0 (0.3) 23.3 (0.3) 24.3 (0.3) 17.9 (0.3) 7.6 (0.2)
31.1 (0.9) 28.3 (0.8) 13.7 (0.7) 3.5 (0.4) 0.5 (0.1)
m m m m m m m m m m
34.4 (0.9) 25.9 (0.8) 8.7 (0.8) 1.6 (0.4) 0.2 (0.1)
16.2 (0.8) 27.1 (1.0) 28.5 (0.9) 16.3 (0.8) 3.9 (0.4)
30.0 (0.9) 25.9 (1.0) 13.6 (0.9) 3.4 (0.4) 0.4 (0.1)
25.0 (0.6) 23.0 (0.6) 15.9 (0.6) 7.4 (0.5) 1.9 (0.2)
27.2 (0.7) 23.6 (0.6) 15.4 (0.5) 7.0 (0.4) 1.6 (0.2)
4.1 (0.5) 14.1 (0.7) 27.6 (0.9) 30.0 (0.9) 18.2 (1.0)
23.8 (1.0) 23.3 (1.0) 16.9 (0.9) 8.2 (0.6) 2.2 (0.3)
28.9 (1.0) 31.6 (1.0) 18.8 (1.0) 5.9 (0.9) 0.5 (0.2)
16.4 (0.8) 28.3 (0.8) 28.6 (1.0) 15.8 (0.8) 4.1 (0.4)
21.8 (0.7) 25.3 (0.8) 19.1 (0.7) 9.3 (0.5) 2.3 (0.3)
28.8 (0.9) 14.7 (0.9) 4.9 (0.5) 0.9 (0.3) 0.1 (0.1)
28.1 (0.8) 20.8 (0.8) 10.5 (0.6) 3.0 (0.4) 0.4 (0.1)
8.0 (0.6) 16.5 (0.7) 27.3 (0.8) 28.0 (0.8) 13.5 (0.7)
34.2 (1.2) 22.2 (1.2) 8.3 (0.8) 1.5 (0.3) 0.1 (0.1)
m m m m m m m m m m
35.6 (0.8) 24.9 (0.6) 10.4 (0.4) 3.1 (0.3) 0.6 (0.1)
36.1 (1.0) 16.2 (0.7) 3.1 (0.4) 0.2 (0.1) 0.0 c
m m m m m m m m m m
7.6 (0.6) 18.5 (0.7) 29.8 (0.8) 27.3 (1.0) 12.3 (0.7)
27.9 (1.0) 31.0 (0.9) 17.8 (0.9) 4.5 (0.6) 0.4 (0.2)
18.1 (0.8) 22.2 (0.9) 20.7 (0.9) 12.9 (0.6) 4.9 (0.4)
m m m m m m m m m m
25.8 (0.7) 28.6 (0.7) 18.4 (0.6) 6.4 (0.5) 1.0 (0.2)
32.3 (0.9) 20.3 (1.3) 6.1 (0.6) 0.7 (0.2) 0.0 (0.0)
m m m m m m m m m m
30.6 (1.1) 21.3 (0.9) 9.2 (0.8) 2.4 (0.4) 0.2 (0.1)
28.6 (0.9) 27.1 (0.9) 15.6 (0.9) 5.1 (0.6) 0.8 (0.2)
24.3 (0.8) 12.6 (0.8) 5.1 (0.7) 1.2 (0.3) 0.1 (0.1)
23.6 (0.5) 23.1 (0.4) 15.9 (0.4) 7.3 (0.2) 2.2 (0.2)
m m m m m m m m m m
15.4 (0.8) 27.1 (0.8) 27.1 (1.0) 16.6 (0.9) 5.1 (0.5)
m m m m m m m m m m
21.3 (0.7) 25.7 (0.9) 21.1 (0.9) 10.3 (0.6) 2.8 (0.3)
7.5 (0.4) 13.2 (0.6) 21.9 (0.6) 26.0 (0.6) 19.5 (0.7)
11.9 (0.6) 21.7 (0.7) 26.7 (0.8) 21.6 (0.8) 9.6 (0.7)
32.8 (1.0) 25.5 (0.9) 12.9 (1.0) 3.5 (0.5) 0.3 (0.1)
m m m m m m m m m m
21.1 (0.5) 22.9 (0.6) 18.5 (0.6) 11.0 (0.5) 4.3 (0.3)
23.0 (0.9) 25.9 (1.1) 19.9 (0.9) 8.7 (0.8) 1.9 (0.3)
m m m m m m m m m m
Level 6
(above 698.32
score points)
% S.E.
3.2 (0.2)
0.8 (0.2)
1.3 (0.2)
3.4 (0.3)
0.2 (0.1)
0.0 (0.0)
1.0 (0.2)
1.3 (0.3)
2.3 (0.3)
2.8 (0.3)
1.4 (0.2)
2.1 (0.3)
0.5 (0.1)
0.3 (0.1)
1.2 (0.3)
1.8 (0.3)
2.0 (0.3)
0.5 (0.1)
1.6 (0.3)
3.0 (0.4)
0.3 (0.1)
0.6 (0.1)
1.2 (0.2)
0.0 (0.0)
1.2 (0.3)
2.6 (0.3)
2.0 (0.3)
2.4 (0.4)
0.9 (0.2)
0.5 (0.1)
0.9 (0.2)
m m
2.1 (0.3)
1.1 (0.3)
0.3 (0.1)
2.1 (0.3)
3.1 (0.4)
1.4 (0.0)
1.8 (0.1)
0.0 (0.0)
m m
0.0 (0.0)
0.3 (0.1)
0.0 (0.0)
0.3 (0.1)
0.1 (0.0)
4.7 (0.5)
0.3 (0.1)
0.0 (0.0)
0.3 (0.1)
0.2 (0.1)
0.0 c
0.0 (0.0)
2.6 (0.3)
0.0 (0.0)
m m
0.0 (0.0)
0.0 c
m m
2.1 (0.3)
0.0 (0.0)
1.1 (0.2)
m m
0.1 (0.0)
0.0 c
m m
0.0 (0.0)
0.0 (0.0)
0.0 (0.0)
0.4 (0.1)
m m
0.7 (0.2)
m m
0.3 (0.1)
8.2 (0.4)
1.7 (0.3)
0.0 (0.0)
m m
0.9 (0.1)
0.1 (0.1)
m m

Table I.B1.20
Percentage of students at each level on the text structure subscale of reading "multiple"
Level 1c Level 1b
Below Level 1c
(less than 189.33
score points)
points) points)
% S.E. % S.E. % S.E.
OECD
Australia 0.1 (0.0) 1.3 (0.1) 5.4 (0.3)
Austria 0.1 (0.1) 0.8 (0.2) 6.5 (0.5)
Belgium 0.0 (0.0) 0.8 (0.2) 4.7 (0.4)
Canada 0.1 (0.0) 0.6 (0.1) 3.2 (0.3)
Chile 0.1 (0.1) 2.0 (0.4) 9.7 (0.7)
Colombia 0.2 (0.1) 3.9 (0.5) 16.5 (1.1)
Czech Republic 0.1 (0.1) 0.8 (0.2) 4.8 (0.5)
Denmark 0.0 (0.0) 0.5 (0.1) 3.5 (0.4)
Estonia 0.0 (0.0) 0.2 (0.1) 1.8 (0.2)
Finland 0.0 (0.0) 0.6 (0.1) 3.3 (0.4)
France 0.1 (0.1) 1.3 (0.2) 5.9 (0.5)
Germany 0.1 (0.1) 1.2 (0.2) 6.0 (0.6)
Greece 0.2 (0.1) 2.5 (0.4) 9.3 (0.8)
Hungary 0.1 (0.1) 1.1 (0.2) 7.1 (0.6)
Iceland 0.0 (0.0) 1.2 (0.2) 6.8 (0.5)
Ireland 0.0 (0.0) 0.3 (0.1) 2.8 (0.3)
Israel 0.9 (0.2) 5.0 (0.6) 10.3 (0.7)
Italy 0.2 (0.1) 1.7 (0.3) 6.4 (0.6)
Japan 0.1 (0.1) 0.8 (0.2) 4.4 (0.4)
Korea 0.1 (0.1) 0.8 (0.2) 3.7 (0.4)
Latvia 0.0 (0.0) 0.5 (0.1) 5.2 (0.4)
Lithuania 0.1 (0.0) 1.3 (0.2) 7.0 (0.5)
Luxembourg 0.1 (0.1) 2.0 (0.2) 8.9 (0.4)
Mexico 0.1 (0.1) 2.4 (0.4) 13.7 (0.8)
Netherlands* 0.0 (0.0) 0.9 (0.2) 4.9 (0.5)
New Zealand 0.1 (0.0) 0.9 (0.2) 4.9 (0.4)
Norway 0.1 (0.0) 1.3 (0.2) 5.4 (0.4)
Poland 0.0 (0.1) 0.6 (0.2) 3.2 (0.4)
Portugal* 0.1 (0.1) 0.9 (0.2) 5.2 (0.5)
Slovak Republic 0.3 (0.1) 1.9 (0.3) 7.9 (0.6)
Slovenia 0.0 (0.0) 0.7 (0.2) 4.1 (0.4)
Spain m m m m m m
Sweden 0.1 (0.1) 1.2 (0.2) 5.0 (0.5)
Switzerland 0.1 (0.1) 1.0 (0.3) 6.5 (0.6)
Turkey 0.0 (0.0) 0.7 (0.2) 6.1 (0.5)
United Kingdom 0.1 (0.0) 0.9 (0.2) 4.2 (0.4)
United States* 0.1 (0.1) 1.2 (0.3) 5.8 (0.5)
OECD average 0.1 (0.0) 1.3 (0.0) 6.1 (0.1)
OECD total 0.1 (0.0) 1.4 (0.1) 6.8 (0.2)
Partners
Albania 0.3 (0.1) 4.1 (0.4) 17.9 (0.8)
Baku (Azerbaijan) 0.4 (0.1) 5.4 (0.5) 21.2 (0.8)
Belarus 0.0 (0.0) 0.9 (0.2) 5.6 (0.5)
Brazil 0.5 (0.1) 5.8 (0.5) 18.4 (0.7)
B-S-J-Z (China) 0.0 (0.0) 0.1 (0.1) 0.6 (0.2)
Bulgaria 0.7 (0.2) 6.2 (0.7) 17.7 (1.0)
Costa Rica 0.2 (0.1) 2.2 (0.3) 12.3 (0.8)
Croatia 0.0 (0.0) 0.9 (0.2) 5.4 (0.5)
Cyprus 0.5 (0.1) 4.7 (0.4) 14.6 (0.7)
Georgia 1.2 (0.2) 9.0 (0.6) 24.6 (1.0)
Hong Kong (China)* 0.1 (0.1) 0.9 (0.2) 3.6 (0.4)
Indonesia 0.4 (0.1) 6.5 (0.6) 26.8 (1.2)
Jordan m m m m m m
Kazakhstan 0.2 (0.1) 3.3 (0.3) 20.4 (0.6)
Kosovo 0.6 (0.2) 9.7 (0.6) 32.4 (1.0)
Lebanon m m m m m m
Macao (China) 0.1 (0.0) 0.2 (0.1) 1.9 (0.3)
Malaysia 0.2 (0.1) 2.9 (0.4) 14.0 (0.9)
Malta 0.6 (0.2) 4.8 (0.5) 12.1 (0.6)
Moldova m m m m m m
Montenegro 0.3 (0.1) 3.8 (0.3) 14.7 (0.5)
Morocco 0.3 (0.1) 8.9 (0.7) 31.7 (1.4)
Panama 1.8 (0.4) 10.1 (0.7) 24.5 (1.0)
Peru 0.4 (0.1) 4.6 (0.5) 17.6 (0.9)
Philippines 1.1 (0.2) 15.4 (0.9) 36.5 (1.0)
Qatar 1.6 (0.1) 8.0 (0.3) 17.4 (0.4)
Romania m m m m m m
Russia 0.1 (0.0) 1.1 (0.2) 5.4 (0.6)
Serbia 0.3 (0.1) 3.4 (0.5) 12.6 (0.8)
Singapore 0.0 (0.0) 0.4 (0.1) 2.8 (0.3)
Chinese Taipei 0.1 (0.1) 1.2 (0.2) 4.5 (0.4)
Thailand 0.1 (0.1) 2.9 (0.4) 18.7 (1.0)
Ukraine m m m m m m
Uruguay 0.4 (0.1) 3.7 (0.4) 13.2 (0.7)

All students
% S.E. % S.E. % S.E. % S.E. % S.E.
12.2 (0.4) 20.5 (0.6) 25.0 (0.5) 21.4 (0.5) 10.9 (0.4)
16.6 (0.7) 23.8 (0.9) 25.7 (0.8) 18.8 (0.7) 6.9 (0.5)
13.8 (0.7) 22.0 (0.8) 26.6 (0.8) 21.3 (0.7) 9.1 (0.5)
9.9 (0.4) 19.9 (0.5) 26.4 (0.6) 24.3 (0.8) 12.4 (0.6)
21.0 (0.8) 28.7 (0.9) 23.7 (0.9) 11.8 (0.7) 2.7 (0.3)
29.9 (1.1) 26.5 (1.0) 15.8 (0.9) 6.1 (0.6) 1.1 (0.2)
14.7 (0.8) 23.9 (0.9) 26.7 (1.0) 19.2 (0.7) 8.3 (0.5)
11.7 (0.6) 23.5 (0.9) 30.2 (1.0) 21.8 (0.8) 7.6 (0.6)
8.1 (0.5) 20.0 (0.7) 29.7 (0.8) 24.8 (0.9) 12.1 (0.6)
10.0 (0.6) 19.4 (0.6) 27.3 (0.7) 24.9 (0.8) 11.7 (0.6)
13.7 (0.6) 22.1 (0.8) 26.1 (0.7) 20.4 (0.7) 8.9 (0.6)
14.1 (0.8) 21.3 (0.9) 24.9 (0.8) 20.9 (0.8) 9.6 (0.7)
18.7 (0.8) 27.0 (0.9) 24.4 (0.9) 13.7 (0.7) 3.9 (0.4)
16.9 (0.9) 24.2 (0.9) 25.1 (0.9) 18.0 (0.9) 6.5 (0.6)
15.6 (0.7) 26.4 (0.9) 26.2 (0.9) 16.7 (0.8) 6.1 (0.5)
9.9 (0.6) 21.5 (0.7) 29.3 (0.7) 23.9 (0.7) 10.4 (0.6)
15.1 (0.7) 19.3 (0.8) 20.6 (0.8) 17.4 (1.0) 9.1 (0.6)
14.4 (0.7) 25.1 (0.9) 27.5 (0.8) 18.2 (0.7) 5.7 (0.5)
11.9 (0.7) 21.9 (0.9) 27.1 (0.8) 21.6 (0.8) 10.0 (0.6)
8.8 (0.6) 17.8 (0.7) 26.7 (0.9) 25.4 (0.9) 13.2 (0.8)
15.9 (0.6) 27.0 (0.7) 28.0 (0.8) 17.4 (0.7) 5.3 (0.4)
17.4 (0.6) 25.3 (0.7) 26.6 (0.7) 16.6 (0.7) 5.0 (0.4)
17.3 (0.7) 23.0 (0.8) 23.5 (0.8) 16.5 (0.6) 7.2 (0.4)
29.6 (0.9) 30.7 (0.9) 17.3 (0.9) 5.3 (0.6) 0.8 (0.2)
14.0 (0.8) 24.3 (0.9) 26.2 (1.1) 19.7 (0.9) 8.7 (0.6)
12.2 (0.6) 20.2 (0.7) 25.0 (0.9) 22.8 (0.8) 11.3 (0.5)
12.1 (0.6) 21.4 (0.7) 26.0 (0.8) 21.6 (0.6) 10.1 (0.6)
10.3 (0.6) 21.8 (0.8) 27.9 (0.8) 23.4 (0.9) 10.6 (0.7)
14.3 (0.8) 22.4 (0.8) 27.4 (0.8) 21.3 (0.8) 7.3 (0.6)
18.6 (0.7) 26.9 (0.8) 24.4 (0.8) 14.6 (0.7) 4.8 (0.5)
13.2 (0.5) 24.6 (0.9) 28.6 (0.9) 20.1 (0.7) 7.4 (0.7)
m m m m m m m m m m
11.8 (0.7) 19.7 (0.7) 24.8 (0.9) 22.3 (0.8) 12.0 (0.7)
15.3 (0.8) 22.8 (1.0) 26.0 (1.1) 19.2 (0.9) 7.7 (0.6)
18.1 (0.8) 28.8 (1.0) 27.2 (1.0) 14.7 (0.6) 3.9 (0.5)
11.6 (0.7) 22.2 (0.7) 26.8 (0.6) 21.8 (0.7) 10.0 (0.6)
12.8 (0.8) 20.6 (0.8) 24.3 (0.8) 21.2 (1.0) 10.8 (0.9)
14.8 (0.1) 23.2 (0.1) 25.7 (0.1) 19.1 (0.1) 8.0 (0.1)
15.8 (0.3) 23.3 (0.3) 24.4 (0.3) 18.2 (0.3) 8.1 (0.3)
31.2 (0.9) 28.0 (0.8) 13.9 (0.6) 4.1 (0.4) 0.6 (0.1)
m m m m m m m m m m
34.2 (1.0) 26.6 (0.9) 9.8 (0.7) 2.1 (0.5) 0.3 (0.2)
16.0 (0.7) 27.4 (0.8) 27.9 (0.9) 17.2 (0.8) 4.5 (0.4)
31.8 (0.9) 27.1 (1.0) 13.8 (0.8) 3.3 (0.4) 0.3 (0.1)
26.4 (0.7) 23.9 (0.7) 15.8 (0.6) 7.2 (0.5) 1.8 (0.2)
28.6 (0.6) 25.3 (0.5) 16.4 (0.5) 7.1 (0.4) 1.3 (0.2)
3.6 (0.4) 12.3 (0.8) 26.6 (0.9) 32.1 (1.1) 19.5 (0.9)
23.4 (1.1) 23.6 (1.0) 16.9 (0.9) 8.7 (0.7) 2.4 (0.3)
27.5 (1.0) 30.5 (0.9) 19.3 (0.9) 7.0 (0.9) 1.0 (0.3)
16.3 (0.9) 27.6 (0.9) 27.9 (0.9) 16.4 (0.8) 5.0 (0.4)
23.2 (0.9) 26.5 (0.7) 19.6 (0.6) 8.7 (0.4) 1.9 (0.3)
28.4 (1.0) 15.1 (1.0) 5.5 (0.6) 1.1 (0.3) 0.2 (0.1)
31.2 (0.9) 21.8 (0.8) 9.5 (0.6) 2.4 (0.3) 0.2 (0.1)
8.0 (0.6) 16.6 (0.6) 26.6 (0.8) 27.0 (0.8) 13.9 (0.7)
36.3 (1.2) 21.0 (1.0) 7.2 (0.7) 1.7 (0.4) 0.1 (0.1)
m m m m m m m m m m
36.8 (0.7) 25.2 (0.7) 10.3 (0.4) 3.3 (0.3) 0.6 (0.1)
35.3 (1.0) 17.2 (0.7) 4.3 (0.4) 0.5 (0.1) 0.0 (0.0)
m m m m m m m m m m
7.3 (0.5) 18.8 (0.8) 29.8 (0.9) 27.2 (0.8) 12.5 (0.7)
26.7 (1.1) 31.5 (0.9) 18.9 (1.0) 5.2 (0.6) 0.6 (0.2)
18.5 (0.8) 23.5 (0.8) 22.4 (1.0) 12.9 (0.7) 4.5 (0.5)
m m m m m m m m m m
27.8 (0.7) 29.2 (0.6) 17.4 (0.5) 5.9 (0.4) 0.9 (0.1)
32.8 (0.8) 19.6 (1.2) 5.9 (0.6) 0.8 (0.2) 0.0 (0.0)
m m m m m m m m m m
30.0 (1.1) 21.0 (0.9) 9.3 (0.8) 2.9 (0.4) 0.4 (0.1)
28.3 (1.0) 26.2 (0.9) 15.6 (0.8) 6.0 (0.6) 1.2 (0.3)
26.6 (0.9) 13.6 (0.7) 5.4 (0.7) 1.3 (0.3) 0.1 (0.1)
23.3 (0.5) 22.7 (0.5) 15.9 (0.4) 8.0 (0.3) 2.6 (0.2)
m m m m m m m m m m
14.9 (0.8) 27.2 (1.0) 28.0 (0.8) 17.0 (0.8) 5.5 (0.5)
m m m m m m m m m m
22.5 (0.8) 27.0 (0.8) 21.0 (0.8) 10.4 (0.7) 2.5 (0.3)
7.6 (0.4) 14.2 (0.6) 21.9 (0.6) 26.1 (0.8) 19.4 (0.6)
11.4 (0.6) 21.2 (0.7) 27.2 (0.7) 22.1 (0.7) 10.2 (0.7)
33.6 (1.0) 27.4 (0.9) 13.1 (0.9) 3.9 (0.5) 0.3 (0.1)
m m m m m m m m m m
21.3 (0.4) 23.0 (0.6) 18.7 (0.7) 11.1 (0.6) 4.4 (0.3)
23.3 (0.9) 27.1 (0.9) 21.0 (0.8) 9.3 (0.8) 1.8 (0.3)
m m m m m m m m m m
Level 6
(above 698.32
score points)
% S.E.
3.3 (0.3)
0.9 (0.2)
1.7 (0.3)
3.3 (0.3)
0.3 (0.1)
0.1 (0.0)
1.5 (0.3)
1.2 (0.3)
3.2 (0.3)
2.6 (0.3)
1.5 (0.2)
2.0 (0.2)
0.4 (0.1)
0.9 (0.2)
0.9 (0.2)
2.0 (0.3)
2.4 (0.3)
0.8 (0.2)
2.3 (0.3)
3.4 (0.5)
0.7 (0.2)
0.7 (0.1)
1.6 (0.2)
0.1 (0.0)
1.4 (0.3)
2.6 (0.3)
2.0 (0.3)
2.3 (0.4)
1.1 (0.2)
0.7 (0.2)
1.3 (0.3)
m m
3.2 (0.4)
1.4 (0.3)
0.4 (0.1)
2.5 (0.3)
3.1 (0.4)
1.7 (0.0)
1.9 (0.1)
0.0 (0.0)
m m
0.0 (0.0)
0.4 (0.1)
0.0 c
0.2 (0.1)
0.0 (0.0)
5.1 (0.6)
0.4 (0.1)
0.0 (0.0)
0.5 (0.1)
0.2 (0.1)
0.0 (0.0)
0.0 (0.0)
3.3 (0.3)
0.0 (0.0)
m m
0.0 (0.0)
0.0 c
m m
2.3 (0.4)
0.0 (0.0)
0.8 (0.2)
m m
0.0 (0.0)
0.0 c
m m
0.0 (0.0)
0.1 (0.1)
0.0 (0.0)
0.5 (0.1)
m m
0.8 (0.2)
m m
0.2 (0.1)
7.7 (0.5)
2.0 (0.3)
0.0 (0.0)
m m
1.0 (0.1)
0.1 (0.1)
m m

Table I.B1.21
Mean score and variation in the cognitive process subscale of reading "locate information"

5th

OECD
Australia 499 (2.2) 107 (1.3) 313 (3.9)
Austria 480 (2.9) 103 (1.6) 305 (5.4)
Belgium 498 (2.6) 104 (1.8) 318 (5.2)
Canada 517 (2.3) 100 (1.4) 347 (3.7)
Chile 441 (3.2) 98 (1.6) 276 (4.7)
Colombia 404 (3.6) 95 (1.9) 253 (4.6)
Czech Republic 492 (2.9) 104 (2.4) 317 (7.5)
Denmark 501 (2.3) 94 (1.4) 339 (4.2)
Estonia 529 (2.2) 92 (1.3) 374 (4.7)
Finland 526 (2.5) 102 (1.9) 345 (6.0)
France 496 (2.9) 110 (2.0) 302 (5.1)
Germany 498 (3.4) 113 (1.8) 306 (7.0)
Greece 458 (3.8) 103 (2.0) 277 (6.4)
Hungary 471 (2.4) 98 (1.4) 299 (4.9)
Iceland 482 (1.9) 106 (1.5) 296 (5.0)
Ireland 521 (2.3) 92 (1.4) 361 (5.2)
Israel 461 (4.1) 130 (2.4) 235 (7.4)
Italy 470 (2.9) 106 (2.1) 284 (6.9)
Japan 499 (2.8) 98 (1.9) 331 (5.9)
Korea 521 (3.1) 106 (2.1) 330 (6.1)
Latvia 483 (2.4) 95 (1.3) 324 (4.4)
Lithuania 474 (2.0) 98 (1.3) 305 (4.7)
Luxembourg 470 (1.5) 109 (1.4) 285 (4.0)
Mexico 416 (3.1) 88 (1.8) 272 (5.0)
Netherlands* 500 (3.0) 102 (2.1) 326 (6.3)
New Zealand 506 (2.5) 106 (1.7) 321 (5.0)
Norway 503 (2.6) 108 (1.6) 311 (5.2)
Poland 514 (2.8) 101 (1.7) 344 (5.3)
Portugal* 489 (2.9) 102 (1.6) 313 (4.9)
Slovak Republic 461 (2.6) 105 (1.7) 280 (6.3)
Slovenia 498 (1.6) 101 (1.3) 326 (4.2)
Spain m m m m m m
Sweden 511 (3.1) 108 (1.9) 319 (6.9)
Switzerland 483 (3.4) 106 (2.0) 301 (6.0)
Turkey 463 (2.4) 89 (1.9) 312 (5.8)
United Kingdom 507 (3.0) 105 (1.5) 328 (6.1)
United States* 501 (3.5) 107 (1.9) 316 (5.7)
OECD average 487 (0.5) 103 (0.3) 311 (0.9)
OECD total 483 (1.2) 108 (0.6) 301 (1.8)
Partners
Albania 394 (2.4) 85 (1.3) 256 (3.8)
Baku (Azerbaijan) 383 (2.8) 83 (2.2) 248 (3.1)
Belarus 480 (2.7) 95 (1.6) 316 (5.2)
Brazil 398 (2.6) 108 (1.4) 229 (3.4)
B-S-J-Z (China) 553 (3.1) 93 (2.0) 394 (6.1)
Bulgaria 413 (4.3) 109 (2.0) 240 (5.3)
Costa Rica 425 (3.8) 89 (1.8) 277 (4.8)
Croatia 478 (3.0) 98 (2.0) 309 (5.6)
Cyprus 424 (1.6) 109 (1.4) 241 (4.1)
Georgia 362 (2.6) 93 (1.5) 214 (3.9)
Hong Kong (China)* 528 (3.1) 101 (1.6) 342 (6.9)
Indonesia 372 (3.0) 84 (2.0) 240 (4.3)
Jordan m m m m m m
Kazakhstan 389 (2.0) 87 (1.7) 258 (3.4)
Kosovo 340 (1.5) 76 (1.1) 218 (3.5)
Lebanon m m m m m m
Macao (China) 529 (1.6) 88 (1.2) 376 (3.8)
Malaysia 424 (3.1) 91 (1.7) 270 (5.0)
Malta 453 (2.2) 116 (1.6) 250 (4.9)
Moldova m m m m m m
Montenegro 417 (1.5) 94 (1.2) 258 (3.4)
Morocco 356 (3.8) 84 (1.5) 227 (3.3)
Panama 367 (3.5) 99 (2.5) 209 (6.5)
Peru 398 (3.2) 97 (1.7) 244 (4.5)
Philippines 343 (3.8) 93 (2.3) 205 (3.5)
Qatar 404 (1.2) 118 (1.0) 212 (2.5)
Romania m m m m m m
Russia 479 (3.6) 101 (2.3) 306 (6.9)
Serbia 434 (3.7) 106 (2.1) 257 (5.5)
Singapore 553 (1.7) 105 (1.3) 363 (4.8)
Chinese Taipei 499 (3.2) 106 (1.7) 313 (6.1)
Thailand 393 (3.6) 86 (1.8) 258 (4.5)
Ukraine m m m m m m
Uruguay 420 (3.2) 101 (1.7) 252 (5.0)

Percentiles
355 (3.4) 428 (2.8) 505 (2.5) 575 (2.3) 634 (3.0)
341 (4.9) 407 (3.9) 485 (3.3) 555 (3.1) 611 (2.8)
357 (4.1) 427 (3.7) 504 (3.1) 574 (2.9) 629 (2.9)
387 (3.0) 452 (2.7) 521 (2.6) 587 (2.8) 642 (3.4)
312 (3.9) 374 (4.2) 443 (3.7) 509 (4.0) 565 (4.0)
284 (4.6) 337 (4.0) 400 (4.1) 469 (4.5) 530 (4.8)
356 (5.6) 422 (4.2) 495 (3.5) 566 (3.0) 625 (4.3)
377 (4.1) 438 (3.0) 505 (2.8) 565 (2.4) 619 (3.5)
409 (4.1) 467 (2.8) 530 (2.7) 592 (2.8) 645 (2.8)
389 (5.0) 460 (3.8) 533 (2.8) 598 (2.8) 651 (2.9)
348 (4.2) 423 (4.0) 502 (3.7) 576 (4.1) 633 (4.6)
346 (5.1) 420 (4.6) 503 (4.0) 580 (3.7) 642 (4.0)
319 (6.5) 390 (5.3) 464 (4.3) 532 (3.7) 587 (3.7)
338 (3.7) 404 (3.3) 476 (3.1) 541 (3.1) 594 (3.3)
338 (4.0) 411 (3.0) 486 (2.6) 557 (3.0) 616 (4.0)
398 (3.9) 460 (2.9) 525 (2.6) 586 (2.6) 636 (3.3)
279 (6.9) 370 (6.6) 471 (5.2) 558 (4.4) 624 (4.0)
329 (5.3) 403 (3.9) 476 (3.1) 543 (3.7) 600 (3.9)
370 (4.9) 435 (4.0) 504 (3.3) 568 (3.2) 621 (3.5)
378 (5.5) 455 (4.0) 529 (3.0) 595 (3.5) 650 (3.9)
358 (3.1) 417 (3.1) 484 (2.8) 549 (2.8) 607 (2.9)
343 (4.2) 406 (3.3) 478 (2.4) 543 (2.5) 598 (3.0)
324 (3.3) 394 (2.7) 474 (2.8) 547 (2.1) 608 (2.6)
302 (4.0) 356 (3.4) 415 (3.4) 476 (3.7) 530 (4.5)
363 (5.3) 429 (3.9) 504 (4.1) 575 (3.6) 631 (4.3)
363 (4.6) 434 (3.6) 512 (3.0) 583 (2.7) 638 (3.7)
356 (4.5) 432 (3.3) 509 (3.0) 580 (3.3) 638 (3.7)
383 (3.6) 447 (3.4) 517 (3.1) 584 (3.5) 641 (4.0)
352 (4.7) 421 (3.9) 495 (3.5) 562 (3.3) 616 (3.6)
322 (5.2) 391 (3.6) 465 (3.0) 534 (3.1) 593 (4.6)
365 (3.0) 431 (2.8) 502 (2.8) 569 (2.5) 624 (2.8)
m m m m m m m m m m
365 (5.5) 439 (4.0) 518 (3.6) 589 (3.7) 645 (3.6)
340 (5.3) 411 (4.6) 488 (4.0) 559 (3.9) 616 (4.4)
346 (4.6) 403 (3.3) 464 (2.5) 524 (2.8) 576 (4.2)
370 (4.8) 437 (3.4) 510 (3.0) 579 (3.3) 638 (3.6)
357 (5.8) 428 (4.4) 507 (4.1) 579 (3.7) 636 (4.6)
350 (0.8) 418 (0.6) 492 (0.6) 560 (0.5) 616 (0.6)
340 (1.8) 408 (1.5) 485 (1.3) 560 (1.4) 621 (1.7)
284 (3.1) 335 (2.6) 393 (2.5) 452 (3.1) 504 (3.6)
m m m m m m m m m m
277 (3.0) 327 (2.7) 383 (2.7) 438 (3.3) 488 (4.9)
354 (3.9) 416 (3.4) 483 (3.2) 547 (3.1) 600 (3.6)
277 (4.2) 330 (4.3) 393 (4.5) 459 (4.2) 515 (4.4)
261 (2.9) 319 (2.8) 395 (3.3) 474 (3.5) 542 (4.5)
294 (2.3) 348 (1.7) 415 (1.5) 487 (2.4) 551 (3.2)
432 (4.7) 492 (4.0) 555 (3.4) 617 (3.5) 670 (4.0)
271 (5.1) 332 (5.3) 412 (5.3) 490 (4.4) 558 (4.9)
309 (4.0) 365 (3.8) 427 (3.8) 487 (4.5) 539 (5.6)
348 (5.2) 412 (4.2) 481 (3.5) 547 (3.3) 603 (3.8)
278 (3.3) 346 (2.7) 427 (2.4) 502 (2.5) 564 (4.0)
223 (2.7) 268 (3.3) 325 (3.6) 391 (4.4) 455 (5.8)
243 (3.6) 297 (3.3) 360 (3.2) 425 (3.3) 486 (4.1)
391 (6.2) 467 (3.7) 537 (3.3) 599 (3.1) 650 (3.5)
266 (3.6) 314 (3.3) 368 (3.2) 427 (3.8) 482 (5.1)
m m m m m m m m m m
285 (3.1) 330 (2.7) 382 (2.1) 442 (2.3) 506 (3.8)
243 (3.0) 286 (2.3) 339 (1.9) 391 (2.0) 438 (2.7)
m m m m m m m m m m
413 (3.0) 471 (2.2) 533 (1.9) 590 (2.1) 639 (3.4)
303 (3.8) 362 (3.7) 427 (3.5) 488 (3.6) 540 (4.3)
293 (4.6) 375 (3.5) 461 (3.0) 536 (2.8) 597 (3.8)
m m m m m m m m m m
294 (2.9) 353 (2.1) 418 (1.7) 482 (1.6) 538 (2.4)
251 (3.7) 295 (4.0) 352 (4.8) 414 (4.8) 468 (4.7)
m m m m m m m m m m
241 (4.6) 298 (3.4) 364 (3.7) 434 (4.7) 498 (7.0)
275 (4.2) 329 (3.5) 395 (3.5) 466 (4.3) 527 (4.7)
232 (3.1) 278 (3.0) 335 (3.5) 402 (5.1) 471 (7.6)
249 (2.3) 320 (1.5) 404 (1.8) 487 (1.7) 559 (2.6)
m m m m m m m m m m
348 (6.3) 413 (4.5) 482 (4.0) 550 (3.9) 608 (4.3)
m m m m m m m m m m
292 (5.7) 360 (4.9) 438 (4.4) 510 (3.8) 570 (3.8)
409 (4.1) 486 (2.3) 563 (1.9) 628 (1.9) 680 (2.1)
358 (4.3) 431 (3.7) 506 (3.6) 574 (4.4) 631 (4.3)
285 (3.8) 332 (3.5) 389 (3.7) 451 (4.8) 509 (5.5)
m m m m m m m m m m
276 (3.4) 345 (3.2) 427 (3.2) 510 (3.2) 582 (3.4)
286 (4.3) 349 (4.3) 422 (3.7) 492 (4.2) 550 (4.4)
m m m m m m m m m m
95th
Score S.E.
668 (3.2)
641 (3.7)
658 (3.2)
673 (3.7)
598 (4.0)
567 (5.6)
658 (4.7)
649 (4.3)
676 (4.0)
682 (4.1)
665 (5.0)
675 (3.9)
618 (4.1)
623 (4.8)
650 (5.7)
665 (3.5)
659 (3.9)
634 (5.0)
652 (4.2)
680 (4.6)
638 (3.9)
628 (3.4)
643 (3.8)
563 (5.5)
661 (4.8)
670 (4.0)
669 (3.8)
674 (4.7)
647 (4.4)
627 (4.4)
657 (4.4)
m m
677 (4.1)
650 (5.9)
607 (5.4)
673 (4.6)
669 (5.1)
648 (0.7)
655 (1.8)
535 (4.2)
m m
520 (7.1)
629 (4.0)
548 (5.3)
580 (5.2)
586 (3.4)
700 (4.5)
596 (5.4)
570 (6.3)
635 (4.3)
600 (4.5)
494 (7.6)
522 (4.3)
679 (3.6)
517 (6.4)
m m
547 (4.4)
467 (3.4)
m m
667 (4.6)
570 (4.6)
634 (4.6)
m m
571 (4.1)
500 (5.1)
m m
538 (8.0)
563 (5.8)
514 (8.4)
599 (2.6)
m m
640 (4.5)
m m
604 (4.6)
708 (3.1)
662 (4.8)
542 (5.9)
m m
625 (3.5)
583 (4.3)
m m

Table I.B1.22
Mean score and variation in the cognitive process subscale of reading "understand"

5th

OECD
Australia 502 (1.7) 112 (0.9) 308 (3.5)
Austria 481 (2.7) 101 (1.4) 310 (3.9)
Belgium 492 (2.3) 105 (1.4) 311 (4.5)
Canada 520 (1.9) 103 (1.0) 343 (3.3)
Chile 450 (2.8) 93 (1.4) 294 (3.6)
Colombia 413 (3.3) 89 (1.6) 272 (3.7)
Czech Republic 488 (2.8) 101 (1.7) 319 (5.7)
Denmark 497 (2.0) 96 (1.2) 335 (3.7)
Estonia 526 (1.9) 94 (1.4) 369 (3.7)
Finland 518 (2.4) 103 (1.4) 337 (4.6)
France 490 (2.5) 105 (1.6) 309 (4.8)
Germany 494 (3.0) 108 (1.6) 309 (4.4)
Greece 457 (3.7) 100 (1.7) 283 (5.6)
Hungary 479 (2.4) 99 (1.5) 311 (4.4)
Iceland 480 (1.8) 104 (1.5) 303 (4.3)
Ireland 510 (2.4) 93 (1.1) 350 (4.8)
Israel 469 (3.8) 125 (2.1) 251 (5.9)
Italy 478 (2.6) 98 (1.9) 306 (6.6)
Japan 505 (2.8) 101 (1.8) 329 (5.2)
Korea 522 (3.0) 103 (1.8) 335 (5.8)
Latvia 482 (1.7) 90 (1.0) 330 (3.8)
Lithuania 475 (1.7) 98 (1.0) 307 (3.5)
Luxembourg 470 (1.2) 111 (1.1) 286 (3.1)
Mexico 417 (2.8) 84 (1.6) 283 (4.0)
Netherlands* 484 (2.7) 105 (1.9) 308 (4.7)
New Zealand 506 (2.1) 108 (1.6) 318 (5.0)
Norway 498 (2.3) 108 (1.4) 306 (4.1)
Poland 514 (2.8) 99 (1.7) 345 (5.0)
Portugal* 489 (2.6) 99 (1.4) 317 (5.3)
Slovak Republic 458 (2.5) 104 (1.6) 284 (4.8)
Slovenia 496 (1.2) 95 (1.2) 333 (3.5)
Spain m m m m m m
Sweden 504 (3.1) 107 (1.5) 318 (4.4)
Switzerland 483 (3.2) 105 (1.5) 307 (4.5)
Turkey 474 (2.2) 88 (1.6) 329 (4.5)
United Kingdom 498 (2.7) 103 (1.4) 323 (5.1)
United States* 501 (3.7) 110 (1.5) 312 (5.4)
OECD average 487 (0.4) 101 (0.2) 314 (0.8)
OECD total 484 (1.2) 106 (0.5) 306 (1.6)
Partners
Albania 403 (2.2) 86 (1.3) 264 (3.9)
Baku (Azerbaijan) 386 (2.7) 80 (1.9) 256 (2.8)
Belarus 477 (2.5) 92 (1.5) 319 (4.6)
Brazil 409 (2.2) 102 (1.4) 251 (3.2)
B-S-J-Z (China) 562 (2.8) 87 (1.8) 413 (5.5)
Bulgaria 415 (4.2) 107 (2.0) 248 (5.8)
Costa Rica 426 (3.4) 83 (1.7) 292 (4.5)
Croatia 478 (2.7) 90 (1.7) 326 (5.2)
Cyprus 422 (1.3) 101 (1.1) 256 (3.0)
Georgia 374 (2.4) 93 (1.3) 227 (3.4)
Hong Kong (China)* 529 (2.9) 102 (1.8) 341 (7.4)
Indonesia 370 (2.8) 80 (1.8) 246 (3.5)
Jordan m m m m m m
Kazakhstan 394 (1.8) 83 (1.2) 269 (2.5)
Kosovo 352 (1.1) 71 (0.7) 240 (2.2)
Lebanon m m m m m m
Macao (China) 529 (1.6) 92 (1.1) 369 (3.8)
Malaysia 414 (2.9) 84 (1.5) 275 (4.1)
Malta 441 (1.9) 117 (1.4) 249 (4.4)
Moldova m m m m m m
Montenegro 418 (1.2) 94 (1.0) 263 (3.0)
Morocco 358 (3.3) 76 (1.1) 244 (2.7)
Panama 373 (3.0) 90 (1.8) 228 (4.5)
Peru 409 (2.8) 89 (1.4) 266 (3.0)
Philippines 335 (3.3) 82 (2.3) 219 (2.7)
Qatar 406 (1.0) 111 (0.8) 230 (2.7)
Romania m m m m m m
Russia 480 (3.2) 95 (1.8) 317 (6.2)
Serbia 439 (3.6) 103 (1.7) 270 (5.3)
Singapore 548 (1.5) 109 (1.1) 351 (4.0)
Chinese Taipei 506 (3.0) 104 (1.7) 322 (4.7)
Thailand 401 (3.4) 83 (1.7) 273 (3.9)
Ukraine m m m m m m
Uruguay 429 (3.1) 99 (1.6) 265 (4.6)

Percentiles
352 (2.6) 426 (2.2) 507 (2.1) 581 (2.1) 643 (2.4)
343 (3.7) 408 (3.7) 485 (3.8) 555 (3.2) 610 (2.8)
348 (4.0) 418 (3.5) 497 (2.8) 569 (2.6) 625 (2.8)
383 (2.8) 450 (2.5) 523 (2.1) 593 (2.3) 650 (2.4)
327 (3.7) 385 (3.5) 452 (3.3) 516 (3.1) 571 (3.2)
301 (3.7) 349 (3.7) 408 (4.0) 474 (4.4) 532 (4.1)
354 (4.9) 418 (3.9) 490 (3.1) 560 (3.2) 618 (3.4)
371 (3.4) 432 (2.7) 500 (2.4) 564 (2.6) 619 (2.9)
403 (3.2) 461 (2.8) 526 (2.8) 591 (2.4) 648 (3.3)
378 (4.1) 450 (3.3) 526 (2.9) 592 (2.6) 645 (2.9)
347 (3.5) 417 (3.1) 496 (3.3) 567 (3.6) 623 (3.7)
346 (4.5) 418 (4.4) 500 (3.9) 574 (3.7) 632 (3.8)
322 (5.8) 388 (5.2) 461 (4.1) 528 (3.6) 586 (4.0)
344 (3.5) 408 (3.4) 483 (3.4) 551 (3.1) 606 (3.4)
342 (3.4) 408 (3.3) 482 (2.8) 554 (2.9) 615 (3.5)
387 (3.6) 447 (3.0) 513 (2.6) 577 (2.7) 628 (3.2)
293 (6.7) 380 (5.9) 476 (5.2) 562 (3.6) 627 (3.7)
345 (5.5) 413 (3.9) 483 (3.0) 548 (2.8) 601 (3.3)
369 (5.2) 436 (3.9) 510 (3.4) 576 (3.3) 632 (3.6)
382 (6.3) 456 (3.7) 530 (3.1) 595 (3.0) 648 (3.7)
364 (3.1) 419 (2.6) 484 (2.4) 546 (2.2) 598 (2.8)
343 (3.2) 406 (2.8) 479 (2.0) 547 (2.0) 600 (2.3)
321 (2.5) 389 (2.1) 472 (2.1) 550 (2.3) 615 (2.9)
311 (3.3) 358 (3.0) 416 (2.9) 474 (3.5) 527 (4.4)
343 (4.7) 409 (4.1) 486 (3.5) 563 (3.7) 622 (3.7)
359 (3.9) 432 (3.0) 512 (2.7) 585 (2.3) 641 (2.7)
351 (4.2) 426 (3.4) 505 (2.9) 578 (2.6) 635 (2.9)
383 (3.6) 447 (3.1) 517 (3.3) 584 (3.7) 640 (4.0)
353 (4.4) 420 (4.4) 496 (3.1) 561 (3.1) 612 (2.8)
321 (4.1) 385 (3.3) 458 (2.9) 532 (3.2) 593 (3.4)
370 (3.2) 431 (2.4) 500 (1.8) 562 (2.0) 615 (2.5)
m m m m m m m m m m
359 (5.1) 431 (4.4) 510 (3.5) 582 (3.2) 639 (3.4)
342 (4.4) 409 (4.5) 487 (4.0) 559 (3.9) 618 (3.7)
358 (3.5) 412 (3.1) 474 (2.4) 536 (2.9) 588 (3.6)
363 (4.0) 429 (3.3) 501 (3.0) 571 (2.9) 629 (3.2)
353 (5.3) 423 (4.3) 505 (4.6) 581 (3.8) 641 (4.4)
351 (0.7) 417 (0.6) 490 (0.5) 559 (0.5) 616 (0.6)
342 (1.5) 408 (1.5) 485 (1.4) 560 (1.4) 621 (1.7)
293 (3.4) 343 (2.7) 401 (2.3) 461 (2.8) 515 (3.4)
m m m m m m m m m m
283 (2.5) 330 (2.5) 385 (2.4) 439 (3.2) 490 (4.9)
354 (4.2) 414 (3.2) 480 (3.0) 543 (3.0) 595 (3.3)
287 (3.6) 337 (3.5) 398 (3.8) 460 (3.9) 516 (4.0)
280 (2.5) 335 (2.4) 405 (2.6) 480 (3.2) 547 (4.0)
290 (1.6) 338 (1.1) 403 (1.8) 476 (1.7) 539 (2.7)
449 (4.5) 506 (3.6) 565 (3.2) 623 (3.2) 670 (3.6)
277 (4.7) 335 (5.5) 412 (5.2) 491 (4.7) 559 (5.2)
320 (3.8) 368 (3.6) 425 (3.6) 484 (4.2) 535 (5.3)
360 (4.3) 417 (3.7) 480 (3.0) 541 (2.8) 594 (3.3)
288 (2.4) 349 (2.5) 423 (2.1) 494 (2.4) 554 (2.9)
243 (2.9) 283 (2.8) 335 (3.0) 395 (4.0) 454 (5.0)
256 (3.0) 308 (3.0) 371 (2.9) 438 (3.2) 498 (4.0)
392 (5.7) 466 (4.2) 538 (3.0) 602 (2.6) 653 (2.6)
271 (3.0) 314 (2.8) 366 (3.0) 422 (3.7) 475 (5.3)
m m m m m m m m m m
293 (2.3) 337 (1.9) 388 (1.8) 445 (2.3) 505 (3.3)
262 (1.8) 301 (1.7) 350 (1.6) 400 (2.0) 445 (2.1)
m m m m m m m m m m
408 (2.8) 469 (2.8) 533 (2.0) 594 (2.3) 644 (2.7)
302 (3.3) 354 (3.4) 415 (3.3) 473 (3.3) 522 (4.5)
283 (3.7) 357 (3.1) 444 (2.7) 525 (3.3) 591 (3.4)
m m m m m m m m m m
295 (2.1) 352 (1.8) 417 (1.8) 483 (2.1) 540 (2.4)
264 (2.5) 302 (3.0) 353 (4.1) 411 (4.4) 461 (3.9)
m m m m m m m m m m
258 (3.5) 310 (3.1) 370 (3.4) 434 (4.1) 491 (5.8)
295 (2.9) 345 (3.3) 406 (3.3) 470 (3.8) 528 (4.2)
239 (2.3) 275 (2.5) 323 (3.1) 385 (4.8) 450 (7.0)
262 (2.1) 326 (1.4) 404 (1.6) 483 (1.6) 553 (1.8)
m m m m m m m m m m
354 (5.3) 417 (3.9) 483 (3.4) 547 (3.4) 601 (3.6)
m m m m m m m m m m
303 (4.8) 365 (4.8) 440 (4.2) 511 (3.9) 573 (4.2)
396 (3.7) 477 (2.4) 558 (1.9) 628 (2.0) 682 (2.2)
366 (4.2) 436 (3.4) 512 (3.4) 581 (3.7) 636 (4.0)
297 (3.4) 341 (3.3) 396 (3.6) 456 (4.5) 513 (5.5)
m m m m m m m m m m
283 (3.1) 350 (2.8) 431 (2.7) 513 (3.4) 585 (3.1)
298 (3.6) 359 (3.9) 430 (3.6) 500 (4.2) 557 (5.0)
m m m m m m m m m m
95th
Score S.E.
677 (2.8)
639 (3.6)
655 (3.4)
682 (2.9)
601 (3.6)
567 (4.4)
650 (3.0)
650 (3.9)
679 (3.3)
675 (3.3)
653 (4.0)
662 (3.6)
617 (4.8)
636 (3.9)
649 (4.1)
657 (3.4)
661 (3.7)
630 (4.0)
664 (4.2)
678 (4.4)
628 (3.0)
630 (2.6)
650 (3.6)
559 (5.0)
651 (4.0)
673 (3.3)
664 (3.2)
671 (4.8)
640 (3.4)
628 (4.1)
645 (3.6)
m m
670 (4.1)
650 (5.0)
618 (4.0)
662 (3.8)
674 (4.4)
647 (0.6)
655 (1.9)
546 (3.8)
m m
521 (6.7)
624 (3.8)
547 (4.6)
583 (4.5)
574 (3.0)
697 (4.3)
597 (5.3)
563 (5.2)
622 (3.5)
586 (2.7)
490 (6.2)
531 (4.1)
681 (3.7)
510 (6.8)
m m
543 (4.1)
473 (3.3)
m m
672 (3.6)
551 (4.5)
629 (5.5)
m m
573 (3.2)
490 (4.0)
m m
527 (5.8)
561 (4.7)
488 (8.7)
593 (2.4)
m m
632 (3.9)
m m
608 (4.4)
712 (3.2)
667 (4.3)
546 (5.4)
m m
625 (3.1)
589 (4.8)
m m

Table I.B1.23
Mean score and variation in the cognitive process subscale of reading "evaluate and reflect"

5th

OECD
Australia 513 (2.1) 117 (1.2) 312 (3.9)
Austria 483 (3.1) 106 (1.8) 306 (5.1)
Belgium 497 (2.8) 110 (1.6) 301 (6.3)
Canada 527 (2.2) 108 (1.4) 341 (4.2)
Chile 456 (3.4) 100 (1.5) 292 (4.2)
Colombia 417 (3.7) 98 (1.8) 264 (4.7)
Czech Republic 489 (2.8) 100 (1.9) 324 (5.6)
Denmark 505 (2.1) 93 (1.3) 346 (4.1)
Estonia 521 (2.4) 96 (1.4) 358 (5.1)
Finland 517 (2.5) 102 (1.6) 343 (4.7)
France 491 (2.9) 106 (1.8) 310 (5.5)
Germany 497 (3.3) 110 (2.0) 309 (5.1)
Greece 462 (4.0) 104 (2.0) 285 (6.5)
Hungary 477 (2.6) 101 (1.5) 312 (3.8)
Iceland 475 (2.0) 101 (1.3) 303 (4.1)
Ireland 519 (2.5) 97 (1.2) 356 (4.9)
Israel 481 (4.2) 128 (2.1) 258 (6.4)
Italy 482 (2.7) 103 (2.0) 305 (6.0)
Japan 502 (3.0) 108 (1.9) 318 (5.6)
Korea 522 (3.5) 109 (2.1) 326 (6.5)
Latvia 477 (1.7) 91 (1.5) 326 (4.2)
Lithuania 474 (2.0) 99 (1.3) 311 (3.6)
Luxembourg 468 (1.4) 115 (1.5) 280 (3.9)
Mexico 426 (3.1) 89 (2.0) 285 (4.4)
Netherlands* 476 (3.7) 123 (3.1) 262 (10.1)
New Zealand 509 (2.6) 113 (1.4) 314 (5.0)
Norway 502 (2.6) 106 (1.5) 318 (5.8)
Poland 514 (2.9) 99 (1.9) 347 (4.8)
Portugal* 494 (2.6) 102 (2.0) 322 (4.9)
Slovak Republic 457 (2.6) 103 (2.0) 285 (6.0)
Slovenia 494 (1.5) 96 (1.6) 332 (4.6)
Spain m m m m m m
Sweden 512 (3.4) 111 (1.8) 321 (6.0)
Switzerland 482 (3.4) 106 (1.7) 303 (4.8)
Turkey 475 (2.5) 96 (1.9) 318 (4.8)
United Kingdom 511 (2.9) 108 (1.8) 330 (5.7)
United States* 511 (4.2) 114 (2.0) 313 (6.9)
OECD average 489 (0.5) 105 (0.3) 312 (0.9)
OECD total 489 (1.4) 111 (0.7) 305 (2.0)
Partners
Albania 403 (2.3) 90 (1.7) 261 (4.3)
Baku (Azerbaijan) 375 (3.2) 83 (2.1) 242 (3.9)
Belarus 473 (2.7) 93 (1.5) 316 (4.3)
Brazil 419 (2.4) 104 (1.6) 262 (3.1)
B-S-J-Z (China) 565 (3.1) 93 (2.1) 404 (6.0)
Bulgaria 416 (4.2) 107 (2.1) 253 (4.4)
Costa Rica 411 (4.5) 96 (2.6) 261 (4.5)
Croatia 474 (2.9) 95 (1.8) 317 (4.1)
Cyprus 432 (1.3) 101 (1.0) 269 (3.4)
Georgia 379 (2.5) 91 (1.9) 238 (4.1)
Hong Kong (China)* 532 (3.3) 101 (1.7) 349 (6.6)
Indonesia 378 (2.7) 78 (2.0) 258 (3.6)
Jordan m m m m m m
Kazakhstan 389 (1.8) 85 (1.3) 260 (3.4)
Kosovo 353 (1.6) 69 (1.3) 248 (3.5)
Lebanon m m m m m m
Macao (China) 534 (1.6) 95 (1.4) 369 (4.5)
Malaysia 418 (3.0) 84 (1.8) 284 (4.2)
Malta 448 (1.9) 113 (1.3) 265 (4.0)
Moldova m m m m m m
Montenegro 416 (1.3) 88 (1.3) 275 (3.9)
Morocco 363 (3.3) 76 (1.6) 249 (3.4)
Panama 367 (3.5) 93 (2.5) 223 (4.0)
Peru 413 (3.4) 102 (2.1) 255 (3.6)
Philippines 333 (3.9) 89 (2.8) 208 (3.7)
Qatar 417 (1.0) 114 (1.0) 241 (2.0)
Romania m m m m m m
Russia 479 (3.3) 95 (1.8) 321 (5.9)
Serbia 434 (3.3) 98 (1.8) 277 (4.5)
Singapore 561 (2.1) 117 (1.4) 353 (4.7)
Chinese Taipei 504 (3.1) 104 (1.8) 324 (5.5)
Thailand 398 (3.6) 85 (2.0) 267 (4.1)
Ukraine m m m m m m
Uruguay 433 (3.2) 101 (1.9) 270 (5.6)

Percentiles
357 (3.3) 433 (2.9) 517 (2.6) 596 (2.4) 660 (2.6)
340 (4.1) 405 (4.3) 487 (4.1) 560 (3.6) 620 (3.9)
347 (5.0) 423 (3.9) 504 (3.4) 577 (3.0) 634 (3.2)
384 (3.6) 456 (2.9) 533 (2.6) 604 (2.7) 662 (3.2)
324 (4.0) 385 (4.2) 456 (3.9) 527 (3.9) 586 (3.9)
294 (4.1) 347 (4.0) 411 (4.5) 483 (4.9) 550 (5.1)
358 (4.9) 418 (4.1) 490 (3.2) 561 (2.9) 620 (3.5)
381 (4.0) 442 (2.7) 508 (2.5) 570 (2.6) 622 (3.0)
396 (3.4) 456 (3.3) 523 (2.9) 588 (2.7) 644 (3.4)
381 (3.8) 447 (3.5) 522 (3.0) 590 (3.2) 645 (3.3)
348 (4.1) 417 (3.2) 496 (3.5) 567 (3.9) 625 (4.2)
346 (5.0) 420 (4.6) 502 (4.4) 578 (3.9) 635 (3.6)
322 (6.1) 390 (5.4) 465 (4.4) 536 (3.9) 594 (4.2)
343 (3.6) 404 (3.6) 479 (4.0) 551 (3.3) 609 (4.3)
337 (3.3) 403 (3.2) 478 (2.9) 547 (3.3) 607 (3.0)
391 (3.5) 452 (3.1) 520 (3.0) 589 (3.1) 645 (3.1)
302 (6.5) 390 (6.1) 491 (5.3) 576 (4.6) 642 (4.1)
344 (5.0) 412 (4.0) 487 (3.3) 555 (3.5) 612 (3.8)
357 (5.1) 428 (4.3) 506 (3.6) 579 (3.7) 640 (4.0)
373 (6.4) 452 (4.6) 530 (3.6) 600 (3.5) 655 (4.7)
357 (3.2) 413 (2.8) 478 (2.2) 542 (2.2) 595 (3.3)
344 (3.1) 403 (3.0) 475 (2.8) 546 (2.3) 603 (3.2)
315 (3.2) 384 (2.6) 469 (2.1) 551 (2.2) 620 (3.4)
314 (3.6) 363 (3.0) 423 (3.4) 485 (4.1) 542 (5.2)
308 (7.8) 391 (6.2) 486 (4.2) 567 (3.6) 628 (4.2)
355 (4.5) 429 (4.0) 514 (3.1) 592 (2.8) 651 (3.0)
359 (5.0) 431 (3.4) 507 (3.0) 579 (3.0) 637 (3.0)
384 (4.1) 447 (3.0) 517 (3.6) 584 (3.7) 640 (4.5)
356 (4.8) 423 (3.8) 499 (3.1) 568 (3.1) 623 (4.3)
322 (4.8) 386 (3.4) 459 (3.0) 531 (3.3) 591 (3.9)
367 (3.5) 428 (2.0) 497 (2.0) 562 (2.9) 618 (3.6)
m m m m m m m m m m
362 (5.3) 435 (4.6) 516 (4.0) 593 (3.3) 653 (3.6)
340 (4.5) 407 (4.5) 485 (4.3) 559 (4.1) 621 (4.5)
348 (4.2) 407 (3.5) 475 (2.9) 542 (2.9) 600 (4.5)
369 (4.4) 438 (3.7) 513 (3.2) 586 (3.1) 648 (4.2)
355 (5.9) 431 (5.4) 516 (4.6) 594 (4.7) 656 (4.9)
349 (0.8) 417 (0.7) 493 (0.6) 564 (0.6) 623 (0.6)
342 (1.6) 410 (1.8) 490 (1.5) 568 (1.7) 633 (1.9)
290 (3.2) 339 (2.9) 400 (2.4) 463 (3.1) 521 (4.5)
m m m m m m m m m m
269 (3.4) 317 (3.0) 374 (3.1) 431 (3.9) 483 (5.5)
349 (4.0) 408 (3.6) 475 (3.0) 539 (3.4) 592 (4.1)
280 (3.6) 327 (3.5) 384 (3.7) 445 (4.0) 499 (4.2)
290 (3.0) 342 (2.8) 411 (2.9) 491 (3.6) 562 (4.3)
294 (2.3) 338 (1.6) 400 (2.0) 477 (2.3) 550 (2.7)
443 (5.1) 505 (3.9) 570 (3.5) 631 (3.6) 681 (3.9)
282 (4.6) 336 (4.6) 411 (5.3) 490 (5.3) 563 (5.5)
291 (3.4) 343 (3.4) 405 (4.2) 474 (6.2) 540 (9.6)
349 (4.6) 407 (3.9) 474 (3.4) 541 (3.1) 597 (3.6)
300 (2.4) 359 (2.1) 432 (2.2) 503 (2.2) 564 (2.2)
251 (3.4) 291 (3.2) 343 (2.9) 404 (4.0) 466 (5.8)
265 (3.4) 314 (3.1) 374 (3.0) 441 (3.5) 502 (4.3)
393 (5.4) 468 (4.2) 541 (3.2) 603 (3.2) 654 (4.0)
283 (3.0) 324 (2.6) 373 (3.1) 426 (3.3) 481 (5.5)
m m m m m m m m m m
286 (2.7) 331 (2.1) 382 (2.0) 441 (2.4) 501 (3.4)
268 (2.8) 304 (2.2) 348 (1.9) 397 (1.9) 445 (3.7)
m m m m m m m m m m
407 (3.5) 472 (2.7) 539 (2.0) 601 (2.1) 652 (2.8)
310 (3.4) 357 (3.0) 416 (3.3) 476 (3.9) 529 (5.0)
298 (3.6) 366 (3.3) 450 (2.9) 530 (3.1) 595 (4.1)
m m m m m m m m m m
304 (2.9) 354 (1.8) 414 (1.5) 476 (2.1) 532 (2.2)
270 (3.2) 309 (3.3) 357 (4.0) 414 (4.5) 467 (4.3)
m m m m m m m m m m
252 (3.6) 302 (3.1) 362 (3.1) 428 (4.9) 492 (7.2)
286 (4.1) 340 (4.1) 408 (3.9) 482 (4.4) 549 (5.4)
231 (3.6) 270 (3.5) 320 (3.4) 386 (5.6) 457 (7.8)
274 (2.0) 335 (1.3) 412 (1.6) 494 (2.1) 568 (2.2)
m m m m m m m m m m
356 (4.9) 415 (4.0) 480 (3.5) 545 (3.9) 602 (4.4)
m m m m m m m m m m
306 (4.3) 362 (4.4) 432 (4.1) 502 (3.7) 564 (4.7)
400 (4.1) 483 (3.4) 570 (2.4) 645 (2.5) 705 (2.7)
365 (4.8) 433 (3.6) 509 (3.6) 578 (3.8) 636 (4.2)
293 (3.6) 338 (3.3) 392 (3.9) 453 (4.9) 514 (6.3)
m m m m m m m m m m
291 (3.2) 357 (3.3) 441 (3.1) 528 (3.8) 604 (3.6)
301 (4.2) 359 (3.9) 432 (4.0) 505 (4.4) 566 (4.7)
m m m m m m m m m m
95th
Score S.E.
697 (3.2)
650 (4.5)
667 (3.1)
696 (3.7)
621 (4.5)
589 (5.3)
652 (3.7)
652 (3.2)
676 (3.9)
677 (4.4)
656 (5.1)
668 (4.0)
626 (4.9)
640 (4.5)
638 (4.1)
677 (4.0)
677 (4.5)
643 (4.5)
674 (4.7)
687 (5.4)
625 (3.7)
636 (3.6)
658 (4.1)
577 (6.3)
659 (4.2)
683 (3.8)
667 (3.5)
670 (5.6)
653 (4.7)
624 (5.2)
648 (4.1)
m m
685 (3.6)
653 (4.9)
632 (5.1)
684 (3.9)
690 (4.9)
656 (0.7)
668 (2.1)
557 (4.7)
m m
516 (6.9)
622 (4.3)
530 (5.1)
602 (4.9)
589 (4.1)
709 (4.4)
603 (5.8)
578 (9.9)
628 (4.2)
600 (3.5)
504 (6.5)
537 (4.7)
682 (4.3)
515 (6.7)
m m
539 (3.8)
475 (4.7)
m m
681 (4.0)
560 (5.7)
634 (4.9)
m m
563 (2.9)
499 (5.4)
m m
532 (9.2)
589 (6.7)
501 (9.0)
613 (3.0)
m m
635 (5.1)
m m
598 (4.4)
738 (3.2)
667 (4.6)
549 (6.3)
m m
645 (3.3)
601 (5.7)
m m

Table I.B1.24
Mean score and variation in the text structure subscale of reading "single"

5th

OECD
Australia 502 (1.8) 113 (1.1) 305 (3.2)
Austria 478 (2.7) 104 (1.4) 303 (3.9)
Belgium 491 (2.4) 105 (1.4) 311 (5.0)
Canada 521 (1.9) 103 (1.1) 345 (3.1)
Chile 449 (2.8) 95 (1.5) 290 (3.8)
Colombia 411 (3.4) 92 (1.5) 268 (4.2)
Czech Republic 484 (2.8) 101 (1.9) 312 (5.9)
Denmark 496 (2.0) 96 (1.2) 332 (3.9)
Estonia 522 (1.9) 92 (1.3) 367 (4.3)
Finland 518 (2.5) 103 (1.4) 336 (5.7)
France 486 (2.6) 109 (1.6) 296 (4.7)
Germany 494 (3.2) 111 (1.7) 302 (5.7)
Greece 459 (3.8) 103 (1.9) 281 (6.3)
Hungary 474 (2.3) 97 (1.5) 308 (4.3)
Iceland 479 (1.8) 106 (1.3) 296 (4.9)
Ireland 513 (2.5) 95 (1.1) 350 (4.9)
Israel 469 (3.9) 128 (2.1) 243 (6.9)
Italy 474 (2.6) 99 (1.8) 301 (6.0)
Japan 499 (2.8) 101 (1.9) 323 (5.9)
Korea 518 (3.1) 106 (1.8) 326 (6.0)
Latvia 479 (1.6) 89 (1.1) 329 (4.0)
Lithuania 474 (1.7) 99 (1.1) 304 (3.9)
Luxembourg 464 (1.2) 113 (1.2) 276 (3.1)
Mexico 419 (2.9) 86 (1.8) 283 (5.0)
Netherlands* 488 (2.8) 106 (1.9) 310 (5.3)
New Zealand 504 (2.2) 110 (1.3) 311 (4.9)
Norway 498 (2.4) 109 (1.3) 302 (5.6)
Poland 512 (2.8) 100 (1.7) 343 (4.9)
Portugal* 487 (2.6) 101 (1.5) 311 (5.2)
Slovak Republic 453 (2.3) 104 (1.5) 278 (4.9)
Slovenia 495 (1.2) 94 (1.3) 332 (4.1)
Spain m m m m m m
Sweden 503 (3.1) 107 (1.5) 315 (4.8)
Switzerland 477 (3.2) 107 (1.7) 293 (5.0)
Turkey 473 (2.3) 88 (1.5) 326 (4.7)
United Kingdom 498 (2.7) 104 (1.6) 320 (5.3)
United States* 502 (3.7) 112 (1.6) 309 (5.3)
OECD average 485 (0.4) 102 (0.3) 309 (0.8)
OECD total 483 (1.2) 108 (0.6) 303 (1.7)
Partners
Albania 400 (2.1) 86 (1.3) 260 (3.8)
Baku (Azerbaijan) 380 (2.7) 81 (1.8) 248 (3.0)
Belarus 474 (2.5) 93 (1.4) 314 (4.5)
Brazil 408 (2.4) 105 (1.4) 245 (3.4)
B-S-J-Z (China) 556 (3.0) 90 (1.8) 405 (5.7)
Bulgaria 413 (4.2) 107 (2.1) 247 (5.2)
Costa Rica 424 (3.6) 82 (1.8) 291 (4.3)
Croatia 475 (2.7) 90 (1.8) 322 (5.3)
Cyprus 423 (1.5) 107 (1.2) 247 (3.4)
Georgia 371 (2.7) 98 (1.4) 216 (3.5)
Hong Kong (China)* 529 (3.0) 99 (1.8) 348 (7.0)
Indonesia 373 (2.8) 80 (1.7) 248 (3.8)
Jordan m m m m m m
Kazakhstan 391 (1.7) 83 (1.3) 265 (2.5)
Kosovo 347 (1.2) 69 (0.9) 238 (2.5)
Lebanon m m m m m m
Macao (China) 529 (1.3) 92 (1.1) 370 (3.7)
Malaysia 414 (2.9) 85 (1.5) 273 (3.6)
Malta 443 (2.0) 120 (1.6) 241 (4.5)
Moldova m m m m m m
Montenegro 417 (1.4) 94 (1.2) 260 (3.6)
Morocco 359 (3.5) 77 (1.1) 240 (2.7)
Panama 370 (3.1) 91 (2.2) 225 (4.8)
Peru 406 (2.9) 91 (1.4) 260 (3.8)
Philippines 332 (3.7) 87 (2.3) 209 (3.4)
Qatar 406 (1.0) 111 (0.8) 228 (2.5)
Romania m m m m m m
Russia 477 (3.4) 97 (2.1) 309 (6.2)
Serbia 435 (3.7) 105 (1.6) 261 (4.8)
Singapore 554 (1.5) 111 (1.1) 352 (4.0)
Chinese Taipei 501 (2.9) 105 (1.7) 316 (5.1)
Thailand 395 (3.5) 85 (1.7) 263 (4.2)
Ukraine m m m m m m
Uruguay 424 (3.1) 103 (1.7) 254 (4.5)

Percentiles
350 (2.8) 426 (2.6) 507 (2.1) 582 (2.1) 644 (2.3)
338 (3.5) 403 (4.3) 483 (3.5) 554 (3.3) 611 (3.4)
348 (3.9) 417 (3.6) 497 (2.9) 568 (2.6) 624 (2.6)
385 (2.9) 451 (2.7) 524 (2.1) 593 (2.4) 650 (2.8)
324 (3.8) 382 (3.8) 451 (3.3) 516 (3.4) 572 (3.6)
296 (3.6) 346 (3.7) 408 (4.0) 474 (4.2) 534 (4.5)
348 (5.2) 414 (4.0) 487 (3.0) 556 (3.2) 613 (3.0)
370 (3.6) 431 (2.6) 500 (2.6) 564 (2.5) 618 (3.3)
402 (3.6) 459 (2.7) 523 (2.3) 586 (2.3) 640 (3.3)
378 (4.1) 449 (3.6) 525 (2.9) 592 (3.0) 646 (3.3)
338 (4.0) 412 (3.4) 493 (3.1) 566 (3.6) 623 (3.6)
343 (5.0) 418 (4.5) 501 (4.0) 575 (3.4) 633 (3.6)
320 (6.5) 390 (5.3) 464 (4.1) 533 (3.6) 589 (3.9)
341 (3.4) 406 (3.4) 479 (3.1) 544 (3.0) 596 (3.5)
337 (4.1) 406 (3.4) 482 (2.7) 555 (3.0) 616 (3.1)
387 (4.0) 449 (2.9) 516 (2.6) 580 (3.1) 633 (3.5)
290 (6.9) 380 (6.0) 480 (5.1) 565 (3.9) 630 (3.4)
341 (5.0) 408 (3.5) 480 (2.8) 545 (3.1) 598 (3.3)
363 (5.0) 431 (3.9) 504 (3.1) 571 (3.3) 626 (3.5)
374 (6.1) 451 (4.0) 527 (3.3) 593 (3.1) 646 (3.9)
361 (2.8) 416 (2.4) 481 (2.3) 542 (2.3) 592 (2.5)
340 (3.2) 405 (2.9) 479 (2.2) 544 (1.9) 599 (2.3)
312 (2.5) 382 (2.2) 467 (2.0) 546 (2.3) 612 (3.6)
311 (3.5) 359 (3.1) 417 (3.1) 476 (3.8) 531 (4.5)
346 (5.4) 411 (4.3) 491 (3.6) 567 (3.2) 624 (3.2)
353 (4.3) 429 (3.1) 510 (2.6) 584 (2.7) 641 (3.0)
350 (5.1) 426 (3.5) 505 (2.7) 577 (2.7) 633 (3.0)
380 (3.8) 445 (3.3) 516 (3.3) 584 (3.7) 638 (4.4)
349 (4.3) 418 (4.0) 495 (3.1) 561 (2.7) 613 (3.2)
316 (3.9) 380 (3.2) 454 (2.9) 527 (2.9) 587 (3.1)
369 (2.9) 432 (2.2) 500 (1.8) 561 (1.9) 612 (2.9)
m m m m m m m m m m
358 (5.3) 432 (4.3) 509 (3.4) 580 (3.5) 636 (3.4)
331 (5.0) 402 (4.2) 481 (3.9) 554 (4.1) 613 (4.1)
357 (4.1) 412 (2.9) 474 (2.5) 535 (2.8) 587 (3.4)
361 (4.4) 429 (3.3) 502 (2.9) 572 (3.3) 630 (3.7)
351 (5.7) 424 (4.7) 507 (4.6) 583 (4.1) 644 (4.2)
348 (0.7) 415 (0.6) 489 (0.5) 559 (0.5) 615 (0.6)
340 (1.7) 407 (1.5) 485 (1.4) 560 (1.5) 622 (1.6)
290 (3.1) 340 (2.3) 398 (2.4) 458 (2.6) 511 (3.5)
m m m m m m m m m m
275 (2.5) 325 (2.4) 380 (2.7) 433 (3.2) 483 (5.0)
349 (3.6) 411 (3.4) 478 (3.3) 540 (2.8) 591 (3.4)
278 (3.4) 330 (3.8) 391 (3.9) 456 (4.2) 511 (4.2)
275 (2.3) 330 (2.5) 403 (2.8) 482 (3.4) 550 (3.9)
284 (2.0) 334 (1.7) 401 (1.8) 477 (2.2) 545 (2.7)
440 (4.9) 498 (3.4) 560 (3.2) 620 (3.5) 669 (3.6)
276 (4.9) 334 (5.3) 410 (5.1) 489 (4.8) 557 (5.4)
319 (3.4) 366 (3.4) 422 (3.7) 481 (4.8) 533 (6.1)
356 (4.6) 414 (4.0) 477 (3.0) 539 (3.0) 591 (3.3)
281 (2.9) 346 (2.5) 425 (2.0) 499 (2.3) 563 (2.9)
239 (2.7) 279 (2.7) 333 (3.1) 394 (3.8) 453 (4.9)
246 (3.4) 301 (2.9) 368 (3.1) 437 (3.5) 501 (3.8)
394 (5.9) 468 (4.1) 539 (3.4) 600 (3.0) 649 (3.2)
273 (3.1) 316 (2.9) 369 (3.2) 425 (4.0) 480 (5.5)
m m m m m m m m m m
290 (2.4) 334 (1.9) 385 (1.7) 442 (2.3) 501 (3.7)
259 (2.1) 297 (1.8) 345 (1.6) 394 (1.9) 438 (2.2)
m m m m m m m m m m
408 (3.1) 470 (2.2) 534 (2.0) 593 (2.2) 644 (3.0)
302 (3.4) 354 (3.3) 416 (3.4) 474 (3.5) 524 (4.3)
280 (4.0) 357 (3.1) 447 (2.9) 529 (3.2) 596 (3.7)
m m m m m m m m m m
293 (3.0) 352 (2.6) 418 (1.9) 483 (1.8) 538 (2.3)
262 (3.0) 302 (3.3) 354 (4.5) 413 (4.7) 463 (4.3)
m m m m m m m m m m
254 (3.9) 306 (3.3) 367 (3.2) 431 (4.5) 490 (5.7)
289 (3.8) 341 (3.2) 404 (3.4) 470 (3.4) 528 (4.2)
231 (3.0) 270 (2.9) 320 (3.7) 384 (5.4) 454 (7.1)
263 (1.8) 326 (1.4) 404 (1.4) 483 (1.4) 552 (1.8)
m m m m m m m m m m
348 (5.8) 413 (4.3) 479 (3.8) 545 (3.8) 600 (4.0)
m m m m m m m m m m
296 (4.8) 360 (5.0) 437 (4.4) 509 (3.8) 571 (4.1)
398 (3.5) 483 (2.7) 564 (2.1) 634 (2.0) 689 (2.1)
360 (4.0) 432 (3.4) 507 (3.4) 576 (3.3) 632 (4.2)
289 (3.9) 335 (3.6) 390 (3.7) 452 (4.9) 510 (5.4)
m m m m m m m m m m
283 (3.0) 348 (3.0) 431 (3.0) 514 (3.2) 588 (3.5)
287 (3.8) 352 (3.9) 426 (3.8) 498 (3.8) 557 (4.7)
m m m m m m m m m m
95th
Score S.E.
679 (3.1)
640 (3.9)
653 (3.1)
683 (3.0)
603 (4.1)
569 (4.7)
645 (4.0)
649 (3.9)
671 (4.1)
677 (3.6)
653 (3.9)
665 (3.8)
620 (4.5)
625 (4.3)
647 (3.8)
663 (3.6)
664 (4.0)
628 (4.0)
657 (4.3)
679 (4.7)
621 (3.2)
629 (2.9)
647 (3.8)
564 (5.2)
653 (3.9)
674 (3.5)
666 (3.8)
671 (5.2)
642 (3.7)
621 (4.1)
642 (3.9)
m m
667 (3.8)
645 (4.9)
617 (4.4)
663 (4.3)
677 (4.4)
646 (0.7)
656 (2.0)
543 (3.8)
m m
513 (6.3)
620 (4.0)
543 (4.8)
589 (4.9)
582 (2.6)
696 (4.2)
594 (5.7)
563 (6.0)
621 (4.5)
598 (3.5)
489 (6.8)
536 (4.8)
676 (3.3)
512 (5.6)
m m
539 (4.6)
465 (3.0)
m m
671 (3.2)
552 (5.4)
635 (3.9)
m m
572 (3.3)
492 (4.6)
m m
526 (6.4)
561 (5.4)
493 (8.4)
593 (2.9)
m m
632 (4.5)
m m
605 (4.0)
720 (3.3)
663 (4.8)
542 (5.6)
m m
627 (2.8)
590 (5.0)
m m

Table I.B1.25
Mean score and variation in the text structure subscale of reading "multiple"

5th

OECD
Australia 507 (1.8) 110 (1.0) 318 (3.1)
Austria 484 (2.7) 100 (1.3) 318 (3.9)
Belgium 500 (2.4) 101 (1.3) 330 (4.3)
Canada 522 (2.0) 102 (1.0) 348 (3.4)
Chile 451 (2.8) 95 (1.5) 293 (4.2)
Colombia 412 (3.4) 91 (1.6) 269 (3.9)
Czech Republic 494 (2.7) 100 (1.8) 328 (5.4)
Denmark 503 (1.8) 93 (1.1) 344 (3.5)
Estonia 529 (1.9) 93 (1.2) 373 (3.9)
Finland 520 (2.4) 100 (1.2) 346 (4.6)
France 495 (2.5) 104 (1.6) 315 (4.1)
Germany 497 (3.2) 107 (1.5) 315 (5.4)
Greece 458 (3.6) 100 (1.7) 287 (5.9)
Hungary 480 (2.6) 101 (1.4) 311 (4.2)
Iceland 479 (1.7) 99 (1.2) 311 (5.0)
Ireland 517 (2.4) 94 (1.0) 356 (4.3)
Israel 471 (4.0) 127 (1.9) 253 (5.9)
Italy 481 (2.6) 100 (1.9) 306 (6.7)
Japan 506 (2.8) 102 (1.8) 332 (5.4)
Korea 525 (3.1) 104 (1.9) 339 (6.0)
Latvia 483 (1.7) 92 (1.1) 329 (3.7)
Lithuania 475 (1.7) 98 (1.0) 310 (3.4)
Luxembourg 475 (1.4) 110 (1.1) 294 (3.0)
Mexico 419 (2.8) 84 (1.7) 284 (4.0)
Netherlands* 495 (2.5) 100 (1.7) 328 (4.8)
New Zealand 509 (2.1) 106 (1.3) 327 (4.2)
Norway 502 (2.3) 105 (1.3) 316 (4.8)
Poland 514 (2.7) 98 (1.7) 348 (5.3)
Portugal* 494 (2.5) 99 (1.4) 325 (4.9)
Slovak Republic 465 (2.2) 101 (1.6) 299 (5.0)
Slovenia 497 (1.5) 96 (1.2) 337 (3.8)
Spain m m m m m m
Sweden 511 (3.1) 109 (1.6) 323 (5.2)
Switzerland 489 (3.2) 103 (1.6) 315 (5.0)
Turkey 471 (2.4) 91 (1.7) 321 (4.6)
United Kingdom 508 (2.7) 102 (1.4) 334 (5.5)
United States* 505 (3.7) 110 (1.5) 316 (5.7)
OECD average 490 (0.4) 101 (0.2) 319 (0.8)
OECD total 487 (1.2) 107 (0.5) 309 (1.7)
Partners
Albania 402 (2.1) 86 (1.3) 266 (3.5)
Baku (Azerbaijan) 386 (2.7) 81 (2.1) 257 (3.0)
Belarus 478 (2.4) 92 (1.4) 323 (4.2)
Brazil 410 (2.3) 102 (1.4) 253 (2.9)
B-S-J-Z (China) 564 (2.8) 87 (1.9) 414 (5.5)
Bulgaria 417 (4.2) 108 (2.0) 248 (5.3)
Costa Rica 427 (3.8) 87 (2.0) 288 (4.0)
Croatia 478 (2.8) 92 (1.7) 324 (5.2)
Cyprus 425 (1.5) 101 (1.0) 261 (3.1)
Georgia 373 (2.3) 88 (1.4) 234 (3.7)
Hong Kong (China)* 529 (2.9) 103 (1.6) 340 (6.5)
Indonesia 371 (2.8) 78 (1.9) 251 (3.6)
Jordan m m m m m m
Kazakhstan 393 (1.7) 81 (1.3) 273 (2.5)
Kosovo 352 (1.2) 73 (0.8) 240 (2.3)
Lebanon m m m m m m
Macao (China) 530 (1.5) 91 (1.3) 374 (4.1)
Malaysia 420 (3.0) 86 (1.6) 278 (3.5)
Malta 448 (1.9) 112 (1.3) 259 (4.0)
Moldova m m m m m m
Montenegro 416 (1.1) 90 (1.0) 269 (3.1)
Morocco 359 (3.3) 76 (1.2) 244 (2.6)
Panama 371 (3.2) 93 (2.1) 225 (4.8)
Peru 409 (3.0) 94 (1.6) 262 (3.6)
Philippines 341 (3.3) 83 (2.2) 224 (2.8)
Qatar 410 (0.9) 113 (0.7) 232 (2.3)
Romania m m m m m m
Russia 482 (3.1) 95 (1.8) 321 (6.5)
Serbia 437 (3.5) 100 (1.5) 273 (5.0)
Singapore 553 (1.7) 109 (1.1) 358 (4.2)
Chinese Taipei 506 (2.9) 103 (1.6) 326 (5.4)
Thailand 401 (3.3) 82 (1.6) 276 (3.5)
Ukraine m m m m m m
Uruguay 431 (3.0) 98 (1.6) 269 (4.5)

Percentiles
360 (2.8) 432 (2.2) 512 (2.1) 585 (2.1) 647 (3.0)
350 (3.9) 411 (3.6) 486 (3.7) 558 (3.0) 614 (3.2)
365 (3.9) 429 (3.4) 504 (2.9) 574 (2.6) 629 (2.7)
387 (2.8) 453 (2.5) 526 (2.5) 595 (2.3) 650 (2.2)
326 (3.7) 385 (4.0) 451 (3.3) 518 (3.3) 574 (3.2)
297 (3.8) 347 (3.8) 406 (4.1) 474 (4.5) 535 (4.7)
362 (4.6) 424 (3.8) 496 (3.2) 566 (3.1) 625 (3.1)
380 (3.0) 440 (2.5) 506 (2.4) 568 (2.2) 620 (2.6)
407 (3.4) 466 (2.7) 529 (2.5) 594 (2.6) 649 (2.9)
385 (3.9) 453 (3.1) 526 (2.9) 591 (2.4) 644 (2.8)
355 (4.1) 423 (3.0) 500 (3.1) 570 (3.4) 628 (3.4)
353 (4.6) 422 (4.4) 502 (3.9) 576 (3.5) 633 (3.7)
324 (5.5) 389 (5.1) 460 (4.1) 529 (3.8) 587 (3.8)
344 (3.5) 407 (3.6) 482 (3.3) 554 (3.1) 611 (3.7)
348 (3.8) 412 (2.8) 480 (2.3) 549 (2.6) 608 (3.2)
391 (3.7) 453 (3.0) 519 (2.9) 583 (2.7) 637 (3.3)
294 (6.6) 380 (5.5) 478 (5.3) 567 (4.2) 634 (4.1)
347 (4.9) 415 (3.6) 486 (3.0) 552 (3.3) 607 (3.8)
370 (4.7) 437 (4.0) 510 (3.1) 579 (3.4) 636 (3.6)
385 (5.5) 459 (4.0) 533 (3.1) 599 (3.4) 653 (4.0)
362 (2.7) 418 (2.3) 484 (2.3) 548 (2.1) 602 (3.6)
344 (3.0) 405 (2.7) 477 (2.3) 545 (1.9) 600 (2.7)
329 (2.5) 395 (2.6) 476 (2.2) 554 (2.2) 618 (3.2)
312 (3.9) 360 (3.0) 417 (3.0) 476 (3.5) 530 (4.7)
364 (4.0) 426 (3.9) 496 (3.0) 568 (3.5) 626 (3.3)
365 (4.1) 435 (3.0) 515 (2.7) 588 (2.4) 643 (2.6)
360 (4.3) 432 (3.2) 508 (3.0) 579 (2.5) 635 (2.9)
386 (3.8) 448 (2.8) 517 (3.3) 583 (3.3) 638 (4.5)
360 (3.8) 425 (3.4) 499 (3.1) 565 (2.8) 617 (3.1)
334 (4.3) 396 (2.9) 466 (2.8) 536 (2.8) 596 (3.8)
372 (3.3) 431 (2.0) 499 (2.0) 564 (2.2) 619 (3.6)
m m m m m m m m m m
364 (5.4) 437 (4.4) 517 (3.7) 591 (3.4) 649 (3.1)
350 (3.8) 416 (4.1) 492 (3.8) 563 (3.9) 621 (4.0)
352 (3.8) 407 (3.3) 471 (2.8) 534 (2.9) 589 (4.0)
373 (4.6) 439 (3.3) 510 (2.9) 580 (2.9) 638 (4.0)
357 (5.3) 428 (5.0) 509 (4.4) 585 (4.4) 645 (4.7)
356 (0.7) 420 (0.6) 493 (0.5) 562 (0.5) 619 (0.6)
345 (1.6) 411 (1.4) 488 (1.5) 564 (1.5) 625 (1.8)
293 (2.9) 341 (2.6) 400 (2.6) 459 (2.9) 516 (3.6)
m m m m m m m m m m
283 (2.6) 330 (2.4) 385 (2.4) 440 (3.1) 490 (4.8)
355 (3.7) 415 (3.1) 480 (2.9) 544 (2.8) 597 (3.0)
290 (3.4) 338 (3.4) 395 (3.6) 456 (3.8) 510 (4.1)
282 (3.2) 335 (2.5) 404 (2.5) 480 (3.4) 548 (3.7)
298 (1.9) 346 (1.5) 408 (1.6) 480 (1.8) 544 (1.9)
450 (4.3) 508 (3.5) 568 (2.9) 625 (3.2) 673 (4.1)
279 (4.9) 336 (5.3) 413 (5.2) 492 (5.4) 562 (5.3)
316 (3.7) 366 (3.4) 425 (3.9) 487 (4.8) 542 (6.6)
357 (4.2) 415 (4.1) 480 (3.1) 544 (3.1) 597 (3.4)
292 (2.4) 353 (2.3) 426 (2.0) 497 (2.3) 557 (2.4)
243 (3.0) 283 (2.6) 335 (3.1) 397 (4.4) 460 (5.5)
261 (3.1) 311 (2.8) 370 (2.5) 433 (3.2) 491 (3.9)
389 (5.9) 466 (4.0) 538 (3.0) 602 (3.0) 654 (3.0)
275 (2.9) 317 (2.7) 366 (2.8) 420 (3.7) 475 (6.0)
m m m m m m m m m m
296 (2.4) 337 (1.7) 386 (1.8) 442 (2.2) 502 (3.6)
261 (2.0) 300 (1.9) 349 (2.0) 400 (2.0) 448 (2.6)
m m m m m m m m m m
411 (3.0) 471 (2.1) 535 (2.2) 594 (2.1) 645 (3.1)
306 (3.7) 360 (3.3) 421 (3.4) 479 (3.5) 529 (4.4)
296 (3.5) 368 (3.0) 452 (2.8) 528 (2.6) 592 (3.9)
m m m m m m m m m m
300 (2.5) 354 (1.7) 415 (1.6) 478 (1.5) 534 (2.4)
265 (2.7) 303 (2.9) 353 (4.1) 411 (4.5) 462 (4.3)
m m m m m m m m m m
254 (3.9) 306 (3.2) 367 (3.4) 432 (4.3) 494 (6.3)
290 (3.5) 342 (2.9) 405 (3.4) 473 (3.9) 535 (5.0)
244 (2.4) 281 (2.5) 328 (3.2) 391 (4.7) 457 (7.1)
264 (1.7) 328 (1.4) 407 (1.5) 488 (1.4) 560 (2.0)
m m m m m m m m m m
358 (5.4) 419 (3.9) 484 (3.6) 548 (3.4) 604 (3.6)
m m m m m m m m m m
305 (4.5) 366 (4.4) 438 (3.9) 508 (3.6) 569 (3.6)
402 (3.9) 480 (2.8) 562 (2.4) 631 (2.0) 686 (2.1)
369 (4.1) 437 (3.5) 512 (3.2) 580 (3.2) 636 (3.7)
300 (3.3) 343 (3.2) 396 (3.4) 455 (4.4) 512 (5.4)
m m m m m m m m m m
288 (2.7) 353 (2.9) 433 (2.8) 517 (3.6) 591 (3.4)
302 (3.6) 362 (3.7) 433 (3.5) 501 (3.5) 559 (4.1)
m m m m m m m m m m
95th
Score S.E.
681 (3.4)
644 (3.6)
660 (3.5)
681 (2.7)
605 (3.9)
571 (4.9)
656 (3.5)
649 (3.0)
681 (4.0)
675 (3.4)
658 (4.0)
665 (4.1)
619 (4.8)
643 (4.6)
639 (3.9)
667 (3.8)
669 (4.0)
637 (4.2)
668 (4.4)
684 (4.8)
633 (3.4)
631 (2.9)
654 (3.5)
562 (5.2)
657 (3.7)
674 (3.0)
666 (3.1)
670 (5.0)
646 (4.5)
629 (4.6)
651 (3.7)
m m
681 (4.2)
653 (5.2)
620 (4.5)
671 (3.9)
680 (4.5)
651 (0.7)
660 (1.9)
549 (4.5)
m m
523 (7.9)
625 (3.0)
541 (4.6)
586 (4.8)
579 (2.6)
699 (3.9)
600 (5.7)
574 (7.8)
629 (3.8)
591 (3.3)
495 (6.4)
524 (4.6)
684 (3.0)
511 (7.3)
m m
540 (4.1)
478 (3.4)
m m
672 (3.8)
559 (5.3)
629 (4.3)
m m
566 (3.1)
493 (4.9)
m m
533 (6.4)
572 (5.5)
496 (8.5)
602 (2.2)
m m
636 (4.3)
m m
603 (4.5)
717 (3.0)
667 (4.4)
546 (5.7)
m m
630 (3.0)
591 (4.7)
m m

Table I.B1.26
Top performers in reading, mathematics and science
15-year-old stud
Not top performers Top performers

Top performers Top performers
in any of the three only in
only in reading only in science
domains mathematics
% S.E. % S.E. % S.E. %

OECD
Australia 81.1 (0.6) 4.7 (0.3) 2.9 (0.3) 1.7
Austria 84.3 (0.9) 1.5 (0.2) 6.0 (0.5) 1.0
Belgium 80.6 (0.9) 2.0 (0.2) 6.9 (0.6) 1.0
Canada 75.9 (0.8) 4.5 (0.3) 5.6 (0.4) 1.9
Chile 96.5 (0.4) 1.6 (0.2) 0.5 (0.1) 0.3
Colombia 98.5 (0.2) 0.6 (0.1) 0.3 (0.1) 0.2
Czech Republic 83.4 (0.8) 1.9 (0.3) 5.5 (0.4) 1.2
Denmark 84.2 (0.7) 2.4 (0.3) 5.5 (0.5) 0.9
Estonia 77.5 (0.9) 3.1 (0.4) 5.3 (0.6) 1.8
Finland 79.0 (0.8) 4.2 (0.4) 3.0 (0.3) 2.5
France 84.1 (0.9) 2.5 (0.3) 4.6 (0.4) 1.2
Germany 80.9 (1.0) 2.6 (0.3) 4.5 (0.4) 1.7
Greece 93.8 (0.7) 1.8 (0.3) 2.1 (0.3) 0.3
Hungary 88.7 (0.8) 1.6 (0.2) 3.5 (0.4) 1.0
Iceland 86.5 (0.6) 2.3 (0.4) 5.4 (0.6) 0.3
Ireland 84.6 (0.8) 4.9 (0.4) 2.3 (0.3) 0.6
Israel 84.8 (0.8) 4.1 (0.4) 3.2 (0.3) 0.9
Italy 87.9 (0.9) 1.9 (0.2) 5.7 (0.5) 0.3
Japan 76.7 (1.1) 1.6 (0.3) 7.2 (0.5) 2.2
Korea 73.4 (1.2) 2.9 (0.4) 9.0 (0.5) 1.3
Latvia 88.7 (0.6) 1.4 (0.2) 4.7 (0.5) 1.0
Lithuania 88.9 (0.5) 1.2 (0.2) 4.2 (0.4) 1.0
Luxembourg 85.6 (0.5) 1.9 (0.2) 5.1 (0.4) 0.8
Mexico 98.9 (0.2) 0.5 (0.1) 0.3 (0.1) 0.1
Netherlands* 78.2 (1.0) 1.0 (0.2) 8.1 (0.7) 1.6
New Zealand 79.8 (0.7) 3.8 (0.4) 3.5 (0.3) 2.2
Norway 82.2 (0.7) 3.9 (0.4) 4.4 (0.4) 0.9
Poland 78.8 (1.2) 3.0 (0.4) 6.2 (0.5) 1.2
Portugal* 84.8 (0.8) 2.0 (0.3) 5.7 (0.5) 0.9
Slovak Republic 87.2 (0.7) 1.1 (0.2) 6.5 (0.5) 0.6
Slovenia 82.7 (0.7) 1.8 (0.3) 6.6 (0.7) 1.2
Spain m m m m m m m
Sweden 80.6 (0.9) 4.6 (0.4) 3.9 (0.4) 0.9
Switzerland 80.2 (1.1) 1.1 (0.2) 8.6 (0.6) 1.0
Turkey 93.4 (0.7) 1.1 (0.2) 2.3 (0.4) 0.4
United Kingdom 80.6 (0.9) 3.2 (0.3) 4.5 (0.4) 1.7
United States* 82.9 (1.1) 4.8 (0.5) 1.5 (0.4) 1.5
OECD average 84.3 (0.1) 2.5 (0.1) 4.6 (0.1) 1.1
OECD total 85.2 (0.3) 2.7 (0.1) 3.4 (0.1) 1.2
Partners
Albania 97.5 (0.3) 0.1 (0.1) 2.0 (0.2) 0.0
Argentina 98.8 (0.2) 0.5 (0.1) 0.2 (0.1) 0.3
Baku (Azerbaijan) 97.9 (0.4) 0.1 (0.1) 1.8 (0.3) 0.0
Belarus 91.0 (0.7) 1.0 (0.2) 4.0 (0.5) 0.4
Bosnia and Herzegovina 99.0 (0.2) 0.1 (0.1) 0.7 (0.2) 0.1
Brazil 97.5 (0.3) 1.1 (0.2) 0.4 (0.1) 0.2
Brunei Darussalam 95.7 (0.3) 0.2 (0.1) 1.5 (0.2) 0.8
B-S-J-Z (China) 50.7 (1.3) 0.8 (0.2) 14.9 (0.7) 3.1
Bulgaria 94.5 (0.7) 0.7 (0.2) 2.5 (0.4) 0.3
Costa Rica 99.1 (0.2) 0.5 (0.1) 0.2 (0.1) 0.1
Croatia 91.5 (0.6) 1.6 (0.2) 2.2 (0.3) 1.1
Cyprus 94.1 (0.4) 0.7 (0.2) 3.1 (0.4) 0.5
Dominican Republic 99.9 (0.1) 0.1 (0.1) 0.0 (0.0) 0.0
Georgia 98.8 (0.3) 0.1 (0.1) 0.9 (0.3) 0.0
Hong Kong (China)* 67.7 (1.1) 2.6 (0.3) 15.4 (0.7) 0.4
Indonesia 99.4 (0.2) 0.0 (0.0) 0.4 (0.2) 0.0
Jordan 98.6 (0.3) 0.2 (0.1) 0.5 (0.2) 0.5
Kazakhstan 97.8 (0.2) 0.1 (0.0) 1.6 (0.2) 0.1
Kosovo 99.9 (0.1) 0.0 c 0.1 (0.1) 0.0
Lebanon 97.4 (0.3) 0.4 (0.1) 1.6 (0.3) 0.2
Macao (China) 67.2 (0.9) 1.6 (0.3) 14.3 (0.8) 1.9
Malaysia 97.3 (0.5) 0.1 (0.1) 1.9 (0.4) 0.1
Malta 88.7 (0.7) 1.5 (0.3) 4.2 (0.5) 0.8
Moldova 96.8 (0.5) 0.4 (0.1) 1.7 (0.3) 0.3
Montenegro 97.7 (0.2) 0.4 (0.2) 1.4 (0.2) 0.1
Morocco 99.9 (0.1) 0.0 (0.0) 0.1 (0.1) 0.0
North Macedonia 98.3 (0.3) 0.1 (0.1) 0.8 (0.2) 0.5
Panama 99.7 (0.1) 0.2 (0.1) 0.1 (0.1) 0.1
Peru 98.6 (0.3) 0.4 (0.1) 0.6 (0.1) 0.1
Philippines 99.8 (0.1) 0.0 (0.0) 0.1 (0.0) 0.0
Qatar 95.2 (0.2) 0.9 (0.1) 1.3 (0.1) 0.6
Romania 95.9 (0.7) 0.6 (0.2) 2.1 (0.4) 0.3
Russia 89.2 (0.8) 1.8 (0.2) 4.4 (0.5) 0.5
Saudi Arabia 99.7 (0.1) 0.1 (0.0) 0.1 (0.1) 0.0
Serbia 93.3 (0.5) 0.9 (0.2) 3.4 (0.3) 0.4
Singapore 56.7 (0.8) 3.0 (0.4) 13.4 (0.6) 1.4
Chinese Taipei 74.0 (1.2) 1.4 (0.2) 10.7 (0.6) 0.8
Thailand 97.3 (0.4) 0.0 (0.0) 1.8 (0.3) 0.3
Ukraine 92.5 (0.8) 1.1 (0.2) 2.2 (0.4) 1.0
United Arab Emirates 91.7 (0.4) 1.7 (0.2) 2.6 (0.3) 0.5
Uruguay 97.6 (0.3) 1.0 (0.2) 0.5 (0.2) 0.3
Viet Nam*** 84.4 (1.3) 1.0 (0.2) 2.2 (0.3) 6.3

*Hong Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accep
***The data for Viet Nam have not yet been fully validated. Due to a lack of consistency in the response pattern of some perform
15-year-old students who are:
Percentage of top
performers in
Top performers in Top performers in Top performers in reading who are
Top performers reading and reading and mathematics and Top performers in also top performers
only in science mathematics but science but not in science but not in all three domains in mathematics and
not in science mathematics reading science
S.E. % S.E. % S.E. % S.E. % S.E. %
(0.2) 1.8 (0.2) 2.0 (0.2) 1.3 (0.2) 4.5 (0.3) 34.4
(0.2) 1.9 (0.3) 0.7 (0.2) 1.3 (0.3) 3.3 (0.4) 44.3
(0.1) 2.5 (0.3) 0.7 (0.1) 2.0 (0.2) 4.3 (0.3) 45.6
(0.2) 2.7 (0.3) 2.4 (0.2) 1.6 (0.2) 5.5 (0.4) 36.4
(0.1) 0.4 (0.1) 0.4 (0.1) 0.1 (0.0) 0.3 (0.1) 10.6
(0.1) 0.1 (0.1) 0.2 (0.1) 0.0 (0.0) 0.1 (0.0) 8.6
(0.2) 1.7 (0.2) 0.8 (0.1) 1.7 (0.3) 3.8 (0.3) 46.1
(0.1) 2.3 (0.4) 0.8 (0.2) 1.0 (0.2) 2.8 (0.3) 33.9
(0.3) 2.0 (0.4) 2.2 (0.3) 1.6 (0.2) 6.6 (0.5) 47.4
(0.3) 1.6 (0.2) 3.2 (0.3) 1.3 (0.2) 5.2 (0.5) 36.7
(0.2) 2.2 (0.3) 1.1 (0.2) 0.9 (0.1) 3.3 (0.4) 36.2
(0.3) 2.1 (0.3) 1.5 (0.2) 1.6 (0.2) 5.1 (0.4) 45.4
(0.1) 0.9 (0.2) 0.4 (0.1) 0.1 (0.1) 0.6 (0.2) 15.1
(0.2) 1.4 (0.3) 0.6 (0.1) 1.0 (0.2) 2.0 (0.4) 35.9
(0.1) 2.0 (0.5) 0.5 (0.2) 0.7 (0.2) 2.3 (0.3) 31.8
(0.2) 2.4 (0.3) 1.6 (0.3) 0.4 (0.1) 3.2 (0.4) 26.3
(0.2) 2.1 (0.3) 1.5 (0.2) 0.7 (0.2) 2.8 (0.4) 26.6
(0.1) 1.7 (0.2) 0.3 (0.1) 0.7 (0.2) 1.4 (0.3) 26.7
(0.3) 1.5 (0.2) 1.2 (0.2) 3.7 (0.4) 5.9 (0.6) 58.0
(0.2) 2.8 (0.3) 1.0 (0.2) 3.1 (0.3) 6.4 (0.7) 49.0
(0.2) 1.5 (0.2) 0.4 (0.1) 0.8 (0.2) 1.5 (0.2) 31.6
(0.2) 1.3 (0.2) 0.5 (0.2) 1.0 (0.2) 2.0 (0.2) 39.9
(0.2) 2.0 (0.3) 0.9 (0.2) 0.9 (0.2) 2.9 (0.3) 37.9
(0.0) 0.1 (0.1) 0.1 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0) 0.1 (0.0) 12.1
(0.3) 2.0 (0.4) 0.7 (0.2) 3.0 (0.3) 5.3 (0.5) 58.4
(0.4) 1.6 (0.2) 2.7 (0.3) 1.4 (0.2) 5.0 (0.4) 38.3
(0.2) 2.7 (0.4) 0.8 (0.2) 1.3 (0.2) 3.9 (0.3) 34.1
(0.2) 2.7 (0.3) 1.2 (0.2) 1.6 (0.3) 5.3 (0.6) 43.4
(0.2) 1.9 (0.3) 0.7 (0.2) 1.3 (0.2) 2.7 (0.4) 37.5
(0.2) 1.4 (0.2) 0.3 (0.1) 1.0 (0.2) 1.8 (0.3) 37.9
(0.3) 1.6 (0.3) 0.8 (0.2) 1.9 (0.3) 3.5 (0.4) 45.6
m m m m m m m m m m
(0.2) 2.6 (0.3) 1.2 (0.3) 1.3 (0.2) 4.8 (0.4) 36.2
(0.2) 2.3 (0.3) 0.6 (0.2) 2.1 (0.4) 4.1 (0.5) 50.4
(0.1) 0.7 (0.2) 0.3 (0.1) 0.5 (0.1) 1.2 (0.3) 35.4
(0.2) 2.0 (0.2) 1.7 (0.2) 1.7 (0.3) 4.6 (0.5) 40.0
(0.3) 1.7 (0.4) 2.6 (0.4) 0.6 (0.1) 4.5 (0.5) 33.2
(0.0) 1.8 (0.0) 1.1 (0.0) 1.3 (0.0) 3.4 (0.1) 36.3
(0.1) 1.5 (0.1) 1.3 (0.1) 1.1 (0.1) 3.5 (0.2) 38.4
(0.0) 0.2 (0.1) 0.0 (0.0) 0.1 (0.0) 0.1 (0.0) 18.1
(0.1) 0.0 (0.0) 0.1 (0.0) 0.1 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0) 5.8
(0.0) 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0) 0.1 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0) 7.9
(0.1) 1.3 (0.2) 0.2 (0.1) 0.6 (0.1) 1.4 (0.2) 34.4
(0.1) 0.1 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0) 10.7
(0.1) 0.2 (0.1) 0.2 (0.1) 0.1 (0.0) 0.3 (0.1) 14.6
(0.2) 0.2 (0.1) 0.2 (0.1) 0.6 (0.1) 0.7 (0.1) 50.1
(0.3) 2.1 (0.2) 1.1 (0.2) 9.6 (0.7) 17.7 (1.1) 81.6
(0.1) 0.8 (0.2) 0.2 (0.1) 0.3 (0.1) 0.6 (0.2) 27.0
(0.0) 0.1 (0.1) 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0) 3.2
(0.2) 1.1 (0.2) 0.7 (0.2) 0.6 (0.2) 1.3 (0.2) 27.5
(0.2) 0.4 (0.1) 0.2 (0.1) 0.5 (0.1) 0.4 (0.1) 24.4
(0.0) 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 c 0.0 (0.0) 2.8
(0.0) 0.1 (0.1) 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0) 9.3
(0.1) 6.5 (0.6) 0.4 (0.1) 1.8 (0.3) 5.4 (0.5) 36.2
(0.0) 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0) 16.2
(0.1) 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0) 0.1 (0.1) 0.0 (0.0) 9.0
(0.0) 0.1 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0) 0.1 (0.0) 0.1 (0.0) 28.1
c 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 c 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 c m
(0.1) 0.2 (0.1) 0.0 (0.0) 0.2 (0.1) 0.1 (0.1) 14.9
(0.3) 3.2 (0.4) 1.5 (0.3) 2.8 (0.4) 7.4 (0.5) 53.5
(0.1) 0.1 (0.1) 0.0 (0.0) 0.2 (0.1) 0.2 (0.1) 45.8
(0.2) 1.2 (0.3) 0.5 (0.2) 1.0 (0.2) 2.2 (0.3) 40.4
(0.1) 0.2 (0.1) 0.1 (0.1) 0.2 (0.1) 0.2 (0.1) 24.5
(0.0) 0.2 (0.1) 0.1 (0.0) 0.1 (0.1) 0.1 (0.0) 13.0
(0.0) 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 c 0.0 c 0.0 c m
(0.1) 0.0 (0.0) 0.1 (0.0) 0.2 (0.1) 0.1 (0.1) 33.7
(0.0) 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0) 5.5
(0.1) 0.2 (0.1) 0.1 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0) 0.1 (0.1) 8.1
(0.0) 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0) 17.9
(0.1) 0.4 (0.1) 0.4 (0.1) 0.3 (0.1) 0.9 (0.1) 33.8
(0.1) 0.5 (0.2) 0.1 (0.1) 0.3 (0.1) 0.3 (0.1) 19.4
(0.1) 1.6 (0.2) 0.5 (0.1) 0.5 (0.2) 1.6 (0.3) 28.9
(0.0) 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0) 5.5
(0.1) 0.9 (0.2) 0.2 (0.1) 0.3 (0.1) 0.6 (0.1) 23.1
(0.2) 6.2 (0.4) 1.9 (0.3) 2.7 (0.3) 14.7 (0.5) 56.8
(0.2) 2.2 (0.3) 0.6 (0.1) 3.6 (0.4) 6.7 (0.6) 61.5
(0.1) 0.1 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0) 0.3 (0.1) 0.1 (0.0) 41.0
(0.2) 0.7 (0.2) 0.4 (0.1) 0.9 (0.2) 1.2 (0.3) 35.1
(0.1) 1.1 (0.2) 0.7 (0.1) 0.4 (0.1) 1.3 (0.1) 27.0
(0.1) 0.2 (0.1) 0.2 (0.1) 0.1 (0.1) 0.2 (0.1) 11.8
(0.5) 0.3 (0.1) 1.5 (0.3) 2.1 (0.4) 2.1 (0.4) 43.3
andards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).
pattern of some performance data, the OECD cannot yet assure full international comparability of the results (see Annexes A4 and A6).
Percentage of top
performers in
reading who are
also top performers
in mathematics and
science
S.E.
(2.1)
(4.1)
(2.4)
(1.9)
(2.9)
(4.1)
(2.8)
(3.1)
(3.0)
(2.4)
(2.7)
(2.6)
(3.7)
(4.5)
(4.3)
(2.3)
(2.8)
(3.4)
(3.9)
(2.8)
(3.5)
(3.6)
(3.2)
(4.9)
(3.9)
(2.4)
(2.7)
(3.1)
(4.1)
(4.9)
(4.6)
m
(2.4)
(3.5)
(6.2)
(2.4)
(2.8)
(0.6)
(1.2)
(11.0)
(4.6)
(13.8)
(4.6)
(11.2)
(3.6)
(6.0)
(1.7)
(4.6)
(4.5)
(3.8)
(6.5)
(8.5)
(9.8)
(3.3)
(17.5)
(9.6)
(7.6)
m
(9.6)
(2.6)
(12.4)
(5.4)
(8.9)
(8.3)
m
(19.1)
(8.1)
(6.1)
(33.8)
(3.0)
(6.8)
(4.0)
(12.2)
(5.0)
(1.7)
(2.9)
(15.8)
(6.1)
(2.9)
(5.6)
(5.3)
(see Annexes A4 and A6).


Table I.B1.27
Low achievers in reading, mathematics and science
15-year-old stud
Not low achievers

Low achievers only Low achievers only Low achievers only
in any of the three
in reading in mathematics in science
domains
% S.E. % S.E. % S.E. %

OECD
Australia 69.5 (0.7) 3.6 (0.2) 5.5 (0.4) 2.1
Austria 68.7 (1.2) 3.8 (0.5) 3.1 (0.3) 2.7
Belgium 71.4 (0.9) 3.8 (0.3) 2.9 (0.4) 2.1
Canada 75.9 (0.7) 3.0 (0.3) 5.5 (0.4) 2.6
Chile 42.2 (1.3) 1.4 (0.2) 15.9 (0.7) 2.7
Colombia 28.8 (1.5) 1.6 (0.2) 12.9 (0.9) 2.0
Czech Republic 69.7 (1.2) 4.2 (0.3) 4.5 (0.4) 2.6
Denmark 74.4 (0.8) 2.9 (0.3) 2.8 (0.3) 4.3
Estonia 83.2 (0.8) 3.0 (0.3) 3.3 (0.4) 1.5
Finland 78.4 (0.8) 2.3 (0.3) 4.4 (0.4) 2.1
France 70.0 (0.9) 3.1 (0.4) 3.9 (0.4) 2.9
Germany 71.2 (1.2) 2.9 (0.3) 4.0 (0.4) 2.2
Greece 53.4 (1.6) 3.0 (0.4) 8.1 (0.4) 3.8
Hungary 64.9 (1.1) 3.5 (0.3) 4.4 (0.5) 2.8
Iceland 65.0 (1.0) 5.5 (0.5) 2.9 (0.4) 3.2
Ireland 76.9 (1.0) 1.3 (0.2) 3.8 (0.4) 4.1
Israel 55.9 (1.4) 2.7 (0.3) 5.9 (0.5) 3.5
Italy 64.4 (1.2) 3.6 (0.3) 4.1 (0.4) 4.2
Japan 79.2 (1.0) 5.7 (0.5) 2.3 (0.3) 1.0
Korea 77.1 (1.2) 3.4 (0.3) 3.4 (0.4) 2.2
Latvia 69.4 (0.9) 5.6 (0.4) 3.5 (0.5) 3.1
Lithuania 65.0 (0.9) 3.5 (0.4) 5.4 (0.5) 2.8
Luxembourg 61.4 (0.6) 4.3 (0.4) 4.2 (0.3) 2.7
Mexico 35.7 (1.3) 1.8 (0.3) 10.9 (0.7) 3.2
Netherlands* 70.3 (1.2) 6.1 (0.5) 1.5 (0.3) 2.6
New Zealand 70.7 (0.8) 2.9 (0.3) 5.8 (0.4) 2.1
Norway 71.1 (1.0) 3.7 (0.3) 2.8 (0.4) 3.7
Poland 76.7 (1.0) 3.2 (0.4) 4.1 (0.4) 2.8
Portugal* 69.6 (1.1) 3.1 (0.3) 5.1 (0.6) 2.2
Slovak Republic 59.0 (1.0) 5.8 (0.5) 3.2 (0.3) 4.1
Slovenia 74.1 (0.7) 5.0 (0.4) 4.0 (0.4) 2.0
Spain m m m m m m m
Sweden 72.2 (1.2) 3.5 (0.3) 3.5 (0.4) 2.8
Switzerland 69.8 (1.2) 5.1 (0.4) 2.5 (0.3) 2.8
Turkey 56.9 (1.0) 2.7 (0.3) 10.9 (0.7) 1.8
United Kingdom 71.9 (1.0) 3.3 (0.3) 5.1 (0.4) 3.0
United States* 68.0 (1.4) 2.0 (0.3) 8.0 (0.6) 1.6
OECD average 66.7 (0.2) 3.5 (0.1) 5.1 (0.1) 2.7
OECD total 63.7 (0.5) 2.9 (0.1) 6.8 (0.2) 2.3
Partners
Albania 35.9 (1.2) 7.5 (0.5) 4.6 (0.4) 4.3
Argentina 24.9 (1.2) 2.0 (0.3) 12.6 (0.7) 2.4
Baku (Azerbaijan) 27.1 (1.3) 7.4 (0.5) 3.4 (0.3) 5.1
Belarus 63.6 (1.2) 2.2 (0.3) 6.7 (0.5) 2.8
Bosnia and Herzegovina 29.9 (1.5) 3.3 (0.3) 5.7 (0.6) 4.6
Brazil 27.2 (0.9) 1.3 (0.2) 11.9 (0.6) 2.1
Brunei Darussalam 41.0 (0.5) 4.5 (0.3) 3.9 (0.3) 1.7
B-S-J-Z (China) 94.0 (0.7) 2.7 (0.3) 0.6 (0.1) 0.2
Bulgaria 40.1 (1.6) 4.1 (0.4) 5.5 (0.5) 4.1
Costa Rica 33.2 (1.9) 1.7 (0.2) 12.9 (0.8) 2.8
Croatia 60.5 (1.4) 1.9 (0.2) 8.9 (0.6) 4.2
Cyprus 45.4 (0.8) 7.3 (0.4) 4.1 (0.4) 3.9
Dominican Republic 6.8 (0.9) 0.4 (0.1) 5.8 (0.7) 1.4
Georgia 23.3 (1.1) 4.0 (0.4) 4.0 (0.5) 4.3
Hong Kong (China)* 82.2 (1.0) 3.4 (0.4) 1.8 (0.3) 2.3
Indonesia 18.7 (1.3) 3.7 (0.4) 7.1 (0.6) 1.7
Jordan 33.2 (1.4) 3.1 (0.3) 15.8 (0.7) 2.3
Kazakhstan 24.5 (0.7) 6.6 (0.4) 4.2 (0.3) 4.4
Kosovo 12.8 (0.6) 2.8 (0.4) 3.5 (0.4) 2.1
Lebanon 23.2 (1.3) 6.5 (0.6) 2.9 (0.3) 3.4
Macao (China) 86.7 (0.6) 4.9 (0.5) 1.4 (0.3) 0.8
Malaysia 44.9 (1.5) 6.4 (0.4) 6.0 (0.5) 1.7
Malta 55.8 (0.9) 5.4 (0.5) 2.9 (0.4) 3.1
Moldova 39.5 (1.1) 3.4 (0.4) 9.0 (0.6) 3.2
Montenegro 39.1 (0.7) 3.5 (0.3) 5.9 (0.5) 5.2
Morocco 15.5 (1.2) 3.0 (0.4) 6.0 (0.5) 1.9
North Macedonia 28.8 (0.7) 4.6 (0.5) 8.5 (0.6) 2.6
Panama 14.6 (1.2) 0.4 (0.1) 10.7 (0.7) 2.4
Peru 30.1 (1.2) 2.7 (0.3) 7.6 (0.5) 3.2
Philippines 13.1 (1.3) 1.6 (0.3) 3.4 (0.4) 1.3
Qatar 35.6 (0.4) 3.9 (0.2) 6.4 (0.4) 3.0
Romania 42.0 (2.3) 3.2 (0.4) 6.6 (0.7) 4.5
Russia 66.5 (1.5) 4.3 (0.4) 5.1 (0.4) 3.8
Saudi Arabia 21.0 (1.2) 1.1 (0.2) 11.7 (0.7) 3.3
Serbia 47.0 (1.5) 3.8 (0.4) 6.4 (0.4) 4.6
Singapore 85.5 (0.5) 3.0 (0.3) 1.3 (0.2) 1.4
Chinese Taipei 77.1 (1.0) 4.2 (0.4) 2.0 (0.2) 1.8
Thailand 31.2 (1.6) 7.9 (0.6) 6.1 (0.5) 1.6
Ukraine 57.4 (1.6) 2.6 (0.3) 9.4 (0.7) 2.3
United Arab Emirates 42.5 (0.8) 4.0 (0.2) 6.4 (0.4) 3.4
Uruguay 40.3 (1.4) 3.4 (0.4) 8.5 (0.8) 2.9
Viet Nam*** 80.3 (1.7) 3.0 (0.4) 9.1 (0.9) 0.5

*Hong Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accep
***The data for Viet Nam have not yet been fully validated. Due to a lack of consistency in the response pattern of some perform
15-year-old students who are:
Percentage of low
achievers in
Low achievers in Low achievers in Low achievers in reading who are
Low achievers only reading and reading and mathematics and Low achievers in also low achievers
in science mathematics but science but not in science but not in all three domains in mathematics and
not in science mathematics reading science
S.E. % S.E. % S.E. % S.E. % S.E. %
(0.2) 2.5 (0.2) 2.3 (0.2) 3.2 (0.3) 11.2 (0.4) 57.1
(0.4) 2.6 (0.3) 3.8 (0.4) 1.9 (0.3) 13.5 (0.9) 57.2
(0.3) 1.9 (0.3) 3.1 (0.3) 2.3 (0.3) 12.5 (0.8) 58.8
(0.3) 2.1 (0.2) 2.3 (0.2) 2.2 (0.2) 6.4 (0.3) 46.4
(0.3) 5.1 (0.5) 1.7 (0.2) 7.4 (0.6) 23.5 (1.1) 74.0
(0.3) 6.2 (0.6) 2.1 (0.3) 6.3 (0.4) 39.9 (1.7) 80.0
(0.3) 2.9 (0.3) 3.1 (0.4) 2.5 (0.3) 10.5 (0.9) 50.7
(0.4) 1.2 (0.2) 3.8 (0.5) 2.4 (0.3) 8.1 (0.6) 50.9
(0.3) 1.7 (0.3) 2.1 (0.3) 0.9 (0.2) 4.2 (0.4) 38.2
(0.3) 2.0 (0.3) 2.2 (0.3) 1.6 (0.2) 7.0 (0.5) 51.8
(0.3) 2.6 (0.3) 2.8 (0.3) 2.3 (0.3) 12.5 (0.6) 59.8
(0.3) 2.3 (0.3) 2.6 (0.4) 2.0 (0.3) 12.8 (0.8) 62.0
(0.4) 3.7 (0.4) 3.9 (0.4) 4.1 (0.3) 19.9 (1.3) 65.1
(0.4) 3.1 (0.4) 3.2 (0.4) 2.7 (0.4) 15.5 (0.7) 61.2
(0.5) 1.6 (0.3) 5.6 (0.6) 2.5 (0.4) 13.7 (0.8) 52.0
(0.4) 1.0 (0.2) 2.0 (0.3) 3.5 (0.3) 7.5 (0.5) 63.5
(0.4) 2.5 (0.3) 3.8 (0.4) 3.7 (0.3) 22.1 (1.2) 71.1
(0.4) 2.0 (0.3) 3.9 (0.4) 4.0 (0.4) 13.8 (0.9) 59.2
(0.2) 2.0 (0.3) 2.7 (0.3) 0.7 (0.2) 6.4 (0.6) 38.3
(0.3) 1.9 (0.3) 2.3 (0.3) 2.1 (0.3) 7.5 (0.6) 50.0
(0.4) 3.1 (0.4) 4.6 (0.5) 1.6 (0.2) 9.2 (0.6) 40.8
(0.3) 3.9 (0.4) 3.1 (0.3) 2.4 (0.3) 13.9 (0.7) 56.9
(0.3) 3.3 (0.3) 4.3 (0.4) 2.3 (0.3) 17.4 (0.6) 59.5
(0.3) 4.8 (0.6) 3.0 (0.3) 5.5 (0.5) 35.0 (1.3) 78.4
(0.3) 1.9 (0.3) 5.2 (0.6) 1.5 (0.2) 10.8 (0.9) 44.8
(0.3) 2.6 (0.3) 2.5 (0.2) 2.5 (0.3) 10.9 (0.6) 57.4
(0.5) 1.6 (0.2) 2.7 (0.3) 3.2 (0.3) 11.3 (0.6) 58.4
(0.4) 2.2 (0.3) 2.6 (0.3) 1.8 (0.2) 6.7 (0.5) 45.6
(0.3) 2.7 (0.3) 1.8 (0.3) 2.9 (0.4) 12.6 (0.8) 62.5
(0.5) 2.7 (0.4) 6.0 (0.5) 2.3 (0.4) 16.9 (1.0) 54.0
(0.2) 2.4 (0.3) 2.5 (0.3) 2.0 (0.4) 8.0 (0.5) 44.9
m m m m m m m m m m
(0.3) 1.8 (0.3) 2.6 (0.3) 3.0 (0.3) 10.5 (0.8) 57.0
(0.4) 2.4 (0.3) 5.5 (0.5) 1.3 (0.2) 10.7 (0.7) 45.2
(0.2) 4.4 (0.4) 2.0 (0.3) 4.3 (0.4) 17.1 (0.9) 65.5
(0.4) 2.3 (0.3) 2.7 (0.3) 2.8 (0.3) 9.0 (0.7) 52.1
(0.3) 3.4 (0.4) 1.3 (0.3) 3.1 (0.4) 12.6 (1.0) 65.6
(0.1) 2.7 (0.1) 3.1 (0.1) 2.8 (0.1) 13.4 (0.1) 56.6
(0.1) 3.2 (0.2) 2.4 (0.1) 3.2 (0.1) 15.6 (0.3) 65.0
(0.3) 5.1 (0.4) 10.0 (0.7) 3.1 (0.3) 29.7 (1.2) 56.8
(0.3) 7.0 (0.6) 1.7 (0.2) 8.0 (0.6) 41.4 (1.4) 79.5
(0.6) 4.4 (0.4) 9.8 (0.6) 4.1 (0.4) 38.9 (1.2) 64.4
(0.4) 3.3 (0.4) 2.1 (0.3) 3.5 (0.4) 15.9 (0.9) 67.7
(0.4) 4.4 (0.5) 4.7 (0.4) 6.2 (0.5) 41.3 (1.6) 77.0
(0.2) 4.2 (0.3) 1.3 (0.3) 8.8 (0.4) 43.2 (0.9) 86.5
(0.2) 4.8 (0.4) 4.9 (0.4) 1.5 (0.3) 37.6 (0.7) 72.6
(0.1) 0.7 (0.2) 0.7 (0.2) 0.1 (0.0) 1.1 (0.2) 20.3
(0.4) 3.7 (0.4) 7.3 (0.6) 3.2 (0.4) 31.9 (1.6) 67.8
(0.4) 4.4 (0.5) 2.3 (0.3) 9.1 (0.6) 33.5 (1.5) 79.9
(0.5) 3.4 (0.4) 2.2 (0.3) 4.9 (0.4) 14.1 (0.9) 65.1
(0.4) 4.2 (0.5) 6.5 (0.4) 2.9 (0.3) 25.7 (0.7) 58.7
(0.2) 2.3 (0.4) 0.9 (0.2) 7.0 (0.6) 75.5 (1.4) 95.5
(0.3) 4.3 (0.5) 7.4 (0.5) 4.0 (0.5) 48.7 (1.3) 75.6
(0.3) 1.0 (0.2) 2.8 (0.3) 1.1 (0.2) 5.3 (0.5) 42.4
(0.3) 10.4 (0.7) 4.0 (0.4) 2.5 (0.4) 51.7 (1.6) 74.0
(0.3) 7.6 (0.6) 2.1 (0.3) 7.5 (0.5) 28.4 (1.4) 69.0
(0.4) 4.4 (0.3) 15.4 (0.6) 2.8 (0.2) 37.7 (0.9) 58.8
(0.4) 4.3 (0.4) 5.6 (0.6) 2.7 (0.3) 66.0 (0.9) 83.8
(0.4) 5.1 (0.5) 7.0 (0.6) 2.7 (0.3) 49.1 (1.8) 72.5
(0.3) 1.0 (0.2) 2.6 (0.3) 0.3 (0.1) 2.3 (0.3) 21.5
(0.2) 6.1 (0.5) 5.5 (0.5) 1.6 (0.3) 27.8 (1.1) 60.6
(0.4) 2.4 (0.5) 5.5 (0.6) 2.4 (0.3) 22.6 (0.8) 62.9
(0.4) 5.5 (0.4) 3.6 (0.4) 5.3 (0.5) 30.5 (1.0) 70.9
(0.4) 3.3 (0.3) 6.1 (0.5) 5.4 (0.4) 31.5 (0.7) 71.0
(0.3) 6.1 (0.6) 4.1 (0.4) 3.3 (0.3) 60.2 (2.0) 82.2
(0.3) 8.6 (0.5) 3.0 (0.3) 5.0 (0.5) 39.0 (0.7) 70.7
(0.3) 3.0 (0.5) 1.4 (0.3) 8.0 (0.4) 59.5 (1.5) 92.5
(0.3) 5.2 (0.4) 3.6 (0.4) 4.8 (0.5) 42.8 (1.3) 78.8
(0.2) 3.9 (0.5) 3.3 (0.6) 1.6 (0.3) 71.8 (1.6) 89.1
(0.2) 5.7 (0.3) 3.9 (0.3) 4.0 (0.2) 37.4 (0.4) 73.6
(0.4) 4.2 (0.5) 3.6 (0.4) 6.0 (0.5) 29.8 (1.9) 72.9
(0.3) 2.9 (0.3) 3.8 (0.4) 2.5 (0.3) 11.2 (0.9) 50.7
(0.4) 4.0 (0.4) 1.9 (0.3) 11.7 (0.8) 45.4 (1.5) 86.6
(0.3) 4.4 (0.5) 4.8 (0.5) 4.2 (0.3) 24.7 (1.3) 65.5
(0.2) 1.2 (0.1) 3.0 (0.3) 0.6 (0.1) 4.1 (0.3) 36.2
(0.3) 1.6 (0.2) 2.9 (0.3) 1.4 (0.2) 9.0 (0.5) 50.8
(0.2) 10.3 (0.6) 6.7 (0.6) 1.6 (0.2) 34.6 (1.5) 58.2
(0.3) 4.1 (0.5) 1.7 (0.3) 4.9 (0.4) 17.5 (1.2) 67.5
(0.2) 4.3 (0.3) 4.6 (0.4) 4.7 (0.2) 30.1 (0.8) 70.0
(0.4) 3.9 (0.5) 2.7 (0.3) 6.4 (0.5) 31.9 (1.2) 76.2
(0.2) 3.8 (0.6) 0.6 (0.2) 0.6 (0.2) 2.2 (0.4) 23.3
andards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).
pattern of some performance data, the OECD cannot yet assure full international comparability of the results (see Annexes A4 and A6).
Percentage of low
achievers in
reading who are
also low achievers
in mathematics and
science
S.E.
(1.3)
(2.3)
(2.1)
(1.6)
(1.7)
(1.5)
(2.5)
(3.2)
(3.4)
(2.3)
(2.1)
(2.1)
(1.9)
(1.9)
(2.9)
(2.6)
(1.9)
(2.3)
(2.6)
(2.5)
(2.5)
(2.0)
(1.8)
(1.4)
(2.8)
(1.8)
(2.0)
(2.4)
(2.4)
(2.1)
(1.9)
m
(2.0)
(2.2)
(2.1)
(2.2)
(3.0)
(0.4)
(0.8)
(1.6)
(1.2)
(1.1)
(2.1)
(1.3)
(0.7)
(1.2)
(3.3)
(1.6)
(1.1)
(1.7)
(1.3)
(0.6)
(1.1)
(3.0)
(1.4)
(1.9)
(1.1)
(0.9)
(1.5)
(2.6)
(1.6)
(2.1)
(1.2)
(1.3)
(1.2)
(1.3)
(0.8)
(1.1)
(0.9)
(0.6)
(1.5)
(2.4)
(1.0)
(1.7)
(2.3)
(2.1)
(1.5)
(2.1)
(1.0)
(1.3)
(2.8)
(see Annexes A4 and A6).


Table I.B1.28
Variation in reading performance, 2000 through 2018
PISA 2000 PISA 2003
Inter-decile range Inter-decile range

Standard deviation (90th minus 10th Standard deviation (90th minus 10th
percentile) percentile)
S.D. S.E. Score dif. S.E. S.D. S.E. Score dif.

OECD
Australia 102 (1.5) 261 (4.6) 97 (1.5) 249
Austria 99 (2.1) 255 (7.0) 103 (2.3) 264
Belgium 107 (2.4) 279 (8.3) 110 (2.1) 280
Canada 95 (1.0) 242 (2.6) 89 (0.9) 226
Chile 90 (1.7) 232 (5.4) m m m
Colombia m m m m m m m
Czech Republic 96 (1.9) 242 (5.4) 96 (2.4) 245
Denmark 98 (1.8) 250 (5.4) 88 (1.8) 224
Estonia m m m m m m m
Finland 89 (2.6) 225 (5.5) 81 (1.1) 204
France 92 (1.7) 238 (5.7) 97 (2.2) 247
Germany 111 (1.9) 284 (6.7) 109 (2.3) 283
Greece 97 (2.7) 252 (8.7) 105 (2.0) 266
Hungary 94 (2.1) 244 (6.2) 92 (1.8) 236
Iceland 92 (1.4) 238 (4.9) 98 (1.4) 249
Ireland 94 (1.7) 240 (5.7) 87 (1.7) 221
Israel 109 (4.0) 282 (11.9) m m m
Italy 91 (2.7) 234 (6.3) 101 (2.2) 257
Japan 86 (3.0) 218 (9.1) 106 (2.5) 269
Korea 70 (1.6) 175 (4.9) 83 (2.0) 206
Latvia 102 (2.3) 264 (7.8) 90 (1.7) 231
Lithuania m m m m m m m
Luxembourg m m m m 100 (1.0) 257
Mexico 86 (2.1) 223 (6.3) 95 (1.9) 247
Netherlands* m m m m 85 (2.0) 220
New Zealand 108 (2.0) 279 (6.2) 105 (1.5) 271
Norway 104 (1.7) 268 (5.6) 102 (1.8) 261
Poland 100 (3.1) 260 (9.2) 96 (1.8) 242
Portugal* 97 (1.8) 255 (5.8) 93 (2.1) 240
Slovak Republic m m m m 93 (2.0) 239
Slovenia m m m m m m m
Spain** 85 (1.2) 218 (4.9) 95 (1.5) 243
Sweden 92 (1.2) 239 (4.0) 96 (1.9) 242
Switzerland 102 (2.0) 265 (6.5) 95 (1.9) 242
Turkey m m m m 95 (4.1) 238
United Kingdom m m m m m m m
United States* 105 (2.7) 273 (9.5) 101 (1.4) 261
OECD average-23 96 (0.4) 247 (1.3) 96 (0.4) 245
OECD average-27 97 (0.4) 249 (1.3) m m m
OECD average-29b m m m m 96 (0.4) 245
OECD average-35a m m m m m m m
OECD average-35b m m m m m m m
OECD average-36a m m m m m m m
Partners
Albania 99 (1.9) 260 (6.5) m m m
Argentina 109 (3.4) 283 (11.5) m m m
Brazil 86 (1.9) 219 (5.5) 111 (2.3) 286
Bulgaria 102 (3.0) 265 (9.2) m m m
Croatia m m m m m m m
Hong Kong (China)* 84 (2.4) 210 (7.3) 85 (2.7) 211
Indonesia 72 (2.5) 187 (7.5) 76 (1.8) 196
Jordan m m m m m m m
Macao (China) m m m m 67 (1.9) 174
Malta m m m m m m m
Montenegro m m m m m m m
North Macedonia 94 (1.2) 244 (3.8) m m m
Peru 96 (2.2) 247 (6.3) m m m
Qatar m m m m m m m
Romania m m m m m m m
Russia 92 (1.8) 239 (4.9) 93 (1.8) 240
Serbia m m m m m m m
Chinese Taipei m m m m m m m
Thailand 77 (1.7) 194 (5.5) 78 (1.5) 199
Uruguay m m m m 121 (2.0) 315

A 2003 PISA 2006 PISA 2009 PISA 2012
Inter-decile range Inter-decile range Inter-decile range

(90th minus 10th Standard deviation (90th minus 10th Standard deviation (90th minus 10th Standard deviation
percentile) percentile) percentile)
S.E. S.D. S.E. Score dif. S.E. S.D. S.E. Score dif. S.E. S.D.
(4.4) 94 (1.0) 240 (3.5) 99 (1.4) 254 (3.6) 97

(6.2) 108 (3.2) 273 (9.2) m m m m 92
(6.8) 110 (2.8) 283 (8.3) 102 (1.7) 263 (4.8) 102
(3.4) 96 (1.4) 242 (3.8) 90 (0.9) 231 (3.2) 92
m 103 (2.5) 265 (7.3) 83 (1.7) 214 (5.3) 78
m 108 (2.4) 276 (6.8) 87 (1.9) 222 (5.6) 84
(7.0) 111 (2.9) 286 (7.3) 92 (1.6) 241 (5.5) 89
(4.5) 89 (1.6) 226 (4.6) 84 (1.2) 216 (3.8) 86
m 85 (2.0) 217 (5.4) 83 (1.7) 212 (5.2) 80
(3.5) 81 (1.1) 208 (3.8) 86 (1.0) 223 (3.4) 95
(7.6) 104 (2.8) 268 (8.3) 106 (2.8) 272 (7.9) 109
(7.1) 112 (2.7) 275 (7.5) 95 (1.8) 248 (6.1) 91
(6.3) 103 (2.9) 261 (8.5) 95 (2.4) 246 (7.4) 99
(5.1) 94 (2.4) 237 (5.9) 90 (2.4) 237 (7.3) 92
(5.4) 97 (1.4) 247 (4.8) 96 (1.2) 247 (4.8) 98
(4.7) 92 (1.9) 237 (5.4) 95 (2.2) 237 (4.7) 86
m 119 (2.8) 308 (8.7) 112 (2.7) 289 (7.9) 114
(6.6) 109 (1.8) 274 (5.1) 96 (1.4) 247 (3.2) 97
(7.3) 102 (2.4) 262 (7.0) 100 (2.9) 253 (7.3) 99
(5.9) 88 (2.7) 222 (8.1) 79 (2.1) 200 (5.7) 87
(5.4) 91 (1.8) 232 (5.2) 80 (1.5) 205 (4.9) 85
m 96 (1.5) 248 (4.9) 86 (1.6) 226 (5.2) 86
(3.4) 100 (1.1) 257 (3.8) 104 (0.9) 268 (4.3) 105
(7.3) 96 (2.3) 245 (6.6) 85 (1.2) 217 (3.2) 80
(5.8) 97 (2.5) 243 (6.6) 89 (1.6) 234 (5.0) 93
(4.6) 105 (1.6) 270 (4.6) 103 (1.7) 266 (4.7) 106
(5.5) 105 (1.9) 268 (6.0) 91 (1.2) 236 (4.7) 100
(5.4) 100 (1.5) 259 (5.3) 89 (1.3) 230 (4.3) 87
(7.1) 99 (2.3) 254 (6.6) 87 (1.6) 226 (5.0) 94
(6.0) 105 (2.5) 270 (6.9) 90 (1.9) 235 (6.2) 104
m 88 (0.9) 227 (3.7) 91 (0.9) 239 (3.5) 92
(5.0) 89 (1.2) 226 (3.9) 88 (1.1) 224 (3.3) 92
(4.3) 98 (1.8) 250 (5.7) 99 (1.5) 252 (5.5) 107
(5.7) 94 (1.8) 242 (5.3) 93 (1.4) 243 (4.5) 90
(11.1) 93 (2.8) 234 (7.5) 82 (1.7) 213 (5.3) 86
m 102 (1.7) 262 (4.4) 95 (1.2) 246 (3.3) 97
(4.6) m m m m 97 (1.6) 253 (5.1) 92
(1.2) 99 (0.4) 252 (1.3) 93 (0.4) 239 (1.1) 94
m m m m m m m m m 94
(1.1) m m m m m m m m 94
m m m m m 92 (0.3) 238 (0.9) 94
m 99 (0.4) 253 (1.1) m m m m 94
m m m m m 100 (1.9) 255 (6.4) 116

m 124 (3.7) 317 (10.8) 108 (3.4) 278 (10.0) 96
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
(7.9) 102 (3.4) 259 (7.1) 94 (1.5) 244 (4.4) 86
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m 118 (4.0) 303 (10.6) 113 (2.5) 296 (8.1) 119
m m m m m 80 (1.7) 205 (5.2) 74
m 89 (2.1) 229 (6.3) 88 (1.6) 227 (4.7) 86
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m 98 (1.6) 254 (5.4) m
(6.5) 82 (1.9) 210 (6.6) 84 (1.7) 216 (5.2) 85
(5.1) 75 (2.4) 192 (7.3) 66 (2.0) 173 (5.6) 75
m 94 (2.3) 237 (6.6) 91 (2.0) 231 (5.5) 91
m m m m m 91 (1.6) 238 (4.8) 74
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
(6.5) 77 (0.9) 193 (2.9) 76 (0.8) 195 (2.5) 82
m m m m m 81 (1.5) 209 (4.8) 84
m m m m m 119 (1.6) 307 (5.7) m
m m m m m 89 (1.6) 230 (4.9) m
m 90 (1.1) 230 (4.1) 93 (1.1) 237 (4.7) 92
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m 99 (3.5) 256 (11.7) m
m m m m m 98 (2.4) 254 (6.7) 94
m m m m m m m m m m
m 109 (1.1) 275 (4.9) 115 (0.8) 301 (2.9) 113
m 92 (2.9) 238 (8.8) 90 (2.3) 233 (6.3) 90
(5.6) 93 (1.9) 240 (5.3) 90 (2.0) 228 (5.7) 91
m m m m m m m m m m
m 92 (1.7) 236 (5.0) 84 (1.5) 216 (4.3) 93
m m m m m 97 (1.0) 254 (4.0) 101
m 84 (1.8) 217 (5.3) 86 (1.9) 220 (5.6) 91
(4.6) 82 (1.8) 210 (4.8) 72 (1.9) 183 (4.9) 78
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m 99 (1.7) 254 (4.5) 95
(6.6) 121 (2.0) 312 (7.0) 99 (1.9) 255 (5.0) 96
nducted the PISA 2000 assessment in 2001, Hong Kong (China), Israel and Romania conducted the assessment in 2002, as part of PISA 2

Standard deviation (90th minus 10th Standard deviation (90th minus 10th Standard deviation (90th minus 10th
S.E. Score dif. S.E. S.D. S.E. Score dif. S.E. S.D. S.E. Score dif.
(1.0) 249 (3.1) 103 (1.1) 265 (3.0) 109 (0.9) 284
(1.8) 238 (5.4) 101 (1.5) 265 (5.4) 99 (1.2) 262
(1.7) 260 (4.4) 100 (1.5) 263 (4.4) 103 (1.3) 271
(0.9) 235 (3.1) 93 (1.3) 238 (3.9) 100 (0.8) 259
(1.4) 202 (4.6) 88 (1.7) 229 (4.6) 92 (1.2) 241
(1.9) 215 (6.0) 90 (1.5) 235 (4.8) 89 (1.5) 231
(1.9) 226 (5.2) 100 (1.7) 262 (5.8) 97 (1.6) 254
(2.2) 216 (5.0) 87 (1.2) 225 (4.3) 92 (1.2) 238
(1.2) 206 (4.1) 87 (1.2) 226 (4.1) 93 (1.2) 242
(1.3) 240 (4.2) 94 (1.5) 239 (4.6) 100 (1.3) 256
(2.3) 281 (6.6) 112 (2.0) 293 (6.2) 101 (1.5) 266
(1.7) 237 (5.3) 100 (1.6) 258 (5.5) 106 (1.5) 278
(2.1) 251 (6.0) 98 (2.4) 256 (7.9) 97 (1.6) 257
(1.9) 240 (6.2) 97 (1.7) 255 (5.1) 98 (1.3) 256
(1.4) 250 (4.8) 99 (1.7) 256 (5.7) 105 (1.3) 277
(1.7) 221 (5.9) 86 (1.5) 222 (4.2) 91 (1.0) 236
(2.5) 295 (6.6) 113 (2.0) 295 (6.2) 124 (1.9) 332
(0.9) 250 (3.0) 94 (1.6) 244 (4.6) 97 (1.7) 253
(2.3) 249 (7.1) 92 (1.8) 238 (5.8) 97 (1.7) 253
(2.0) 216 (5.6) 97 (1.7) 251 (5.5) 102 (1.7) 262
(1.7) 219 (6.2) 85 (1.5) 221 (4.1) 90 (1.1) 235
(1.5) 222 (4.6) 94 (1.5) 246 (5.0) 94 (1.0) 246
(1.0) 273 (3.5) 107 (1.0) 279 (3.4) 108 (1.0) 287
(1.0) 206 (2.9) 78 (1.5) 202 (4.5) 84 (1.6) 216
(3.0) 239 (7.5) 101 (1.6) 262 (5.5) 105 (1.7) 277
(1.6) 271 (6.0) 105 (1.7) 274 (6.2) 106 (1.3) 278
(1.9) 252 (4.8) 99 (1.7) 255 (4.6) 106 (1.3) 276
(1.6) 222 (5.1) 90 (1.3) 231 (4.5) 97 (1.4) 252
(1.9) 242 (6.3) 92 (1.1) 240 (4.1) 96 (1.2) 250
(3.3) 270 (9.6) 104 (1.8) 271 (5.3) 100 (1.4) 263
(0.9) 237 (3.1) 92 (1.3) 239 (4.0) 94 (1.2) 242
(1.1) 234 (3.5) 87 (1.4) 224 (4.2) m m m
(1.8) 272 (6.1) 102 (1.5) 262 (4.8) 108 (1.5) 280
(1.1) 233 (4.3) 98 (1.7) 254 (5.6) 103 (1.5) 270
(2.4) 223 (7.4) 82 (2.0) 213 (6.6) 88 (1.6) 230
(2.3) 247 (7.3) 97 (1.1) 249 (3.6) 100 (1.3) 260
(1.6) 235 (4.5) 100 (1.6) 259 (5.4) 108 (1.6) 282
(0.4) 241 (1.1) 96 (0.3) 248 (1.1) 99 (0.3) 259
(0.3) 241 (1.0) 96 (0.3) 250 (1.0) 100 (0.3) 262
(0.3) 242 (1.0) 96 (0.3) 250 (1.0) 100 (0.3) 261
(0.3) 240 (0.9) 96 (0.3) 249 (0.9) 99 (0.2) 260
(0.3) 240 (0.9) 96 (0.3) 249 (0.9) 99 (0.2) 259
(0.3) 240 (0.9) 96 (0.3) 249 (0.8) 99 (0.2) 260
(2.0) 289 (6.8) 97 (1.8) 250 (5.8) 80 (1.2) 207

(2.3) 243 (6.0) m m m m 98 (1.5) 255
m m m m m m m 74 (1.7) 190
m m m m m m m 89 (1.3) 234
m m m m m m m 79 (1.2) 206
(1.2) 222 (3.8) 100 (1.5) 260 (4.1) 100 (1.3) 262
m m m m m m m 97 (0.8) 258
m m m m m m m 87 (1.7) 225
(2.8) 310 (8.4) 115 (2.6) 300 (7.7) 101 (1.8) 267
(1.6) 191 (6.0) 79 (1.6) 204 (4.5) 81 (1.7) 211
(2.1) 223 (6.4) 91 (1.6) 237 (5.3) 89 (1.7) 232
(1.3) 286 (4.5) 102 (1.3) 269 (4.5) 98 (0.9) 259
m m m 85 (1.9) 220 (6.1) 82 (1.8) 212
m m m 104 (1.8) 268 (5.3) 84 (1.2) 219
(1.8) 218 (5.7) 86 (1.5) 220 (4.7) 99 (1.5) 255
(2.7) 193 (7.6) 76 (1.8) 195 (5.2) 75 (1.7) 195
(2.5) 230 (7.1) 94 (1.8) 242 (5.1) 87 (1.7) 221
(1.4) 189 (4.9) m m m m 77 (1.2) 197
m m m 78 (1.1) 204 (3.7) 68 (0.7) 177
m m m 115 (2.6) 301 (8.2) 113 (1.6) 296
(0.7) 211 (2.9) 82 (1.1) 212 (4.2) 92 (1.1) 238
(1.5) 215 (4.6) m m m m 85 (1.6) 221
m m m 121 (1.5) 311 (5.3) 113 (1.2) 298
m m m 98 (1.5) 252 (4.8) 93 (1.6) 243
(1.3) 238 (4.5) 94 (1.2) 245 (3.9) 86 (0.8) 224
m m m m m m m 75 (1.1) 195
m m m 99 (1.2) 258 (5.0) 94 (1.0) 245
m m m m m m m 88 (1.9) 229
(2.3) 241 (6.2) 89 (1.6) 233 (4.9) 92 (1.5) 240
m m m m m m m 80 (2.3) 205
(0.8) 293 (2.6) 111 (1.0) 291 (2.9) 110 (0.6) 289
(2.0) 232 (5.6) 95 (2.1) 245 (6.7) 98 (2.2) 256
(1.5) 233 (5.8) 87 (1.4) 227 (4.3) 93 (1.8) 241
m m m m m m m 84 (1.6) 220
(2.0) 241 (6.5) m m m m 96 (1.4) 253
(1.2) 260 (4.8) 99 (1.1) 257 (3.7) 109 (1.0) 285
(1.8) 235 (5.8) 93 (1.7) 240 (5.6) 102 (1.5) 263
(1.8) 201 (5.6) 80 (1.7) 206 (4.8) 79 (1.6) 206
m m m m m m m 93 (1.7) 243
(1.1) 246 (4.1) 106 (1.4) 277 (4.4) 113 (0.9) 300
(2.0) 248 (5.8) 97 (1.6) 252 (5.2) 96 (1.6) 253
(2.6) 189 (8.0) 73 (2.0) 187 (6.0) m m m
ment in 2002, as part of PISA 2000+. Costa Rica, Georgia, Malta and Moldova conducted the PISA 2009 assessment in 2010 as part of PIS
Change between 2000 and 2018 Change between 2003 and 2018 Change between 2006
A 2018
(PISA 2018 - PISA 2000) (PISA 2018 - PISA 2003) (PISA 2018 - PISA

S.E. Dif. S.E. Dif. S.E. Dif. S.E. Dif. S.E. Dif.
(3.0) 7 (1.8) 22 (5.5) 11 (1.8) 35 (5.4) 15

(4.2) 1 (2.4) 8 (8.2) -4 (2.6) -2 (7.5) -9
(3.9) -4 (2.7) -8 (9.2) -7 (2.5) -9 (7.8) -7
(2.8) 6 (1.3) 17 (3.9) 12 (1.2) 33 (4.5) 4
(4.4) 2 (2.1) 8 (7.0) m m m m -11
(5.0) m m m m m m m m -19
(4.8) 1 (2.5) 12 (7.2) 2 (2.9) 9 (8.5) -14
(3.7) -6 (2.1) -12 (6.5) 4 (2.1) 14 (5.8) 3
(4.5) m m m m m m m m 8
(4.4) 10 (2.9) 32 (7.0) 19 (1.7) 52 (5.6) 18
(4.8) 9 (2.2) 29 (7.5) 4 (2.6) 20 (9.0) -3
(5.2) -5 (2.4) -6 (8.4) -3 (2.7) -5 (8.8) -6
(4.9) 0 (3.1) 4 (10.0) -7 (2.5) -10 (8.0) -5
(5.3) 4 (2.5) 12 (8.1) 6 (2.3) 20 (7.4) 3
(5.8) 12 (1.9) 39 (7.6) 6 (1.9) 28 (7.9) 8
(3.3) -3 (2.0) -3 (6.6) 4 (2.0) 16 (5.8) -2
(6.1) 15 (4.4) 50 (13.4) m m m m 5
(5.6) 5 (3.2) 19 (8.5) -4 (2.8) -4 (8.6) -12
(5.3) 11 (3.5) 35 (10.5) -8 (3.0) -16 (9.0) -5
(5.3) 32 (2.3) 87 (7.2) 19 (2.6) 56 (7.9) 14
(4.1) -12 (2.5) -30 (8.8) 0 (2.0) 4 (6.8) -1
(3.1) m m m m m m m m -1
(3.5) m m m m 9 (1.4) 30 (4.9) 8
(4.8) -2 (2.7) -7 (7.9) -12 (2.5) -30 (8.7) -12
(5.1) m m m m 20 (2.7) 57 (7.7) 8
(4.5) -2 (2.4) -1 (7.7) 2 (2.0) 7 (6.4) 1
(4.7) 2 (2.1) 8 (7.3) 3 (2.2) 14 (7.3) 1
(4.6) -2 (3.4) -8 (10.2) 1 (2.2) 10 (7.1) -3
(4.1) -1 (2.2) -4 (7.1) 3 (2.5) 10 (8.2) -3
(4.8) m m m m 8 (2.5) 24 (7.7) -5
(3.7) m m m m m m m m 5
m m m m m m m m m m
(5.9) 15 (1.9) 42 (7.1) 12 (2.4) 39 (7.3) 9
(5.2) 1 (2.5) 5 (8.3) 8 (2.4) 29 (7.7) 9
(4.8) m m m m -8 (4.4) -8 (12.1) -5
(4.4) m m m m m m m m -2
(5.0) 3 (3.1) 9 (10.7) 7 (2.1) 21 (6.8) m
(1.0) 3 (0.5) 12 (1.6) 3 (0.5) 14 (1.6) 0
(0.9) 4 (0.5) 13 (1.6) m m m m m
(0.9) m m m m 4 (0.5) 15 (1.4) m
(0.8) m m m m m m m m m
(0.8) m m m m m m m m 0
(0.8) m m m m m m m m m
(3.9) -19 (2.2) -52 (7.5) m m m m m

(4.5) -11 (3.7) -28 (12.3) m m m m -26
(4.5) m m m m m m m m m
(4.0) m m m m m m m m m
(4.0) m m m m m m m m m
(4.2) 13 (2.3) 43 (6.9) -12 (2.6) -24 (9.0) -3
(3.3) m m m m m m m m m
(4.9) m m m m m m m m m
(5.7) 0 (3.5) 3 (10.8) m m m m -16
(5.2) m m m m m m m m m
(5.3) m m m m m m m m 0
(4.1) m m m m m m m m m
(5.4) m m m m m m m m m
(4.0) m m m m m m m m m
(4.9) 16 (2.8) 45 (8.8) 15 (3.1) 43 (8.2) 18
(5.7) 3 (3.0) 8 (9.4) -1 (2.5) -1 (7.7) 0
(5.5) m m m m m m m m -7
(3.5) m m m m m m m m m
(2.8) m m m m m m m m m
(5.1) m m m m m m m m m
(4.6) m m m m 25 (2.1) 64 (8.0) 16
(4.5) m m m m m m m m m
(4.6) m m m m m m m m m
(4.7) m m m m m m m m m
(2.7) m m m m m m m m -4
(3.5) m m m m m m m m m
(3.9) 1 (1.6) 1 (5.5) m m m m m
(6.2) m m m m m m m m m
(4.7) -4 (2.7) -7 (7.9) m m m m m
(6.8) m m m m m m m m m
(2.4) m m m m m m m m 1
(6.6) m m m m m m m m 7
(5.4) 1 (2.6) 2 (7.3) 0 (2.5) 1 (7.8) 0
(4.5) m m m m m m m m m
(4.3) m m m m m m m m 5
(4.1) m m m m m m m m m
(4.5) m m m m m m m m 17
(4.9) 2 (2.3) 12 (7.4) 1 (2.2) 7 (6.8) -3
(5.2) m m m m m m m m m
(3.6) m m m m m m m m m
(5.2) m m m m -26 (2.5) -62 (8.4) -25
m m m m m m m m m m
ssment in 2010 as part of PISA 2009+.


(1.4) 44 (4.7) 10 (1.6) 30 (4.7) 12 (1.4) 35

(3.4) -11 (10.1) m m m m 8 (2.2) 24
(3.1) -12 (9.2) 1 (2.2) 8 (6.2) 0 (2.1) 12
(1.6) 16 (4.7) 10 (1.2) 28 (4.3) 8 (1.2) 24
(2.8) -24 (8.5) 9 (2.1) 27 (6.9) 14 (1.9) 39
(2.9) -44 (8.4) 2 (2.5) 9 (7.5) 5 (2.5) 17
(3.3) -32 (8.8) 5 (2.3) 13 (7.3) 9 (2.5) 29
(2.0) 12 (5.9) 9 (1.6) 21 (5.3) 6 (2.4) 21
(2.3) 24 (7.0) 10 (2.0) 29 (6.9) 13 (1.7) 35
(1.7) 48 (5.8) 13 (1.6) 33 (5.5) 5 (1.8) 17
(3.1) -1 (9.6) -4 (3.2) -6 (9.2) -8 (2.8) -14
(3.1) 3 (9.1) 11 (2.4) 30 (8.0) 14 (2.3) 41
(3.3) -5 (9.8) 2 (2.9) 10 (8.9) -1 (2.6) 5
(2.7) 20 (7.9) 7 (2.7) 20 (9.1) 6 (2.4) 16
(1.9) 30 (7.6) 9 (1.8) 30 (7.6) 7 (1.9) 27
(2.1) -1 (6.3) -4 (2.4) -1 (5.8) 5 (2.0) 15
(3.4) 24 (10.7) 13 (3.3) 42 (10.0) 10 (3.1) 37
(2.5) -21 (7.6) 1 (2.2) 6 (6.4) 0 (2.0) 3
(2.9) -10 (8.7) -3 (3.4) -1 (9.0) -2 (2.8) 3
(3.2) 40 (9.7) 23 (2.7) 62 (7.8) 15 (2.6) 46
(2.0) 3 (6.6) 10 (1.9) 29 (6.4) 5 (2.0) 16
(1.8) -2 (5.8) 8 (1.9) 20 (6.1) 8 (1.8) 25
(1.5) 29 (5.2) 5 (1.4) 19 (5.6) 3 (1.4) 14
(2.8) -29 (8.2) -1 (2.0) 0 (5.7) 3 (1.9) 11
(3.0) 33 (8.4) 16 (2.4) 43 (7.1) 12 (3.5) 38
(2.1) 8 (6.4) 3 (2.2) 12 (6.5) 1 (2.1) 7
(2.3) 8 (7.6) 15 (1.8) 39 (6.7) 5 (2.2) 23
(2.0) -8 (7.0) 8 (1.9) 22 (6.3) 10 (2.1) 30
(2.6) -4 (7.8) 9 (2.0) 24 (6.5) 3 (2.3) 9
(2.9) -7 (8.4) 10 (2.4) 28 (7.9) -4 (3.6) -7
(1.5) 15 (5.3) 3 (1.5) 3 (5.1) 2 (1.5) 5
m m m m m m m m m m
(2.3) 30 (8.2) 9 (2.1) 29 (8.0) 1 (2.3) 9
(2.4) 29 (7.4) 9 (2.1) 28 (6.8) 13 (1.9) 37
(3.2) -4 (8.9) 6 (2.4) 17 (7.2) 2 (2.9) 7
(2.1) -1 (6.3) 5 (1.7) 14 (5.5) 3 (2.6) 14
m m m 11 (2.2) 29 (7.2) 16 (2.2) 47
(0.5) 7 (1.6) 7 (0.5) 20 (1.5) 5 (0.5) 18
m m m m m m m 6 (0.4) 21
m m m m m m m 5 (0.4) 19
m m m 7 (0.4) 21 (1.2) 6 (0.4) 20
(0.4) 6 (1.3) m m m m 5 (0.4) 19
m m m m m m m 6 (0.4) 20
m m m -20 (2.2) -48 (7.5) -36 (2.3) -82

(4.0) -62 (11.7) -10 (3.7) -23 (11.0) 2 (2.7) 13
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
(3.6) 3 (8.3) 6 (1.9) 18 (6.1) 13 (1.8) 41
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
(4.4) -36 (12.0) -12 (3.1) -29 (9.9) -17 (3.4) -43
m m m 2 (2.4) 6 (7.4) 7 (2.3) 20
(2.8) 3 (8.2) 2 (2.4) 5 (7.1) 3 (2.7) 9
m m m m m m m -13 (1.6) -27
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m -14 (2.0) -35 (6.7) m m m
(2.4) 45 (8.2) 15 (2.2) 39 (7.1) 14 (2.4) 37
(2.9) 3 (9.2) 9 (2.6) 22 (8.0) 0 (3.2) 2
(2.8) -16 (8.6) -3 (2.6) -10 (7.8) -4 (3.1) -9
m m m -14 (2.0) -41 (5.9) 3 (1.8) 7
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
(1.4) 45 (5.4) 16 (1.3) 44 (5.3) 10 (1.3) 28
m m m 4 (2.2) 12 (6.5) 1 (2.1) 7
m m m -6 (2.0) -9 (7.3) m m m
m m m 4 (2.3) 12 (6.8) m m m
(1.4) -5 (4.9) -7 (1.4) -13 (5.4) -6 (1.5) -14
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m -12 (3.9) -27 (13.3) m m m
m m m -7 (2.8) -15 (8.2) -2 (2.7) -2
m m m m m m m m m m
(1.2) 14 (5.4) -6 (1.0) -12 (3.8) -3 (1.0) -4
(3.7) 18 (11.0) 8 (3.2) 23 (9.1) 8 (2.9) 24
(2.6) 1 (7.5) 3 (2.7) 13 (7.9) 2 (2.4) 8
m m m m m m m m m m
(2.2) 17 (6.6) 13 (2.1) 38 (6.0) 4 (2.4) 12
m m m 11 (1.5) 31 (5.8) 8 (1.5) 26
(2.3) 46 (7.0) 15 (2.4) 43 (7.2) 10 (2.3) 28
(2.4) -5 (6.9) 7 (2.5) 23 (7.0) 1 (2.4) 5
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m 14 (1.9) 47 (5.8) 18 (1.4) 54
(2.6) -59 (8.7) -3 (2.4) -2 (7.2) 0 (2.6) 5
m m m m m m m m m m
n 2012 and 2018 Change between 2015 and 2018
- PISA 2012) (PISA 2018 - PISA 2015)

(90th minus 10th Standard deviation (90th minus 10th
S.E. Dif. S.E. Dif. S.E.
(4.3) 6 (1.4) 18 (4.3)

(6.8) -2 (2.0) -2 (6.8)
(5.9) 2 (2.0) 8 (5.9)
(4.2) 8 (1.6) 20 (4.9)
(6.3) 4 (2.1) 11 (6.4)
(7.8) -1 (2.2) -3 (6.9)
(7.1) -3 (2.4) -8 (7.5)
(6.2) 5 (1.6) 12 (5.7)
(6.0) 6 (1.7) 16 (6.0)
(6.1) 6 (2.0) 17 (6.4)
(8.2) -11 (2.5) -26 (7.9)
(7.4) 6 (2.2) 20 (7.6)
(7.8) -1 (2.9) 1 (9.3)
(8.2) 1 (2.1) 1 (7.4)
(7.6) 5 (2.1) 21 (8.1)
(6.7) 5 (1.8) 14 (5.3)
(9.0) 11 (2.7) 37 (8.8)
(6.4) 3 (2.4) 9 (7.2)
(8.8) 5 (2.5) 15 (7.8)
(7.7) 5 (2.4) 11 (7.6)
(7.4) 5 (1.8) 14 (5.8)
(5.6) 0 (1.8) 1 (5.9)
(5.0) 2 (1.4) 8 (4.9)
(5.6) 5 (2.2) 15 (6.6)
(9.0) 4 (2.4) 15 (7.5)
(7.5) 1 (2.1) 4 (7.7)
(6.7) 7 (2.1) 20 (6.6)
(6.8) 8 (1.9) 20 (6.4)
(7.5) 4 (1.7) 11 (5.8)
(10.7) -4 (2.3) -8 (7.1)
(4.8) 2 (1.8) 3 (5.4)
m m m m m
(8.4) 6 (2.1) 19 (7.6)
(6.7) 5 (2.3) 16 (7.6)
(8.8) 5 (2.6) 17 (8.2)
(8.6) 4 (1.7) 11 (5.7)
(6.8) 8 (2.2) 23 (7.4)
(1.5) 4 (0.4) 11 (1.4)
(1.4) 4 (0.4) 12 (1.3)
(1.3) 3 (0.4) 11 (1.3)
(1.2) 3 (0.4) 11 (1.2)
(1.2) 3 (0.4) 10 (1.2)
(1.2) 3 (0.4) 11 (1.1)
(7.8) -16 (2.2) -43 (7.0)

(7.5) m m m m
m m m m m
m m m m m
m m m m m
(5.7) -1 (2.0) 2 (5.9)
m m m m m
m m m m m
(10.2) -13 (3.2) -33 (9.6)
(8.0) 2 (2.3) 7 (6.9)
(8.3) -2 (2.3) -4 (7.5)
(6.1) -4 (1.6) -10 (6.1)
m -3 (2.6) -8 (8.2)
m -19 (2.2) -49 (6.6)
(7.5) 14 (2.1) 35 (6.8)
(9.5) -1 (2.4) 0 (7.7)
(9.0) -7 (2.5) -20 (7.5)
(6.0) m m m m
m -10 (1.3) -27 (4.6)
m -2 (3.1) -4 (9.7)
(5.4) 10 (1.5) 27 (6.3)
(6.4) m m m m
m -8 (1.9) -13 (7.0)
m -5 (2.2) -9 (6.7)
(5.2) -8 (1.4) -21 (4.8)
m m m m m
m -5 (1.6) -12 (6.3)
m m m m m
(7.8) 3 (2.2) 6 (6.8)
m m m m m
(3.5) -1 (1.1) -2 (3.7)
(8.7) 3 (3.0) 11 (9.4)
(7.9) 5 (2.3) 14 (6.9)
m m m m m
(7.8) m m m m
(6.3) 10 (1.5) 28 (5.5)
(7.3) 9 (2.2) 23 (7.2)
(7.5) -1 (2.3) -1 (6.9)
m m m m m
(5.4) 8 (1.7) 23 (5.6)
(7.8) -1 (2.2) 1 (7.4)
m m m m m

Table I.B1.29
Variation in mathematics performance, 2003 through 2018
PISA 2003 PISA 2006


OECD
Australia 95 (1.5) 246 (4.3) 88 (1.1) 227
Austria 93 (1.7) 242 (4.8) 98 (2.3) 257
Belgium 110 (1.8) 284 (5.3) 106 (3.3) 270
Canada 87 (1.0) 225 (2.7) 86 (1.1) 220
Chile m m m m 87 (2.2) 225
Colombia m m m m 88 (2.5) 224
Czech Republic 96 (1.9) 249 (6.1) 103 (2.1) 267
Denmark 91 (1.4) 236 (5.1) 85 (1.5) 217
Estonia m m m m 80 (1.5) 207
Finland 84 (1.1) 214 (3.7) 81 (1.0) 208
France 92 (1.8) 239 (6.3) 96 (2.0) 249
Germany 103 (1.8) 269 (5.8) 99 (2.6) 257
Greece 94 (1.8) 242 (6.3) 92 (2.4) 234
Hungary 94 (2.0) 241 (6.2) 91 (2.0) 232
Iceland 90 (1.2) 233 (4.3) 88 (1.1) 227
Ireland 85 (1.3) 221 (4.2) 82 (1.5) 212
Israel m m m m 107 (3.3) 277
Italy 96 (1.9) 247 (5.9) 96 (1.7) 242
Japan 101 (2.8) 258 (8.2) 91 (2.1) 234
Korea 92 (2.1) 236 (6.6) 93 (3.1) 238
Latvia 88 (1.7) 226 (5.1) 83 (1.6) 212
Lithuania m m m m 90 (1.8) 233
Luxembourg 92 (1.0) 239 (3.8) 93 (1.0) 241
Mexico 85 (1.9) 221 (5.3) 85 (2.2) 215
Netherlands* 93 (2.3) 241 (6.7) 89 (2.2) 232
New Zealand 98 (1.2) 256 (3.7) 93 (1.2) 242
Norway 92 (1.2) 238 (4.2) 92 (1.4) 235
Poland 90 (1.3) 231 (3.7) 87 (1.2) 226
Portugal* 88 (1.7) 228 (5.1) 91 (2.0) 234
Slovak Republic 93 (2.3) 241 (6.3) 95 (2.5) 241
Slovenia m m m m 89 (0.9) 233
Spain** 88 (1.3) 229 (4.2) 89 (1.1) 227
Sweden 95 (1.8) 243 (5.6) 90 (1.4) 231
Switzerland 98 (2.0) 256 (5.8) 97 (1.6) 250
Turkey 105 (5.3) 260 (13.4) 93 (4.3) 234
United Kingdom m m m m 89 (1.3) 231
United States* 95 (1.3) 251 (4.1) 90 (1.9) 234
OECD average-29a 93 (0.4) 241 (1.1) 91 (0.4) 234
OECD average-30 93 (0.4) 241 (1.1) 91 (0.4) 235
OECD average-36b m m m m 91 (0.3) 234
OECD average-37 m m m m 91 (0.3) 234
Partners
Argentina m m m m 101 (3.5) 259
Brazil 100 (3.0) 255 (9.6) 92 (2.7) 232
Bulgaria m m m m 101 (3.6) 255
Croatia m m m m 83 (1.5) 215
Hong Kong (China)* 100 (3.0) 255 (8.0) 93 (2.4) 242
Indonesia 81 (2.1) 205 (6.4) 80 (3.2) 206
Jordan m m m m 84 (2.0) 211
Macao (China) 87 (2.4) 225 (7.7) 84 (0.9) 217
Malta m m m m m m m
Montenegro m m m m 85 (1.0) 219
Peru m m m m m m m
Qatar m m m m 91 (0.8) 226
Romania m m m m 84 (2.9) 216
Russia 92 (1.9) 237 (5.5) 90 (1.7) 229
Serbia m m m m 92 (1.8) 235
Chinese Taipei m m m m 103 (2.2) 268
Thailand 82 (1.8) 210 (4.9) 81 (1.6) 206
Uruguay 100 (1.6) 259 (4.4) 99 (1.8) 255

A 2006 PISA 2009 PISA 2012 PISA 2015

(3.1) 94 (1.4) 241 (3.7) 96 (1.2) 249 (3.6) 93

(6.3) m m m m 92 (1.7) 240 (4.8) 95
(6.8) 104 (1.8) 273 (5.4) 102 (1.4) 268 (4.3) 97
(3.5) 88 (1.0) 224 (3.3) 89 (0.8) 231 (2.6) 88
(6.5) 80 (1.7) 205 (5.4) 81 (1.5) 209 (4.8) 85
(6.2) 75 (1.7) 193 (6.1) 74 (1.7) 189 (5.2) 77
(6.0) 93 (1.8) 241 (5.4) 95 (1.6) 244 (5.2) 91
(4.6) 87 (1.3) 224 (4.7) 82 (1.3) 214 (4.4) 81
(4.6) 81 (1.6) 207 (4.2) 81 (1.2) 209 (3.8) 80
(3.5) 82 (1.1) 212 (3.5) 85 (1.2) 219 (3.9) 82
(6.4) 101 (2.1) 261 (7.0) 97 (1.7) 256 (5.4) 95
(7.1) 98 (1.7) 257 (5.6) 96 (1.6) 252 (5.4) 89
(6.4) 89 (2.0) 228 (5.6) 88 (1.3) 228 (4.3) 89
(5.6) 92 (2.8) 238 (9.1) 94 (2.4) 245 (7.2) 94
(3.9) 91 (1.2) 235 (4.5) 92 (1.3) 239 (4.4) 93
(4.6) 86 (1.6) 214 (4.6) 85 (1.3) 219 (3.6) 80
(7.9) 104 (2.4) 270 (7.5) 105 (1.8) 275 (5.9) 103
(5.2) 93 (1.7) 239 (3.5) 93 (1.1) 241 (3.3) 94
(6.3) 94 (2.2) 242 (6.4) 94 (2.2) 242 (6.4) 88
(8.6) 89 (2.5) 229 (7.1) 99 (2.1) 254 (6.3) 100
(5.0) 79 (1.4) 205 (4.9) 82 (1.5) 211 (5.1) 78
(5.9) 88 (1.8) 227 (5.2) 89 (1.4) 232 (4.4) 86
(4.1) 98 (1.2) 253 (3.4) 95 (0.9) 250 (3.5) 94
(5.2) 79 (1.1) 203 (3.3) 74 (0.7) 191 (2.2) 75
(6.1) 89 (1.7) 234 (5.8) 92 (2.1) 242 (6.5) 92
(4.8) 96 (1.6) 250 (5.6) 100 (1.2) 261 (4.2) 92
(4.8) 85 (1.2) 221 (4.0) 90 (1.3) 231 (4.1) 85
(4.5) 88 (1.4) 229 (4.1) 90 (1.9) 234 (5.3) 88
(5.1) 91 (1.5) 238 (4.8) 94 (1.4) 247 (4.2) 96
(6.5) 96 (2.4) 245 (6.7) 101 (2.5) 261 (7.9) 95
(3.1) 95 (0.9) 249 (4.5) 92 (1.0) 240 (3.8) 88
(3.3) 91 (1.1) 234 (3.1) 88 (0.7) 228 (2.5) 85
(4.7) 94 (1.3) 240 (4.2) 92 (1.3) 236 (3.9) 90
(4.8) 99 (1.6) 257 (4.3) 94 (1.5) 243 (4.8) 96
(12.3) 93 (3.0) 243 (8.8) 91 (3.1) 238 (9.4) 82
(3.6) 87 (1.2) 226 (4.4) 95 (1.7) 245 (5.5) 93
(5.9) 91 (1.6) 238 (4.7) 90 (1.3) 233 (4.0) 88
(1.1) 91 (0.3) 236 (1.0) 92 (0.3) 238 (0.9) 89
(1.1) m m m m 92 (0.3) 238 (0.9) 89
(1.0) 91 (0.3) 234 (0.9) 91 (0.3) 236 (0.8) 89
(0.9) m m m m 91 (0.3) 236 (0.8) 89
m 91 (2.2) 232 (6.6) 91 (1.4) 231 (5.9) 86

(10.2) 93 (2.9) 238 (8.8) 77 (1.7) 196 (5.2) m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
(7.2) 81 (1.6) 206 (4.8) 78 (1.6) 198 (4.4) 89
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
(9.0) 99 (2.8) 253 (8.2) 94 (2.2) 245 (6.5) 97
m 72 (1.5) 183 (4.9) 68 (1.8) 172 (5.5) 68
(4.6) 88 (1.8) 228 (6.4) 88 (2.5) 229 (7.3) 88
m m m m m 93 (0.8) 240 (3.1) 92
m 86 (2.0) 216 (5.1) m m m m 94
(7.5) 95 (1.8) 245 (5.8) 96 (1.9) 249 (6.9) 90
(9.0) 70 (2.3) 177 (6.9) 71 (3.3) 181 (8.1) 80
(5.4) 83 (2.6) 209 (6.2) 78 (2.7) 195 (4.6) 86
m 83 (2.3) 211 (5.6) 71 (1.8) 183 (5.4) m
(4.2) 85 (0.9) 219 (3.1) 94 (0.9) 242 (4.1) 80
m 73 (1.5) 188 (4.7) 81 (1.6) 211 (4.9) m
m 104 (1.4) 271 (4.6) m m m m 110
m 85 (1.9) 219 (5.5) m m m m 90
(3.5) 85 (1.5) 215 (5.0) 83 (1.1) 214 (3.2) 87
m m m m m m m m m m
m 81 (3.2) 204 (9.8) m m m m m
m 90 (2.4) 228 (6.3) 84 (2.2) 214 (6.2) 83
m m m m m m m m m m
(2.8) 98 (0.9) 251 (3.1) 100 (0.7) 257 (2.6) 99
(10.3) 79 (2.1) 204 (6.2) 81 (2.2) 209 (6.2) 86
(5.7) 85 (2.1) 216 (6.6) 86 (1.6) 224 (4.8) 83
m m m m m m m m m m
(5.2) 91 (1.9) 233 (5.5) 91 (2.2) 233 (6.5) m
m 104 (1.2) 271 (4.7) 105 (0.9) 275 (4.8) 95
(5.9) 105 (2.3) 271 (5.9) 116 (1.9) 301 (6.1) 103
(4.2) 79 (2.5) 201 (6.2) 82 (2.1) 207 (7.0) 82
m m m m m m m m m m
m 92 (1.5) 235 (4.1) 90 (1.2) 232 (4.0) 97
(6.5) 91 (1.7) 236 (5.1) 89 (1.7) 228 (5.0) 87
m m m m m 86 (2.7) 222 (8.3) 84
PISA 2015 PISA 2018
(PISA 2018 - PISA 2003)

S.E. Score dif. S.E. S.D. S.E. Score dif. S.E. Dif. S.E. Dif.
(1.2) 242 (3.6) 92 (1.2) 238 (3.3) -3 (1.9) -8

(1.8) 247 (5.5) 93 (1.5) 244 (4.5) 0 (2.2) 2
(1.5) 255 (4.5) 95 (1.7) 252 (5.0) -15 (2.5) -32
(1.1) 227 (3.4) 92 (1.1) 237 (3.3) 5 (1.5) 13
(1.4) 221 (4.5) 85 (1.4) 218 (4.7) m m m
(1.3) 199 (4.1) 81 (2.0) 209 (5.7) m m m
(1.7) 235 (5.5) 93 (1.7) 241 (5.3) -3 (2.5) -8
(1.2) 209 (4.0) 82 (1.0) 213 (3.6) -9 (1.8) -23
(1.1) 209 (3.7) 82 (1.1) 209 (3.7) m m m
(1.3) 210 (4.0) 82 (1.2) 213 (3.5) -1 (1.6) -1
(1.5) 249 (4.5) 93 (1.5) 241 (4.6) 1 (2.4) 2
(1.4) 230 (4.5) 95 (1.5) 248 (4.6) -7 (2.3) -22
(1.8) 234 (5.3) 89 (1.8) 231 (5.3) -5 (2.5) -11
(1.7) 246 (5.2) 91 (1.6) 237 (5.7) -2 (2.5) -4
(1.3) 241 (4.6) 90 (1.2) 235 (4.7) 0 (1.7) 2
(1.4) 206 (4.2) 78 (1.0) 202 (3.3) -7 (1.6) -19
(2.2) 269 (6.1) 108 (1.9) 285 (6.1) m m m
(1.7) 241 (5.0) 94 (1.8) 241 (5.6) -2 (2.6) -5
(1.7) 227 (5.3) 86 (1.6) 224 (5.1) -14 (3.2) -34
(1.8) 258 (5.8) 100 (2.0) 258 (5.5) 8 (2.9) 22
(1.2) 200 (3.9) 80 (1.1) 207 (4.1) -8 (2.0) -19
(1.4) 225 (4.7) 91 (1.1) 236 (4.0) m m m
(1.2) 244 (3.2) 98 (1.3) 257 (4.2) 6 (1.6) 19
(1.3) 193 (3.9) 78 (1.6) 199 (4.7) -8 (2.5) -22
(1.5) 237 (4.5) 93 (1.8) 243 (5.8) 1 (3.0) 2
(1.3) 238 (4.5) 93 (1.1) 242 (3.7) -5 (1.6) -14
(1.1) 219 (3.4) 90 (1.3) 236 (4.6) -2 (1.7) -2
(1.7) 226 (5.2) 90 (1.7) 233 (5.4) 0 (2.1) 1
(1.3) 249 (4.7) 96 (1.3) 252 (4.4) 9 (2.1) 24
(1.6) 247 (4.9) 100 (1.7) 257 (5.8) 6 (2.9) 16
(1.3) 228 (4.3) 89 (1.4) 230 (4.1) m m m
(1.3) 220 (4.7) 88 (1.0) 229 (2.9) 0 (1.6) 0
(1.7) 233 (4.9) 91 (1.4) 236 (5.2) -4 (2.3) -8
(1.6) 247 (4.9) 94 (1.4) 245 (4.4) -4 (2.5) -12
(2.3) 212 (6.9) 88 (1.8) 228 (5.0) -17 (5.6) -31
(1.4) 239 (3.9) 93 (1.4) 239 (4.5) m m m
(1.5) 230 (4.8) 92 (1.5) 241 (5.4) -3 (1.9) -10
(0.3) 231 (0.9) 91 (0.3) 235 (0.9) -3 (0.5) -6
(0.3) 232 (0.9) 91 (0.3) 235 (0.9) -3 (0.4) -6
(0.2) 230 (0.8) 90 (0.2) 234 (0.8) m m m
(0.2) 231 (0.8) 91 (0.2) 235 (0.8) m m m
(1.6) 221 (4.9) 83 (1.3) 211 (4.1) m m m

m m m 84 (1.7) 217 (5.5) m m m
m m m 89 (1.7) 229 (5.2) m m m
m m m 93 (1.4) 241 (4.2) m m m
m m m 82 (1.3) 211 (3.9) m m m
(1.7) 229 (5.1) 88 (1.6) 224 (4.8) -12 (3.3) -30
m m m 91 (1.0) 239 (3.3) m m m
m m m 80 (1.8) 205 (4.8) m m m
(2.4) 253 (7.3) 97 (2.1) 251 (6.2) m m m
(1.4) 174 (4.2) 75 (2.0) 191 (5.2) m m m
(1.6) 229 (4.8) 87 (1.7) 223 (5.2) m m m
(1.1) 240 (3.9) 95 (1.1) 246 (3.5) m m m
(2.0) 175 (6.0) 71 (2.0) 181 (5.0) m m m
(2.2) 240 (6.1) 88 (1.6) 228 (5.0) m m m
(1.5) 232 (5.2) 94 (1.9) 241 (5.8) -6 (3.6) -14
(2.0) 203 (6.4) 79 (2.2) 198 (6.3) -1 (3.0) -7
(2.1) 219 (4.9) 85 (1.7) 217 (5.1) m m m
m m m 87 (1.1) 221 (3.3) m m m
(1.4) 195 (5.3) 77 (1.3) 197 (4.5) m m m
(2.0) 263 (6.6) 106 (1.6) 276 (5.5) m m m
(1.1) 204 (3.5) 81 (1.5) 207 (4.5) -6 (2.8) -18
m m m 83 (1.7) 214 (4.9) m m m
(1.4) 285 (4.4) 102 (1.4) 265 (5.3) m m m
(1.5) 233 (5.1) 94 (1.7) 244 (5.0) m m m
(1.4) 223 (3.6) 83 (1.0) 214 (2.7) m m m
m m m 76 (1.5) 196 (4.0) m m m
(1.6) 245 (5.0) 93 (1.2) 241 (4.1) m m m
m m m 77 (2.1) 199 (6.3) m m m
(1.4) 212 (4.1) 84 (1.5) 217 (4.5) m m m
m m m 78 (2.0) 201 (5.4) m m m
(1.0) 258 (3.0) 98 (0.9) 253 (2.7) m m m
(2.1) 223 (6.0) 94 (2.1) 244 (6.9) m m m
(1.3) 214 (4.5) 86 (1.9) 221 (5.8) -6 (2.7) -17
m m m 79 (1.6) 202 (4.8) m m m
m m m 97 (1.7) 251 (4.9) m m m
(0.8) 247 (3.4) 94 (1.2) 244 (3.5) m m m
(1.9) 266 (5.8) 100 (1.7) 259 (5.5) m m m
(1.9) 208 (5.6) 88 (1.8) 226 (5.7) 6 (2.6) 16
m m m 94 (1.9) 242 (5.4) m m m
(1.3) 251 (4.2) 106 (1.2) 275 (3.5) m m m
(1.7) 224 (4.2) 85 (1.7) 221 (4.7) -14 (2.4) -37
(2.7) 215 (7.6) m m m m m m m
- PISA 2003) (PISA 2018 - PISA 2006) (PISA 2018 - PISA 2009) (PISA 2018 - PISA

(5.4) 4 (1.6) 11 (4.5) -2 (1.9) -4 (4.9) -4

(6.6) -5 (2.7) -13 (7.8) m m m m 1
(7.3) -11 (3.7) -18 (8.4) -9 (2.4) -21 (7.4) -7
(4.2) 6 (1.5) 18 (4.8) 5 (1.5) 13 (4.6) 3
m -3 (2.7) -7 (8.0) 4 (2.3) 12 (7.2) 4
m -7 (3.2) -15 (8.4) 6 (2.6) 16 (8.3) 7
(8.1) -10 (2.7) -26 (8.0) 0 (2.4) 0 (7.6) -2
(6.3) -2 (1.8) -5 (5.9) -5 (1.6) -11 (6.0) 0
m 1 (1.9) 2 (5.9) 1 (2.0) 1 (5.6) 1
(5.0) 2 (1.6) 5 (4.9) 0 (1.7) 0 (4.9) -3
(7.8) -3 (2.5) -8 (7.9) -8 (2.6) -20 (8.3) -5
(7.4) -4 (2.9) -9 (8.5) -3 (2.2) -10 (7.3) -1
(8.2) -3 (3.0) -3 (8.3) 0 (2.7) 3 (7.7) 1
(8.5) 0 (2.5) 6 (8.0) -1 (3.2) -1 (10.8) -2
(6.4) 2 (1.7) 8 (6.1) -1 (1.7) 0 (6.6) -2
(5.4) -4 (1.8) -10 (5.7) -8 (1.9) -13 (5.7) -7
m 1 (3.8) 9 (10.0) 4 (3.1) 15 (9.7) 4
(8.1) -2 (2.5) -1 (7.7) 1 (2.5) 3 (6.6) 1
(9.7) -5 (2.6) -10 (8.1) -8 (2.7) -18 (8.1) -7
(8.6) 8 (3.7) 20 (10.2) 11 (3.2) 29 (9.0) 1
(6.5) -2 (1.9) -5 (6.5) 1 (1.8) 2 (6.4) -2
m 2 (2.1) 4 (7.1) 3 (2.1) 9 (6.6) 2
(5.7) 5 (1.6) 16 (5.9) 1 (1.8) 4 (5.4) 3
(7.1) -8 (2.7) -17 (7.0) -1 (1.9) -4 (5.7) 3
(8.9) 5 (2.8) 11 (8.4) 4 (2.5) 9 (8.2) 2
(5.2) 0 (1.7) -1 (6.0) -3 (2.0) -8 (6.7) -6
(6.3) -1 (1.9) 1 (6.7) 5 (1.7) 15 (6.1) 0
(6.5) 4 (2.0) 6 (7.0) 2 (2.2) 4 (6.8) 0
(6.8) 6 (2.3) 18 (6.7) 5 (2.0) 14 (6.5) 2
(8.5) 5 (3.0) 16 (8.7) 3 (2.9) 12 (8.8) -1
m 0 (1.7) -3 (5.1) -6 (1.6) -20 (6.1) -3
(5.1) -1 (1.5) 2 (4.3) -2 (1.4) -5 (4.3) 1
(7.6) 1 (2.0) 5 (7.0) -3 (2.0) -4 (6.7) -1
(7.3) -3 (2.2) -6 (6.5) -5 (2.1) -12 (6.2) 0
(14.3) -5 (4.7) -6 (13.3) -5 (3.5) -15 (10.1) -3
m 4 (2.0) 9 (5.7) 6 (1.9) 14 (6.3) -2
(6.8) 2 (2.4) 7 (7.9) 1 (2.2) 3 (7.1) 2
(1.4) 0 (0.5) 1 (1.4) -1 (0.4) -1 (1.3) -1
(1.4) -1 (0.5) 0 (1.4) m m m m -1
m 0 (0.4) 1 (1.2) 0 (0.4) 0 (1.2) -1
m -1 (0.4) 0 (1.2) m m m m 0
m m m m m -8 (2.5) -21 (7.8) -8

m -17 (3.9) -42 (11.6) -9 (3.4) -21 (10.4) 7
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
(10.7) -4 (3.1) -7 (8.6) 6 (2.3) 18 (6.8) 9
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m -4 (4.2) -4 (10.9) -2 (3.5) -2 (10.3) 4
m m m m m 3 (2.5) 7 (7.2) 6
m 3 (2.3) 9 (7.0) -2 (2.4) -4 (8.2) -2
m m m m m m m m m 2
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m 3 (2.5) 12 (7.1) m
(9.9) 0 (3.1) -1 (9.4) -1 (2.6) -4 (8.1) -2
(9.0) -1 (3.9) -7 (11.0) 9 (3.2) 21 (9.4) 8
m 2 (2.6) 6 (7.4) 3 (3.1) 8 (8.0) 8
m m m m m 4 (2.6) 10 (6.4) 16
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
(9.0) -4 (1.8) -10 (6.2) -5 (1.7) -12 (5.5) -14
m m m m m 10 (2.2) 27 (6.7) 2
m m m m m -2 (2.0) -6 (7.0) m
m m m m m 9 (2.5) 25 (7.5) m
m -2 (1.5) -5 (4.4) -1 (1.8) -1 (5.6) 1
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m -3 (3.9) -6 (11.7) m
m m m m m -6 (2.8) -11 (7.8) 0
m m m m m m m m m m
m 7 (1.2) 28 (3.9) 0 (1.3) 3 (4.1) -2
m 10 (3.6) 28 (12.4) 15 (3.0) 40 (9.3) 13
(8.0) -3 (2.5) -9 (8.1) 1 (2.8) 5 (8.8) 0
m m m m m m m m m m
m 5 (2.4) 16 (7.1) 6 (2.5) 18 (7.3) 6
m m m m m -10 (1.7) -27 (5.9) -11
m -3 (2.8) -9 (8.1) -5 (2.9) -11 (8.1) -16
(7.5) 6 (2.4) 19 (7.1) 9 (3.1) 24 (8.4) 6
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m 14 (2.0) 40 (5.4) 16
(6.4) -14 (2.5) -33 (8.0) -6 (2.4) -15 (7.0) -3
m m m m m m m m m m

S.E. Dif. S.E. Dif. S.E. Dif. S.E.
(1.7) -11 (4.9) -1 (1.7) -4 (4.9)

(2.3) 4 (6.6) -2 (2.3) -3 (7.1)
(2.2) -16 (6.6) -2 (2.2) -3 (6.7)
(1.4) 6 (4.2) 5 (1.5) 10 (4.7)
(2.1) 9 (6.7) -1 (2.0) -3 (6.5)
(2.7) 20 (7.7) 4 (2.4) 10 (7.0)
(2.3) -2 (7.4) 2 (2.4) 6 (7.7)
(1.7) -1 (5.7) 2 (1.6) 4 (5.4)
(1.6) 0 (5.3) 1 (1.6) 0 (5.3)
(1.7) -7 (5.2) 0 (1.8) 2 (5.3)
(2.3) -15 (7.1) -3 (2.2) -8 (6.4)
(2.2) -4 (7.1) 6 (2.0) 18 (6.5)
(2.2) 3 (6.8) 0 (2.5) -3 (7.5)
(2.9) -8 (9.2) -3 (2.3) -9 (7.7)
(1.8) -5 (6.5) -3 (1.8) -7 (6.6)
(1.6) -17 (4.9) -2 (1.7) -5 (5.4)
(2.6) 10 (8.5) 5 (2.9) 16 (8.6)
(2.2) 0 (6.5) 0 (2.5) 0 (7.5)
(2.7) -18 (8.2) -2 (2.4) -3 (7.3)
(3.0) 4 (8.4) 1 (2.7) 0 (8.0)
(1.8) -4 (6.5) 3 (1.6) 7 (5.6)
(1.8) 4 (5.9) 5 (1.8) 12 (6.2)
(1.6) 8 (5.5) 5 (1.7) 14 (5.3)
(1.8) 8 (5.2) 3 (2.1) 6 (6.1)
(2.8) 2 (8.7) 2 (2.3) 6 (7.4)
(1.7) -19 (5.6) 1 (1.7) 3 (5.8)
(1.8) 5 (6.2) 6 (1.7) 17 (5.8)
(2.5) -2 (7.5) 2 (2.4) 7 (7.5)
(1.9) 5 (6.1) 1 (1.8) 4 (6.4)
(3.0) -4 (9.8) 4 (2.3) 10 (7.5)
(1.7) -11 (5.5) 1 (1.9) 2 (5.9)
(1.2) 1 (3.8) 4 (1.6) 9 (5.5)
(1.9) -1 (6.5) 1 (2.2) 3 (7.1)
(2.0) 1 (6.5) -1 (2.1) -3 (6.5)
(3.6) -10 (10.7) 6 (3.0) 16 (8.6)
(2.3) -6 (7.1) 0 (2.0) 0 (5.9)
(2.0) 8 (6.7) 4 (2.1) 11 (7.2)
(0.4) -3 (1.3) 1 (0.4) 4 (1.2)
(0.4) -3 (1.3) 1 (0.4) 4 (1.2)
(0.4) -2 (1.1) 2 (0.4) 4 (1.1)
(0.4) -2 (1.1) 1 (0.3) 4 (1.1)
(1.9) -20 (7.1) -3 (2.1) -10 (6.4)

(2.4) 21 (7.6) m m m m
m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m
(2.3) 26 (6.5) -2 (2.3) -5 (7.0)
m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m
(3.0) 6 (9.0) 0 (3.2) -2 (9.6)
(2.7) 18 (7.6) 6 (2.4) 16 (6.7)
(3.0) -6 (9.0) -2 (2.3) -5 (7.1)
(1.4) 6 (4.6) 2 (1.5) 5 (5.2)
m m m 3 (2.8) 6 (7.8)
m m m -5 (2.7) -12 (7.9)
(2.7) -8 (9.0) 4 (2.4) 9 (7.7)
(3.9) 17 (10.3) -1 (3.0) -5 (9.0)
(3.2) 22 (6.9) -1 (2.7) -2 (7.0)
(2.1) 38 (6.3) m m m m
m m m 2 (1.9) 2 (6.9)
m m m 4 (2.5) 13 (8.6)
(1.8) -35 (6.1) 1 (1.9) 3 (5.8)
(2.3) 4 (6.9) m m m m
m m m -8 (1.9) -20 (6.9)
m m m 4 (2.3) 10 (7.1)
(1.5) 1 (4.2) -3 (1.7) -9 (4.4)
m m m m m m m
m m m -2 (2.0) -5 (6.5)
m m m m m m m
(2.6) 4 (7.7) 2 (2.0) 6 (6.1)
m m m m m m m
(1.2) -4 (3.7) -1 (1.4) -5 (4.1)
(3.1) 35 (9.3) 8 (3.0) 21 (9.1)
(2.4) -3 (7.5) 3 (2.3) 7 (7.3)
m m m m m m m
(2.8) 18 (8.1) m m m m
(1.5) -31 (5.9) -1 (1.5) -3 (4.9)
(2.6) -42 (8.2) -3 (2.6) -6 (8.0)
(2.8) 19 (9.0) 6 (2.7) 17 (8.0)
m m m m m m m
(1.7) 43 (5.3) 9 (1.8) 25 (5.5)
(2.5) -7 (6.9) -1 (2.4) -2 (6.3)
m m m m m m m

Table I.B1.30
Variation in science performance, 2006 through 2018
PISA 2006 PISA 2009


OECD
Australia 100 (1.0) 259 (3.6) 101 (1.6) 260
Austria 98 (2.4) 255 (6.4) m m m
Belgium 100 (2.0) 260 (5.6) 105 (2.3) 270
Canada 94 (1.1) 242 (3.7) 90 (0.9) 230
Chile 92 (1.8) 238 (6.6) 81 (1.5) 210
Colombia 85 (1.8) 216 (5.7) 81 (1.8) 208
Czech Republic 98 (2.0) 256 (5.9) 97 (1.9) 249
Denmark 93 (1.4) 242 (4.8) 92 (1.3) 237
Estonia 84 (1.1) 217 (3.9) 84 (1.6) 216
Finland 86 (1.0) 220 (3.7) 89 (1.1) 228
France 102 (2.1) 264 (6.4) 103 (2.8) 266
Germany 100 (2.0) 261 (6.3) 101 (1.9) 263
Greece 92 (2.0) 235 (5.8) 92 (2.1) 234
Hungary 88 (1.6) 229 (5.0) 86 (2.9) 221
Iceland 97 (1.2) 250 (4.0) 95 (1.2) 245
Ireland 94 (1.5) 245 (4.9) 97 (2.1) 245
Israel 111 (2.0) 291 (6.1) 107 (2.4) 276
Italy 96 (1.3) 247 (3.5) 97 (1.5) 248
Japan 100 (2.0) 258 (6.2) 100 (2.5) 254
Korea 90 (2.4) 232 (6.5) 82 (2.3) 209
Latvia 84 (1.3) 217 (4.3) 78 (1.7) 202
Lithuania 90 (1.6) 234 (4.7) 85 (2.1) 219
Luxembourg 97 (0.9) 251 (3.7) 104 (1.1) 270
Mexico 81 (1.5) 210 (4.4) 77 (0.9) 198
Netherlands* 96 (1.6) 251 (6.7) 96 (2.1) 251
New Zealand 107 (1.4) 278 (4.9) 107 (2.0) 277
Norway 96 (2.0) 246 (6.0) 90 (1.0) 233
Poland 90 (1.1) 234 (3.6) 87 (1.2) 225
Portugal* 89 (1.7) 231 (4.9) 83 (1.4) 218
Slovak Republic 93 (1.8) 242 (5.3) 95 (2.6) 241
Slovenia 98 (1.0) 257 (4.7) 94 (1.0) 246
Spain** 91 (1.0) 234 (3.6) 87 (1.1) 224
Sweden 94 (1.4) 241 (4.1) 100 (1.5) 256
Switzerland 99 (1.7) 257 (5.2) 96 (1.4) 248
Turkey 83 (3.2) 215 (9.9) 81 (2.0) 210
United Kingdom 107 (1.5) 276 (4.9) 99 (1.4) 256
United States* 106 (1.7) 279 (5.6) 98 (1.7) 255
OECD average-36b 95 (0.3) 245 (0.9) 93 (0.3) 239
OECD average-37 95 (0.3) 245 (0.9) m m m
Partners
Albania m m m m 89 (1.7) 228
Argentina 101 (2.6) 261 (8.1) 102 (3.7) 260
Brazil 89 (1.9) 229 (5.8) 84 (1.3) 215
Bulgaria 107 (3.2) 277 (9.4) 106 (2.5) 273
Costa Rica m m m m 75 (1.5) 189
Croatia 86 (1.4) 221 (4.6) 85 (1.8) 218
Georgia m m m m 90 (1.5) 231
Hong Kong (China)* 92 (1.9) 237 (6.5) 87 (2.0) 223
Indonesia 70 (3.3) 181 (10.9) 69 (2.1) 177
Jordan 90 (1.9) 227 (5.3) 89 (2.1) 225
Macao (China) 78 (0.8) 202 (3.0) 76 (0.8) 196
Malta m m m m 116 (1.8) 301
Moldova m m m m 86 (1.7) 224
Montenegro 80 (0.9) 205 (3.3) 87 (1.4) 221
Panama m m m m 90 (2.9) 235
Peru m m m m 89 (2.1) 228
Qatar 84 (0.8) 209 (2.8) 104 (0.8) 267
Romania 81 (2.4) 212 (7.5) 79 (1.9) 203
Russia 90 (1.4) 232 (5.2) 90 (2.0) 230
Serbia 85 (1.6) 218 (4.6) 84 (1.6) 214
Singapore m m m m 104 (1.1) 273
Chinese Taipei 94 (1.6) 249 (4.9) 87 (1.6) 224
Thailand 77 (1.5) 199 (4.7) 80 (2.0) 201
United Arab Emirates m m m m 95 (1.4) 243
Uruguay 94 (1.8) 244 (5.7) 97 (1.7) 248

A 2009 PISA 2012 PISA 2015 PISA 2018

(4.4) 100 (1.0) 259 (2.7) 102 (0.9) 267 (3.2) 101
m 92 (1.6) 240 (5.5) 97 (1.3) 256 (4.0) 96
(5.6) 101 (1.5) 261 (4.6) 100 (1.2) 265 (3.8) 99
(2.8) 91 (0.9) 232 (2.7) 92 (0.9) 240 (2.7) 96
(4.6) 80 (1.5) 209 (4.7) 86 (1.3) 225 (3.9) 83
(5.6) 76 (1.6) 196 (5.1) 80 (1.3) 208 (4.2) 82
(6.0) 91 (2.1) 230 (5.7) 95 (1.4) 251 (4.7) 94
(4.7) 93 (1.7) 238 (5.3) 90 (1.1) 234 (4.0) 91
(4.7) 80 (1.1) 206 (3.8) 89 (1.1) 233 (4.0) 88
(4.1) 93 (1.2) 238 (4.3) 96 (1.3) 250 (4.4) 96
(8.1) 100 (2.2) 256 (7.0) 102 (1.4) 268 (4.5) 96
(6.9) 95 (2.0) 245 (5.7) 99 (1.5) 260 (4.3) 103
(5.7) 88 (1.5) 225 (5.4) 92 (1.8) 241 (5.9) 86
(8.4) 90 (1.9) 233 (5.9) 96 (1.6) 254 (5.1) 94
(5.1) 99 (1.5) 255 (4.5) 91 (1.2) 238 (4.1) 91
(5.6) 91 (1.6) 233 (4.9) 89 (1.3) 231 (4.1) 88
(6.5) 108 (2.1) 281 (5.8) 106 (1.6) 279 (5.2) 111
(3.1) 93 (1.1) 240 (3.3) 91 (1.4) 240 (4.3) 90
(7.5) 96 (2.2) 243 (6.7) 93 (1.6) 243 (5.1) 92
(5.8) 82 (1.8) 208 (4.9) 95 (1.5) 248 (4.9) 98
(5.1) 79 (1.4) 203 (4.4) 82 (1.1) 214 (3.4) 84
(5.6) 86 (1.7) 221 (4.9) 91 (1.4) 240 (4.6) 90
(3.5) 103 (1.0) 269 (3.4) 100 (1.1) 264 (3.5) 98
(2.7) 71 (0.9) 180 (2.6) 71 (1.1) 185 (3.2) 74
(7.1) 95 (2.2) 248 (6.5) 101 (1.5) 266 (5.2) 104
(4.7) 105 (1.4) 272 (5.1) 104 (1.4) 273 (4.6) 102
(3.3) 100 (1.9) 254 (5.2) 96 (1.3) 251 (4.2) 98
(3.9) 86 (1.5) 222 (5.1) 91 (1.3) 235 (4.0) 92
(4.2) 89 (1.6) 231 (5.1) 92 (1.1) 241 (3.8) 92
(5.5) 101 (2.8) 260 (7.6) 99 (1.5) 259 (5.2) 96
(4.1) 91 (1.2) 235 (5.4) 95 (1.1) 250 (3.9) 88
(3.6) 86 (0.9) 221 (2.7) 88 (1.1) 231 (3.8) 89
(5.9) 100 (1.5) 257 (4.8) 102 (1.4) 269 (4.7) 98
(4.7) 91 (1.1) 236 (3.9) 100 (1.5) 259 (4.6) 97
(6.6) 80 (1.9) 210 (6.3) 79 (1.9) 207 (6.0) 84
(4.6) 100 (1.8) 255 (5.5) 100 (1.0) 261 (3.5) 99
(6.0) 94 (1.5) 242 (5.0) 99 (1.4) 258 (4.3) 99
(0.9) 92 (0.3) 236 (0.8) 94 (0.2) 246 (0.7) 93
m 92 (0.3) 236 (0.8) 94 (0.2) 246 (0.7) 94
(5.4) 99 (1.8) 245 (5.7) 78 (1.5) 202 (4.8) 74

(9.8) 86 (2.2) 216 (5.6) m m m m 90
(4.2) 79 (1.4) 203 (3.7) 89 (1.3) 231 (3.9) 90
(7.4) 102 (2.5) 265 (6.8) 102 (2.1) 266 (6.3) 95
(4.6) 71 (1.6) 180 (4.8) 70 (1.2) 182 (3.6) 73
(5.2) 85 (1.8) 222 (5.9) 89 (1.2) 233 (4.2) 90
m 97 (1.1) 248 (4.2) 93 (1.2) 243 (4.0) 93
m m m m m 72 (1.8) 185 (4.8) 71
(4.8) m m m m 91 (1.3) 233 (4.3) 81
(5.4) 83 (1.8) 210 (5.5) 81 (1.4) 209 (4.4) 86
(6.2) 68 (2.3) 174 (6.8) 68 (1.6) 175 (4.4) 69
(5.7) 83 (2.0) 211 (5.3) 84 (1.6) 217 (4.6) 88
(5.8) 74 (1.5) 190 (4.5) m m m m 76
m m m m m 71 (1.1) 185 (4.0) 65
m m m m m 90 (1.8) 235 (5.3) 95
(3.4) 79 (0.7) 203 (3.4) 81 (1.0) 210 (2.9) 83
(4.3) 79 (1.4) 202 (4.5) m m m m 77
(5.4) m m m m 118 (1.5) 308 (5.8) 107
(4.4) m m m m 86 (1.4) 223 (4.3) 89
(5.3) 84 (1.0) 220 (3.8) 85 (0.9) 221 (3.6) 81
m m m m m 85 (1.3) 219 (4.4) 92
(9.8) m m m m m m m m 85
(6.7) 78 (1.9) 200 (5.0) 77 (1.4) 198 (4.2) 80
(3.2) 106 (0.7) 275 (2.6) 99 (0.7) 259 (2.6) 103
(5.2) 79 (2.0) 202 (5.4) 79 (1.7) 205 (5.7) 90
(5.7) 85 (1.3) 218 (4.6) 82 (1.1) 215 (4.0) 84
(4.8) 87 (1.9) 224 (5.5) m m m m 92
(4.3) 104 (1.2) 269 (4.7) 104 (0.9) 271 (3.8) 97
(5.1) 83 (1.4) 215 (4.5) 100 (1.9) 260 (6.0) 99
(5.2) 76 (1.7) 195 (5.2) 78 (1.6) 203 (4.5) 82
(3.6) 94 (1.1) 244 (3.6) 99 (1.1) 259 (3.6) 103
(4.7) 95 (1.7) 245 (5.5) 87 (1.3) 226 (4.0) 87
m 77 (2.3) 197 (7.1) 77 (2.3) 196 (6.4) m
PISA 2018

S.E. Score dif. S.E. Dif. S.E. Dif. S.E. Dif. S.E. Dif.
(1.1) 262 (3.3) 0 (1.5) 3 (4.9) -1 (1.9) 2

(1.2) 252 (3.9) -2 (2.7) -3 (7.5) m m m
(1.3) 261 (4.1) -1 (2.4) 1 (7.0) -6 (2.6) -9
(1.0) 247 (2.7) 2 (1.5) 5 (4.6) 6 (1.3) 17
(1.4) 218 (4.1) -8 (2.3) -20 (7.8) 2 (2.0) 8
(1.4) 213 (4.8) -3 (2.3) -3 (7.4) 1 (2.3) 5
(1.6) 247 (4.6) -4 (2.6) -9 (7.5) -3 (2.5) -2
(1.3) 237 (4.3) -2 (1.9) -6 (6.4) 0 (1.8) 0
(1.2) 227 (4.1) 4 (1.6) 10 (5.7) 4 (2.0) 11
(1.3) 250 (4.0) 11 (1.7) 30 (5.4) 7 (1.7) 22
(1.4) 251 (5.0) -6 (2.5) -13 (8.1) -7 (3.2) -15
(1.6) 270 (4.8) 3 (2.6) 9 (7.9) 2 (2.5) 7
(1.6) 223 (4.9) -6 (2.6) -12 (7.5) -6 (2.7) -11
(1.4) 246 (5.2) 6 (2.1) 17 (7.2) 7 (3.2) 25
(1.0) 240 (4.1) -6 (1.6) -10 (5.7) -4 (1.6) -5
(1.2) 230 (4.0) -6 (2.0) -15 (6.3) -9 (2.4) -15
(1.9) 293 (5.5) -1 (2.7) 2 (8.2) 4 (3.1) 17
(1.7) 235 (5.1) -5 (2.1) -12 (6.2) -6 (2.2) -13
(1.6) 241 (5.1) -8 (2.6) -17 (8.0) -8 (3.0) -13
(1.7) 254 (4.8) 8 (2.9) 22 (8.1) 16 (2.9) 45
(1.2) 219 (4.3) 0 (1.8) 2 (6.1) 6 (2.1) 17
(1.0) 235 (3.4) 0 (1.9) 1 (5.8) 5 (2.4) 16
(1.2) 258 (4.3) 2 (1.6) 7 (5.6) -6 (1.6) -12
(1.6) 192 (5.2) -6 (2.2) -18 (6.8) -3 (1.9) -7
(1.9) 272 (6.1) 9 (2.5) 21 (9.0) 8 (2.9) 22
(1.4) 269 (4.5) -5 (1.9) -9 (6.6) -5 (2.4) -8
(1.2) 259 (4.4) 2 (2.4) 13 (7.4) 9 (1.6) 26
(1.4) 238 (4.6) 2 (1.8) 4 (5.8) 5 (1.8) 13
(1.3) 240 (4.6) 3 (2.2) 10 (6.7) 9 (2.0) 23
(1.5) 251 (5.1) 3 (2.3) 10 (7.4) 0 (3.0) 10
(1.1) 231 (4.4) -10 (1.5) -26 (6.4) -6 (1.5) -15
(0.8) 233 (2.5) -1 (1.3) 0 (4.4) 2 (1.3) 9
(1.5) 256 (5.1) 4 (2.1) 15 (6.6) -2 (2.2) 0
(1.4) 255 (4.9) -3 (2.1) -3 (7.1) 1 (1.9) 6
(1.6) 218 (4.9) 0 (3.5) 3 (11.0) 3 (2.6) 8
(1.4) 258 (4.3) -8 (2.0) -18 (6.6) 0 (1.9) 2
(1.6) 259 (5.0) -7 (2.3) -20 (7.5) 1 (2.3) 4
(0.2) 244 (0.8) -1 (0.4) -1 (1.2) 1 (0.4) 5
(0.2) 244 (0.7) -1 (0.4) -1 (1.1) m m m
(1.1) 190 (4.0) m m m m -15 (2.0) -38

(1.6) 232 (4.9) -12 (3.1) -29 (9.5) -12 (4.0) -28
(1.6) 189 (4.8) m m m m m m m
(1.3) 221 (3.6) m m m m m m m
(1.3) 197 (3.7) m m m m m m m
(1.5) 234 (4.0) 1 (2.4) 6 (7.1) 6 (2.0) 19
(1.1) 252 (3.3) m m m m m m m
(1.7) 213 (4.9) m m m m m m m
(2.0) 247 (5.7) -12 (3.7) -30 (11.0) -11 (3.2) -26
(1.9) 188 (5.4) m m m m -1 (2.4) -1
(1.6) 235 (5.0) 4 (2.2) 13 (6.8) 5 (2.4) 16
(1.1) 244 (3.5) m m m m m m m
(1.6) 181 (5.1) m m m m m m m
(1.3) 209 (4.4) m m m m -10 (2.1) -22
(1.2) 223 (4.3) -5 (2.3) -14 (7.8) -1 (2.3) 0
(1.7) 176 (5.0) -1 (3.7) -5 (11.9) 0 (2.7) 0
(1.5) 225 (4.6) -2 (2.4) -2 (7.0) -1 (2.6) 0
(1.4) 191 (3.9) m m m m -11 (2.2) -31
(0.8) 165 (3.7) m m m m m m m
(1.6) 248 (4.7) m m m m m m m
(1.0) 214 (3.6) 5 (1.3) 12 (4.6) 7 (1.3) 17
(1.5) 199 (4.2) m m m m 1 (2.0) 4
(1.2) 280 (4.3) m m m m -9 (2.1) -21
(1.4) 232 (4.5) m m m m 3 (2.2) 8
(1.0) 212 (3.1) 1 (1.3) 7 (4.6) -6 (1.7) -9
(1.2) 175 (3.5) m m m m m m m
(1.2) 238 (4.1) m m m m m m m
(1.9) 219 (6.5) m m m m -5 (3.5) -16
(1.5) 207 (4.4) m m m m -9 (2.6) -22
(2.3) 192 (6.7) m m m m m m m
(0.9) 268 (2.7) 19 (1.2) 58 (3.9) -1 (1.2) 1
(1.8) 233 (5.6) 9 (3.0) 21 (9.4) 11 (2.6) 30
(1.7) 217 (4.9) -6 (2.2) -15 (7.1) -6 (2.6) -13
(1.4) 203 (4.0) m m m m m m m
(1.3) 240 (4.7) 6 (2.1) 22 (6.6) 7 (2.1) 26
(1.0) 254 (3.4) m m m m -7 (1.5) -19
(1.5) 259 (5.2) 5 (2.3) 10 (7.2) 13 (2.3) 35
(1.6) 211 (5.1) 5 (2.2) 12 (6.9) 2 (2.6) 10
(1.8) 237 (5.7) m m m m m m m
(0.8) 270 (2.8) m m m m 8 (1.6) 27
(1.4) 226 (4.5) -8 (2.2) -17 (7.2) -10 (2.2) -22
m m m m m m m m m m

(90th minus 10th Standard deviation (90th minus 10th Standard deviation (90th minus 10th
S.E. Dif. S.E. Dif. S.E. Dif. S.E. Dif. S.E.
(5.5) 0 (1.5) 3 (4.3) -2 (1.4) -5 (4.6)

m 3 (2.0) 12 (6.7) -2 (1.8) -4 (5.6)
(7.0) -2 (2.0) 0 (6.2) -1 (1.8) -4 (5.6)
(3.8) 5 (1.3) 15 (3.8) 3 (1.3) 7 (3.8)
(6.2) 3 (2.0) 9 (6.3) -3 (1.9) -7 (5.7)
(7.4) 6 (2.1) 17 (7.0) 2 (1.9) 5 (6.4)
(7.6) 4 (2.6) 17 (7.3) -1 (2.2) -4 (6.6)
(6.3) -1 (2.1) -1 (6.8) 1 (1.7) 3 (5.9)
(6.3) 8 (1.6) 21 (5.6) -1 (1.6) -6 (5.7)
(5.7) 3 (1.8) 12 (5.9) 0 (1.9) 0 (5.9)
(9.5) -4 (2.6) -5 (8.6) -6 (2.0) -18 (6.7)
(8.4) 8 (2.5) 25 (7.5) 4 (2.2) 9 (6.4)
(7.5) -3 (2.2) -2 (7.2) -6 (2.4) -18 (7.7)
(9.9) 4 (2.3) 12 (7.9) -2 (2.1) -9 (7.3)
(6.5) -8 (1.8) -15 (6.1) 0 (1.6) 2 (5.8)
(6.8) -3 (2.0) -3 (6.3) -1 (1.8) -1 (5.7)
(8.5) 3 (2.8) 13 (8.0) 4 (2.5) 14 (7.6)
(6.0) -3 (2.0) -5 (6.0) -1 (2.1) -5 (6.6)
(9.1) -3 (2.7) -2 (8.4) -1 (2.3) -2 (7.2)
(7.5) 16 (2.5) 46 (6.9) 3 (2.3) 6 (6.9)
(6.7) 6 (1.8) 15 (6.1) 2 (1.6) 4 (5.5)
(6.5) 5 (2.0) 14 (6.0) -1 (1.7) -5 (5.7)
(5.5) -5 (1.6) -11 (5.4) -2 (1.6) -6 (5.5)
(5.8) 4 (1.9) 12 (5.8) 3 (2.0) 7 (6.1)
(9.3) 9 (2.9) 24 (8.9) 3 (2.4) 6 (8.0)
(6.5) -3 (2.0) -3 (6.8) -2 (2.0) -4 (6.4)
(5.5) -1 (2.2) 4 (6.8) 2 (1.8) 7 (6.1)
(6.0) 5 (2.1) 16 (6.8) 1 (1.9) 3 (6.1)
(6.2) 3 (2.1) 10 (6.9) 0 (1.7) 0 (6.0)
(7.5) -5 (3.2) -9 (9.1) -3 (2.1) -8 (7.2)
(6.0) -3 (1.6) -4 (7.0) -7 (1.5) -20 (5.9)
(4.4) 3 (1.2) 12 (3.7) 1 (1.4) 2 (4.5)
(7.8) -2 (2.2) -2 (7.0) -5 (2.1) -13 (6.9)
(6.8) 6 (1.8) 19 (6.2) -3 (2.1) -5 (6.7)
(8.2) 4 (2.5) 8 (8.0) 4 (2.5) 10 (7.7)
(6.3) -1 (2.3) 3 (7.0) -1 (1.7) -3 (5.6)
(7.8) 5 (2.2) 17 (7.1) 0 (2.1) 1 (6.6)
(1.2) 2 (0.4) 8 (1.1) 0 (0.3) -1 (1.1)
m 2 (0.4) 8 (1.1) 0 (0.3) -2 (1.0)
(6.7) -25 (2.1) -55 (6.9) -4 (1.8) -12 (6.3)

(11.0) 4 (2.7) 16 (7.4) m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
(5.8) 11 (2.0) 32 (5.5) 1 (1.9) 3 (5.6)
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
(9.3) -8 (3.1) -18 (8.9) -7 (2.9) -19 (8.4)
(7.1) 3 (2.4) 9 (7.3) 3 (2.2) 7 (6.5)
(7.2) 4 (2.4) 12 (7.8) 1 (2.0) 2 (6.5)
m -4 (1.6) -4 (5.4) 0 (1.6) 1 (5.3)
m m m m m -2 (2.4) -4 (7.0)
(6.5) m m m m -10 (1.9) -24 (6.1)
(6.9) 3 (2.2) 13 (7.0) 6 (1.8) 13 (6.1)
(8.0) 1 (2.9) 2 (8.4) 1 (2.4) 2 (6.6)
(7.3) 5 (2.5) 14 (7.0) 4 (2.2) 7 (6.5)
(7.0) 2 (2.1) 1 (6.0) m m m m
m m m m m -7 (1.4) -21 (5.5)
m m m m m 5 (2.4) 13 (7.1)
(4.9) 4 (1.3) 11 (4.9) 2 (1.4) 4 (4.6)
(6.0) -2 (2.1) -3 (6.2) m m m m
(6.9) m m m m -11 (1.9) -28 (7.2)
(6.3) m m m m 3 (1.9) 9 (6.2)
(6.2) -3 (1.4) -7 (4.9) -4 (1.3) -9 (4.8)
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m 7 (1.8) 19 (6.0)
(11.8) m m m m m m m m
(8.0) 2 (2.4) 7 (6.7) 3 (2.1) 9 (6.1)
m m m m m m m m m
(4.2) -3 (1.1) -8 (3.8) 4 (1.2) 9 (3.8)
(7.7) 11 (2.7) 31 (7.8) 11 (2.5) 28 (8.0)
(7.5) -1 (2.2) -1 (6.7) 2 (2.0) 2 (6.3)
m m m m m m m m m
(6.7) 4 (2.4) 16 (7.2) m m m m
(5.5) -7 (1.6) -15 (5.8) -6 (1.3) -17 (5.1)
(7.3) 16 (2.1) 44 (6.9) 0 (2.5) -1 (7.9)
(7.3) 5 (2.3) 16 (7.3) 3 (2.3) 8 (6.8)
m m m m m m m m m
(4.6) 9 (1.4) 26 (4.6) 4 (1.3) 11 (4.5)
(6.5) -9 (2.2) -19 (7.1) 0 (1.9) 0 (6.0)
m m m m m m m m m

Table I.B1.31
Percentage of low achievers and top performers in reading among all 15-year-olds, 2009 through 2018
Upper bound on low achievers, and lower bound on top performers, reflecting the assumption that 15-year-olds not covere
Proficiency levels in PISA 2009 Proficiency levels in PISA 2012
Not in secondary Not in secondary

school, excluded school, excluded
from PISA1 or Level 5 or above from PISA1 or
scoring below (above 625.61 scoring below
Level 2 score points) Level 2
(less than 407.47 (less than 407.47
score points) score points)
% S.E. % S.E. % S.E.

OECD
Australia 27.9 (1.3) 10.7 (0.7) 26.3 (0.8)
Belgium 22.5 (1.4) 10.5 (0.5) 19.9 (1.4)
Canada 25.0 (0.9) 10.7 (0.4) 25.8 (1.0)
Chile 40.8 (2.0) 1.1 (0.2) 44.1 (2.0)
Colombia 69.1 (1.7) 0.3 (0.1) 69.5 (1.8)
Czech Republic 28.1 (2.0) 4.8 (0.4) 29.5 (2.0)
Denmark 26.8 (1.7) 4.1 (0.4) 22.5 (2.7)
Estonia 21.1 (1.8) 5.5 (0.6) 16.5 (1.5)
Finland 14.7 (1.6) 13.5 (0.8) 14.9 (2.1)
France 27.5 (1.3) 8.6 (0.9) 28.4 (1.0)
Germany 26.6 (1.5) 6.9 (0.6) 18.9 (1.9)
Greece 28.4 (2.0) 5.1 (0.5) 32.3 (1.9)
Hungary 28.1 (2.8) 5.3 (0.6) 34.5 (2.0)
Iceland 22.6 (0.6) 7.9 (0.5) 26.9 (0.7)
Ireland 22.9 (1.2) 6.5 (0.5) 17.6 (0.9)
Israel 38.2 (1.5) 6.2 (0.5) 30.6 (2.1)
Italy 31.8 (1.0) 5.0 (0.3) 30.7 (1.0)
Japan 20.6 (1.4) 12.3 (0.8) 18.0 (1.4)
Korea 17.2 (1.7) 11.3 (0.9) 18.9 (1.4)
Latvia 33.0 (1.9) 2.4 (0.4) 28.7 (1.8)
Lithuania 40.8 (1.0) 2.3 (0.3) 32.4 (1.3)
Luxembourg 35.4 (0.6) 5.0 (0.4) 30.5 (0.7)
Mexico 63.7 (0.9) 0.2 (0.0) 63.1 (0.9)
Netherlands* 21.0 (3.1) 9.0 (1.0) 14.0 (1.4)
New Zealand 25.6 (1.0) 13.7 (0.7) 26.3 (1.2)
Norway 23.0 (1.4) 7.6 (0.8) 23.3 (1.0)
Poland 21.0 (0.9) 6.7 (0.5) 20.3 (0.9)
Portugal* 31.0 (2.0) 4.0 (0.5) 28.3 (2.6)
Slovak Republic 26.0 (2.4) 4.3 (0.5) 34.3 (2.3)
Slovenia 27.2 (0.7) 4.2 (0.5) 25.4 (1.0)
Spain** 28.1 (1.2) 3.0 (0.2) 27.9 (1.1)
Sweden 23.2 (1.7) 8.4 (0.7) 28.1 (1.6)
Switzerland 25.8 (1.9) 7.2 (0.6) 21.2 (2.0)
Turkey 57.2 (1.0) 1.1 (0.2) 46.4 (1.4)
United Kingdom 29.1 (1.3) 7.0 (0.5) 22.3 (1.2)
United States* 32.3 (1.9) 8.1 (0.8) 26.0 (2.9)
OECD average-35a 30.1 (0.3) 6.5 (0.1) 28.5 (0.3)
Partners
Albania 73.4 (1.4) 0.1 (0.1) 63.3 (1.5)
Argentina 66.8 (1.9) 0.7 (0.2) 63.0 (1.9)
Belarus m m m m m m
Brazil 69.4 (1.0) 0.8 (0.1) 67.0 (1.1)
Bulgaria 57.5 (2.0) 2.0 (0.4) 53.1 (2.0)
Costa Rica 64.1 (1.5) 0.4 (0.1) 66.5 (1.4)
Croatia 31.1 (1.6) 2.8 (0.4) 23.2 (1.9)
Georgia 71.1 (1.1) 0.3 (0.1) m m
Hong Kong (China)* 18.5 (1.1) 11.0 (0.7) 21.8 (1.7)
Indonesia 75.3 (1.7) 0.0 (0.0) 71.6 (1.9)
Jordan 59.6 (1.3) 0.2 (0.1) 64.3 (1.3)
Kazakhstan 63.2 (1.6) 0.3 (0.1) 65.4 (1.6)
Kosovo m m m m m m
Lebanon m m m m m m
Macao (China) 32.2 (0.4) 2.3 (0.2) 28.0 (0.3)
Malaysia 56.2 (1.5) 0.1 (0.1) 62.5 (1.5)
Malta 40.6 (0.6) 4.1 (0.4) m m
Moldova 61.4 (1.5) 0.1 (0.1) m m
Montenegro 54.1 (0.7) 0.6 (0.2) 49.1 (0.7)
Morocco m m m m m m
Panama 81.7 (1.8) 0.3 (0.1) m m
Peru 74.3 (1.9) 0.4 (0.2) 71.2 (1.8)
Qatar 67.3 (0.4) 1.5 (0.1) 59.6 (0.4)
Romania 59.1 (1.5) 0.5 (0.1) 58.4 (1.3)
Russia 44.0 (1.5) 2.4 (0.4) 28.3 (2.4)
Serbia 44.1 (1.4) 0.7 (0.1) 46.6 (1.6)
Singapore 17.4 (1.0) 14.8 (0.5) 14.1 (0.5)
Chinese Taipei 15.6 (0.9) 5.2 (0.8) 11.5 (0.9)
Thailand 58.4 (1.1) 0.2 (0.1) 52.0 (1.1)
Ukraine m m m m m m
Uruguay 63.3 (1.1) 1.1 (0.2) 61.5 (1.5)
1. "Not in secondary school, excluded from PISA" refers to 15-year-olds not covered by the PISA sample (not in school; or i
09 through 2018
n that 15-year-olds not covered by the PISA sample would score below Level 2
ciency levels in PISA 2012 Proficiency levels in PISA 2015 Proficiency levels in PISA 2018

Level 5 or above from PISA1 or Level 5 or above from PISA1 or Level 5 or above
(above 625.61 scoring below (above 625.61 scoring below (above 625.61
score points) Level 2 score points) Level 2 score points)
% S.E. % S.E. % S.E. % S.E. % S.E.
10.1 (0.5) 25.8 (0.8) 10.0 (0.5) 28.1 (1.0) 11.6 (0.4)
4.9 (0.5) 35.4 (1.4) 6.0 (0.5) 32.1 (1.6) 6.6 (0.5)
11.2 (0.6) 25.2 (1.3) 8.7 (0.5) 26.3 (1.1) 8.9 (0.5)
10.7 (0.6) 25.4 (1.0) 11.7 (0.6) 25.5 (0.8) 12.9 (0.5)
0.5 (0.1) 42.9 (1.7) 1.8 (0.2) 39.0 (1.7) 2.3 (0.3)
0.2 (0.1) 57.3 (1.4) 0.7 (0.1) 69.0 (1.2) 0.6 (0.1)
5.1 (0.5) 27.1 (2.1) 7.4 (0.5) 24.4 (1.9) 7.9 (0.5)
4.9 (0.6) 24.4 (1.7) 5.8 (0.5) 26.3 (1.5) 7.4 (0.5)
7.6 (0.7) 17.1 (1.6) 10.2 (0.6) 17.2 (1.5) 12.9 (0.7)
13.0 (0.7) 13.5 (2.3) 13.3 (0.8) 16.7 (1.6) 13.7 (0.7)
11.4 (0.8) 28.6 (0.9) 11.4 (0.7) 27.8 (0.8) 8.4 (0.6)
8.5 (0.7) 19.7 (1.4) 11.2 (0.7) 21.2 (1.7) 11.2 (0.7)
4.5 (0.5) 33.8 (2.2) 3.7 (0.4) 35.6 (2.1) 3.4 (0.5)
4.6 (0.6) 35.1 (1.3) 3.8 (0.4) 33.1 (1.3) 5.1 (0.5)
5.4 (0.5) 27.4 (1.0) 6.2 (0.6) 32.5 (0.8) 6.5 (0.5)
10.4 (0.6) 13.3 (1.4) 10.4 (0.7) 15.2 (1.4) 11.6 (0.7)
8.8 (0.8) 31.2 (1.4) 8.6 (0.7) 44.3 (1.8) 8.4 (0.6)
5.8 (0.3) 36.6 (1.5) 4.5 (0.4) 35.1 (1.2) 4.5 (0.4)
16.8 (1.1) 17.5 (1.4) 10.2 (0.8) 24.3 (1.2) 9.3 (0.6)
12.4 (1.1) 20.8 (1.6) 11.6 (0.9) 25.2 (1.2) 11.6 (0.8)
3.6 (0.5) 26.9 (1.2) 3.8 (0.4) 31.3 (1.1) 4.3 (0.4)
2.8 (0.3) 32.4 (1.1) 4.0 (0.5) 31.7 (1.0) 4.5 (0.3)
7.9 (0.3) 34.9 (0.5) 7.1 (0.4) 38.4 (0.5) 6.6 (0.4)
0.3 (0.1) 64.1 (1.3) 0.2 (0.1) 63.3 (1.2) 0.5 (0.1)
9.8 (0.8) 22.7 (1.5) 10.3 (0.6) 30.8 (1.6) 8.3 (0.6)
12.3 (0.7) 25.4 (1.4) 12.3 (0.8) 28.1 (1.0) 11.6 (0.5)
9.4 (0.7) 22.3 (1.1) 11.2 (0.6) 26.4 (0.8) 10.3 (0.5)
8.9 (0.8) 22.2 (0.9) 7.5 (0.6) 23.2 (1.2) 11.0 (0.8)
5.1 (0.6) 27.5 (1.5) 6.6 (0.5) 30.4 (1.5) 6.4 (0.6)
4.0 (0.6) 39.4 (1.7) 3.1 (0.4) 40.9 (1.7) 4.0 (0.4)
4.8 (0.4) 21.3 (0.6) 8.3 (0.6) 19.6 (0.7) 7.6 (0.5)
4.9 (0.3) 23.9 (1.2) 5.0 (0.5) m m m m
7.4 (0.6) 23.7 (2.1) 9.3 (0.8) 30.0 (2.0) 11.4 (0.7)
8.3 (0.6) 23.0 (2.4) 7.5 (0.7) 32.1 (2.2) 7.2 (0.6)
3.0 (0.6) 58.1 (1.9) 0.4 (0.2) 46.4 (0.9) 2.4 (0.4)
8.2 (0.7) 31.0 (1.2) 7.7 (0.5) 29.8 (1.1) 9.7 (0.7)
7.0 (0.6) 32.3 (2.1) 8.0 (0.7) 30.5 (2.0) 11.7 (0.8)
7.3 (0.1) 29.4 (0.3) 7.4 (0.1) 31.4 (0.2) 7.9 (0.1)
7.2 (0.1) 29.6 (0.3) 7.3 (0.1) 31.4 (0.2) 7.8 (0.1)
0.9 (0.2) 50.3 (1.9) 1.0 (0.2) 63.9 (1.3) 0.3 (0.1)
0.4 (0.1) m m m m 61.4 (1.4) 0.6 (0.1)
m m m m m m 81.7 (0.8) 0.1 (0.1)
m m m m m m 32.9 (1.4) 3.5 (0.4)
m m m m m m 61.9 (1.5) 0.2 (0.1)
0.3 (0.1) 64.8 (1.1) 1.0 (0.2) 67.5 (1.1) 1.2 (0.2)
m m m m m m 53.0 (0.6) 1.3 (0.2)
m m m m m m 23.0 (2.1) 17.7 (1.0)
3.3 (0.5) 52.8 (2.2) 2.9 (0.4) 61.9 (1.7) 1.7 (0.3)
0.3 (0.1) 62.1 (1.4) 0.4 (0.1) 63.6 (1.6) 0.4 (0.1)
4.2 (0.7) 27.2 (1.5) 5.3 (0.5) 30.1 (1.4) 4.2 (0.4)
3.8 (0.3) 38.9 (0.8) 2.9 (0.3) 48.1 (0.6) 1.7 (0.2)
m m 80.9 (1.1) 0.1 (0.0) 84.7 (1.1) 0.1 (0.0)
m m 61.9 (1.2) 0.9 (0.2) 70.6 (1.1) 0.2 (0.1)
14.1 (1.0) 19.7 (1.3) 10.2 (0.8) 14.0 (1.2) 14.6 (0.7)
0.1 (0.0) 69.6 (1.5) 0.1 (0.1) 74.5 (1.6) 0.1 (0.0)
0.1 (0.1) 70.3 (0.9) 0.2 (0.1) 68.3 (1.1) 0.1 (0.1)
0.0 (0.0) m m m m 67.0 (0.7) 0.4 (0.1)
m m 83.6 (0.6) 0.0 c 82.1 (0.6) 0.0 (0.0)
m m 80.4 (1.2) 0.6 (0.2) 72.1 (1.3) 0.6 (0.1)
5.7 (0.3) 21.9 (0.4) 5.9 (0.5) 21.2 (0.5) 12.2 (0.6)
0.1 (0.0) m m m m 60.9 (1.1) 0.3 (0.1)
m m 37.0 (0.8) 5.5 (0.4) 37.7 (0.8) 5.2 (0.5)
m m 49.6 (1.3) 1.2 (0.2) 45.8 (1.3) 1.0 (0.3)
0.9 (0.2) 47.7 (0.7) 1.2 (0.3) 47.4 (0.7) 0.7 (0.2)
m m m m m m 82.8 (1.1) 0.0 (0.0)
m m 72.2 (0.7) 0.2 (0.1) 57.5 (0.7) 0.3 (0.1)
m m m m m m 80.9 (1.0) 0.1 (0.1)
0.3 (0.2) 65.7 (1.4) 0.2 (0.1) 66.6 (1.5) 0.6 (0.1)
m m m m m m 86.8 (1.0) 0.0 (0.0)
1.5 (0.1) 54.8 (0.5) 1.5 (0.2) 54.7 (0.4) 2.4 (0.1)
1.1 (0.3) 54.0 (1.7) 1.5 (0.3) 57.0 (1.9) 1.0 (0.2)
4.3 (0.6) 20.2 (3.2) 6.3 (0.6) 27.1 (1.9) 5.1 (0.5)
m m m m m m 59.7 (1.5) 0.1 (0.1)
1.8 (0.3) m m m m 44.9 (1.5) 2.3 (0.3)
20.2 (0.6) 14.8 (0.7) 17.6 (0.7) 15.4 (0.8) 24.6 (0.7)
11.8 (0.8) 17.2 (0.8) 6.9 (0.8) 24.3 (1.4) 10.0 (0.8)
0.6 (0.2) 64.5 (1.4) 0.2 (0.1) 70.7 (1.4) 0.1 (0.1)
m m m m m m 35.7 (1.7) 3.0 (0.4)
1.8 (0.2) 45.9 (1.5) 2.7 (0.3) 47.6 (1.3) 4.4 (0.3)
0.7 (0.2) 56.4 (1.2) 1.8 (0.3) 54.7 (1.6) 1.2 (0.2)
2.5 (0.5) 43.8 (2.2) 1.7 (0.5) 37.1 (2.9) 3.5 (0.6)
PISA sample (not in school; or in school, but in grade 6 or below, or excluded from the PISA sample due to student or school-level exclu
part of PISA 2009+.

Not in secondary Not in secondary Not in secondary

school, excluded school, excluded school, excluded
from PISA1 or Level 5 or above from PISA1 or Level 5 or above from PISA1 or
scoring below (above 625.61 scoring below (above 625.61 scoring below
Level 2 score points) Level 2 score points) Level 2
(less than 407.47 (less than 407.47 (less than 407.47
% dif. S.E. % dif. S.E. % dif. S.E. % dif. S.E. % dif. S.E.
0.2 (1.8) 0.9 (1.1) 1.8 (1.6) 1.6 (1.0) 2.4 (1.6)
m m m m 2.9 (2.4) 1.7 (0.9) -3.3 (2.3)
3.8 (2.0) -1.6 (0.9) 6.4 (2.0) -2.3 (1.0) 1.0 (2.1)
0.6 (1.3) 2.3 (1.2) -0.3 (1.4) 2.2 (1.4) 0.1 (1.4)
-1.8 (3.2) 1.2 (0.4) -5.1 (3.3) 1.8 (0.3) -3.8 (3.4)
-0.1 (3.0) 0.3 (0.1) -0.5 (3.3) 0.4 (0.1) 11.6 (3.4)
-3.8 (2.9) 3.1 (0.8) -5.1 (3.0) 2.7 (0.9) -2.7 (3.1)
-0.6 (2.4) 3.3 (0.9) 3.7 (3.2) 2.5 (1.0) 1.9 (2.5)
-3.9 (2.4) 7.4 (1.2) 0.7 (2.2) 5.3 (1.3) 0.1 (2.3)
2.1 (2.3) 0.2 (1.5) 1.9 (2.7) 0.7 (1.6) 3.2 (2.8)
0.3 (1.8) -0.2 (1.2) -0.7 (1.6) -2.9 (1.2) -0.8 (1.5)
-5.4 (2.4) 4.4 (1.1) 2.3 (2.7) 2.8 (1.2) 1.5 (2.4)
7.2 (3.2) -1.7 (0.7) 3.2 (3.2) -1.1 (0.7) 1.8 (3.5)
4.9 (3.3) -0.2 (0.8) -1.4 (2.8) 0.5 (0.8) -2.0 (2.4)
9.9 (1.6) -1.4 (0.8) 5.6 (1.7) 1.1 (0.8) 5.2 (1.9)
-7.7 (1.9) 5.1 (1.3) -2.5 (1.8) 1.2 (1.4) 1.8 (2.1)
6.0 (2.4) 2.2 (0.9) 13.6 (2.8) -0.3 (1.1) 13.1 (2.4)
3.3 (2.0) -0.5 (0.6) 4.4 (2.2) -1.2 (0.6) -1.5 (2.5)
3.7 (2.0) -3.0 (1.2) 6.3 (2.1) -7.5 (1.4) 6.9 (2.1)
8.0 (2.1) 0.2 (1.4) 6.3 (1.9) -0.9 (1.6) 4.4 (2.1)
-1.8 (2.6) 1.9 (0.6) 2.6 (2.6) 0.7 (0.7) 4.4 (2.4)
-9.2 (1.8) 2.2 (0.5) -0.7 (2.1) 1.7 (0.5) -0.8 (2.1)
3.1 (1.2) 1.7 (0.7) 7.9 (1.4) -1.3 (0.7) 3.5 (1.4)
-0.4 (3.5) 0.3 (0.1) 0.2 (3.9) 0.3 (0.1) -0.8 (4.3)
9.8 (3.7) -0.8 (1.3) 16.8 (2.5) -1.5 (1.1) 8.1 (2.6)
2.5 (1.7) -2.0 (1.3) 1.7 (1.8) -0.7 (1.3) 2.7 (2.0)
3.4 (1.7) 2.7 (1.1) 3.1 (1.5) 0.9 (1.1) 4.1 (1.6)
2.2 (1.7) 4.3 (1.3) 2.9 (1.7) 2.0 (1.5) 1.0 (1.8)
-0.7 (2.7) 2.3 (0.8) 2.1 (3.2) 1.2 (0.9) 2.9 (2.5)
14.9 (3.4) -0.3 (0.6) 6.5 (3.4) 0.0 (0.7) 1.4 (3.2)
-7.6 (1.2) 3.3 (0.8) -5.8 (1.5) 2.8 (0.7) -1.7 (1.3)
m m m m m m m m m m
6.9 (2.7) 3.0 (1.4) 1.9 (2.7) 4.0 (1.5) 6.4 (3.1)
6.3 (3.1) 0.0 (1.0) 10.9 (3.1) -1.1 (1.0) 9.0 (3.5)
-10.9 (2.3) 1.4 (0.4) 0.0 (2.8) -0.6 (0.7) -11.7 (3.2)
0.7 (1.9) 2.7 (1.0) 7.6 (1.9) 1.5 (1.1) -1.2 (2.0)
-1.8 (2.8) 3.6 (1.4) 4.5 (3.6) 4.6 (1.3) -1.9 (3.0)
1.3 (1.1) 1.4 (0.5) 2.9 (1.3) 0.6 (0.6) 2.0 (1.4)
m m m m 2.9 (1.2) 0.6 (0.6) 1.8 (1.4)
-9.5 (3.9) 0.2 (0.1) 0.6 (4.3) -0.6 (0.2) 13.6 (4.8)
-5.4 (3.2) -0.1 (0.2) -1.6 (3.4) 0.1 (0.2) m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
-2.0 (2.3) 0.4 (0.2) 0.5 (2.5) 0.9 (0.2) 2.6 (2.7)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
4.5 (3.1) -0.3 (0.4) 8.8 (3.2) -1.7 (0.6) 9.1 (3.5)
-0.5 (3.7) 0.0 (0.2) -2.9 (4.0) 0.1 (0.1) 1.5 (4.3)
-1.0 (2.5) 1.4 (0.6) 7.0 (2.7) 0.0 (0.8) 2.9 (2.5)
m m m m 13.3 (2.2) -2.2 (0.4) 9.2 (2.4)
m m m m m m m m 3.8 (2.1)
-0.5 (2.8) -0.1 (0.1) m m m m 8.6 (3.4)
-4.5 (1.7) 3.5 (1.4) -7.8 (2.1) 0.5 (1.6) -5.7 (1.8)
-0.9 (3.4) 0.0 (0.0) 2.8 (3.8) 0.0 (0.1) 4.9 (3.8)
8.6 (3.6) 0.0 (0.1) 4.0 (3.9) 0.0 (0.1) -2.1 (4.1)
3.8 (3.5) 0.0 (0.1) 1.6 (3.9) 0.3 (0.1) m m
m m m m m m m m -1.6 (2.8)
m m m m m m m m -8.4 (2.1)
-11.0 (0.8) 9.9 (0.9) -6.8 (0.8) 6.5 (1.1) -0.7 (0.8)
4.6 (3.5) 0.3 (0.1) -1.6 (3.8) 0.3 (0.1) m m
-2.9 (1.6) 1.0 (0.6) m m m m 0.7 (1.9)
-15.6 (3.0) 0.8 (0.3) m m m m -3.8 (3.3)
-6.8 (2.8) 0.2 (0.3) -1.8 (3.2) -0.1 (0.3) -0.3 (3.5)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m -14.7 (2.9)
-0.8 (3.0) -0.2 (0.1) m m m m m m
-7.7 (3.1) 0.2 (0.2) -4.6 (3.2) 0.2 (0.2) 0.9 (3.2)
m m m m m m m m m m
-12.7 (1.7) 0.9 (0.2) -4.9 (1.9) 0.9 (0.2) -0.1 (2.1)
-2.1 (3.1) 0.5 (0.3) -1.4 (3.1) 0.0 (0.3) 3.0 (3.4)
-16.9 (2.7) 2.7 (0.7) -1.2 (3.3) 0.8 (0.8) 6.9 (4.0)
m m m m m m m m m m
0.8 (2.7) 1.6 (0.3) -1.7 (3.0) 0.5 (0.4) m m
-2.0 (1.4) 9.8 (1.8) 1.3 (1.0) 4.4 (2.0) 0.6 (1.1)
8.7 (1.8) 4.9 (1.3) 12.8 (1.9) -1.7 (1.4) 7.1 (1.9)
12.3 (3.4) -0.1 (0.1) 18.7 (3.7) -0.5 (0.2) 6.2 (4.1)
m m m m m m m m m m
3.7 (2.3) 2.3 (0.4) 1.3 (2.4) 2.6 (0.4) 1.8 (2.6)
-8.6 (3.0) 0.1 (0.3) -6.8 (3.4) 0.5 (0.3) -1.7 (3.5)
m m m m -12.5 m 0.9 m -6.7 m
udent or school-level exclusions).
ge between 2015 and 2018
PISA 2018 - PISA 2015)
Level 5 or above
(above 625.61
score points)
% dif. S.E.
1.6 (1.1)
0.5 (0.8)
0.3 (0.9)
1.2 (1.5)
0.5 (0.4)
-0.2 (0.2)
0.5 (0.9)
1.6 (1.0)
2.7 (1.4)
0.4 (1.7)
-3.0 (1.2)
0.0 (1.2)
-0.3 (0.7)
1.3 (0.7)
0.3 (0.8)
1.3 (1.5)
-0.2 (1.0)
0.0 (0.7)
-0.9 (1.2)
0.0 (1.5)
0.4 (0.7)
0.5 (0.6)
-0.5 (0.7)
0.3 (0.1)
-2.0 (1.0)
-0.7 (1.5)
-0.9 (1.1)
3.5 (1.5)
-0.2 (0.9)
0.9 (0.6)
-0.7 (0.9)
m m
2.1 (1.7)
-0.3 (1.1)
2.0 (0.4)
2.0 (1.1)
3.6 (1.4)
0.5 (0.6)
0.5 (0.6)
-0.7 (0.2)
m m
m m
m m
m m
0.1 (0.2)
m m
m m
-1.2 (0.5)
0.0 (0.2)
-1.2 (0.7)
-1.2 (0.4)
0.0 (0.1)
-0.7 (0.2)
4.3 (1.6)
-0.1 (0.1)
0.0 (0.1)
m m
0.0 (0.0)
0.1 (0.2)
6.3 (1.2)
m m
-0.3 (0.6)
-0.2 (0.3)
-0.5 (0.3)
m m
0.2 (0.2)
m m
0.3 (0.2)
m m
1.0 (0.2)
-0.5 (0.4)
-1.3 (0.8)
m m
m m
7.0 (2.2)
3.1 (1.4)
-0.1 (0.1)
m m
1.7 (0.4)
-0.6 (0.4)
1.7 m

Table I.B1.32
Percentage of low achievers and top performers in mathematics among all 15-year-olds, 2006 through 2018
Upper bound on low achievers, and lower bound on top performers, reflecting the assumption that 15-year-olds not covered by

from PISA1 or Level 5 or above from PISA1 or Level 5 or above
scoring below (above 606.99 scoring below (above 606.99
Level 2 score points) Level 2 score points)
% S.E. % S.E. % S.E. %

OECD
Australia 24.7 (1.6) 17.4 (0.7) 24.3 (1.0) 14.3
Austria 26.1 (2.4) 13.0 (0.9) 26.1 (1.9) 14.6
Belgium 22.7 (1.2) 24.5 (0.8) 18.5 (1.1) 22.0
Canada 25.5 (1.0) 16.8 (0.6) 22.5 (1.0) 15.6
Chile m m m m 64.7 (1.8) 1.2
Colombia m m m m 83.2 (1.6) 0.2
Czech Republic 22.6 (1.6) 16.9 (1.1) 19.2 (1.4) 18.3
Denmark 26.0 (2.0) 13.9 (0.9) 26.5 (1.9) 11.7
Estonia m m m m 17.4 (1.3) 11.8
Finland 11.7 (1.1) 22.2 (0.8) 12.8 (1.1) 22.6
France 24.3 (1.5) 13.7 (0.8) 29.0 (1.2) 11.4
Germany 27.2 (1.8) 15.1 (0.9) 23.9 (1.8) 14.7
Greece 42.3 (3.9) 3.8 (0.6) 39.3 (2.2) 4.5
Hungary 36.2 (1.4) 8.9 (0.8) 32.8 (2.0) 8.8
Iceland 19.9 (0.7) 14.6 (0.6) 20.2 (0.8) 12.1
Ireland 25.8 (1.2) 10.1 (0.7) 21.5 (1.3) 9.6
Israel m m m m 55.8 (1.7) 4.6
Italy 41.6 (1.3) 6.0 (0.4) 39.6 (1.3) 5.6
Japan 21.3 (1.6) 22.1 (1.5) 22.3 (1.5) 16.4
Korea 20.4 (1.5) 21.8 (1.3) 20.5 (1.7) 23.6
Latvia 31.7 (3.5) 7.1 (0.8) 32.4 (2.0) 5.6
Lithuania m m m m 28.1 (1.9) 8.5
Luxembourg 24.0 (0.6) 10.5 (0.5) 22.8 (0.6) 10.6
Mexico 83.3 (1.1) 0.2 (0.0) 76.5 (0.9) 0.5
Netherlands* 15.2 (3.6) 24.3 (1.3) 14.9 (2.2) 20.3
New Zealand 25.5 (1.3) 18.1 (0.7) 28.1 (1.1) 15.8
Norway 25.4 (1.1) 10.7 (0.6) 24.5 (1.7) 10.1
Poland 29.3 (1.2) 9.1 (0.5) 24.7 (1.0) 10.0
Portugal* 37.9 (3.1) 4.8 (0.4) 45.9 (2.0) 4.4
Slovak Republic 26.8 (3.2) 11.6 (0.8) 24.6 (2.2) 10.4
Slovenia m m m m 27.6 (0.7) 12.0
Spain** 41.6 (1.5) 6.0 (0.5) 34.6 (1.3) 6.3
Sweden 19.1 (1.9) 15.4 (0.9) 20.4 (2.4) 12.3
Switzerland 14.5 (0.8) 21.2 (1.5) 13.5 (0.9) 22.6
Turkey 83.0 (1.3) 2.0 (0.6) 77.6 (1.2) 2.0
United Kingdom m m m m 24.6 (1.1) 10.4
United States* 41.2 (1.4) 8.0 (0.6) 38.7 (2.1) 6.5
OECD average-29a 30.7 (0.4) 13.0 (0.2) 29.4 (0.3) 12.0
OECD average-30 30.6 (0.3) 13.0 (0.2) 29.3 (0.3) 12.1
OECD average-36b m m m m 32.0 (0.3) 11.0
OECD average-37 m m m m 31.9 (0.3) 11.1
Partners
Argentina m m m m 71.7 (2.5) 0.8
Brazil 86.4 (1.1) 0.7 (0.2) 85.0 (0.8) 0.6
Bulgaria m m m m 61.3 (2.4) 2.6
Croatia m m m m 39.0 (1.3) 4.0
Hong Kong (China)* 13.4 (1.2) 29.7 (1.3) 12.2 (2.4) 26.9
Indonesia 89.9 (0.8) 0.1 (0.0) 81.8 (2.1) 0.2
Jordan m m m m 75.2 (1.3) 0.2
Macao (China) 30.1 (1.0) 14.7 (1.1) 10.9 (0.7) 17.4
Malta m m m m m m m
Montenegro m m m m 66.4 (0.8) 0.7
Peru m m m m m m m
Qatar m m m m 88.4 (0.5) 0.6
Romania m m m m 66.1 (3.2) 0.9
Russia 39.8 (2.2) 6.1 (0.7) 40.8 (2.3) 6.0
Serbia m m m m 52.1 (1.5) 2.4
Chinese Taipei m m m m 12.0 (1.1) 31.9
Thailand 68.4 (1.5) 1.1 (0.3) 66.2 (1.1) 1.0
Uruguay 67.5 (1.6) 1.8 (0.3) 62.8 (1.2) 2.2
1. "Not in secondary school, excluded from PISA" refers to 15-year-olds not covered by the PISA sample (not in school; or in sc
rough 2018
year-olds not covered by the PISA sample would score below Level 2
els in PISA 2006 Proficiency levels in PISA 2009 Proficiency levels in PISA 2012 Proficiency levels in P

Level 5 or above from PISA1 or Level 5 or above from PISA1 or Level 5 or above from PISA1 or
(above 606.99 scoring below (above 606.99 scoring below (above 606.99 scoring below
score points) Level 2 score points) Level 2 score points) Level 2
S.E. % S.E. % S.E. % S.E. % S.E. %
(0.7) 29.2 (1.4) 13.8 (0.9) 31.0 (0.8) 12.7 (0.6) 29.3
(1.0) m m m m 28.5 (1.6) 12.6 (0.9) 34.8
(0.8) 23.7 (1.4) 19.2 (0.7) 22.6 (1.4) 18.7 (0.8) 25.7
(0.7) 26.0 (0.9) 15.3 (0.5) 28.2 (1.0) 13.7 (0.6) 28.5
(0.3) 58.2 (1.7) 1.1 (0.3) 59.6 (1.7) 1.3 (0.2) 59.6
(0.1) 82.7 (1.1) 0.1 (0.0) 83.5 (1.0) 0.2 (0.1) 74.8
(1.2) 27.5 (2.0) 10.9 (0.8) 32.9 (1.9) 10.9 (0.7) 26.8
(0.7) 28.4 (1.6) 10.0 (0.7) 24.5 (2.5) 9.1 (0.6) 23.1
(0.8) 20.4 (1.8) 11.0 (0.8) 17.8 (1.5) 13.4 (0.7) 17.6
(0.9) 14.4 (1.6) 20.1 (1.0) 15.7 (2.1) 14.6 (0.8) 15.9
(0.8) 30.0 (1.3) 12.4 (0.9) 31.5 (0.9) 11.4 (0.7) 30.4
(1.0) 26.7 (1.5) 16.1 (0.8) 22.0 (1.8) 16.6 (1.0) 20.6
(0.5) 36.5 (1.9) 5.2 (0.5) 43.8 (1.7) 3.4 (0.4) 41.5
(0.8) 32.3 (2.7) 8.8 (1.0) 41.3 (2.0) 7.6 (0.9) 35.5
(0.7) 22.7 (0.6) 12.6 (0.6) 27.3 (0.7) 10.3 (0.6) 28.8
(0.7) 26.2 (1.1) 6.2 (0.6) 24.3 (1.0) 9.7 (0.5) 18.0
(0.4) 49.1 (1.3) 4.9 (0.6) 39.6 (1.9) 8.5 (0.9) 36.4
(0.5) 35.2 (1.0) 7.7 (0.4) 35.1 (1.0) 8.5 (0.5) 38.4
(0.9) 19.6 (1.4) 19.2 (1.2) 19.2 (1.4) 21.5 (1.3) 15.4
(1.3) 19.3 (1.5) 22.5 (1.3) 20.2 (1.4) 27.1 (1.7) 22.5
(0.5) 37.1 (1.9) 4.6 (0.5) 31.2 (1.8) 6.9 (0.7) 30.2
(0.9) 42.4 (1.0) 5.5 (0.5) 36.5 (1.3) 6.9 (0.5) 32.7
(0.5) 33.5 (0.6) 9.9 (0.6) 32.5 (0.5) 10.0 (0.4) 35.0
(0.1) 70.1 (0.8) 0.4 (0.1) 71.6 (0.7) 0.4 (0.0) 73.2
(1.0) 20.1 (3.0) 18.3 (1.5) 14.8 (1.5) 19.3 (1.2) 21.4
(0.8) 26.5 (1.1) 16.4 (0.8) 31.9 (1.1) 13.2 (0.8) 29.3
(0.7) 25.9 (1.4) 9.3 (0.6) 28.9 (1.1) 8.6 (0.6) 24.3
(0.7) 26.0 (1.1) 9.7 (0.8) 23.7 (0.9) 14.9 (1.2) 24.7
(0.4) 36.1 (1.8) 8.1 (0.7) 33.7 (2.5) 9.4 (0.8) 33.2
(0.9) 24.9 (2.4) 12.1 (0.9) 33.6 (2.0) 10.0 (0.9) 35.5
(0.6) 26.4 (0.6) 13.1 (0.5) 24.4 (0.9) 13.0 (0.5) 22.2
(0.5) 31.9 (1.2) 7.2 (0.4) 32.6 (1.1) 7.1 (0.4) 29.3
(0.7) 26.6 (1.6) 10.6 (0.8) 32.2 (1.5) 7.4 (0.5) 25.9
(1.2) 22.8 (2.0) 21.5 (1.3) 20.1 (2.0) 19.5 (1.1) 19.0
(0.6) 67.2 (1.2) 3.2 (0.7) 60.3 (1.6) 4.0 (0.8) 66.0
(0.6) 30.7 (1.3) 8.6 (0.6) 27.1 (1.2) 11.0 (0.8) 34.4
(0.7) 37.0 (1.9) 8.2 (0.9) 34.2 (2.7) 7.8 (0.7) 41.0
(0.1) 30.5 (0.3) 11.7 (0.2) 31.1 (0.3) 11.5 (0.2) 30.6
(0.1) m m m m 31.0 (0.3) 11.6 (0.1) 30.8
(0.1) 33.2 (0.3) 10.7 (0.1) 33.0 (0.3) 10.8 (0.1) 32.4
(0.1) m m m m 32.9 (0.3) 10.8 (0.1) 32.5
m 80.2 (1.4) 0.2 (0.1) 69.7 (1.2) 0.6 (0.1) 53.3

(0.3) 75.0 (1.7) 0.6 (0.2) 73.3 (1.8) 0.2 (0.1) m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
(0.2) 81.3 (0.9) 0.5 (0.1) 78.7 (0.9) 0.5 (0.1) 78.6
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
(0.7) 61.9 (1.8) 2.7 (0.7) 56.5 (1.6) 3.1 (0.5) 53.3
m 76.9 (1.3) 0.2 (0.1) 80.1 (1.2) 0.3 (0.1) 76.2
(0.4) 40.6 (1.6) 4.4 (0.6) 33.7 (1.8) 6.6 (1.1) 38.3
m m m m m 43.8 (0.6) 3.6 (0.3) 45.5
m 76.2 (1.0) 0.5 (0.2) m m m m 66.2
(1.1) 18.9 (1.1) 27.2 (1.1) 23.3 (1.7) 28.3 (1.4) 19.4
(0.1) 87.7 (1.2) 0.0 (0.0) 84.6 (1.5) 0.2 (0.1) 78.6
(0.1) 73.0 (1.5) 0.2 (0.1) 77.2 (1.1) 0.4 (0.3) 82.1
m 63.6 (1.6) 1.0 (0.4) 55.9 (1.9) 0.8 (0.2) m
(0.7) 29.0 (0.4) 13.7 (0.4) 27.5 (0.4) 19.8 (0.5) 17.5
m 68.2 (1.4) 0.3 (0.1) 61.7 (1.5) 1.1 (0.2) m
m 38.2 (0.7) 7.2 (0.4) m m m m 30.8
m 64.5 (1.6) 0.6 (0.2) m m m m 53.8
(0.1) 62.2 (0.7) 0.9 (0.2) 61.1 (0.9) 0.9 (0.2) 56.7
m m m m m m m m m m
m 88.8 (1.3) 0.2 (0.1) m m m m m
m 80.7 (1.7) 0.5 (0.2) 81.7 (1.5) 0.4 (0.2) 74.8
m m m m m m m m m m
(0.1) 76.6 (0.4) 1.6 (0.1) 71.3 (0.4) 1.9 (0.2) 61.4
(0.2) 63.6 (1.4) 0.9 (0.2) 60.8 (1.4) 2.1 (0.4) 54.9
(0.6) 44.9 (1.7) 4.0 (0.6) 29.8 (2.3) 7.2 (0.9) 22.8
m m m m m m m m m m
(0.3) 50.6 (1.4) 2.9 (0.4) 51.2 (1.6) 3.6 (0.6) m
m 14.9 (1.0) 33.6 (0.7) 12.6 (0.6) 38.1 (0.7) 11.4
(1.4) 12.8 (0.8) 28.6 (1.5) 12.8 (0.8) 37.2 (1.2) 12.7
(0.2) 65.4 (1.1) 0.9 (0.3) 64.0 (1.3) 1.8 (0.4) 67.2
m m m m m m m m m m
m 54.6 (1.1) 2.7 (0.3) 55.3 (1.2) 2.9 (0.2) 53.4
(0.3) 66.9 (1.1) 1.5 (0.2) 67.8 (1.4) 1.0 (0.2) 66.0
m m m m m 52.3 (1.6) 7.4 (0.8) 47.2
le (not in school; or in school, but in grade 6 or below, or excluded from the PISA sample due to student or school-level exclusions).
(PISA 2018 - PISA 2003)

from PISA1 or Level 5 or above from PISA1 or Level 5 or above from PISA1 or Level 5 or above
scoring below (above 606.99 scoring below (above 606.99 scoring below (above 606.99
Level 2 score points) Level 2 score points) Level 2 score points)
S.E. % S.E. % S.E. % S.E. % dif. S.E. % dif.
(0.8) 10.3 (0.6) 30.6 (1.1) 9.4 (0.5) 5.9 (2.1) -8.0
(1.4) 10.4 (0.7) 29.9 (1.6) 11.2 (0.8) 3.7 (3.0) -1.8
(1.4) 14.7 (0.7) 24.8 (1.1) 14.7 (0.8) 2.1 (1.7) -9.7
(0.9) 12.6 (0.6) 27.7 (0.9) 13.2 (0.6) 2.2 (1.5) -3.6
(1.4) 1.1 (0.2) 57.1 (1.5) 1.1 (0.2) m m m
(1.1) 0.2 (0.1) 78.6 (1.1) 0.3 (0.1) m m m
(2.1) 9.7 (0.7) 24.0 (1.9) 12.1 (0.7) 1.4 (2.6) -4.9
(1.8) 10.4 (0.7) 25.0 (1.5) 10.2 (0.7) -1.0 (2.6) -3.7
(1.6) 13.2 (0.8) 16.4 (1.5) 14.4 (0.8) m m m
(2.2) 11.4 (0.7) 18.1 (1.6) 10.7 (0.6) 6.4 (2.1) -11.4
(0.9) 10.4 (0.6) 28.1 (0.9) 10.1 (0.7) 3.8 (1.8) -3.7
(1.5) 12.4 (0.7) 21.6 (1.6) 13.2 (0.8) -5.5 (2.5) -1.8
(2.1) 3.6 (0.4) 40.5 (2.0) 3.5 (0.5) -1.8 (4.5) -0.3
(1.4) 7.3 (0.6) 33.4 (1.3) 7.1 (0.6) -2.8 (2.2) -1.7
(1.0) 9.6 (0.7) 27.3 (0.9) 9.5 (0.6) 7.4 (1.4) -5.1
(1.4) 9.5 (0.6) 18.9 (1.4) 7.9 (0.7) -7.0 (2.1) -2.2
(1.4) 8.4 (0.8) 46.7 (1.8) 7.1 (0.6) m m m
(1.5) 8.4 (0.7) 35.6 (1.3) 8.1 (0.7) -6.0 (2.1) 2.0
(1.3) 19.3 (1.2) 19.5 (1.2) 16.7 (1.0) -1.8 (2.0) -5.4
(1.6) 19.2 (1.3) 25.1 (1.2) 18.8 (1.0) 4.7 (2.0) -2.9
(1.2) 4.6 (0.4) 26.7 (1.2) 7.5 (0.5) -4.9 (3.8) 0.4
(1.2) 6.3 (0.6) 32.8 (1.1) 7.6 (0.5) m m m
(0.6) 8.7 (0.5) 36.6 (0.6) 9.4 (0.5) 12.6 (1.2) -1.1
(1.1) 0.2 (0.1) 71.0 (1.1) 0.3 (0.1) -12.4 (2.5) 0.2
(1.4) 14.7 (0.8) 23.2 (1.7) 16.8 (0.9) 8.0 (4.0) -7.5
(1.4) 10.3 (0.7) 30.6 (1.0) 10.3 (0.5) 5.1 (1.8) -7.9
(1.1) 9.7 (0.6) 26.1 (0.8) 11.1 (0.6) 0.6 (1.5) 0.4
(1.1) 11.1 (0.8) 23.2 (1.2) 14.2 (0.9) -6.0 (1.7) 5.1
(1.5) 10.0 (0.6) 33.0 (1.6) 10.1 (0.7) -4.9 (3.5) 5.4
(1.8) 7.0 (0.6) 35.4 (1.8) 9.3 (0.6) 8.7 (3.7) -2.3
(0.6) 12.5 (0.6) 18.2 (0.7) 13.3 (0.7) m m m
(1.2) 6.6 (0.6) 30.9 (0.7) 6.7 (0.4) -10.7 (1.9) 0.7
(2.1) 9.7 (0.9) 30.4 (2.1) 10.8 (0.8) 11.3 (2.9) -4.6
(2.4) 18.5 (1.1) 26.0 (2.3) 15.1 (1.0) 11.5 (2.5) -6.1
(1.9) 0.8 (0.2) 54.0 (0.8) 3.5 (0.4) -29.0 (2.4) 1.5
(1.4) 8.9 (0.6) 31.5 (1.1) 10.9 (0.7) m m m
(2.0) 4.9 (0.6) 37.2 (2.1) 7.1 (0.7) -4.0 (2.7) -0.9
(0.3) 9.8 (0.1) 30.5 (0.3) 10.3 (0.1) -0.2 (0.9) -2.7
(0.3) 9.9 (0.1) 30.5 (0.3) 10.3 (0.1) -0.1 (0.8) -2.7
(0.3) 9.3 (0.1) 32.4 (0.2) 9.8 (0.1) m m m
(0.2) 9.4 (0.1) 32.3 (0.2) 9.8 (0.1) m m m
(1.9) 1.1 (0.2) 56.4 (1.5) 1.7 (0.2) m m m

m m m 75.0 (1.3) 0.3 (0.1) m m m
m m m 77.2 (0.9) 0.9 (0.2) m m m
m m m 38.1 (1.4) 6.4 (0.6) m m m
m m m 65.1 (1.4) 0.7 (0.2) m m m
(1.1) 0.6 (0.2) 79.3 (0.9) 0.6 (0.1) -7.1 (1.7) 0.0
m m m 49.2 (0.6) 3.0 (0.3) m m m
m m m 20.7 (2.1) 36.0 (1.5) m m m
(2.0) 3.6 (0.5) 60.0 (1.7) 3.0 (0.5) m m m
(1.1) 0.2 (0.1) 74.9 (1.5) 0.2 (0.1) m m m
(1.5) 5.1 (0.5) 38.7 (1.4) 4.6 (0.5) m m m
(0.8) 3.1 (0.4) 41.8 (0.6) 4.0 (0.4) m m m
(0.8) 0.0 (0.0) 93.1 (0.7) 0.0 (0.0) m m m
(1.1) 1.2 (0.3) 67.8 (1.2) 0.8 (0.2) m m m
(1.3) 23.5 (1.1) 10.6 (1.2) 28.5 (1.0) -2.8 (1.7) -1.2
(1.3) 0.5 (0.1) 76.1 (1.5) 0.4 (0.1) -13.8 (2.5) 0.3
(0.8) 0.1 (0.1) 78.0 (1.0) 0.4 (0.1) m m m
m m m 53.2 (0.9) 1.8 (0.2) m m m
(0.8) 0.0 (0.0) 80.2 (0.8) 0.1 (0.1) m m m
(1.3) 1.3 (0.2) 65.1 (1.5) 1.8 (0.2) m m m
(0.5) 19.3 (0.5) 16.1 (0.4) 24.4 (0.7) -14.0 (1.1) 9.7
m m m 57.7 (1.2) 1.8 (0.3) m m m
(0.8) 11.6 (0.7) 32.2 (1.0) 8.3 (0.6) m m m
(1.3) 1.6 (0.2) 52.8 (1.3) 2.3 (0.4) m m m
(0.9) 1.4 (0.2) 49.0 (0.7) 1.7 (0.2) m m m
m m m 84.3 (1.1) 0.1 (0.0) m m m
(0.7) 0.8 (0.2) 63.1 (0.8) 1.0 (0.2) m m m
m m m 89.9 (0.8) 0.0 (0.0) m m m
(1.3) 0.3 (0.1) 71.0 (1.4) 0.6 (0.2) m m m
m m m 86.9 (1.1) 0.1 (0.0) m m m
(0.7) 2.1 (0.2) 57.2 (0.6) 2.7 (0.2) m m m
(1.6) 2.4 (0.4) 61.2 (1.9) 2.3 (0.4) m m m
(3.0) 8.4 (0.8) 26.7 (1.9) 7.5 (0.7) -13.1 (3.1) 1.5
m m m 76.9 (1.3) 0.1 (0.1) m m m
m m m 46.7 (1.4) 4.6 (0.4) m m m
(0.7) 33.4 (0.8) 11.5 (0.9) 35.2 (0.8) m m m
(0.7) 28.1 (1.2) 20.8 (1.4) 21.4 (1.1) m m m
(1.2) 1.0 (0.2) 65.8 (1.3) 1.6 (0.3) -2.6 (2.5) 0.5
m m m 44.4 (1.7) 4.3 (0.6) m m m
(1.4) 3.4 (0.3) 50.0 (1.4) 5.0 (0.3) m m m
(1.1) 1.2 (0.3) 61.6 (1.7) 0.8 (0.2) -5.9 (2.8) -1.0
(2.1) 6.1 (0.9) 41.4 (2.8) 4.7 (0.7) m m m
hool-level exclusions).
- PISA 2003) (PISA 2018 - PISA 2006) (PISA 2018 - PISA 2009) (PISA 2018 - PI

(above 606.99 scoring below Level (above 606.99 score scoring below Level (above 606.99 score scoring below Level
score points) 2 points) 2 points) 2
S.E. % dif. S.E. % dif. S.E. % dif. S.E. % dif. S.E. % dif.
(1.0) 6.3 (1.8) -4.9 (1.0) 1.4 (2.1) -4.5 (1.1) -0.4
(1.3) 3.8 (2.7) -3.4 (1.4) m m m m 1.4
(1.3) 6.2 (1.7) -7.3 (1.5) 1.1 (2.0) -4.5 (1.6) 2.1
(1.2) 5.2 (1.6) -2.3 (1.3) 1.7 (1.7) -2.1 (1.4) -0.5
m -7.7 (3.5) -0.1 (0.3) -1.2 (3.9) 0.0 (0.3) -2.5
m -4.6 (3.2) 0.1 (0.1) -4.1 (3.4) 0.3 (0.1) -5.0
(1.4) 4.9 (2.6) -6.2 (1.5) -3.4 (3.0) 1.2 (1.3) -8.9
(1.3) -1.5 (2.5) -1.5 (1.2) -3.4 (2.4) 0.2 (1.3) 0.5
m -1.0 (2.2) 2.6 (1.5) -4.0 (2.5) 3.4 (1.7) -1.4
(1.2) 5.3 (2.1) -11.9 (1.3) 3.7 (2.5) -9.4 (1.4) 2.4
(1.2) -0.9 (1.7) -1.3 (1.2) -1.9 (1.9) -2.3 (1.3) -3.4
(1.4) -2.3 (2.5) -1.4 (1.5) -5.1 (2.4) -2.8 (1.5) -0.4
(0.8) 1.2 (3.4) -1.1 (0.7) 4.0 (3.4) -1.7 (0.7) -3.3
(1.0) 0.5 (2.7) -1.7 (1.1) 1.1 (3.4) -1.7 (1.3) -7.9
(1.0) 7.1 (1.6) -2.6 (1.1) 4.6 (1.7) -3.1 (1.1) 0.0
(1.1) -2.6 (2.2) -1.7 (1.1) -7.3 (2.2) 1.7 (1.1) -5.4
m -9.1 (2.6) 2.5 (0.8) -2.4 (2.5) 2.2 (0.9) 7.1
(0.9) -4.0 (2.2) 2.5 (1.0) 0.4 (2.2) 0.3 (1.0) 0.4
(2.0) -2.8 (1.9) 0.3 (1.8) -0.1 (1.9) -2.5 (2.1) 0.3
(1.9) 4.6 (2.2) -4.8 (2.1) 5.8 (2.0) -3.6 (2.3) 4.9
(1.1) -5.7 (2.5) 1.9 (0.9) -10.3 (2.6) 2.9 (0.9) -4.5
m 4.7 (2.6) -0.9 (1.0) -9.5 (2.1) 2.2 (0.8) -3.7
(0.8) 13.8 (1.4) -1.2 (0.8) 3.1 (1.6) -0.5 (0.9) 4.1
(0.1) -5.5 (2.9) -0.1 (0.1) 0.8 (3.5) -0.1 (0.1) -0.6
(1.8) 8.3 (2.8) -3.5 (1.7) 3.0 (3.5) -1.5 (2.2) 8.4
(1.0) 2.5 (1.8) -5.6 (1.1) 4.0 (2.0) -6.2 (1.2) -1.4
(1.0) 1.5 (2.0) 1.0 (1.1) 0.1 (1.9) 1.9 (1.2) -2.8
(1.2) -1.4 (1.6) 4.2 (1.4) -2.8 (1.7) 4.5 (1.5) -0.4
(0.9) -12.9 (2.7) 5.7 (0.9) -3.1 (2.6) 2.1 (1.2) -0.6
(1.1) 10.8 (3.0) -1.2 (1.2) 10.5 (3.2) -2.8 (1.3) 1.8
m -9.5 (1.1) 1.3 (1.2) -8.2 (1.1) 0.2 (1.3) -6.2
(0.7) -3.7 (1.9) 0.4 (0.7) -1.0 (2.1) -0.5 (0.7) -1.7
(1.3) 10.0 (3.2) -1.5 (1.2) 3.8 (2.8) 0.2 (1.3) -1.8
(1.8) 12.5 (2.6) -7.6 (1.7) 3.2 (3.2) -6.4 (1.8) 6.0
(0.7) -23.6 (2.8) 1.5 (0.7) -13.2 (3.2) 0.3 (0.8) -6.3
m 6.9 (1.9) 0.5 (1.1) 0.8 (2.1) 2.4 (1.2) 4.4
(1.0) -1.4 (3.2) 0.6 (1.1) 0.2 (3.2) -1.0 (1.2) 3.1
(0.5) 1.1 (1.0) -1.8 (0.6) 0.0 (1.2) -1.4 (0.7) -0.6
(0.5) 1.2 (1.0) -1.8 (0.6) m m m m -0.5
m 0.3 (1.1) -1.3 (0.5) -0.8 (1.3) -0.9 (0.6) -0.7
m 0.4 (1.0) -1.3 (0.5) m m m m -0.6
m m m m m -23.8 (3.6) 1.5 (0.2) -13.3

m 3.3 (3.2) -0.6 (0.3) 0.0 (2.9) -0.3 (0.2) 1.7
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
(0.3) -5.8 (1.8) 0.1 (0.2) -2.0 (2.1) 0.1 (0.2) 0.5
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m -1.3 (3.3) 0.5 (0.8) -1.9 (3.2) 0.3 (0.9) 3.5
m m m m m -2.0 (3.9) 0.0 (0.1) -5.2
m -0.4 (2.6) 0.6 (0.7) -2.0 (3.1) 0.2 (0.8) 5.0
m m m m m m m m m -2.0
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m -8.4 (2.7) 0.4 (0.3) m
(1.9) -1.5 (2.7) 1.6 (2.0) -8.3 (1.6) 1.3 (2.2) -12.6
(0.1) -5.7 (3.4) 0.2 (0.2) -11.5 (3.3) 0.4 (0.1) -8.5
m 2.9 (3.0) 0.2 (0.2) 5.0 (3.6) 0.2 (0.2) 0.8
m m m m m -10.5 (3.4) 0.8 (0.4) -2.7
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
(2.3) 5.1 (0.8) 7.0 (2.6) -13.0 (0.6) 10.8 (3.1) -11.4
m m m m m -10.5 (3.7) 1.5 (0.3) -4.0
m m m m m -5.9 (1.8) 1.0 (0.8) m
m m m m m -11.7 (2.8) 1.7 (0.4) m
m -17.4 (2.4) 1.0 (0.3) -13.2 (2.9) 0.8 (0.3) -12.1
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m 1.1 (2.1) -0.2 (0.1) m
m m m m m -9.7 (3.5) 0.2 (0.2) -10.7
m m m m m m m m m m
m -31.2 (1.8) 2.2 (0.2) -19.3 (2.1) 1.1 (0.2) -14.1
m -5.0 (4.0) 1.4 (0.5) -2.5 (3.1) 1.4 (0.5) 0.4
(1.0) -14.1 (3.2) 1.5 (1.0) -18.2 (2.9) 3.5 (1.0) -3.1
m m m m m m m m m m
m -5.4 (2.4) 2.3 (0.5) -3.9 (2.5) 1.7 (0.6) -4.5
m m m m m -3.4 (1.3) 1.6 (2.7) -1.1
m 8.8 (1.8) -10.5 (2.1) 8.0 (1.6) -7.2 (2.4) 8.0
(0.4) -0.5 (2.7) 0.7 (0.3) 0.3 (3.1) 0.7 (0.4) 1.7
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m -4.7 (2.5) 2.3 (0.4) -5.3
(0.3) -1.2 (2.9) -1.4 (0.4) -5.3 (3.2) -0.7 (0.3) -6.3
m m m m m m m m m -10.9

scoring below Level (above 606.99 score scoring below Level (above 606.99 score
2 points) 2 points)
S.E. % dif. S.E. % dif. S.E. % dif. S.E.
(1.7) -3.4 (0.9) 1.3 (1.4) -0.9 (0.8)

(2.5) -1.4 (1.4) -4.9 (2.2) 0.8 (1.1)
(2.0) -3.9 (1.5) -0.9 (1.8) 0.0 (1.2)
(1.7) -0.4 (1.3) -0.8 (1.4) 0.7 (1.0)
(3.6) -0.2 (0.2) -2.5 (2.5) 0.0 (0.2)
(3.1) 0.1 (0.1) 3.7 (2.0) 0.1 (0.1)
(2.9) 1.2 (1.2) -2.8 (2.9) 2.4 (1.1)
(3.0) 1.2 (1.2) 1.9 (2.4) -0.2 (1.0)
(2.3) 1.0 (1.6) -1.2 (2.3) 1.3 (1.2)
(2.8) -3.9 (1.2) 2.2 (2.8) -0.6 (1.0)
(1.5) -1.3 (1.2) -2.3 (1.3) -0.3 (1.0)
(2.6) -3.3 (1.5) 1.0 (2.2) 0.8 (1.2)
(3.1) 0.1 (0.6) -0.9 (3.0) -0.1 (0.6)
(2.8) -0.4 (1.2) -2.1 (2.1) -0.2 (0.9)
(1.6) -0.8 (1.1) -1.5 (1.5) -0.1 (1.0)
(2.1) -1.8 (1.0) 0.9 (2.1) -1.6 (0.9)
(2.8) -1.4 (1.2) 10.3 (2.3) -1.3 (1.0)
(2.1) -0.5 (1.0) -2.8 (2.1) -0.4 (1.0)
(1.9) -4.8 (2.0) 4.1 (1.8) -2.6 (1.6)
(2.0) -8.3 (2.4) 2.6 (2.1) -0.3 (1.8)
(2.4) 0.7 (1.0) -3.5 (1.8) 2.9 (0.7)
(2.2) 0.7 (0.8) 0.1 (1.7) 1.4 (0.8)
(1.4) -0.6 (0.8) 1.6 (1.0) 0.7 (0.7)
(3.1) -0.1 (0.1) -2.3 (2.0) 0.1 (0.1)
(2.3) -2.5 (1.9) 1.8 (2.2) 2.1 (1.4)
(1.9) -2.9 (1.2) 1.3 (1.8) 0.0 (0.9)
(1.6) 2.5 (1.1) 1.7 (1.4) 1.4 (0.9)
(1.6) -0.7 (1.7) -1.5 (1.6) 3.1 (1.3)
(3.1) 0.7 (1.2) -0.2 (2.2) 0.1 (1.0)
(2.9) -0.8 (1.2) -0.1 (2.6) 2.3 (0.9)
(1.3) 0.3 (1.2) -4.0 (0.9) 0.8 (1.0)
(1.9) -0.4 (0.7) 1.6 (1.5) 0.1 (0.7)
(2.7) 3.3 (1.1) 4.5 (3.0) 1.1 (1.2)
(3.1) -4.4 (1.6) 7.0 (3.4) -3.4 (1.5)
(3.1) -0.6 (0.9) -12.0 (2.5) 2.7 (0.5)
(2.0) -0.1 (1.2) -2.9 (1.8) 2.0 (1.0)
(3.7) -0.7 (1.1) -3.8 (3.0) 2.2 (1.0)
(1.1) -1.3 (0.6) -0.1 (0.6) 0.4 (0.3)
(1.1) -1.3 (0.6) -0.3 (0.6) 0.4 (0.3)
(1.2) -1.0 (0.6) 0.0 (0.6) 0.4 (0.3)
(1.1) -1.0 (0.6) -0.1 (0.6) 0.5 (0.3)
(3.3) 1.1 (0.3) 3.1 (2.8) 0.6 (0.3)

(2.8) 0.1 (0.1) m m m m
m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m
(2.0) 0.1 (0.2) 0.6 (1.5) 0.0 (0.2)
m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m
(2.9) -0.1 (0.7) 6.7 (2.7) -0.5 (0.7)
(3.5) -0.1 (0.1) -1.3 (2.4) 0.0 (0.1)
(3.0) -2.0 (1.2) 0.4 (2.2) -0.5 (0.7)
(1.9) 0.5 (0.5) -3.7 (1.3) 1.0 (0.5)
m m m -0.4 (1.1) 0.0 (0.0)
m m m 1.6 (1.9) -0.4 (0.4)
(2.1) 0.2 (2.3) -8.8 (1.8) 5.0 (1.7)
(3.2) 0.2 (0.2) -2.5 (2.3) 0.0 (0.2)
(3.2) 0.0 (0.3) -4.0 (1.9) 0.2 (0.1)
(3.3) 1.0 (0.3) m m m m
m m m -4.0 (1.5) 0.1 (0.1)
m m m -8.6 (2.1) 0.5 (0.3)
(0.6) 4.6 (2.8) -1.4 (0.6) 5.1 (1.6)
(3.4) 0.7 (0.4) m m m m
m m m 1.5 (1.4) -3.3 (0.9)
m m m -1.0 (2.0) 0.7 (0.5)
(2.7) 0.7 (0.3) -7.7 (1.6) 0.3 (0.3)
m m m m m m m
m m m -8.7 (1.5) 0.2 (0.3)
m m m m m m m
(3.1) 0.2 (0.2) -3.8 (2.2) 0.3 (0.2)
m m m m m m m
(1.9) 0.8 (0.3) -4.2 (1.2) 0.6 (0.3)
(2.9) 0.2 (0.6) 6.2 (2.6) -0.2 (0.6)
(3.2) 0.3 (1.1) 3.9 (3.6) -0.8 (1.0)
m m m m m m m
(2.5) 1.0 (0.7) m m m m
(1.1) -2.9 (2.4) 0.1 (1.1) 1.8 (1.6)
(1.7) -15.9 (2.1) 8.1 (1.6) -6.8 (1.8)
(2.9) -0.2 (0.4) -1.5 (2.1) 0.6 (0.4)
m m m m m m m
(2.4) 2.1 (0.4) -3.4 (2.1) 1.6 (0.5)
(3.1) -0.2 (0.3) -4.4 (2.3) -0.4 (0.3)
m -2.7 m -5.8 m -1.4 m

Table I.B1.33
Percentage of low achievers and top performers in science among all 15-year-olds, 2009 through 2018
Upper bound on low achievers, and lower bound on top performers, reflecting the assumption that 15-year-olds not covered by

scoring below (above 633.33 scoring below (above 633.33
Level 2 score points) Level 2 score points)
% S.E. % S.E. % S.E. %

OECD
Australia 24.2 (1.1) 12.7 (0.6) 26.4 (1.4) 12.2
Austria 22.7 (1.9) 9.2 (0.8) m m m
Belgium 18.2 (1.2) 9.9 (0.5) 22.7 (1.4) 9.5
Canada 21.8 (1.0) 12.5 (0.5) 24.4 (0.8) 10.1
Chile 52.6 (1.9) 1.5 (0.3) 42.3 (1.8) 0.9
Colombia 76.2 (2.0) 0.1 (0.0) 73.1 (1.6) 0.1
Czech Republic 15.5 (1.4) 11.6 (0.9) 22.8 (2.1) 7.8
Denmark 30.6 (1.9) 5.8 (0.6) 28.0 (1.7) 5.8
Estonia 13.3 (1.3) 10.8 (0.7) 16.5 (1.8) 9.5
Finland 11.1 (1.1) 19.4 (0.7) 12.7 (1.6) 17.4
France 28.0 (1.3) 7.3 (0.6) 27.0 (1.4) 7.4
Germany 19.6 (1.7) 11.2 (0.7) 23.3 (1.5) 11.5
Greece 31.9 (2.3) 3.1 (0.3) 32.0 (1.9) 2.8
Hungary 27.6 (2.0) 5.9 (0.6) 25.2 (2.8) 4.7
Iceland 23.8 (0.8) 6.1 (0.5) 23.6 (0.7) 6.5
Ireland 20.6 (1.2) 8.8 (0.7) 20.9 (1.2) 8.1
Israel 51.4 (1.6) 4.0 (0.4) 43.7 (1.4) 3.3
Italy 32.8 (1.5) 4.1 (0.3) 31.5 (1.0) 5.0
Japan 21.4 (1.6) 13.5 (0.7) 17.9 (1.4) 15.6
Korea 22.5 (1.7) 9.0 (0.9) 17.7 (1.8) 10.2
Latvia 29.6 (2.2) 3.5 (0.3) 30.7 (2.0) 2.5
Lithuania 25.7 (1.9) 4.6 (0.6) 35.1 (0.9) 3.6
Luxembourg 22.1 (0.5) 5.9 (0.4) 33.3 (0.7) 5.9
Mexico 73.5 (1.0) 0.2 (0.0) 68.1 (0.8) 0.1
Netherlands* 16.3 (2.2) 12.6 (0.8) 19.9 (2.9) 11.7
New Zealand 27.8 (1.0) 14.7 (0.7) 24.7 (1.1) 15.3
Norway 23.4 (1.6) 5.9 (0.4) 23.7 (1.5) 5.8
Poland 22.0 (1.0) 6.4 (0.5) 19.2 (0.8) 7.0
Portugal* 41.1 (2.0) 2.4 (0.3) 30.1 (1.9) 3.5
Slovak Republic 24.0 (2.2) 5.5 (0.5) 23.2 (2.3) 5.9
Slovenia 24.3 (0.6) 11.3 (0.5) 21.2 (0.7) 9.1
Spain** 30.2 (1.2) 4.2 (0.3) 26.9 (1.2) 3.5
Sweden 18.5 (2.5) 7.7 (0.5) 24.7 (1.7) 7.5
Switzerland 16.1 (0.9) 10.5 (0.8) 23.3 (2.0) 9.6
Turkey 75.0 (1.2) 0.4 (0.2) 60.3 (1.0) 0.6
United Kingdom 21.8 (1.2) 12.9 (0.6) 26.2 (1.4) 9.9
United States* 35.5 (2.2) 7.8 (0.6) 32.7 (1.8) 7.5
OECD average-36b 29.7 (0.3) 7.6 (0.1) 29.3 (0.3) 7.2
OECD average-37 29.5 (0.3) 7.7 (0.1) m m m
Partners
Albania m m m m 73.8 (1.4) 0.1
Argentina 65.5 (2.7) 0.4 (0.1) 67.4 (1.9) 0.4
Brazil 78.7 (1.0) 0.3 (0.1) 72.2 (1.0) 0.3
Bulgaria 52.5 (2.4) 2.5 (0.5) 55.9 (2.1) 1.9
Costa Rica m m m m 67.5 (1.4) 0.2
Croatia 29.1 (1.1) 4.3 (0.4) 27.6 (1.6) 3.3
Georgia m m m m 73.8 (1.1) 0.2
Hong Kong (China)* 11.4 (2.1) 15.5 (0.9) 17.0 (1.1) 14.4
Indonesia 79.6 (2.3) 0.0 (0.0) 81.8 (1.5) 0.0
Jordan 58.9 (1.3) 0.5 (0.1) 57.8 (1.4) 0.4
Kazakhstan m m m m 60.3 (1.7) 0.3
Macao (China) 10.3 (0.5) 5.3 (0.4) 28.0 (0.3) 3.8
Malaysia m m m m 55.5 (1.5) 0.2
Malta m m m m 37.0 (0.7) 5.6
Moldova m m m m 52.5 (1.6) 0.2
Montenegro 58.1 (0.8) 0.2 (0.1) 57.8 (0.7) 0.2
Panama m m m m 81.6 (2.0) 0.1
Peru m m m m 76.9 (1.7) 0.1
Qatar 81.1 (0.4) 0.3 (0.1) 68.9 (0.5) 1.3
Romania 62.0 (3.9) 0.3 (0.1) 59.8 (1.5) 0.3
Russia 37.2 (2.3) 3.4 (0.4) 39.9 (1.6) 3.4
Serbia 48.7 (1.5) 0.7 (0.1) 45.4 (1.3) 0.9
Singapore m m m m 16.5 (1.0) 18.8
Chinese Taipei 11.6 (1.0) 14.6 (0.9) 11.1 (0.7) 8.8
Thailand 61.2 (1.1) 0.3 (0.1) 58.3 (1.2) 0.5
United Arab Emirates m m m m 43.4 (1.3) 2.0
Uruguay 60.0 (1.3) 1.0 (0.2) 63.8 (1.0) 1.0
1. "Not in secondary school, excluded from PISA" refers to 15-year-olds not covered by the PISA sample (not in school; or in sc
year-olds not covered by the PISA sample would score below Level 2
els in PISA 2009 Proficiency levels in PISA 2012 Proficiency levels in PISA 2015 Proficiency levels in P

(above 633.33 scoring below (above 633.33 scoring below (above 633.33 scoring below
score points) Level 2 score points) Level 2 score points) Level 2
S.E. % S.E. % S.E. % S.E. % S.E. %
(0.8) 25.8 (0.8) 11.6 (0.5) 25.4 (0.8) 10.1 (0.4) 27.4
m 26.0 (1.7) 6.9 (0.6) 34.0 (1.3) 6.4 (0.5) 30.5
(0.7) 21.4 (1.4) 8.6 (0.4) 25.4 (1.3) 8.4 (0.4) 25.1
(0.4) 25.4 (1.0) 9.4 (0.5) 25.7 (0.9) 10.3 (0.5) 25.3
(0.2) 45.4 (1.8) 0.8 (0.1) 48.0 (1.6) 1.0 (0.2) 42.3
(0.0) 72.4 (1.5) 0.1 (0.0) 61.9 (1.3) 0.3 (0.1) 69.3
(0.7) 26.9 (2.0) 6.5 (0.5) 25.8 (2.1) 6.8 (0.5) 22.5
(0.5) 24.4 (2.5) 6.1 (0.7) 25.1 (1.7) 6.2 (0.6) 28.6
(0.7) 12.7 (1.5) 11.8 (0.7) 15.4 (1.6) 12.6 (0.7) 15.0
(0.9) 11.3 (2.2) 16.4 (0.8) 13.9 (2.2) 13.9 (0.7) 16.1
(0.7) 28.3 (1.0) 7.0 (0.7) 29.1 (0.8) 7.3 (0.5) 27.4
(0.7) 16.7 (1.8) 11.5 (0.9) 20.5 (1.4) 10.1 (0.6) 20.1
(0.3) 34.9 (1.8) 2.2 (0.3) 38.7 (2.2) 1.9 (0.3) 36.7
(0.5) 33.1 (2.0) 4.8 (0.6) 33.7 (1.4) 4.1 (0.4) 32.0
(0.4) 29.7 (0.8) 4.8 (0.6) 30.4 (0.9) 3.5 (0.4) 31.3
(0.7) 19.0 (0.9) 9.8 (0.5) 18.3 (1.4) 6.8 (0.5) 20.2
(0.4) 35.4 (2.0) 5.3 (0.6) 35.7 (1.4) 5.5 (0.4) 45.9
(0.3) 30.0 (1.0) 5.2 (0.3) 38.4 (1.4) 3.3 (0.3) 37.3
(0.9) 16.8 (1.4) 16.6 (1.1) 14.4 (1.2) 14.5 (1.0) 19.0
(0.9) 18.0 (1.4) 10.3 (1.0) 21.5 (1.5) 9.7 (0.7) 24.4
(0.4) 24.7 (1.7) 3.8 (0.4) 26.5 (1.1) 3.4 (0.3) 27.8
(0.4) 28.0 (1.2) 4.4 (0.4) 32.1 (1.2) 3.8 (0.5) 29.7
(0.4) 30.6 (0.6) 7.3 (0.5) 35.1 (0.6) 6.1 (0.4) 36.2
(0.0) 66.8 (0.8) 0.1 (0.0) 67.8 (1.2) 0.1 (0.0) 64.7
(1.2) 13.1 (1.4) 11.8 (1.1) 23.1 (1.5) 10.5 (0.5) 27.1
(0.7) 26.3 (1.2) 11.7 (0.6) 25.5 (1.4) 11.6 (0.7) 27.2
(0.6) 26.4 (1.1) 6.9 (0.5) 25.8 (1.1) 7.3 (0.5) 27.9
(0.5) 18.9 (0.9) 9.7 (0.9) 23.9 (1.0) 6.7 (0.6) 22.4
(0.5) 28.4 (2.6) 4.0 (0.5) 27.6 (1.4) 6.5 (0.5) 29.8
(0.6) 33.1 (2.2) 4.5 (0.6) 38.2 (1.7) 3.2 (0.3) 39.1
(0.6) 17.6 (1.0) 9.1 (0.7) 21.1 (0.5) 9.8 (0.5) 16.3
(0.3) 25.6 (1.1) 4.2 (0.3) 25.7 (1.2) 4.5 (0.3) 27.8
(0.6) 27.7 (1.6) 5.9 (0.5) 26.7 (2.1) 8.0 (0.7) 30.6
(0.8) 20.4 (2.0) 8.5 (0.7) 21.6 (2.4) 9.4 (0.7) 29.0
(0.2) 49.6 (1.4) 1.2 (0.2) 61.2 (1.9) 0.2 (0.1) 45.6
(0.7) 20.7 (1.2) 10.4 (0.8) 30.7 (1.3) 9.1 (0.6) 30.0
(0.9) 27.3 (2.8) 6.6 (0.7) 33.5 (2.1) 7.1 (0.6) 30.0
(0.1) 28.1 (0.3) 7.2 (0.1) 30.4 (0.2) 6.8 (0.1) 30.7
m 28.1 (0.3) 7.2 (0.1) 30.5 (0.2) 6.8 (0.1) 30.7
(0.0) 63.9 (1.4) 0.3 (0.1) 41.7 (1.7) 0.4 (0.2) 59.9
(0.1) 60.8 (2.3) 0.2 (0.1) m m m m 62.5
(0.1) 70.0 (1.1) 0.2 (0.1) 68.8 (1.0) 0.5 (0.1) 71.0
(0.4) 51.2 (1.9) 2.4 (0.4) 49.9 (2.1) 2.3 (0.4) 61.5
(0.1) 69.9 (1.4) 0.1 (0.1) 66.0 (1.2) 0.1 (0.1) 67.3
(0.5) 21.8 (1.8) 4.3 (0.8) 31.6 (1.4) 3.6 (0.3) 33.5
m 39.9 (0.7) 1.9 (0.3) 45.1 (0.8) 1.5 (0.2) 43.7
m m m m m 90.2 (0.8) 0.0 (0.0) 88.9
(0.1) m m m m 61.3 (1.3) 0.7 (0.2) 70.6
(0.9) 20.8 (1.6) 14.0 (1.0) 19.8 (1.3) 6.5 (0.6) 13.0
(0.0) 78.8 (1.7) 0.0 (0.0) 70.0 (1.5) 0.1 (0.0) 66.0
(0.1) 63.4 (1.2) 0.2 (0.1) 72.3 (0.9) 0.1 (0.0) 67.8
(0.1) 53.2 (1.9) 0.2 (0.1) m m m m 63.5
m m m m m 77.2 (0.8) 0.0 (0.0) 80.2
m m m m m 75.3 (1.3) 0.3 (0.1) 67.3
(0.4) 25.8 (0.4) 5.4 (0.3) 18.7 (0.4) 8.1 (0.4) 17.0
(0.1) 56.7 (1.5) 0.3 (0.1) m m m m 54.2
(0.5) m m m m 34.1 (0.8) 7.5 (0.5) 35.4
(0.1) m m m m 46.3 (1.3) 0.7 (0.1) 45.4
(0.1) 55.8 (0.6) 0.3 (0.1) 55.9 (0.6) 0.4 (0.1) 51.0
m m m m m 64.8 (0.7) 0.2 (0.1) 52.1
(0.1) m m m m m m m m 84.6
(0.1) 77.3 (1.7) 0.0 (0.0) 69.1 (1.3) 0.1 (0.0) 66.7
(0.1) 64.7 (0.5) 1.4 (0.1) 53.1 (0.4) 1.6 (0.1) 52.3
(0.1) 58.5 (1.1) 0.6 (0.2) 53.9 (1.6) 0.5 (0.1) 59.3
(0.4) 25.0 (2.5) 3.9 (0.6) 22.0 (3.1) 3.6 (0.4) 26.3
(0.2) 48.1 (1.8) 1.4 (0.3) m m m m 45.4
(0.5) 13.9 (0.6) 21.6 (0.8) 13.3 (0.7) 23.2 (0.6) 13.3
(0.9) 9.8 (0.8) 8.3 (0.6) 12.4 (0.8) 15.4 (1.1) 21.9
(0.2) 52.5 (1.2) 0.7 (0.2) 62.3 (1.2) 0.3 (0.1) 59.8
(0.2) 46.1 (1.4) 2.1 (0.2) 47.1 (1.5) 2.5 (0.2) 47.5
(0.1) 61.4 (1.4) 0.8 (0.2) 57.7 (1.2) 0.9 (0.2) 56.2
m 48.0 (1.6) 4.5 (0.6) 38.6 (2.2) 5.4 (0.8) 33.2
le (not in school; or in school, but in grade 6 or below, or excluded from the PISA sample due to student or school-level exclusions).
Proficiency levels in PISA 2018

from PISA1 or Level 5 or above from PISA1 or Level 5 or above from PISA1 or Level 5 or above
scoring below (above 633.33 scoring below (above 633.33 scoring below (above 633.33
Level 2 score points) Level 2 score points) Level 2 score points)
S.E. % S.E. % dif. S.E. % dif. S.E. % dif. S.E. % dif.
(1.0) 8.5 (0.5) 3.2 (1.7) -4.2 (0.9) 1.0 (1.9) -3.7
(1.6) 5.6 (0.5) 7.8 (2.8) -3.6 (1.0) m m m
(1.1) 7.5 (0.4) 6.9 (1.8) -2.4 (0.8) 2.4 (2.0) -2.0
(0.9) 9.8 (0.5) 3.4 (1.5) -2.7 (0.9) 0.9 (1.4) -0.3
(1.6) 0.9 (0.2) -10.4 (3.3) -0.6 (0.3) 0.0 (3.4) 0.0
(1.2) 0.3 (0.1) -6.9 (4.0) 0.2 (0.1) -3.9 (4.0) 0.2
(1.9) 7.2 (0.5) 6.9 (2.5) -4.4 (1.1) -0.3 (3.0) -0.6
(1.5) 4.9 (0.4) -2.0 (2.6) -0.9 (0.8) 0.6 (2.4) -1.0
(1.6) 11.4 (0.6) 1.8 (2.0) 0.6 (1.1) -1.5 (2.4) 1.9
(1.6) 11.8 (0.7) 5.0 (2.0) -7.6 (1.3) 3.4 (2.3) -5.6
(0.9) 6.0 (0.5) -0.6 (1.8) -1.3 (0.9) 0.3 (1.9) -1.4
(1.7) 9.9 (0.6) 0.5 (2.6) -1.3 (1.0) -3.1 (2.5) -1.6
(2.1) 1.2 (0.2) 4.8 (3.7) -1.9 (0.4) 4.8 (3.6) -1.6
(1.3) 4.2 (0.5) 4.4 (2.8) -1.7 (0.7) 6.8 (3.5) -0.5
(0.9) 3.5 (0.3) 7.5 (2.0) -2.6 (0.6) 7.6 (2.1) -3.0
(1.3) 5.6 (0.6) -0.4 (2.0) -3.2 (0.9) -0.7 (2.0) -2.5
(1.8) 4.7 (0.4) -5.5 (2.6) 0.7 (0.7) 2.2 (2.5) 1.4
(1.2) 2.3 (0.3) 4.5 (2.4) -1.8 (0.5) 5.8 (2.2) -2.7
(1.1) 11.9 (0.8) -2.4 (2.0) -1.6 (1.5) 1.0 (1.9) -3.7
(1.2) 10.4 (0.7) 1.8 (2.1) 1.4 (1.4) 6.7 (2.3) 0.2
(1.1) 3.3 (0.3) -1.8 (2.7) -0.2 (0.5) -2.9 (2.5) 0.8
(1.0) 4.0 (0.3) 4.1 (2.4) -0.6 (0.7) -5.4 (1.8) 0.4
(0.5) 4.7 (0.4) 14.1 (1.5) -1.1 (0.7) 2.9 (1.7) -1.1
(1.2) 0.2 (0.1) -8.8 (4.1) 0.0 (0.1) -3.4 (4.3) 0.0
(1.7) 9.7 (0.7) 10.8 (2.9) -3.0 (1.3) 7.2 (3.4) -2.1
(1.0) 10.0 (0.5) -0.5 (1.5) -4.7 (1.0) 2.5 (1.6) -5.3
(0.9) 6.2 (0.4) 4.5 (2.1) 0.3 (0.7) 4.1 (2.1) 0.4
(1.1) 8.4 (0.7) 0.5 (1.7) 2.0 (1.1) 3.2 (1.6) 1.3
(1.6) 4.9 (0.5) -11.3 (2.7) 2.5 (0.6) -0.3 (2.6) 1.4
(1.7) 3.2 (0.3) 15.1 (3.3) -2.3 (0.6) 15.9 (3.4) -2.7
(0.7) 7.2 (0.6) -8.0 (1.1) -4.2 (0.9) -4.9 (1.2) -2.0
(0.7) 3.8 (0.2) -2.4 (1.8) -0.4 (0.5) 0.8 (1.9) 0.3
(2.0) 7.1 (0.5) 12.0 (3.3) -0.6 (0.8) 5.8 (2.8) -0.4
(2.2) 6.9 (0.7) 13.0 (2.7) -3.5 (1.1) 5.7 (3.3) -2.6
(0.9) 1.8 (0.3) -29.4 (2.3) 1.4 (0.4) -14.7 (2.3) 1.2
(1.2) 8.2 (0.5) 8.2 (1.9) -4.7 (1.0) 3.8 (2.0) -1.7
(2.1) 7.9 (0.7) -5.5 (3.2) 0.1 (1.1) -2.7 (2.9) 0.3
(0.2) 6.1 (0.1) 1.0 (1.1) -1.5 (0.3) 1.4 (1.2) -1.1
(0.2) 6.1 (0.1) 1.2 (1.1) -1.6 (0.3) m m m
(1.5) 0.2 (0.1) m m m m -13.9 (4.2) 0.1

(1.5) 0.4 (0.1) -3.0 (3.7) 0.0 (0.2) -4.9 (3.2) -0.1
(0.8) 0.1 (0.0) m m m m m m m
(1.5) 2.3 (0.4) m m m m m m m
(1.5) 0.1 (0.1) m m m m m m m
(1.0) 0.5 (0.1) -7.8 (2.1) 0.2 (0.2) -1.3 (2.2) 0.2
(0.6) 2.2 (0.3) m m m m m m m
(2.1) 25.6 (1.3) m m m m m m m
(1.6) 1.1 (0.3) 9.0 (3.6) -1.4 (0.6) 5.6 (3.4) -0.8
(1.5) 0.1 (0.0) m m m m -0.2 (4.3) -0.1
(1.4) 3.2 (0.4) 4.4 (2.3) -1.1 (0.5) 5.9 (2.6) 0.0
(0.9) 1.5 (0.2) m m m m m m m
(0.9) 0.0 (0.0) m m m m m m m
(1.1) 0.1 (0.0) m m m m -3.3 (3.1) -0.1
(1.2) 7.7 (0.7) 1.6 (2.5) -7.8 (1.2) -4.0 (1.8) -6.7
(1.9) 0.1 (0.0) -13.6 (5.0) 0.0 (0.0) -15.7 (5.0) 0.0
(1.1) 0.4 (0.1) 8.8 (2.8) -0.1 (0.2) 10.0 (3.0) 0.0
(0.9) 0.4 (0.1) m m m m 3.2 (4.4) 0.1
(0.6) 0.0 (0.0) m m m m m m m
(1.4) 0.4 (0.1) m m m m m m m
(0.5) 12.0 (0.5) 6.7 (0.8) 6.8 (1.2) -11.0 (0.6) 8.2
(1.1) 0.4 (0.1) m m m m -1.3 (3.7) 0.3
(0.9) 4.3 (0.4) m m m m -1.6 (1.5) -1.3
(1.4) 0.8 (0.2) m m m m -7.1 (3.8) 0.6
(0.7) 0.3 (0.1) -7.1 (3.3) 0.1 (0.1) -6.8 (3.5) 0.1
(1.2) 0.0 (0.0) m m m m m m m
(0.7) 0.8 (0.2) m m m m m m m
(1.0) 0.1 (0.0) m m m m 3.0 (2.9) -0.1
(1.5) 0.2 (0.1) m m m m -10.1 (3.9) 0.0
(1.1) 0.0 (0.0) m m m m m m m
(0.5) 2.1 (0.2) -28.8 (1.9) 1.8 (0.2) -16.6 (2.0) 0.8
(1.8) 0.7 (0.2) -2.7 (5.0) 0.4 (0.2) -0.5 (3.6) 0.4
(1.8) 2.9 (0.4) -10.9 (3.4) -0.5 (0.5) -13.6 (3.0) -0.5
(1.5) 0.1 (0.0) m m m m m m m
(1.5) 1.4 (0.2) -3.3 (2.7) 0.7 (0.2) 0.0 (2.7) 0.5
(0.8) 19.8 (0.6) m m m m -3.2 (1.3) 1.0
(1.4) 10.7 (0.8) 10.2 (1.8) -3.9 (1.3) 10.8 (1.7) 1.9
(1.4) 0.5 (0.1) -1.4 (3.2) 0.2 (0.1) 1.5 (3.4) 0.1
(1.7) 3.0 (0.4) m m m m m m m
(1.4) 2.6 (0.2) m m m m 4.1 (2.9) 0.6
(1.7) 0.6 (0.1) -3.8 (3.2) -0.4 (0.2) -7.5 (3.2) -0.4
(2.9) 8.4 (0.8) m m m m m m m
hool-level exclusions).

Level 5 or above from PISA1 or Level 5 or above from PISA1 or Level 5 or above
(above 633.33 scoring below Level (above 633.33 score scoring below Level (above 633.33 score
score points) 2 points) 2 points)
(1.0) 1.6 (1.8) -3.2 (0.9) 2.0 (1.3) -1.7 (0.7)

m 4.6 (2.8) -1.3 (0.9) -3.4 (2.1) -0.8 (0.7)
(0.9) 3.7 (2.1) -1.1 (0.9) -0.4 (1.7) -0.8 (0.6)
(0.9) -0.1 (1.6) 0.4 (1.1) -0.5 (1.2) -0.5 (0.8)
(0.3) -3.1 (3.9) 0.1 (0.2) -5.7 (2.3) -0.1 (0.2)
(0.1) -3.1 (4.6) 0.2 (0.1) 7.3 (1.9) 0.0 (0.1)
(0.9) -4.4 (3.0) 0.7 (0.8) -3.3 (2.8) 0.4 (0.7)
(0.8) 4.2 (3.1) -1.3 (0.9) 3.4 (2.3) -1.4 (0.7)
(1.1) 2.3 (2.3) -0.4 (1.3) -0.3 (2.3) -1.2 (0.9)
(1.5) 4.8 (2.8) -4.6 (1.5) 2.2 (2.7) -2.1 (1.0)
(1.0) -0.9 (1.8) -1.0 (1.0) -1.7 (1.2) -1.3 (0.7)
(1.0) 3.4 (2.7) -1.6 (1.2) -0.3 (2.2) -0.2 (0.8)
(0.4) 1.8 (3.9) -1.0 (0.4) -2.0 (3.0) -0.7 (0.4)
(0.7) -1.1 (3.0) -0.6 (0.8) -1.7 (1.9) 0.1 (0.6)
(0.6) 1.6 (2.4) -1.3 (0.7) 0.9 (1.3) 0.0 (0.5)
(1.0) 1.2 (2.0) -4.2 (0.9) 1.9 (2.0) -1.2 (0.7)
(0.6) 10.5 (3.0) -0.6 (0.8) 10.2 (2.3) -0.8 (0.6)
(0.5) 7.3 (2.5) -2.9 (0.5) -1.1 (1.9) -1.0 (0.5)
(1.6) 2.1 (1.9) -4.7 (1.9) 4.6 (1.7) -2.6 (1.3)
(1.4) 6.4 (2.0) 0.1 (1.5) 2.9 (1.9) 0.7 (1.0)
(0.5) 3.0 (2.5) -0.5 (0.6) 1.2 (1.6) -0.1 (0.5)
(0.5) 1.7 (2.1) -0.4 (0.6) -2.4 (1.6) 0.2 (0.6)
(0.7) 5.6 (1.9) -2.6 (0.8) 1.2 (0.9) -1.3 (0.6)
(0.1) -2.1 (5.1) 0.1 (0.1) -3.1 (1.9) 0.1 (0.1)
(1.5) 14.0 (2.5) -2.1 (1.5) 4.0 (2.3) -0.8 (0.9)
(1.1) 0.9 (1.8) -1.7 (1.1) 1.7 (1.7) -1.5 (0.9)
(0.8) 1.4 (2.0) -0.7 (0.8) 2.1 (1.5) -1.1 (0.7)
(1.1) 3.6 (1.7) -1.3 (1.5) -1.4 (1.5) 1.7 (0.9)
(0.8) 1.3 (3.2) 0.9 (0.8) 2.2 (2.2) -1.6 (0.7)
(0.7) 6.0 (3.6) -1.3 (0.7) 0.9 (2.4) 0.0 (0.5)
(0.9) -1.3 (1.5) -1.9 (1.0) -4.8 (0.9) -2.6 (0.8)
(0.4) 2.2 (2.0) -0.4 (0.4) 2.0 (1.4) -0.7 (0.4)
(0.9) 2.9 (2.8) 1.2 (0.9) 3.9 (2.9) -0.8 (0.9)
(1.1) 8.6 (3.4) -1.6 (1.1) 7.5 (3.3) -2.5 (1.0)
(0.4) -4.0 (3.0) 0.6 (0.4) -15.5 (2.1) 1.6 (0.3)
(1.0) 9.2 (2.0) -2.2 (1.2) -0.7 (1.7) -0.9 (0.8)
(1.3) 2.6 (3.6) 1.2 (1.3) -3.5 (2.9) 0.8 (0.9)
(0.4) 2.6 (1.5) -1.1 (0.4) 0.4 (0.4) -0.7 (0.1)
m 2.7 (1.5) -1.1 (0.4) 0.3 (0.4) -0.7 (0.1)
(0.1) -3.9 (5.0) -0.2 (0.1) 18.2 (2.4) -0.2 (0.2)

(0.2) 1.7 (3.9) 0.2 (0.1) m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
(0.1) 1.0 (2.6) 0.3 (0.1) 2.1 (1.5) 0.0 (0.1)
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
(0.5) 10.3 (3.7) -1.3 (0.5) 11.6 (2.7) -1.2 (0.4)
(0.1) -2.7 (5.1) 0.0 (0.1) 1.3 (2.0) 0.0 (0.1)
(0.7) 11.7 (2.9) -1.1 (0.9) 2.0 (2.0) -0.3 (0.5)
m 3.8 (2.8) -0.4 (0.4) -1.4 (1.2) 0.0 (0.3)
m m m m m -1.3 (1.2) 0.0 (0.0)
(0.1) m m m m 9.3 (1.8) -0.6 (0.2)
(1.3) -7.8 (2.2) -6.3 (1.4) -6.8 (1.8) 1.2 (0.9)
(0.0) -12.8 (6.1) 0.0 (0.0) -3.9 (2.5) 0.0 (0.1)
(0.2) 4.3 (3.5) 0.2 (0.1) -4.5 (1.5) 0.3 (0.1)
(0.2) 10.3 (5.3) 0.2 (0.1) m m m m
m m m m m 3.0 (1.1) 0.0 (0.0)
m m m m m -8.0 (1.9) 0.1 (0.2)
(1.3) -8.9 (0.7) 6.6 (1.5) -1.8 (0.6) 3.9 (0.7)
(0.1) -2.6 (4.4) 0.2 (0.2) m m m m
(0.7) m m m m 1.3 (1.2) -3.2 (0.6)
(0.2) m m m m -0.9 (2.0) 0.1 (0.3)
(0.2) -4.8 (4.3) 0.0 (0.2) -4.9 (1.1) -0.1 (0.1)
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m -12.7 (1.1) 0.6 (0.2)
(0.1) m m m m m m m m
(0.1) -10.6 (4.6) 0.1 (0.1) -2.4 (2.1) 0.1 (0.1)
m m m m m m m m m
(0.2) -12.4 (2.5) 0.7 (0.2) -0.8 (0.7) 0.5 (0.2)
(0.2) 0.8 (4.0) 0.1 (0.3) 5.4 (2.5) 0.2 (0.2)
(0.6) 1.3 (3.7) -1.0 (0.7) 4.3 (3.6) -0.7 (0.5)
m m m m m m m m m
(0.2) -2.7 (3.3) 0.1 (0.3) m m m m
(1.9) -0.6 (1.1) -1.9 (2.3) 0.0 (1.1) -3.4 (0.9)
(1.3) 12.1 (1.8) 2.4 (1.3) 9.5 (1.6) -4.6 (1.4)
(0.2) 7.3 (4.1) -0.1 (0.2) -2.4 (1.9) 0.2 (0.2)
m m m m m m m m m
(0.3) 1.4 (3.3) 0.5 (0.3) 0.4 (2.1) 0.1 (0.3)
(0.2) -5.1 (3.9) -0.2 (0.2) -1.4 (2.1) -0.4 (0.2)
m -14.9 m 3.9 m -5.4 m 3.0 m

Table I.B1.34
Distribution of reading scores among 15-year-olds, 2009 through 2018
Lower bounds on the median and upper percentiles, assuming that 15-year-olds not covered by the PISA sample score at o
PISA 2009
Median (50th) 75th percentile 90th percentile

OECD
Australia 497 (3.8) 571 (3.2) 629 (3.6)
Austria m m m m m m
Belgium 507 (3.4) 579 (2.2) 628 (2.5)
Canada 505 (2.4) 576 (1.8) 629 (2.0)
Chile 433 (4.6) 496 (3.6) 548 (3.7)
Colombia 322 (16.8) 430 (5.3) 495 (4.1)
Czech Republic 470 (4.8) 540 (3.9) 595 (3.4)
Denmark 482 (3.4) 545 (3.3) 593 (2.8)
Estonia 494 (3.5) 552 (2.8) 601 (3.4)
Finland 533 (3.7) 593 (2.5) 639 (2.9)
France 491 (4.2) 565 (3.7) 620 (4.5)
Germany 491 (4.2) 560 (2.9) 610 (2.9)
Greece 476 (4.7) 544 (3.2) 596 (3.1)
Hungary 484 (6.2) 550 (4.5) 601 (3.4)
Iceland 498 (2.1) 563 (2.4) 616 (2.6)
Ireland 494 (3.5) 558 (2.9) 608 (3.3)
Israel 455 (5.2) 540 (3.8) 602 (4.2)
Italy 473 (2.9) 545 (1.9) 598 (1.8)
Japan 519 (3.8) 585 (3.1) 636 (3.4)
Korea 531 (3.8) 588 (3.4) 631 (3.2)
Latvia 463 (5.4) 528 (3.9) 576 (3.2)
Lithuania 439 (3.0) 511 (2.9) 568 (3.3)
Luxembourg 461 (1.7) 536 (1.6) 594 (2.3)
Mexico 346 (5.4) 448 (2.7) 508 (2.3)
Netherlands* 498 (8.1) 570 (5.9) 621 (4.7)
New Zealand 506 (3.5) 584 (2.7) 643 (2.8)
Norway 495 (3.3) 560 (3.2) 614 (3.8)
Poland 496 (3.0) 559 (3.1) 609 (3.0)
Portugal* 472 (5.3) 539 (4.1) 591 (3.3)
Slovak Republic 473 (4.1) 539 (3.2) 592 (3.4)
Slovenia 477 (1.7) 545 (1.8) 595 (2.3)
Spain** 475 (3.4) 535 (2.5) 583 (2.3)
Sweden 493 (3.9) 560 (3.6) 617 (3.5)
Switzerland 492 (4.4) 560 (3.2) 612 (3.5)
Turkey 364 (6.9) 479 (4.4) 542 (4.8)
United Kingdom 478 (3.6) 550 (3.2) 609 (2.9)
United States* 472 (6.4) 553 (5.0) 615 (5.1)
OECD average-35a 474 (0.9) 546 (0.6) 599 (0.6)
Partners
Albania 296 (10.3) 414 (5.9) 485 (5.4)
Argentina 337 (11.5) 440 (6.6) 512 (7.3)
Belarus m m m m m m
Brazil 323 (5.7) 430 (3.7) 505 (4.7)
Bulgaria 372 (11.0) 483 (6.8) 552 (6.4)
Costa Rica 317 (22.8) 451 (4.9) 514 (4.2)
Croatia 466 (4.3) 531 (3.2) 581 (3.8)
Cyprus m m m m m m
Georgia 337 (5.0) 420 (3.5) 484 (3.9)
Hong Kong (China)* 528 (2.9) 585 (2.3) 630 (2.7)
Indonesia 295 (26.0) 407 (5.4) 461 (5.6)
Jordan 379 (4.3) 451 (3.6) 504 (4.0)
Kazakhstan 373 (4.3) 443 (4.4) 506 (5.3)
Kosovo m m m m m m
Lebanon m m m m m m
Macao (China) 464 (1.3) 526 (1.1) 573 (1.7)
Malaysia 391 (4.4) 455 (3.2) 502 (3.7)
Malta 440 (2.3) 524 (2.3) 584 (2.3)
Moldova 379 (4.0) 443 (3.5) 497 (4.1)
Montenegro 397 (1.7) 465 (2.1) 521 (2.3)
Morocco m m m m m m
Panama 209 c 374 (10.6) 456 (10.1)
Peru 322 (10.3) 410 (6.7) 478 (7.1)
Qatar 346 (1.7) 439 (1.5) 520 (2.2)
Romania 372 (6.2) 460 (4.7) 519 (4.5)
Russia 428 (4.6) 500 (3.2) 559 (4.0)
Serbia 424 (3.6) 488 (2.8) 539 (2.9)
Singapore 525 (2.1) 593 (1.8) 645 (2.3)
Chinese Taipei 502 (2.7) 555 (2.9) 600 (4.6)
Thailand 386 (2.9) 450 (2.8) 500 (3.6)
Ukraine m m m m m m
Uruguay 345 (6.4) 455 (3.5) 526 (3.3)
y the PISA sample score at or below these percentiles for all 15-year-olds
PISA 2012 PISA 2015
Median (50th) 75th percentile 90th percentile Median (50th) 75th percentile
Score S.E. Score S.E. Score S.E. Score S.E. Score
496 (2.3) 568 (1.9) 626 (2.5) 495 (2.3) 568

479 (4.2) 548 (3.3) 598 (3.5) 464 (4.3) 545
511 (3.4) 580 (2.8) 631 (2.5) 496 (3.8) 568
504 (2.9) 574 (2.6) 629 (2.7) 508 (3.1) 578
423 (5.0) 484 (3.5) 533 (3.2) 430 (5.3) 505
335 (11.0) 426 (5.3) 487 (4.3) 383 (5.3) 466
475 (4.5) 543 (3.7) 596 (3.7) 483 (4.7) 554
490 (4.7) 549 (3.0) 597 (3.2) 491 (3.6) 554
509 (3.0) 567 (2.3) 615 (3.3) 514 (3.3) 576
525 (4.1) 588 (3.1) 637 (2.7) 531 (3.9) 590
497 (3.3) 574 (3.6) 633 (3.9) 495 (2.7) 575
508 (4.1) 571 (3.2) 618 (3.3) 509 (3.6) 578
468 (4.5) 536 (3.7) 590 (4.0) 460 (6.1) 532
467 (5.1) 541 (3.9) 594 (4.2) 459 (4.6) 533
481 (2.2) 545 (2.7) 598 (2.9) 475 (2.8) 547
516 (2.8) 576 (2.9) 627 (2.5) 521 (3.3) 579
482 (6.2) 561 (4.8) 619 (4.7) 475 (4.2) 556
477 (3.0) 548 (2.2) 602 (2.2) 458 (4.8) 536
533 (4.1) 600 (3.7) 654 (4.2) 517 (3.6) 578
528 (4.3) 588 (4.0) 635 (4.4) 513 (4.7) 580
476 (3.9) 538 (3.0) 587 (2.8) 478 (2.7) 540
463 (3.4) 528 (2.7) 578 (2.9) 461 (3.7) 533
476 (1.9) 555 (2.6) 614 (2.1) 466 (2.2) 550
357 (4.8) 446 (2.2) 503 (1.9) 353 (7.4) 444
519 (4.8) 579 (3.9) 625 (3.7) 500 (3.7) 572
497 (3.5) 576 (3.2) 638 (3.6) 499 (4.0) 576
498 (3.8) 566 (3.5) 622 (3.7) 506 (3.1) 576
509 (3.2) 571 (3.5) 621 (4.0) 499 (3.4) 563
478 (6.6) 545 (4.7) 598 (4.4) 487 (4.4) 555
459 (5.9) 531 (3.8) 587 (4.8) 443 (5.2) 519
477 (2.0) 544 (2.1) 596 (2.8) 501 (1.9) 565
478 (2.6) 543 (2.0) 595 (2.5) 490 (2.9) 552
480 (3.9) 551 (3.6) 611 (3.5) 498 (5.5) 568
504 (3.7) 567 (3.2) 618 (3.0) 493 (5.3) 560
422 (5.7) 505 (5.7) 567 (7.1) 381 (7.3) 460
495 (3.4) 561 (3.5) 616 (3.7) 476 (4.0) 552
486 (6.1) 552 (4.6) 608 (4.3) 475 (6.0) 553
481 (0.8) 550 (0.6) 603 (0.6) 478 (0.7) 550
481 (0.8) 549 (0.6) 603 (0.6) 478 (0.7) 550
359 (7.0) 450 (4.1) 520 (3.8) 407 (4.7) 472

367 (7.5) 445 (5.0) 505 (4.9) m m m
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
349 (5.2) 434 (3.5) 497 (3.3) 352 (4.9) 446
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
393 (9.6) 498 (6.5) 571 (5.7) 396 (9.5) 498
c c 440 (4.9) 502 (4.9) 364 (6.8) 448
481 (4.1) 542 (4.1) 590 (4.9) 477 (3.6) 546
455 (2.0) 525 (2.1) 582 (2.6) 440 (2.4) 511
m m m m m m 302 (5.4) 384
m m m m m m 367 (4.9) 454
531 (4.5) 594 (3.5) 641 (3.6) 519 (3.7) 580
337 (10.7) 417 (5.4) 471 (6.0) 350 (6.9) 423
360 (4.8) 440 (3.5) 496 (4.2) 277 (11.3) 427
371 (4.7) 431 (3.8) 478 (3.7) m m m
m m m m m m 305 (2.7) 379
m m m m m m 263 (7.8) 377
489 (1.4) 553 (1.2) 602 (1.5) 500 (1.8) 559
374 (4.5) 442 (4.1) 492 (4.2) m m m
m m m m m m 452 (2.5) 531
m m m m m m 408 (3.4) 479
410 (1.9) 479 (2.2) 534 (2.9) 414 (2.1) 485
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m 346 (2.2) 416
m m m m m m m m m
335 (7.5) 421 (6.2) 485 (6.7) 354 (5.3) 438
m m m m m m m m m
378 (1.3) 459 (1.8) 531 (2.2) 392 (1.6) 477
374 (4.7) 466 (4.8) 533 (5.3) 394 (5.9) 476
466 (5.4) 532 (4.8) 588 (5.1) 490 (5.6) 552
m m m m m m m m m
418 (5.1) 492 (4.5) 554 (4.4) m m m
541 (2.5) 610 (2.3) 666 (3.4) 536 (1.8) 604
532 (3.3) 587 (2.8) 633 (3.6) 505 (2.7) 563
401 (3.4) 471 (3.6) 526 (4.3) 364 (4.3) 438
m m m m m m m m m
419 (4.3) 495 (3.0) 552 (2.9) 421 (4.8) 501
367 (6.3) 452 (3.7) 515 (3.9) 383 (5.0) 475
412 (14.9) 521 (4.9) 575 (4.7) 434 (7.7) 509
ailable measurement in PISA and PISA 2018, calculated by a linear regression.
rt of PISA 2009+.
e year in which the assessment was conducted.
he PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).
PISA 2015 PISA 2018
75th percentile 90th percentile Median (50th) 75th percentile 90th percentile
S.E. Score S.E. Score S.E. Score S.E. Score S.E.
(2.0) 625 (2.6) 490 (2.8) 571 (2.2) 634 (2.3)

(3.3) 602 (3.3) 471 (4.7) 549 (3.2) 606 (3.1)
(2.4) 620 (2.5) 488 (3.0) 563 (2.7) 620 (2.8)
(2.5) 633 (2.8) 503 (2.6) 581 (2.3) 639 (2.4)
(3.8) 561 (3.8) 439 (4.2) 509 (3.6) 566 (3.4)
(3.9) 528 (3.7) 334 (7.6) 430 (4.6) 503 (4.2)
(3.4) 611 (3.2) 485 (4.3) 556 (3.1) 614 (2.8)
(2.7) 603 (3.4) 488 (3.6) 557 (2.5) 612 (2.9)
(2.6) 627 (2.9) 515 (3.2) 582 (2.7) 640 (3.4)
(3.1) 639 (2.7) 522 (3.6) 588 (2.9) 641 (3.1)
(2.9) 632 (3.3) 484 (2.9) 559 (3.4) 617 (3.7)
(2.9) 631 (3.3) 503 (4.5) 575 (3.5) 632 (3.4)
(4.0) 586 (3.5) 450 (5.1) 521 (4.1) 579 (4.2)
(3.0) 588 (3.2) 463 (3.6) 539 (3.2) 596 (3.2)
(2.6) 603 (3.7) 465 (2.3) 542 (3.0) 604 (3.4)
(2.8) 627 (2.8) 516 (3.0) 580 (3.1) 633 (3.1)
(4.0) 617 (3.9) 435 (8.2) 543 (4.9) 615 (3.8)
(3.5) 592 (3.2) 459 (3.5) 532 (3.1) 590 (3.2)
(3.3) 627 (3.8) 495 (3.4) 565 (3.0) 622 (3.7)
(4.1) 633 (4.3) 504 (3.4) 576 (2.8) 633 (3.6)
(2.4) 589 (2.8) 465 (2.9) 534 (2.3) 589 (2.7)
(3.8) 589 (4.5) 465 (2.6) 536 (1.9) 592 (2.0)
(2.1) 609 (2.5) 450 (2.3) 536 (1.8) 604 (2.8)
(3.7) 501 (3.6) 362 (5.1) 446 (3.8) 508 (4.4)
(3.0) 627 (3.2) 472 (4.7) 554 (3.8) 616 (3.4)
(3.5) 637 (4.3) 492 (2.8) 575 (2.4) 634 (2.9)
(3.0) 632 (2.9) 493 (2.7) 568 (2.9) 627 (2.8)
(3.0) 613 (3.4) 500 (3.8) 573 (3.5) 630 (4.0)
(3.0) 607 (3.0) 478 (4.2) 552 (3.1) 606 (2.7)
(3.5) 577 (3.6) 437 (4.8) 517 (3.6) 581 (3.7)
(2.0) 617 (3.4) 496 (1.9) 560 (2.0) 613 (2.6)
(2.7) 599 (2.6) m m m m m m
(4.5) 623 (4.0) 488 (5.5) 571 (4.3) 633 (3.6)
(4.2) 612 (3.8) 471 (6.1) 548 (4.6) 609 (3.9)
(5.3) 518 (5.5) 420 (3.2) 502 (2.5) 564 (2.9)
(3.3) 612 (3.4) 482 (3.6) 561 (3.2) 624 (3.7)
(4.4) 614 (4.6) 485 (7.0) 571 (4.5) 635 (4.3)
(0.6) 605 (0.6) 471 (0.7) 548 (0.6) 607 (0.6)
(0.6) 605 (0.6) 471 (0.7) 548 (0.5) 607 (0.6)
(4.7) 528 (5.2) 370 (4.7) 439 (3.3) 496 (3.3)

m m m 371 (5.4) 453 (4.2) 518 (4.1)
m m m c c 381 (3.6) 446 (3.6)
m m m 459 (3.8) 528 (3.2) 583 (3.1)
m m m 377 (4.1) 444 (4.0) 500 (4.0)
(4.0) 519 (4.1) 334 (6.1) 440 (4.0) 520 (4.1)
m m m 399 (1.6) 473 (1.7) 540 (2.2)
m m m 532 (5.1) 602 (3.5) 656 (3.6)
(6.7) 566 (5.3) 361 (7.5) 459 (5.8) 537 (5.5)
(3.6) 507 (4.0) 358 (6.7) 446 (5.1) 510 (5.7)
(3.0) 599 (3.5) 466 (3.7) 534 (3.2) 589 (3.6)
(2.6) 570 (3.4) 413 (1.9) 487 (2.0) 549 (2.5)
(4.6) 450 (5.1) 295 (4.9) 370 (4.5) 434 (5.4)
(3.9) 520 (4.1) 352 (3.2) 421 (3.1) 483 (3.5)
(2.8) 626 (3.2) 531 (3.1) 594 (2.7) 644 (2.6)
(3.9) 477 (3.5) 350 (5.7) 409 (4.6) 463 (5.0)
(3.8) 494 (3.0) 284 (17.8) 434 (3.8) 496 (3.0)
m m m 372 (1.6) 427 (1.9) 485 (2.7)
(2.1) 432 (2.2) 335 (2.2) 389 (1.7) 436 (2.1)
(6.5) 472 (7.2) 323 (5.8) 420 (5.3) 498 (4.5)
(1.9) 605 (3.1) 514 (2.1) 581 (2.0) 635 (2.7)
m m m 372 (3.4) 451 (3.4) 508 (3.9)
(2.5) 594 (2.9) 448 (2.8) 526 (3.0) 591 (3.3)
(3.5) 537 (4.2) 419 (3.6) 488 (3.6) 541 (3.7)
(2.3) 543 (2.7) 414 (1.6) 476 (1.5) 531 (2.2)
m m m 298 (3.9) 378 (4.4) 439 (3.9)
(2.4) 477 (3.3) 388 (1.6) 456 (1.9) 511 (2.4)
m m m 247 (16.3) 381 (4.5) 455 (5.3)
(4.4) 499 (4.6) 351 (6.2) 437 (4.8) 504 (4.9)
m m m 284 (3.0) 356 (4.1) 428 (6.6)
(2.0) 543 (2.0) 393 (1.2) 475 (1.2) 547 (1.8)
(5.0) 539 (5.0) 381 (7.4) 471 (6.7) 537 (6.1)
(4.5) 605 (4.1) 472 (4.5) 538 (3.9) 594 (3.9)
m m m 382 (4.6) 448 (3.5) 499 (3.4)
m m m 423 (4.3) 498 (3.6) 559 (3.7)
(1.8) 655 (2.6) 552 (2.4) 624 (2.1) 681 (2.4)
(3.0) 611 (3.8) 497 (4.2) 569 (3.7) 626 (3.8)
(4.0) 497 (4.8) 349 (4.1) 421 (4.2) 483 (5.0)
m m m 454 (4.5) 522 (3.7) 575 (3.7)
(3.6) 566 (3.4) 415 (4.5) 503 (4.6) 579 (3.9)
(3.9) 544 (4.1) 392 (6.1) 475 (4.6) 539 (4.4)
(4.6) 562 (4.7) 463 (8.6) 531 (5.1) 582 (5.3)
Change in percentiles between 2009 and 2018 Change in percentiles between 2012 and 20
Score dif. S.E. Score dif. S.E. Score dif. S.E. Score dif. S.E. Score dif.
-6 (5.9) -1 (5.3) 5 (5.5) -5 (5.2) 3

m m m m m m -8 (7.4) 0
-18 (5.7) -16 (5.0) -8 (5.1) -22 (5.9) -17
-2 (5.0) 5 (4.6) 10 (4.7) -1 (5.4) 7
6 (7.2) 13 (6.2) 18 (6.2) 16 (7.5) 24
12 (18.8) 0 (7.9) 7 (6.9) -2 (13.9) 4
15 (7.3) 16 (6.1) 19 (5.6) 10 (7.2) 13
6 (6.1) 12 (5.4) 19 (5.3) -2 (7.0) 8
21 (5.9) 30 (5.2) 39 (6.0) 6 (5.7) 16
-12 (6.2) -5 (5.2) 2 (5.5) -4 (6.6) 1
-7 (6.2) -6 (6.1) -2 (6.8) -12 (5.8) -15
12 (7.0) 16 (5.8) 22 (5.7) -5 (7.1) 5
-26 (7.8) -23 (6.3) -18 (6.3) -18 (7.8) -15
-21 (8.0) -11 (6.6) -5 (5.8) -3 (7.3) -2
-33 (4.7) -21 (5.2) -11 (5.5) -16 (4.9) -3
21 (5.8) 22 (5.5) 25 (5.7) -1 (5.6) 4
-20 (10.3) 3 (7.1) 14 (6.7) -46 (10.9) -18
-14 (5.7) -14 (5.1) -7 (5.1) -18 (6.0) -16
-24 (6.2) -19 (5.6) -14 (6.1) -38 (6.5) -34
-27 (6.2) -12 (5.6) 3 (6.0) -24 (6.6) -12
2 (7.0) 6 (5.7) 13 (5.5) -11 (6.1) -5
26 (5.3) 25 (4.9) 24 (5.2) 2 (5.7) 8
-11 (4.5) -1 (4.2) 10 (5.0) -26 (4.8) -19
15 (8.2) -2 (5.8) 0 (6.1) 4 (7.9) 0
-26 (10.0) -15 (7.9) -5 (6.8) -47 (7.7) -25
-14 (5.7) -10 (5.1) -9 (5.4) -5 (5.9) -1
-2 (5.6) 8 (5.6) 13 (5.9) -6 (6.0) 2
4 (6.0) 14 (5.9) 21 (6.1) -9 (6.2) 2
6 (7.6) 13 (6.2) 15 (5.5) 0 (8.6) 6
-36 (7.2) -22 (5.9) -11 (6.1) -22 (8.5) -14
19 (4.3) 15 (4.4) 18 (5.0) 19 (4.7) 16
m m m m m m m m m
-5 (7.6) 11 (6.6) 16 (6.1) 8 (7.7) 19
-21 (8.3) -12 (6.6) -3 (6.4) -33 (8.1) -18
57 (8.3) 24 (6.1) 22 (6.6) -1 (7.5) -3
4 (6.2) 11 (5.8) 15 (5.9) -13 (6.2) 0
13 (10.1) 18 (7.6) 20 (7.6) 0 (10.0) 18
-2 (3.7) 2 (3.6) 8 (3.6) -9 (3.9) -2
m m m m m m -9 (3.9) -2
74 (11.8) 25 (7.6) 12 (7.2) 11 (9.3) -11

34 (13.2) 13 (8.6) 6 (9.1) 3 (10.0) 8
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
11 (9.1) 10 (6.5) 15 (7.2) -15 (8.9) 6
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
-11 (13.8) -24 (9.6) -16 (9.1) -32 (12.8) -39
41 (24.0) -4 (7.9) -4 (7.9) m m 6
0 (6.7) 3 (5.7) 8 (6.3) -15 (6.7) -9
m m m m m m -42 (4.6) -38
m m m m m m m m m
15 (6.9) 1 (5.9) -1 (6.3) m m m
3 (5.5) 9 (5.0) 14 (5.1) 0 (6.7) 0
55 (26.9) 3 (7.9) 2 (8.3) 13 (12.7) -8
-95 (18.6) -16 (6.3) -7 (6.1) -76 (18.8) -6
-1 (5.8) -15 (6.0) -21 (6.9) 1 (6.2) -3
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
51 (4.3) 55 (4.2) 62 (4.8) 26 (4.5) 28
-19 (6.6) -4 (5.9) 6 (6.4) -2 (6.8) 9
7 (5.1) 2 (5.2) 8 (5.3) m m m
40 (6.4) 45 (6.1) 45 (6.5) m m m
17 (4.2) 11 (4.4) 11 (4.7) 4 (4.5) -3
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
37 m 7 (12.1) -1 (11.9) m m m
29 (12.5) 27 (9.0) 27 (9.3) 16 (10.4) 16
m m m m m m m m m
46 (4.1) 36 (4.0) 27 (4.5) 15 (4.1) 16
9 (10.3) 11 (8.9) 17 (8.4) 7 (9.6) 5
44 (7.3) 38 (6.2) 35 (6.6) 5 (8.0) 6
m m m m m m m m m
-1 (6.6) 9 (5.8) 21 (5.9) 5 (7.7) 6
28 (4.7) 32 (4.5) 36 (4.8) 11 (5.1) 14
-5 (6.1) 14 (5.9) 26 (6.9) -35 (6.5) -18
-37 (6.1) -29 (6.2) -17 (7.1) -52 (6.5) -51
m m m m m m m m m
-9 (6.8) 9 (6.5) 26 (6.2) -3 (7.2) 8
47 (9.5) 19 (6.8) 12 (6.5) 25 (9.5) 23
m m m m m m 51 (17.6) 10
ercentiles between 2012 and 2018 Change in percentiles between 2015 and 2018
PISA 2018 - PISA 2012) (PISA 2018 - PISA 2015)
S.E. Score dif. S.E. Score dif. S.E. Score dif. S.E. Score dif. S.E.
(4.8) 8 (5.0) -5 (5.4) 2 (4.9) 9 (5.2)

(6.0) 8 (5.9) 7 (7.5) 4 (6.1) 4 (6.0)
(5.4) -10 (5.3) -8 (6.2) -5 (5.4) 1 (5.4)
(5.1) 10 (5.2) -5 (5.6) 2 (5.2) 6 (5.4)
(6.2) 33 (6.0) 9 (7.8) 4 (6.5) 5 (6.5)
(8.0) 15 (7.1) -49 (10.1) -36 (7.2) -25 (6.9)
(6.1) 18 (5.9) 2 (7.5) 2 (6.0) 4 (5.8)
(5.4) 14 (5.7) -4 (6.4) 3 (5.4) 9 (5.9)
(5.1) 25 (6.0) 1 (6.0) 6 (5.4) 13 (6.0)
(5.6) 4 (5.6) -9 (6.6) -2 (5.8) 2 (5.7)
(6.2) -16 (6.5) -11 (5.6) -16 (5.9) -15 (6.3)
(6.1) 13 (6.1) -7 (7.0) -2 (6.0) 0 (6.2)
(6.7) -12 (6.9) -10 (8.9) -11 (7.0) -7 (6.8)
(6.3) 2 (6.5) 4 (7.0) 6 (5.9) 9 (6.0)
(5.5) 6 (5.8) -10 (5.3) -5 (5.6) 1 (6.3)
(5.6) 6 (5.5) -5 (5.9) 1 (5.7) 6 (5.7)
(7.8) -3 (7.1) -40 (10.0) -13 (7.4) -2 (6.7)
(5.3) -12 (5.4) 0 (7.1) -4 (6.1) -2 (6.0)
(6.1) -32 (6.7) -22 (6.3) -12 (5.9) -5 (6.6)
(6.1) -2 (6.8) -9 (7.0) -4 (6.3) 1 (6.8)
(5.3) 1 (5.4) -12 (5.6) -6 (5.2) -1 (5.5)
(5.0) 14 (5.1) 5 (6.0) 3 (5.8) 4 (6.3)
(4.9) -10 (5.1) -16 (5.1) -14 (4.8) -5 (5.4)
(5.8) 5 (6.1) 8 (9.8) 2 (6.6) 7 (6.9)
(6.6) -9 (6.2) -28 (7.2) -18 (6.3) -11 (6.1)
(5.5) -4 (6.0) -7 (6.3) -1 (5.8) -3 (6.5)
(5.9) 5 (5.9) -14 (5.7) -8 (5.7) -5 (5.7)
(6.2) 9 (6.8) 0 (6.4) 10 (6.1) 17 (6.6)
(6.7) 8 (6.4) -9 (7.2) -3 (5.8) -1 (5.6)
(6.4) -6 (7.1) -6 (8.0) -2 (6.4) 4 (6.5)
(4.8) 16 (5.3) -5 (4.7) -6 (4.9) -5 (5.8)
m m m m m m m m m
(6.7) 22 (6.3) -11 (8.7) 3 (7.3) 10 (6.7)
(6.8) -8 (6.2) -22 (9.0) -12 (7.4) -3 (6.7)
(7.3) -3 (8.5) 40 (8.9) 42 (7.0) 46 (7.3)
(6.1) 8 (6.5) 6 (6.7) 9 (6.1) 12 (6.4)
(7.4) 27 (7.1) 10 (10.0) 17 (7.5) 20 (7.4)
(3.8) 4 (3.8) -7 (4.1) -2 (4.0) 3 (4.0)
(3.8) 4 (3.8) -6 (4.1) -2 (4.0) 3 (4.0)
(6.4) -24 (6.3) -37 (7.7) -33 (6.9) -32 (7.3)

(7.5) 13 (7.4) m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
(6.5) 23 (6.5) -18 (8.7) -7 (6.9) 1 (7.0)
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
(9.5) -34 (8.8) -35 (12.7) -39 (9.7) -29 (8.6)
(8.0) 8 (8.4) -7 (10.3) -2 (7.4) 3 (8.0)
(6.4) -1 (7.1) -10 (6.5) -12 (5.9) -10 (6.4)
(4.8) -33 (5.2) -27 (5.0) -25 (5.1) -22 (5.8)
m m m -7 (8.3) -15 (7.6) -16 (8.4)
m m m -15 (7.1) -32 (6.3) -37 (6.7)
(5.8) 3 (5.8) 12 (6.2) 14 (5.5) 18 (5.7)
(8.0) -8 (8.7) 0 (9.8) -14 (7.2) -14 (7.3)
(6.4) 1 (6.3) 6 (21.4) 7 (6.6) 3 (5.8)
(5.7) 7 (5.9) m m m m m m
m m m 30 (5.3) 9 (4.8) 4 (5.0)
m m m 60 (10.4) 43 (9.3) 25 (9.3)
(4.4) 33 (4.9) 15 (4.8) 22 (4.8) 30 (5.7)
(6.5) 16 (6.9) m m m m m m
m m m -5 (5.5) -5 (5.5) -2 (5.9)
m m m 10 (6.3) 9 (6.3) 5 (6.9)
(4.6) -3 (5.2) 0 (4.7) -9 (4.8) -12 (5.2)
m m m m m m m m m
m m m 43 (4.8) 40 (5.0) 34 (5.7)
m m m m m m m m m
(8.7) 19 (9.1) -3 (9.0) -1 (7.6) 5 (7.8)
m m m m m m m m m
(4.3) 16 (4.7) 1 (4.4) -2 (4.6) 4 (4.8)
(9.1) 4 (8.9) -13 (10.2) -5 (9.2) -2 (8.8)
(7.2) 7 (7.4) -18 (8.2) -14 (7.1) -11 (6.9)
m m m m m m m m m
(6.9) 5 (6.8) m m m m m m
(4.9) 15 (5.6) 16 (5.0) 21 (4.8) 26 (5.3)
(6.0) -7 (6.4) -8 (6.3) 6 (6.2) 15 (6.7)
(6.7) -43 (7.6) -15 (7.1) -18 (7.0) -14 (8.0)
m m m m m m m m m
(6.6) 26 (6.1) -6 (7.6) 2 (7.0) 13 (6.5)
(7.0) 23 (7.0) 8 (8.8) 0 (7.2) -5 (7.2)
(8.0) 8 (8.0) 29 (12.2) 22 (7.9) 21 (8.1)
Average 3-year trend in percentiles of reading performance
across PISA assessments1
Score dif. S.E. Score dif. S.E. Score dif. S.E.
-2 (1.9) 0 (1.7) 1 (1.8)

-4 (3.6) 0 (2.9) 4 (2.9)
-7 (1.9) -6 (1.7) -3 (1.7)
0 (1.7) 2 (1.5) 4 (1.6)
2 (2.3) 6 (2.1) 8 (2.0)
8 (5.8) 4 (2.6) 6 (2.2)
5 (2.4) 6 (2.0) 7 (2.0)
2 (2.0) 4 (1.8) 6 (1.8)
7 (1.9) 10 (1.7) 13 (2.1)
-3 (2.0) -1 (1.7) 1 (1.9)
-2 (2.0) -1 (2.0) -1 (2.2)
4 (2.2) 6 (1.9) 8 (1.9)
-9 (2.5) -7 (2.1) -6 (2.0)
-7 (2.6) -4 (2.1) -2 (1.9)
-11 (1.6) -6 (1.7) -3 (1.6)
7 (1.9) 7 (1.8) 8 (1.9)
-6 (3.3) 0 (2.3) 4 (2.2)
-6 (1.9) -5 (1.7) -3 (1.6)
-9 (2.0) -8 (1.8) -7 (2.1)
-10 (2.0) -4 (1.9) 0 (2.0)
1 (2.2) 2 (1.9) 4 (1.8)
8 (1.7) 8 (1.7) 8 (1.8)
-4 (1.5) -1 (1.4) 3 (1.6)
4 (2.7) -1 (1.9) 0 (2.0)
-9 (3.1) -5 (2.6) -1 (2.3)
-4 (1.9) -3 (1.7) -3 (1.8)
0 (1.8) 3 (1.9) 5 (1.9)
0 (1.9) 4 (1.9) 6 (2.0)
3 (2.5) 5 (2.1) 5 (1.8)
-13 (2.4) -8 (2.0) -4 (2.1)
8 (1.4) 7 (1.5) 8 (1.9)
m m m m m m
0 (2.4) 5 (2.1) 6 (2.0)
-7 (2.7) -4 (2.2) -1 (2.0)
13 (2.8) 2 (2.1) 2 (2.2)
-1 (2.0) 2 (1.9) 4 (1.9)
3 (3.2) 6 (2.5) 7 (2.6)
27 (3.7) 10 (2.5) 4 (2.4)

10 (4.0) 4 (2.7) 3 (2.9)
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
4 (2.9) 4 (2.1) 7 (2.3)
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
-3 (4.3) -7 (3.0) -5 (2.9)
m m 0 (2.8) 0 (2.8)
0 (2.1) 1 (1.9) 3 (2.1)
-21 (2.4) -19 (2.5) -16 (2.8)
-8 (8.6) -15 (7.8) -16 (8.3)
7 (2.6) 2 (2.1) 2 (2.4)
0 (1.9) 1 (1.7) 3 (1.7)
18 (8.2) 1 (2.5) 2 (2.7)
-37 (5.7) -6 (2.0) -2 (2.0)
0 (1.8) -5 (1.9) -6 (2.2)
31 (5.3) 10 (4.7) 3 (5.2)
60 (10.4) 43 (9.5) 28 (8.9)
16 (1.4) 17 (1.4) 19 (1.8)
-6 (2.4) 0 (2.2) 4 (2.4)
3 (2.0) 1 (1.9) 3 (1.9)
15 (2.4) 17 (2.2) 18 (2.3)
5 (1.4) 4 (1.5) 4 (1.5)
m m m m m m
42 (4.7) 40 (4.9) 34 (5.8)
13 m 2 (4.0) 0 (3.9)
11 (3.9) 10 (2.9) 9 (3.0)
m m m m m m
15 (1.4) 13 (1.4) 9 (1.5)
5 (3.3) 4 (2.9) 6 (2.7)
15 (2.5) 13 (2.1) 12 (2.2)
m m m m m m
0 (2.3) 3 (2.0) 6 (2.0)
8 (1.6) 9 (1.5) 10 (1.6)
-4 (2.0) 2 (1.9) 6 (2.3)
-15 (2.0) -12 (2.0) -8 (2.3)
m m m m m m
-2 (2.6) 3 (2.6) 9 (2.4)
16 (3.0) 8 (2.4) 7 (2.1)
26 (8.8) 5 (4.0) 4 (4.0)

Table I.B1.35
Distribution of mathematics scores among 15-year-olds, 2003 through 2018
PISA 2003

OECD
Australia 509 (4.0) 582 (2.9) 638 (2.7)
Austria 494 (5.3) 564 (4.5) 621 (4.2)
Belgium 526 (3.3) 605 (2.8) 661 (2.2)
Canada 510 (2.7) 580 (2.7) 635 (2.7)
Chile m m m m m m
Czech Republic 506 (4.4) 579 (3.7) 637 (4.3)
Denmark 500 (5.1) 568 (3.9) 625 (4.3)
Estonia m m m m m m
Finland 538 (2.3) 599 (2.2) 649 (2.7)
France 502 (3.1) 569 (3.0) 623 (3.5)
Germany 498 (5.1) 573 (4.1) 628 (3.5)
Greece 439 (8.6) 504 (6.6) 563 (6.1)
Hungary 465 (3.9) 541 (4.2) 600 (4.5)
Iceland 510 (2.1) 575 (2.2) 627 (3.1)
Ireland 490 (3.5) 554 (3.1) 608 (3.4)
Israel m m m m m m
Italy 446 (3.7) 519 (3.1) 580 (3.1)
Japan 527 (5.3) 598 (4.7) 655 (5.9)
Korea 528 (4.4) 597 (3.9) 653 (4.6)
Latvia 471 (8.0) 535 (6.3) 591 (5.8)
Luxembourg 491 (1.6) 555 (1.9) 610 (3.3)
Mexico c c 382 (6.0) 457 (5.4)
Netherlands* 533 (5.5) 605 (4.1) 654 (3.0)
New Zealand 506 (3.5) 582 (2.7) 643 (3.1)
Norway 488 (3.1) 555 (3.5) 611 (3.0)
Poland 477 (3.4) 545 (3.0) 602 (3.1)
Portugal* 453 (7.1) 517 (4.8) 574 (4.7)
Slovak Republic 487 (6.3) 557 (4.7) 615 (4.1)
Slovenia m m m m m m
Spain** 451 (5.2) 526 (3.2) 585 (3.0)
Sweden 507 (4.2) 574 (3.8) 629 (3.9)
Switzerland 530 (3.6) 595 (4.9) 652 (5.2)
Turkey c c 364 (11.6) 475 (9.9)
United States* 451 (4.5) 530 (3.5) 595 (3.4)
OECD average-29a m m 551 (0.8) 609 (0.8)
OECD average-30 m m 551 (0.8) 610 (0.8)
OECD average-37 m m m m m m
Partners
Albania m m m m m m
Belarus m m m m m m
Brazil 228 (16.8) 361 (6.4) 446 (8.1)
Bulgaria m m m m m m
Croatia m m m m m m
Cyprus m m m m m m
Georgia m m m m m m
Hong Kong (China)* 555 (4.0) 619 (3.5) 670 (4.1)
Indonesia c c 348 (5.3) 420 (5.0)
Jordan m m m m m m
Kosovo m m m m m m
Lebanon m m m m m m
Macao (China) 496 (4.5) 570 (4.9) 628 (4.6)
Malta m m m m m m
Moldova m m m m m m
Morocco m m m m m m
Panama m m m m m m
Peru m m m m m m
Qatar m m m m m m
Romania m m m m m m
Russia 449 (5.8) 519 (5.1) 580 (5.0)
Serbia m m m m m m
Thailand 365 (5.0) 442 (4.2) 505 (5.3)
Ukraine m m m m m m
Uruguay 336 (11.8) 451 (5.3) 523 (5.4)
PISA 2006 PISA 2009
504 (2.8) 571 (2.7) 626 (3.2) 494 (3.9) 566

499 (6.4) 571 (4.2) 626 (4.2) m m m
526 (2.7) 597 (2.4) 650 (2.4) 513 (3.4) 588
512 (2.4) 577 (2.3) 629 (2.6) 507 (2.5) 576
377 (6.1) 452 (5.2) 514 (5.8) 401 (4.5) 462
285 (25.0) 388 (8.9) 455 (6.3) 303 (14.2) 393
510 (4.0) 582 (4.6) 644 (4.8) 482 (4.3) 552
496 (4.1) 560 (3.2) 614 (3.3) 487 (4.2) 554
509 (3.2) 566 (3.4) 615 (3.3) 503 (3.4) 561
541 (2.8) 600 (2.5) 649 (2.5) 536 (3.5) 594
486 (4.3) 558 (3.6) 613 (3.6) 488 (4.1) 562
499 (4.5) 569 (4.1) 629 (3.8) 502 (4.0) 577
449 (5.4) 514 (4.4) 570 (4.5) 456 (4.3) 521
471 (5.0) 539 (4.3) 600 (5.1) 475 (6.6) 544
502 (2.0) 564 (2.8) 616 (3.3) 501 (2.1) 564
496 (3.5) 555 (3.4) 605 (3.6) 485 (3.4) 543
398 (6.4) 492 (5.3) 565 (5.1) 423 (4.6) 506
448 (3.4) 519 (3.3) 578 (3.8) 465 (2.6) 537
512 (4.0) 580 (3.1) 632 (3.3) 522 (4.1) 589
533 (4.1) 602 (4.3) 658 (6.1) 533 (3.8) 599
470 (4.1) 532 (3.5) 583 (3.3) 457 (4.8) 523
479 (4.2) 544 (3.8) 598 (5.0) 445 (3.4) 519
492 (1.5) 555 (1.9) 610 (2.7) 472 (1.8) 550
285 (19.8) 414 (3.5) 481 (2.9) 346 (4.8) 436
528 (4.1) 593 (2.9) 643 (3.2) 519 (7.4) 588
499 (3.3) 573 (3.3) 633 (4.3) 503 (3.5) 578
486 (3.4) 550 (2.9) 607 (3.2) 488 (3.3) 551
487 (3.1) 552 (3.4) 607 (3.8) 487 (3.1) 552
433 (6.2) 511 (4.2) 570 (3.7) 465 (4.9) 538
488 (4.1) 554 (3.8) 609 (4.4) 490 (4.6) 557
486 (1.6) 556 (2.0) 617 (2.8) 490 (1.8) 562
465 (3.3) 532 (2.8) 586 (3.2) 474 (3.0) 539
499 (4.8) 563 (3.7) 616 (2.9) 487 (3.7) 555
534 (3.6) 600 (3.7) 652 (3.7) 523 (5.2) 596
c c 408 (5.5) 491 (8.8) 337 (5.7) 453
487 (2.7) 552 (2.9) 609 (3.0) 477 (3.8) 542
452 (5.5) 524 (4.4) 585 (4.6) 461 (5.2) 535
m m 550 (0.7) 606 (0.7) 481 (0.8) 552
m m 551 (0.7) 607 (0.7) m m m
m m 542 (0.6) 599 (0.7) 472 (0.8) 543
m m 542 (0.6) 600 (0.7) m m m
m m m m m m 297 (9.1) 400

351 (10.4) 431 (8.8) 494 (8.3) 333 (9.3) 420
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
247 (12.9) 374 (4.8) 449 (4.4) 312 (4.6) 398
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
385 (7.7) 465 (7.9) 533 (8.0) 376 (7.3) 467
m m m m m m 302 (19.5) 414
448 (3.3) 513 (3.1) 568 (3.8) 445 (4.3) 512
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m 344 (4.5) 416
549 (3.0) 612 (3.1) 664 (3.5) 544 (3.3) 613
271 (28.6) 393 (8.1) 462 (11.7) 263 (26.5) 374
348 (4.5) 419 (4.0) 476 (5.0) 358 (4.5) 426
m m m m m m 388 (3.8) 450
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
526 (1.7) 585 (2.0) 632 (2.4) 498 (1.5) 568
m m m m m m 377 (3.7) 437
m m m m m m 456 (1.8) 532
m m m m m m 386 (3.7) 449
377 (2.0) 444 (2.2) 501 (2.6) 392 (1.8) 452
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m 236 c 360
m m m m m m 320 (9.1) 400
m m m m m m m m m
297 (1.4) 360 (1.5) 431 (2.6) 342 (1.4) 414
370 (14.3) 446 (7.9) 506 (6.1) 377 (4.7) 454
447 (6.3) 518 (4.9) 581 (5.1) 435 (4.8) 506
m m m m m m m m m
414 (4.3) 484 (4.2) 544 (3.7) 419 (3.8) 490
m m m m m m 560 (2.4) 633
557 (5.0) 625 (3.3) 677 (3.4) 547 (4.2) 618
375 (4.2) 445 (3.0) 506 (3.2) 379 (3.1) 447
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m 408 (3.2) 475
368 (6.9) 465 (3.8) 531 (4.3) 351 (6.3) 450
m m m m m m m m m
rt of PISA 2009+.
PISA 2009 PISA 2012
(3.5) 625 (4.0) 483 (2.6) 558 (2.5) 622 (2.9)

m m m 489 (4.6) 563 (3.5) 618 (4.0)
(2.7) 643 (2.8) 511 (3.2) 585 (2.9) 644 (2.5)
(2.1) 629 (1.9) 495 (3.2) 566 (2.4) 624 (2.6)
(4.1) 519 (4.7) 396 (4.5) 463 (4.1) 523 (4.6)
(5.2) 452 (4.0) 316 (8.3) 392 (4.2) 449 (4.4)
(4.1) 612 (4.5) 478 (5.3) 553 (3.8) 612 (4.1)
(3.6) 607 (3.5) 490 (4.2) 550 (3.4) 602 (3.4)
(2.9) 612 (3.4) 510 (2.9) 570 (2.7) 622 (3.5)
(3.0) 640 (2.8) 515 (3.6) 574 (2.7) 627 (3.4)
(3.9) 617 (3.9) 479 (3.0) 554 (3.6) 615 (4.4)
(3.5) 632 (3.5) 509 (4.3) 579 (3.8) 634 (3.6)
(3.7) 576 (3.7) 437 (3.9) 504 (3.2) 560 (3.3)
(4.6) 600 (5.4) 447 (5.4) 523 (4.4) 591 (6.5)
(1.9) 619 (2.9) 485 (2.3) 551 (3.1) 608 (2.7)
(3.1) 588 (3.2) 491 (2.8) 554 (2.6) 606 (2.6)
(3.7) 571 (4.3) 454 (6.0) 533 (5.2) 597 (6.1)
(2.7) 595 (2.6) 466 (2.7) 538 (2.5) 599 (2.9)
(3.8) 644 (4.7) 526 (4.3) 596 (4.2) 652 (5.0)
(4.0) 653 (4.4) 539 (5.6) 614 (5.3) 672 (5.8)
(3.9) 575 (3.5) 472 (3.9) 536 (3.8) 590 (3.7)
(3.1) 578 (3.6) 458 (3.9) 529 (3.6) 588 (3.6)
(2.3) 607 (2.5) 475 (1.8) 549 (1.5) 607 (1.9)
(2.4) 496 (2.6) 351 (3.9) 430 (2.2) 487 (2.0)
(5.2) 636 (4.2) 529 (5.2) 591 (4.4) 638 (3.7)
(3.2) 634 (3.6) 480 (3.3) 559 (3.4) 624 (3.4)
(2.9) 603 (3.5) 479 (3.2) 546 (3.1) 600 (3.6)
(3.2) 606 (4.1) 500 (4.0) 572 (4.8) 630 (5.5)
(3.9) 595 (4.3) 471 (7.2) 545 (5.1) 604 (4.6)
(4.1) 619 (5.5) 469 (5.1) 545 (4.4) 607 (5.4)
(2.4) 623 (3.0) 491 (2.0) 562 (1.9) 622 (2.6)
(2.6) 592 (2.5) 470 (2.7) 537 (2.4) 591 (2.3)
(4.0) 610 (3.9) 470 (3.2) 537 (2.9) 593 (2.9)
(4.5) 652 (4.2) 522 (4.4) 590 (3.6) 647 (4.3)
(4.9) 534 (7.5) 387 (5.0) 471 (7.0) 551 (10.1)
(3.6) 599 (3.7) 486 (3.5) 555 (3.8) 612 (3.8)
(5.3) 596 (5.2) 463 (6.2) 534 (4.8) 594 (4.6)
(0.7) 608 (0.7) 479 (0.8) 550 (0.7) 608 (0.8)
m m m 479 (0.8) 550 (0.7) 608 (0.8)
(0.6) 600 (0.7) 472 (0.7) 543 (0.6) 601 (0.7)
m m m 473 (0.7) 543 (0.6) 602 (0.7)
(5.8) 466 (5.7) 364 (5.3) 436 (3.2) 495 (3.9)

(6.0) 487 (6.8) 362 (6.0) 425 (4.9) 478 (4.2)
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
(3.0) 463 (4.4) 335 (4.0) 408 (3.0) 470 (3.8)
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
(6.2) 535 (7.9) 400 (5.2) 481 (5.0) 549 (6.0)
(4.6) 473 (4.7) c c 402 (4.3) 461 (4.8)
(4.2) 568 (4.9) 461 (4.4) 527 (5.0) 586 (7.7)
m m m 436 (1.6) 501 (1.7) 559 (2.3)
m m m m m m m m m
(3.5) 474 (3.9) m m m m m m
(3.3) 667 (3.8) 545 (5.1) 616 (4.1) 671 (4.0)
(5.2) 432 (5.9) 318 (8.5) 389 (5.3) 445 (7.4)
(4.4) 479 (5.1) 347 (3.7) 414 (3.4) 469 (3.9)
(4.0) 508 (4.8) 408 (4.3) 465 (4.3) 517 (5.9)
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
(1.7) 624 (1.9) 514 (1.6) 589 (1.6) 646 (2.0)
(3.6) 488 (4.7) 389 (3.7) 458 (4.3) 517 (4.9)
(2.3) 593 (3.0) m m m m m m
(4.2) 502 (4.7) m m m m m m
(1.6) 505 (2.3) 394 (1.8) 456 (2.5) 514 (3.3)
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
(7.7) 428 (8.4) m m m m m m
(6.4) 463 (6.8) 323 (6.0) 396 (5.8) 459 (6.5)
m m m m m m m m m
(1.6) 496 (2.8) 358 (1.1) 434 (1.5) 510 (1.9)
(4.1) 511 (5.0) 385 (4.1) 466 (4.6) 530 (5.8)
(3.9) 562 (4.7) 472 (5.1) 535 (4.4) 591 (5.3)
m m m m m m m m m
(3.5) 549 (4.0) 417 (4.4) 491 (4.6) 555 (4.6)
(2.1) 691 (2.9) 572 (2.2) 646 (2.0) 704 (2.4)
(4.6) 675 (5.4) 567 (4.2) 645 (3.4) 703 (4.9)
(3.4) 505 (5.2) 382 (3.1) 451 (3.9) 514 (6.0)
m m m m m m m m m
(2.9) 538 (3.6) 405 (3.6) 479 (3.6) 544 (3.4)
(3.7) 520 (3.6) 363 (5.7) 444 (4.3) 510 (4.1)
m m m 402 (14.2) 522 (5.9) 590 (5.9)
PISA 2015 PISA 2018
483 (2.3) 551 (2.1) 608 (2.7) 478 (2.8) 547

474 (4.2) 551 (3.5) 609 (3.8) 487 (4.7) 558
503 (3.6) 573 (2.7) 626 (2.9) 505 (3.0) 574
495 (3.1) 564 (2.7) 619 (3.1) 495 (3.1) 565
393 (4.7) 466 (4.0) 523 (3.6) 403 (4.0) 467
353 (3.9) 420 (3.1) 477 (3.4) 320 (6.9) 408
486 (4.6) 551 (3.2) 605 (3.7) 495 (3.9) 561
501 (3.6) 560 (2.6) 609 (3.0) 497 (3.1) 559
513 (3.0) 571 (2.8) 620 (2.7) 516 (3.2) 575
511 (3.7) 566 (2.8) 613 (3.1) 506 (3.2) 562
485 (2.9) 557 (2.7) 609 (2.9) 490 (3.1) 556
503 (3.4) 565 (3.1) 618 (3.1) 503 (3.7) 569
443 (5.1) 511 (4.3) 566 (4.1) 445 (4.7) 508
465 (3.8) 535 (3.1) 592 (3.5) 470 (3.7) 538
480 (3.1) 548 (3.0) 605 (3.9) 489 (2.9) 553
501 (2.8) 556 (2.3) 605 (2.7) 498 (3.0) 552
464 (4.3) 540 (3.9) 598 (4.6) 433 (6.8) 524
460 (4.5) 538 (3.9) 599 (4.0) 468 (4.0) 540
530 (3.5) 591 (3.3) 641 (4.3) 518 (3.4) 582
517 (5.3) 588 (4.5) 645 (4.6) 512 (3.8) 586
470 (2.6) 529 (2.1) 576 (2.6) 483 (2.7) 543
466 (3.2) 532 (3.0) 585 (3.5) 470 (2.9) 537
468 (2.1) 543 (2.0) 600 (2.5) 465 (2.2) 544
341 (6.6) 426 (3.3) 483 (3.4) 355 (4.9) 432
509 (3.3) 575 (2.7) 625 (3.0) 511 (4.4) 582
483 (4.1) 552 (3.3) 608 (3.2) 480 (2.6) 551
493 (3.1) 555 (3.0) 606 (3.2) 493 (2.6) 559
494 (2.8) 558 (3.0) 612 (4.0) 504 (3.3) 570
476 (4.3) 551 (3.1) 607 (3.2) 479 (4.7) 552
464 (4.4) 535 (3.4) 591 (3.9) 471 (4.6) 546
503 (2.0) 566 (2.0) 619 (2.8) 509 (1.8) 570
478 (2.9) 539 (2.4) 589 (3.0) 474 (1.8) 538
488 (4.9) 552 (4.3) 606 (4.4) 485 (5.5) 556
521 (5.4) 587 (4.0) 640 (3.8) 502 (5.6) 573
371 (7.2) 449 (6.1) 512 (6.5) 407 (2.9) 486
472 (3.9) 544 (3.4) 601 (3.2) 482 (3.5) 554
447 (5.6) 518 (4.4) 576 (4.7) 460 (5.3) 532
478 (0.8) 546 (0.6) 600 (0.7) 481 (0.7) 549
478 (0.8) 546 (0.6) 600 (0.7) 481 (0.7) 549
473 (0.7) 541 (0.6) 595 (0.6) 474 (0.7) 543
473 (0.7) 541 (0.5) 595 (0.6) 475 (0.6) 543
413 (4.2) 472 (4.2) 525 (4.4) 401 (4.6) 473

m m m m m m 352 (4.7) 420
m m m m m m c c 409
m m m m m m 456 (4.1) 527
m m m m m m 381 (4.3) 448
328 (4.5) 407 (4.0) 476 (4.8) 317 (5.2) 404
m m m m m m 422 (1.5) 490
m m m m m m 572 (4.5) 634
409 (6.8) 491 (5.5) 556 (5.5) 383 (7.2) 475
345 (5.3) 416 (3.5) 469 (3.7) 340 (6.3) 420
450 (3.6) 518 (3.3) 575 (3.4) 449 (3.2) 515
431 (2.0) 497 (2.4) 555 (3.0) 443 (1.8) 511
284 (4.2) 348 (3.7) 400 (4.4) 289 (4.5) 351
371 (4.4) 448 (3.5) 511 (4.3) 371 (3.6) 442
539 (4.0) 603 (3.2) 653 (3.2) 555 (3.1) 616
335 (6.2) 408 (4.3) 469 (5.2) 359 (5.9) 417
268 (9.3) 392 (3.4) 459 (3.4) 277 (12.9) 408
m m m m m m 413 (2.1) 475
320 (2.5) 390 (2.5) 444 (3.4) 346 (2.3) 405
322 (7.7) 426 (5.4) 505 (5.4) 370 (5.1) 455
533 (1.5) 592 (1.8) 638 (2.4) 547 (2.5) 606
m m m m m m 397 (3.5) 472
482 (2.6) 556 (2.4) 615 (3.1) 474 (2.7) 543
411 (3.5) 476 (3.2) 532 (4.1) 413 (3.7) 482
404 (1.9) 470 (2.1) 526 (2.3) 422 (1.9) 483
m m m m m m 308 (4.0) 386
363 (1.8) 430 (2.2) 493 (3.7) 387 (2.3) 454
m m m m m m 238 (15.7) 357
347 (4.4) 421 (4.2) 480 (4.4) 357 (5.6) 432
m m m m m m 302 (4.2) 376
388 (2.0) 463 (1.7) 532 (2.1) 400 (1.7) 474
405 (5.0) 481 (4.7) 541 (5.5) 381 (6.5) 467
489 (5.4) 549 (4.2) 599 (4.2) 482 (4.0) 542
m m m m m m 354 (4.2) 415
m m m m m m 430 (3.9) 506
565 (2.2) 630 (1.7) 680 (2.5) 571 (2.2) 633
548 (3.2) 616 (3.6) 670 (4.6) 526 (3.9) 595
370 (3.9) 443 (3.8) 503 (4.8) 372 (4.4) 449
m m m m m m 436 (4.6) 506
411 (4.0) 484 (3.6) 551 (3.5) 420 (4.4) 501
369 (4.7) 450 (3.6) 514 (4.0) 386 (5.2) 459
432 (8.5) 518 (5.5) 581 (5.8) 452 (8.8) 523
PISA 2018
(PISA 2018 - PISA 2003)
S.E. Score S.E. Score dif. S.E. Score dif. S.E. Score dif. S.E.
(2.4) 603 (2.9) -31 (5.6) -35 (4.7) -35 (4.9)

(3.8) 612 (3.3) -7 (7.6) -6 (6.6) -9 (6.0)
(2.8) 625 (3.4) -20 (5.3) -31 (4.9) -36 (4.9)
(2.7) 622 (2.7) -15 (5.0) -15 (4.7) -13 (4.7)
(3.7) 523 (3.5) m m m m m m
(3.8) 472 (4.3) m m m m m m
(2.7) 617 (3.2) -11 (6.5) -18 (5.4) -20 (6.1)
(2.7) 608 (3.1) -2 (6.6) -9 (5.5) -17 (6.0)
(2.7) 624 (3.2) m m m m m m
(2.5) 610 (2.8) -32 (4.9) -37 (4.4) -39 (4.8)
(3.0) 607 (3.0) -13 (5.2) -12 (5.1) -16 (5.4)
(3.4) 620 (3.3) 5 (6.9) -3 (6.1) -8 (5.5)
(3.7) 561 (3.7) 5 (10.2) 4 (8.1) -2 (7.7)
(3.1) 592 (3.5) 5 (6.0) -3 (5.9) -8 (6.3)
(2.6) 605 (2.7) -22 (4.5) -22 (4.4) -22 (5.0)
(2.5) 597 (3.0) 8 (5.4) -2 (4.9) -11 (5.3)
(4.7) 589 (4.2) m m m m m m
(3.3) 597 (3.9) 22 (6.1) 21 (5.3) 16 (5.7)
(2.8) 632 (3.6) -8 (6.9) -16 (6.1) -22 (7.4)
(3.4) 645 (4.4) -15 (6.4) -11 (5.9) -8 (7.0)
(2.4) 594 (3.0) 13 (8.9) 8 (7.3) 3 (7.1)
(2.2) 593 (2.8) m m m m m m
(1.9) 604 (2.6) -26 (3.9) -11 (3.9) -6 (5.1)
(3.5) 490 (3.7) m m 50 (7.5) 33 (7.1)
(3.0) 633 (3.9) -21 (7.6) -23 (5.8) -21 (5.6)
(2.4) 608 (2.4) -26 (5.2) -31 (4.5) -35 (4.8)
(2.4) 612 (2.9) 5 (4.9) 3 (5.1) 1 (5.0)
(3.4) 626 (3.9) 27 (5.5) 25 (5.3) 24 (5.7)
(3.3) 608 (3.4) 25 (9.0) 35 (6.5) 34 (6.4)
(3.3) 603 (3.2) -16 (8.3) -12 (6.4) -12 (5.9)
(2.2) 621 (2.6) m m m m m m
(1.7) 590 (2.1) 23 (6.2) 12 (4.6) 5 (4.6)
(3.5) 611 (3.6) -22 (7.4) -18 (5.8) -18 (6.0)
(3.8) 630 (4.2) -28 (7.2) -22 (6.8) -22 (7.3)
(2.4) 552 (3.1) m m 123 (12.1) 78 (10.8)
(3.3) 612 (3.6) m m m m m m
(4.6) 590 (4.8) 9 (7.6) 2 (6.4) -5 (6.5)
(0.6) 603 (0.6) m m -2 (3.0) -6 (3.0)
(0.6) 604 (0.6) m m -2 (3.0) -6 (3.0)
(0.5) 598 (0.6) m m m m m m
(0.5) 598 (0.6) m m m m m m
(3.3) 530 (3.3) m m m m m m

(4.0) 478 (4.2) m m m m m m
(4.4) 490 (4.3) m m m m m m
(3.7) 586 (3.7) m m m m m m
(4.2) 504 (4.3) m m m m m m
(3.5) 475 (4.2) 90 (17.8) 43 (7.8) 29 (9.5)
(2.0) 553 (2.2) m m m m m m
(3.4) 682 (3.6) m m m m m m
(5.1) 544 (5.3) m m m m m m
(4.8) 477 (5.8) m m m m m m
(3.1) 571 (3.9) m m m m m m
(2.2) 568 (2.5) m m m m m m
(3.4) 402 (4.2) m m m m m m
(3.6) 504 (4.5) m m m m m m
(2.7) 666 (3.4) 0 (5.8) -3 (5.2) -4 (6.1)
(4.3) 471 (5.2) m m 69 (7.4) 51 (7.8)
(4.2) 476 (4.2) m m m m m m
(2.1) 531 (3.1) m m m m m m
(2.2) 457 (3.3) m m m m m m
(4.9) 525 (4.4) m m m m m m
(2.0) 654 (2.6) 51 (5.8) 36 (6.0) 26 (6.0)
(3.8) 533 (4.7) m m m m m m
(2.7) 598 (3.4) m m m m m m
(3.5) 540 (4.7) m m m m m m
(1.7) 536 (2.2) m m m m m m
(4.4) 447 (4.5) m m m m m m
(2.1) 513 (3.2) m m m m m m
(4.0) 421 (4.8) m m m m m m
(4.0) 494 (4.7) m m m m m m
(3.9) 436 (5.2) m m m m m m
(1.8) 539 (2.1) m m m m m m
(6.3) 535 (6.6) m m m m m m
(3.6) 594 (3.9) 33 (7.6) 24 (6.9) 14 (7.0)
(3.8) 467 (3.7) m m m m m m
(3.9) 569 (3.4) m m m m m m
(2.1) 682 (3.0) m m m m m m
(3.7) 652 (4.4) m m m m m m
(4.2) 516 (5.4) 7 (7.3) 8 (6.5) 11 (8.1)
(4.1) 566 (4.7) m m m m m m
(3.7) 569 (3.1) m m m m m m
(4.0) 516 (4.3) 50 (13.2) 8 (7.2) -6 (7.4)
(5.6) 575 (5.2) m m m m m m
-25 (5.0) -24 (4.8) -23 (5.4) -16 (5.9) -19

-12 (8.6) -13 (6.5) -14 (6.2) m m m
-21 (5.2) -23 (4.9) -25 (5.2) -8 (5.7) -14
-18 (5.1) -12 (4.8) -7 (4.9) -13 (5.3) -11
26 (8.0) 15 (7.1) 9 (7.5) 2 (7.0) 5
35 (26.2) 20 (10.2) 17 (8.2) 18 (16.2) 14
-15 (6.5) -21 (6.2) -27 (6.6) 13 (6.8) 9
1 (6.1) -1 (5.3) -6 (5.5) 10 (6.3) 5
7 (5.5) 9 (5.4) 10 (5.6) 13 (5.8) 13
-35 (5.3) -38 (4.8) -38 (4.9) -29 (5.9) -31
3 (6.2) -2 (5.7) -6 (5.6) 1 (6.2) -6
5 (6.7) 0 (6.2) -9 (6.0) 1 (6.5) -7
-4 (7.8) -6 (6.6) -9 (6.6) -11 (7.3) -13
-2 (7.0) 0 (6.2) -8 (7.0) -6 (8.4) -6
-13 (4.8) -12 (5.0) -11 (5.3) -12 (5.1) -12
2 (5.6) -3 (5.3) -8 (5.7) 13 (5.7) 8
35 (9.9) 32 (7.7) 24 (7.3) 10 (8.9) 18
19 (6.1) 21 (5.6) 19 (6.3) 2 (5.9) 2
7 (6.1) 3 (5.2) 0 (5.8) -3 (6.4) -6
-20 (6.4) -16 (6.3) -13 (8.2) -21 (6.4) -13
13 (5.8) 11 (5.3) 11 (5.5) 26 (6.6) 20
-9 (6.0) -7 (5.4) -5 (6.5) 25 (5.7) 18
-27 (4.1) -11 (4.2) -6 (4.9) -7 (4.6) -5
70 (20.6) 18 (5.9) 8 (5.7) 9 (7.7) -4
-17 (6.8) -12 (5.3) -10 (6.0) -7 (9.3) -6
-19 (5.2) -22 (5.2) -25 (5.8) -23 (5.6) -27
6 (5.4) 8 (4.9) 5 (5.4) 5 (5.5) 8
17 (5.5) 18 (5.7) 19 (6.3) 18 (5.8) 19
46 (8.4) 41 (6.2) 37 (5.9) 14 (7.6) 14
-18 (6.9) -9 (5.9) -6 (6.3) -20 (7.4) -12
22 (4.0) 14 (4.3) 4 (5.0) 18 (4.4) 7
9 (4.9) 7 (4.6) 4 (5.0) 0 (5.0) -1
-14 (7.9) -7 (6.0) -5 (5.6) -2 (7.5) 1
-32 (7.4) -27 (6.2) -22 (6.5) -21 (8.4) -23
m m 79 (6.8) 62 (9.9) 70 (7.3) 34
-5 (5.5) 3 (5.4) 3 (5.7) 5 (6.3) 13
7 (8.3) 8 (7.1) 5 (7.4) -2 (8.3) -3
m m -1 (3.3) -3 (3.3) -1 (3.7) -3
m m -2 (3.3) -4 (3.3) m m m
m m 1 (3.3) -1 (3.3) 2 (3.7) 0
m m 1 (3.3) -1 (3.3) m m m
m m m m m m 104 (10.8) 73
1 (11.9) -11 (10.2) -16 (9.8) 20 (11.0) 0
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
70 (14.3) 29 (6.7) 26 (6.8) 5 (7.8) 6
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
-2 (11.0) 10 (9.9) 11 (10.1) 7 (10.8) 7
m m m m m m 38 (20.8) 7
1 (5.6) 2 (5.4) 3 (6.3) 4 (6.4) 3
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m 27 (6.8) 26
7 (5.4) 4 (5.2) 2 (5.9) 11 (5.7) 3
88 (29.3) 24 (9.7) 8 (13.2) 96 (27.4) 44
-71 (14.1) -11 (6.6) 1 (7.3) -82 (14.1) -18
m m m m m m 25 (5.6) 24
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
21 (4.3) 21 (4.3) 21 (4.8) 49 (4.6) 37
m m m m m m 20 (6.2) 34
m m m m m m 17 (4.8) 11
m m m m m m 27 (6.3) 34
45 (4.2) 39 (4.2) 35 (4.6) 30 (4.4) 31
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m 2 m -3
m m m m m m 37 (11.3) 33
m m m m m m m m m
103 (3.9) 114 (4.0) 108 (4.6) 58 (4.2) 59
11 (16.0) 21 (10.6) 29 (9.5) 4 (8.8) 13
35 (8.1) 24 (6.8) 13 (7.1) 47 (7.2) 37
m m m m m m m m m
16 (6.7) 22 (6.5) 25 (6.0) 11 (6.5) 16
m m m m m m 11 (4.8) 0
-31 (7.1) -30 (5.9) -25 (6.4) -21 (6.7) -23
-2 (6.9) 4 (6.0) 10 (7.1) -6 (6.5) 2
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m 12 (6.5) 26
18 (9.2) -6 (6.4) -15 (6.9) 35 (8.9) 8
m m m m m m m m m
(5.5) -22 (6.0) -5 (5.1) -11 (4.8) -18 (5.3)

m m m -2 (7.4) -5 (6.2) -6 (6.2)
(5.2) -18 (5.6) -5 (5.5) -11 (5.3) -18 (5.4)
(4.9) -7 (4.8) 0 (5.6) -1 (4.9) -2 (5.0)
(6.6) 4 (6.9) 6 (6.9) 4 (6.4) 0 (6.7)
(7.4) 20 (6.8) 5 (11.3) 16 (6.6) 23 (7.0)
(6.0) 5 (6.6) 17 (7.4) 8 (5.7) 4 (6.2)
(5.7) 1 (5.9) 7 (6.2) 9 (5.5) 6 (5.7)
(5.3) 13 (5.9) 6 (5.5) 5 (5.1) 2 (5.8)
(5.3) -30 (5.3) -9 (5.9) -12 (5.0) -16 (5.5)
(6.1) -10 (6.0) 10 (5.5) 2 (5.8) -7 (6.3)
(6.0) -12 (6.0) -6 (6.6) -10 (6.1) -14 (5.9)
(6.3) -14 (6.3) 8 (6.9) 4 (5.9) 1 (6.0)
(6.6) -8 (7.4) 22 (7.3) 15 (6.3) 1 (8.1)
(4.8) -14 (5.3) 4 (5.0) 2 (5.2) -4 (5.1)
(5.4) 9 (5.6) 7 (5.3) -2 (4.9) -8 (5.2)
(6.9) 18 (7.0) -21 (9.7) -9 (7.7) -9 (8.1)
(5.5) 2 (5.9) 2 (5.9) 1 (5.3) -2 (5.9)
(5.9) -12 (6.9) -8 (6.4) -13 (6.1) -19 (7.0)
(6.3) -9 (7.2) -27 (7.6) -28 (7.1) -28 (8.0)
(5.8) 19 (5.8) 11 (5.8) 7 (5.6) 4 (5.8)
(5.1) 15 (5.8) 12 (5.9) 8 (5.3) 5 (5.7)
(4.6) -3 (5.1) -10 (4.4) -5 (4.1) -3 (4.7)
(5.6) -6 (5.7) 3 (7.1) 2 (5.3) 2 (5.4)
(7.0) -3 (6.7) -17 (7.6) -10 (6.3) -5 (6.3)
(5.4) -26 (5.6) 0 (5.4) -8 (5.3) -16 (5.3)
(5.2) 9 (5.8) 13 (5.3) 13 (5.1) 12 (5.7)
(5.9) 20 (6.7) 4 (6.2) -1 (6.8) -4 (7.5)
(6.2) 12 (6.5) 8 (9.2) 8 (7.0) 4 (6.6)
(6.3) -16 (7.3) 1 (7.6) 1 (6.4) -4 (7.1)
(4.8) -2 (5.3) 18 (4.3) 8 (4.4) -1 (5.0)
(4.7) -2 (4.8) 4 (4.7) 1 (4.5) -2 (4.6)
(6.3) 1 (6.4) 15 (7.2) 19 (5.6) 18 (5.7)
(6.9) -22 (6.9) -20 (7.9) -17 (6.2) -17 (6.9)
(6.5) 18 (8.9) 21 (6.6) 15 (8.1) 2 (11.1)
(6.1) 13 (6.3) -4 (6.0) 0 (6.1) -1 (6.2)
(7.9) -6 (7.9) -3 (8.9) -2 (7.5) -4 (7.5)
(3.6) -5 (3.7) 2 (3.5) -1 (3.5) -5 (3.5)
m m m 2 (3.5) -1 (3.5) -5 (3.5)
(3.6) -2 (3.6) 2 (3.5) 0 (3.4) -3 (3.5)
m m m 2 (3.5) 0 (3.4) -3 (3.5)
(7.6) 64 (7.5) 38 (7.7) 37 (5.6) 35 (6.1)

(8.0) -9 (8.7) -10 (8.3) -4 (7.2) 0 (6.8)
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
(5.8) 12 (7.0) -18 (7.4) -4 (5.7) 5 (6.6)
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
(8.8) 8 (10.1) -17 (9.5) -6 (7.9) -6 (8.6)
(7.5) 4 (8.3) m m 18 (7.3) 16 (8.2)
(6.3) 3 (7.2) -12 (6.3) -12 (6.8) -14 (9.2)
m m m 8 (4.1) 11 (4.3) 8 (4.7)
m m m m m m m m m
(6.2) 30 (7.0) m m m m m m
(5.6) -1 (6.2) 10 (6.8) 0 (6.0) -5 (6.2)
(7.6) 39 (8.7) 40 (10.9) 28 (7.6) 26 (9.7)
(7.0) -2 (7.5) -70 (13.9) -5 (6.3) 7 (6.7)
(5.8) 23 (6.8) 5 (5.9) 10 (5.9) 13 (7.4)
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
(4.4) 30 (4.8) 33 (4.5) 16 (4.2) 8 (4.7)
(6.3) 44 (7.5) 8 (6.1) 14 (6.6) 16 (7.5)
(5.0) 5 (5.8) m m m m m m
(6.6) 39 (7.6) m m m m m m
(4.2) 31 (4.7) 28 (4.2) 27 (4.5) 22 (5.1)
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
(9.3) -7 (10.3) m m m m m m
(8.3) 31 (9.0) 34 (8.9) 36 (7.8) 35 (8.7)
m m m m m m m m m
(4.3) 42 (4.9) 43 (3.9) 40 (4.1) 29 (4.3)
(8.3) 24 (9.0) -4 (8.4) 2 (8.5) 5 (9.4)
(6.4) 31 (7.1) 10 (7.3) 7 (6.6) 3 (7.4)
m m m m m m m m m
(6.3) 19 (6.4) 13 (6.8) 15 (6.9) 13 (6.6)
(4.6) -8 (5.4) -1 (4.6) -13 (4.4) -22 (5.1)
(6.9) -23 (7.8) -41 (6.6) -50 (6.0) -51 (7.3)
(6.4) 11 (8.3) -10 (6.4) -2 (6.6) 2 (8.8)
m m m m m m m m m
(5.9) 31 (6.0) 15 (6.6) 22 (6.1) 25 (5.7)
(6.5) -4 (6.7) 23 (8.4) 14 (6.8) 7 (6.8)
m m m 50 (17.0) 1 (8.8) -15 (8.5)
Change in percentiles between 2015 and 2018 Average 3-year trend in percentiles of mathem
(PISA 2018 - PISA 2015) performance across PISA assessments1
-5 (4.3) -5 (3.9) -5 (4.6) -6 (1.2) -7

13 (6.7) 7 (5.7) 3 (5.5) -3 (1.6) -3
3 (5.3) 1 (4.6) -1 (5.0) -5 (1.2) -6
0 (5.0) 1 (4.5) 3 (4.7) -4 (1.2) -3
9 (6.6) 1 (5.9) 0 (5.6) 4 (1.8) 3
-33 (8.3) -13 (5.4) -5 (5.9) 12 (5.5) 7
9 (6.5) 10 (4.8) 11 (5.5) -4 (1.4) -5
-4 (5.3) -1 (4.4) -1 (4.9) 0 (1.4) -1
3 (4.9) 4 (4.5) 4 (4.8) 2 (1.3) 3
-4 (5.4) -4 (4.4) -3 (4.8) -8 (1.2) -9
5 (4.9) 0 (4.6) -1 (4.8) -2 (1.3) -2
0 (5.6) 4 (5.2) 3 (5.1) 1 (1.4) -1
1 (7.3) -3 (6.1) -4 (5.9) 0 (1.8) 0
5 (5.8) 3 (5.0) 0 (5.5) -1 (1.3) -1
9 (4.9) 5 (4.6) 0 (5.3) -5 (1.1) -5
-3 (4.7) -5 (4.2) -7 (4.6) 2 (1.2) 0
-31 (8.4) -16 (6.5) -9 (6.6) 11 (2.1) 10
7 (6.4) 1 (5.6) -2 (6.1) 4 (1.3) 5
-11 (5.4) -8 (4.9) -8 (6.0) 1 (1.4) -1
-5 (6.9) -2 (6.1) 0 (6.8) -3 (1.4) -2
13 (4.4) 14 (3.9) 17 (4.6) 2 (1.6) 1
4 (4.9) 5 (4.4) 8 (5.0) 0 (1.4) 0
-3 (3.8) 1 (3.6) 4 (4.3) -6 (1.1) -3
14 (8.6) 7 (5.4) 7 (5.6) m m 8
2 (6.0) 6 (4.7) 8 (5.4) -4 (1.5) -5
-3 (5.4) -1 (4.7) 0 (4.6) -6 (1.3) -7
0 (4.7) 4 (4.4) 7 (4.9) 1 (1.2) 1
10 (4.9) 13 (5.1) 14 (6.1) 5 (1.2) 5
3 (6.8) 1 (5.1) 1 (5.2) 8 (1.7) 9
7 (6.8) 11 (5.3) 13 (5.6) -5 (1.5) -4
6 (3.6) 4 (3.7) 2 (4.5) 6 (1.0) 3
-4 (4.1) -1 (3.8) 1 (4.4) 4 (1.3) 2
-3 (7.7) 3 (6.0) 5 (6.2) -4 (1.5) -4
-19 (8.1) -14 (6.0) -10 (6.1) -5 (1.5) -4
37 (8.1) 37 (7.0) 41 (7.5) m m 22
9 (5.7) 11 (5.3) 10 (5.4) -1 (1.4) 1
13 (8.1) 14 (6.8) 14 (7.1) 1 (1.5) 0
2 (2.5) 3 (2.5) 4 (2.5) m m -1
3 (2.5) 3 (2.5) 4 (2.5) m m -1
1 (2.5) 2 (2.4) 3 (2.5) m m 0
1 (2.5) 3 (2.4) 3 (2.5) m m 0
-12 (6.6) 1 (5.8) 5 (6.0) 36 (3.4) 25

m m m m m m 2 (2.6) -2
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
-11 (7.3) -3 (5.8) -1 (6.7) 20 (2.9) 9
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
-26 (10.2) -17 (7.8) -12 (7.9) 3 (2.5) 4
-5 (8.5) 4 (6.4) 8 (7.3) m m 4
-1 (5.3) -3 (5.1) -4 (5.6) 1 (1.4) 1
12 (3.5) 15 (4.0) 12 (4.6) 4 (2.1) 6
5 (6.6) 3 (5.6) 2 (6.5) 4 (6.6) 2
0 (6.1) -6 (5.5) -7 (6.6) 11 (2.6) 11
16 (5.6) 13 (4.8) 13 (5.2) -1 (1.3) -1
24 (8.9) 9 (6.5) 1 (7.8) m m 11
8 (16.1) 16 (5.9) 18 (5.9) -23 (3.1) -6
m m m m m m 8 (1.8) 8
26 (4.2) 15 (4.1) 13 (5.3) 26 (4.0) 16
47 (9.5) 29 (7.6) 19 (7.3) 47 (9.7) 30
14 (3.7) 14 (3.5) 15 (4.2) 8 (1.2) 6
m m m m m m 7 (2.3) 12
-8 (4.4) -13 (4.3) -17 (5.2) 7 (1.9) 5
2 (5.6) 6 (5.3) 8 (6.6) 11 (2.3) 13
19 (3.6) 13 (3.6) 9 (3.9) 10 (1.1) 10
m m m m m m m m m
24 (3.7) 24 (3.8) 20 (5.4) 25 (3.9) 25
m m m m m m 0 m -1
10 (7.5) 12 (6.3) 14 (6.9) 14 (3.5) 12
m m m m m m m m m
12 (3.5) 10 (3.4) 7 (3.7) 25 (0.9) 28
-24 (8.6) -13 (8.2) -6 (8.9) 5 (3.3) 7
-7 (7.1) -7 (6.0) -5 (6.2) 9 (1.6) 7
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m 4 (1.6) 5
5 (3.9) 3 (3.5) 2 (4.5) 3 (1.5) -2
-22 (5.6) -21 (5.7) -17 (6.8) -6 (1.6) -6
2 (6.3) 6 (6.1) 13 (7.7) 1 (1.4) 1
m m m m m m m m m
9 (6.3) 17 (5.6) 18 (5.2) 4 (2.4) 9
17 (7.4) 8 (5.9) 2 (6.3) 8 (2.2) 0
20 (12.4) 4 (8.2) -6 (8.2) 25 (8.5) 1
r trend in percentiles of mathematics
nce across PISA assessments1
S.E. Score dif. S.E.
(1.1) -7 (1.2)
(1.4) -3 (1.3)
(1.2) -7 (1.2)
(1.1) -3 (1.1)
(1.6) 2 (1.7)
(2.2) 6 (1.8)
(1.3) -6 (1.3)
(1.2) -3 (1.2)
(1.4) 3 (1.3)
(1.1) -9 (1.2)
(1.2) -3 (1.3)
(1.3) -2 (1.2)
(1.6) -1 (1.5)
(1.3) -2 (1.4)
(1.1) -4 (1.2)
(1.2) -1 (1.2)
(1.7) 7 (1.6)
(1.2) 4 (1.4)
(1.3) -2 (1.5)
(1.3) -2 (1.5)
(1.4) 0 (1.4)
(1.3) 0 (1.7)
(1.0) -2 (1.1)
(1.4) 5 (1.4)
(1.3) -4 (1.2)
(1.1) -7 (1.3)
(1.2) 0 (1.1)
(1.2) 5 (1.3)
(1.4) 8 (1.3)
(1.3) -4 (1.4)
(1.0) 1 (1.1)
(1.1) 1 (1.1)
(1.3) -4 (1.3)
(1.4) -4 (1.4)
(2.1) 13 (2.0)
(1.3) 1 (1.4)
(1.4) -2 (1.4)
(1.0) -1 (1.0)
(1.0) -2 (1.0)
(0.9) -1 (0.9)
(0.9) -1 (0.9)
(2.3) 22 (2.5)
(2.2) -4 (2.2)
m m m
m m m
m m m
(1.5) 7 (1.7)
m m m
m m m
(2.2) 4 (2.3)
(2.6) 3 (3.0)
(1.3) 1 (1.5)
(2.2) 5 (2.3)
(5.7) 2 (6.6)
(2.3) 13 (2.6)
(1.2) -1 (1.3)
(1.6) 8 (1.8)
(1.5) -2 (1.7)
(1.9) 8 (2.3)
(4.3) 14 (6.7)
(7.3) 19 (7.6)
(1.2) 5 (1.3)
(2.3) 15 (2.8)
(1.8) 3 (1.9)
(2.6) 15 (2.9)
(1.0) 9 (1.1)
m m m
(3.8) 20 (4.8)
(3.1) -2 (3.4)
(2.7) 11 (2.9)
m m m
(1.0) 25 (1.1)
(2.3) 9 (2.1)
(1.4) 5 (1.4)
m m m
(1.6) 6 (1.5)
(1.7) -5 (2.0)
(1.5) -6 (1.5)
(1.4) 2 (1.5)
m m m
(2.3) 10 (2.4)
(1.4) -3 (1.4)
(4.3) -8 (4.2)

Table I.B1.36
Distribution of science scores among 15-year-olds, 2006 through 2018
PISA 2006

OECD
Australia 510 (3.1) 587 (2.6) 646 (2.8)
Austria 506 (5.8) 577 (5.0) 630 (3.7)
Belgium 516 (2.6) 583 (2.4) 633 (2.2)
Canada 521 (3.0) 591 (2.1) 645 (2.1)
Chile 402 (5.5) 480 (5.8) 547 (5.8)
Colombia 306 (23.4) 406 (7.3) 470 (5.1)
Czech Republic 514 (4.0) 583 (3.9) 641 (4.3)
Denmark 476 (5.1) 550 (4.1) 607 (4.2)
Estonia 526 (3.3) 585 (2.8) 637 (3.3)
Finland 557 (2.5) 617 (2.4) 669 (2.5)
France 488 (4.4) 563 (3.7) 619 (3.3)
Germany 514 (4.6) 583 (3.6) 639 (3.1)
Greece 464 (5.6) 530 (3.9) 583 (4.1)
Hungary 485 (4.8) 555 (3.8) 610 (3.4)
Iceland 488 (2.7) 557 (2.3) 612 (2.8)
Ireland 502 (3.6) 571 (3.5) 627 (4.0)
Israel 404 (6.3) 507 (5.1) 585 (4.6)
Italy 463 (3.7) 535 (3.0) 593 (2.9)
Japan 524 (4.5) 594 (3.2) 649 (3.0)
Korea 509 (3.5) 577 (3.6) 629 (4.3)
Latvia 473 (4.7) 537 (3.5) 589 (3.5)
Lithuania 481 (4.1) 546 (3.8) 601 (4.4)
Luxembourg 490 (1.9) 556 (2.4) 609 (2.8)
Mexico 296 (15.7) 415 (3.5) 484 (3.0)
Netherlands* 525 (5.1) 593 (2.9) 644 (3.1)
New Zealand 505 (4.6) 593 (3.2) 657 (4.0)
Norway 485 (3.8) 551 (3.1) 609 (3.4)
Poland 490 (3.2) 558 (3.0) 612 (3.4)
Portugal* 441 (6.1) 520 (3.8) 577 (3.3)
Slovak Republic 483 (3.9) 551 (4.2) 607 (3.8)
Slovenia 500 (1.7) 579 (2.2) 640 (2.9)
Spain** 473 (3.1) 541 (3.1) 597 (3.0)
Sweden 502 (4.8) 568 (3.1) 621 (2.5)
Switzerland 516 (3.6) 584 (3.5) 636 (3.8)
Turkey c c 409 (5.0) 487 (8.1)
United Kingdom 509 (3.0) 585 (2.8) 649 (3.1)
United States* 463 (6.5) 552 (5.5) 619 (4.7)
OECD average-36b m m 550 (0.6) 608 (0.6)
OECD average-37 m m 550 (0.6) 608 (0.6)
Partners
Albania m m m m m m
Argentina 359 (11.4) 442 (8.1) 506 (7.6)
Belarus m m m m m m
Brazil 274 (11.0) 393 (4.4) 471 (6.1)
Bulgaria 401 (8.9) 492 (8.8) 565 (8.1)
Croatia 473 (3.5) 541 (2.8) 597 (2.7)
Cyprus m m m m m m
Georgia m m m m m m
Hong Kong (China)* 546 (3.1) 607 (2.7) 654 (3.4)
Indonesia 290 (22.7) 394 (7.8) 454 (10.7)
Jordan 380 (4.6) 461 (4.0) 521 (4.7)
Kosovo m m m m m m
Lebanon m m m m m m
Macao (China) 513 (1.9) 566 (1.8) 611 (1.8)
Malta m m m m m m
Moldova m m m m m m
Montenegro 390 (1.7) 453 (1.9) 509 (2.7)
Morocco m m m m m m
Panama m m m m m m
Peru m m m m m m
Qatar 330 (1.4) 388 (1.6) 454 (2.8)
Romania 373 (15.6) 448 (8.6) 511 (7.1)
Russia 451 (6.4) 524 (4.9) 585 (4.6)
Serbia 413 (4.1) 482 (3.8) 537 (3.3)
Chinese Taipei 540 (4.3) 602 (3.4) 651 (2.7)
Thailand 380 (3.6) 448 (2.8) 507 (3.4)
Ukraine m m m m m m
Uruguay 371 (6.4) 462 (3.1) 529 (3.1)
PISA 2009 PISA 2012
507 (3.9) 584 (3.3) 645 (3.9) 503 (2.7) 579

m m m m m m 492 (4.7) 562
508 (3.2) 579 (2.8) 631 (3.2) 507 (3.3) 574
509 (2.5) 579 (2.2) 634 (2.0) 505 (3.0) 575
429 (4.3) 492 (3.6) 546 (3.9) 422 (4.8) 486
317 (15.8) 416 (5.6) 480 (4.2) 337 (9.4) 418
493 (4.5) 563 (3.5) 621 (4.4) 490 (4.7) 560
483 (4.3) 553 (3.4) 608 (3.6) 490 (5.0) 556
518 (3.6) 579 (2.8) 631 (3.3) 532 (3.1) 591
550 (3.7) 611 (3.0) 662 (3.2) 545 (4.3) 606
493 (4.6) 565 (3.8) 619 (4.5) 489 (3.2) 561
512 (3.9) 586 (3.7) 641 (3.1) 523 (4.2) 588
460 (4.9) 528 (4.4) 582 (3.5) 453 (4.1) 519
491 (5.9) 555 (4.1) 603 (3.6) 470 (5.1) 543
490 (2.3) 556 (2.4) 612 (2.8) 470 (2.4) 542
504 (4.1) 571 (3.6) 624 (4.1) 513 (3.3) 579
432 (4.4) 516 (3.3) 580 (3.6) 459 (6.2) 540
474 (2.8) 547 (2.2) 603 (2.1) 477 (2.9) 548
540 (4.1) 604 (3.3) 655 (3.4) 541 (4.1) 607
528 (3.7) 587 (3.1) 634 (4.0) 528 (4.4) 587
473 (5.3) 536 (3.9) 585 (3.8) 487 (3.8) 547
462 (3.6) 532 (2.8) 588 (3.2) 480 (3.5) 544
470 (1.8) 548 (2.1) 609 (2.3) 477 (2.0) 557
345 (4.4) 432 (2.8) 492 (2.7) 357 (4.1) 433
514 (7.5) 588 (5.5) 641 (5.0) 528 (4.8) 591
517 (3.7) 597 (3.1) 659 (3.4) 499 (3.4) 580
490 (3.4) 556 (3.3) 610 (4.0) 487 (3.4) 557
500 (3.2) 564 (2.9) 617 (2.9) 513 (3.1) 576
473 (4.7) 539 (3.7) 593 (3.9) 478 (6.4) 543
486 (4.5) 552 (3.9) 609 (4.0) 462 (4.9) 535
503 (2.2) 574 (2.6) 629 (3.4) 508 (2.3) 575
479 (3.1) 542 (2.3) 592 (2.4) 485 (2.7) 548
488 (3.8) 558 (3.5) 619 (3.4) 478 (4.1) 549
506 (4.7) 576 (3.9) 631 (4.0) 508 (4.1) 573
358 (5.9) 465 (4.1) 532 (5.2) 411 (4.7) 488
497 (4.1) 572 (3.4) 633 (3.8) 508 (3.8) 579
474 (5.6) 555 (5.1) 619 (5.4) 482 (6.3) 553
480 (0.8) 552 (0.6) 607 (0.6) 483 (0.7) 552
m m m m m m 484 (0.7) 553
312 (8.9) 415 (5.5) 479 (6.3) 368 (5.3) 444

341 (10.7) 438 (6.5) 508 (6.6) 379 (7.5) 449
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
329 (5.1) 419 (3.3) 486 (4.5) 349 (4.3) 425
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
384 (9.1) 484 (7.1) 558 (6.2) 405 (7.2) 497
317 (21.7) 436 (4.8) 496 (3.9) c c 427
473 (3.9) 538 (3.6) 590 (4.3) 486 (3.9) 547
m m m m m m 435 (1.7) 501
m m m m m m m m m
337 (4.5) 413 (3.4) 473 (4.2) m m m
542 (3.5) 603 (3.2) 650 (3.4) 542 (4.1) 602
275 (26.6) 386 (5.6) 444 (6.1) 327 (8.7) 398
385 (4.7) 459 (4.0) 514 (4.1) 370 (4.6) 444
384 (4.2) 450 (4.3) 508 (5.1) 402 (4.4) 461
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
489 (1.8) 550 (1.8) 598 (2.3) 502 (1.2) 563
395 (4.1) 459 (3.3) 509 (3.9) 392 (3.9) 458
455 (2.9) 540 (3.1) 604 (2.9) m m m
403 (4.1) 467 (3.4) 518 (3.7) m m m
391 (2.0) 455 (1.7) 507 (3.2) 396 (1.7) 460
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
232 c 379 (10.9) 455 (7.7) m m m
326 (8.2) 403 (5.9) 466 (6.3) 333 (6.0) 402
m m m m m m m m m
353 (1.5) 432 (1.7) 514 (1.9) 366 (1.2) 447
379 (5.1) 456 (4.1) 512 (3.9) 382 (3.8) 461
445 (5.0) 519 (3.6) 579 (3.9) 478 (5.2) 539
m m m m m m m m m
422 (3.6) 488 (2.9) 540 (2.9) 415 (5.2) 487
539 (2.3) 612 (1.9) 670 (3.0) 551 (2.5) 623
525 (2.9) 581 (3.3) 628 (4.3) 529 (2.9) 582
386 (3.1) 456 (3.1) 512 (4.2) 403 (2.9) 471
m m m m m m m m m
427 (3.1) 496 (3.1) 557 (3.4) 421 (4.1) 497
350 (6.9) 454 (4.0) 524 (3.9) 369 (6.0) 455
m m m m m m 429 (14.3) 540
rt of PISA 2009+.
PISA 2012 PISA 2015
(2.6) 642 (2.7) 500 (2.4) 575 (2.0) 634 (2.3)

(3.3) 617 (3.7) 471 (4.0) 551 (3.1) 612 (3.1)
(2.6) 627 (2.5) 497 (3.6) 572 (2.4) 625 (2.2)
(2.5) 630 (2.6) 507 (3.0) 580 (2.5) 635 (2.7)
(3.7) 543 (3.7) 416 (4.6) 491 (3.8) 550 (3.6)
(4.7) 474 (4.3) 375 (4.3) 449 (3.3) 509 (3.2)
(3.5) 614 (3.4) 484 (4.9) 556 (3.2) 614 (3.2)
(3.5) 611 (3.9) 489 (3.8) 557 (2.8) 611 (3.4)
(2.6) 641 (3.0) 528 (3.2) 591 (2.8) 645 (2.7)
(3.0) 660 (3.1) 532 (4.3) 597 (3.1) 650 (3.0)
(2.9) 616 (3.6) 487 (2.7) 564 (2.5) 619 (2.6)
(3.6) 639 (4.0) 506 (3.4) 577 (2.7) 634 (3.1)
(3.4) 571 (3.3) 443 (5.7) 515 (4.1) 570 (4.3)
(3.6) 600 (4.4) 464 (3.8) 539 (3.3) 595 (3.4)
(3.3) 599 (3.9) 465 (2.6) 532 (2.4) 589 (3.3)
(2.8) 632 (2.9) 499 (3.4) 562 (2.7) 616 (2.4)
(5.4) 603 (5.3) 457 (4.4) 538 (3.8) 602 (3.5)
(2.1) 604 (2.2) 451 (4.8) 531 (3.6) 588 (3.3)
(3.5) 659 (4.2) 538 (3.4) 601 (3.1) 652 (4.1)
(4.0) 634 (3.8) 509 (4.7) 578 (3.7) 632 (3.7)
(3.4) 597 (3.5) 477 (2.3) 540 (2.2) 591 (2.1)
(3.2) 597 (3.7) 460 (3.3) 532 (3.4) 592 (4.1)
(2.1) 618 (2.5) 461 (1.6) 545 (1.7) 608 (2.4)
(2.0) 484 (2.0) 352 (6.3) 432 (3.5) 488 (3.3)
(4.2) 641 (4.3) 504 (3.6) 579 (2.7) 635 (2.6)
(2.7) 642 (3.0) 501 (4.3) 579 (3.1) 642 (3.6)
(2.8) 615 (2.8) 489 (3.2) 559 (2.9) 617 (3.4)
(3.9) 632 (4.7) 490 (3.5) 558 (3.2) 614 (3.8)
(4.7) 597 (3.9) 485 (4.1) 559 (3.2) 614 (2.8)
(4.0) 595 (4.6) 447 (4.3) 522 (3.5) 583 (3.5)
(1.9) 628 (3.2) 505 (2.1) 575 (2.2) 632 (2.8)
(1.9) 600 (1.8) 485 (2.9) 549 (2.5) 600 (2.6)
(3.7) 607 (3.6) 487 (5.7) 561 (4.8) 622 (4.5)
(3.3) 627 (3.2) 504 (5.5) 577 (4.0) 631 (3.0)
(6.2) 553 (6.5) 376 (6.9) 454 (5.8) 515 (5.8)
(3.3) 635 (3.9) 485 (4.3) 566 (3.4) 628 (3.3)
(4.8) 612 (4.7) 469 (5.8) 552 (4.8) 616 (4.1)
(0.6) 608 (0.6) 476 (0.7) 548 (0.5) 606 (0.6)
(0.6) 608 (0.6) 475 (0.7) 549 (0.5) 606 (0.5)
(3.8) 503 (3.4) 426 (3.6) 481 (4.8) 530 (5.0)

(5.5) 503 (4.8) m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
(3.2) 484 (3.7) 350 (3.6) 431 (3.5) 502 (4.3)
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
(5.4) 564 (5.3) 410 (8.0) 502 (6.2) 567 (5.1)
(4.7) 488 (4.5) 363 (5.2) 435 (3.1) 492 (3.5)
(4.6) 599 (5.2) 462 (3.6) 531 (2.8) 588 (3.1)
(2.3) 559 (2.8) 423 (2.0) 493 (2.3) 554 (2.9)
m m m 285 (4.1) 350 (3.5) 408 (5.0)
m m m 377 (3.8) 452 (3.5) 517 (3.9)
(3.4) 648 (3.6) 517 (3.4) 572 (2.6) 617 (2.7)
(5.1) 450 (5.5) 359 (5.4) 423 (3.8) 476 (4.0)
(3.6) 498 (4.1) 297 (8.6) 420 (3.4) 488 (3.3)
(3.9) 510 (4.3) m m m m m m
m m m 337 (2.4) 404 (2.2) 458 (3.1)
m m m 321 (5.9) 408 (5.2) 485 (5.6)
(1.3) 610 (1.8) 519 (1.6) 578 (1.9) 625 (2.0)
(3.9) 510 (4.4) m m m m m m
m m m 462 (3.1) 546 (2.8) 616 (3.1)
m m m 418 (3.0) 482 (3.0) 537 (3.1)
(2.1) 516 (2.9) 395 (1.6) 461 (1.9) 520 (2.4)
m m m m m m m m m
m m m 375 (1.9) 436 (2.1) 493 (2.8)
m m m m m m m m m
(5.3) 458 (5.8) 358 (3.8) 427 (3.7) 485 (4.0)
m m m m m m m m m
(1.8) 526 (2.2) 401 (1.3) 480 (1.7) 550 (1.9)
(4.2) 523 (5.0) 399 (4.7) 467 (4.0) 525 (5.0)
(4.4) 592 (4.9) 480 (5.6) 541 (4.4) 592 (3.8)
m m m m m m m m m
(4.3) 547 (4.2) m m m m m m
(2.0) 679 (3.2) 558 (2.0) 628 (2.0) 681 (2.4)
(2.4) 626 (2.2) 540 (2.7) 603 (3.5) 655 (4.2)
(3.4) 528 (4.4) 375 (3.7) 447 (3.5) 509 (4.4)
m m m m m m m m m
(3.6) 562 (3.6) 418 (4.1) 497 (4.0) 565 (3.3)
(4.0) 520 (4.3) 384 (4.2) 468 (3.5) 534 (3.6)
(5.2) 598 (4.9) 466 (7.8) 546 (4.8) 603 (5.3)
PISA 2018
(PISA 2018 - PISA 2006)
Score S.E. Score S.E. Score S.E. Score dif. S.E. Score dif.
490 (2.8) 566 (2.3) 625 (2.8) -20 (5.4) -21

476 (4.7) 551 (3.5) 608 (3.5) -30 (8.2) -26
496 (3.2) 566 (2.6) 621 (2.4) -20 (5.4) -17
500 (3.0) 575 (2.9) 632 (2.7) -20 (5.5) -16
429 (3.7) 493 (3.5) 548 (3.4) 27 (7.5) 13
340 (6.7) 429 (4.1) 498 (4.2) 34 (24.6) 24
492 (4.0) 560 (3.5) 618 (3.1) -23 (6.6) -23
479 (3.6) 548 (3.2) 602 (3.4) 3 (7.2) -1
523 (3.5) 586 (2.8) 640 (2.9) -3 (5.9) 1
522 (3.8) 588 (3.0) 642 (3.0) -36 (5.8) -30
485 (3.0) 556 (3.1) 611 (3.2) -3 (6.3) -6
507 (4.3) 577 (3.5) 633 (3.2) -6 (7.2) -7
444 (4.6) 508 (3.6) 558 (3.5) -20 (8.0) -23
468 (4.0) 541 (3.1) 597 (3.3) -17 (7.2) -14
464 (3.0) 534 (2.9) 590 (3.0) -24 (5.3) -23
493 (3.0) 555 (2.8) 608 (3.3) -9 (5.9) -15
426 (7.5) 524 (5.1) 595 (4.7) 22 (10.4) 18
449 (3.4) 519 (3.3) 575 (3.6) -13 (6.1) -15
522 (3.1) 588 (3.1) 641 (3.4) -2 (6.4) -6
507 (3.5) 579 (3.0) 635 (3.5) -2 (6.1) 2
474 (2.9) 538 (2.4) 590 (2.7) 1 (6.5) 1
470 (2.8) 538 (2.0) 594 (2.0) -11 (6.1) -8
456 (1.9) 537 (2.5) 599 (2.8) -34 (4.4) -18
366 (4.6) 440 (3.5) 497 (4.2) 71 (16.7) 25
493 (5.3) 574 (3.8) 632 (3.6) -32 (8.1) -19
495 (2.8) 573 (2.8) 633 (3.2) -11 (6.4) -20
482 (2.8) 553 (2.7) 611 (2.8) -2 (5.8) 3
498 (3.6) 568 (3.4) 625 (3.8) 8 (6.0) 10
476 (4.5) 548 (3.5) 603 (3.6) 35 (8.3) 28
444 (4.5) 520 (3.5) 581 (3.6) -39 (6.9) -31
507 (1.8) 568 (2.0) 620 (3.0) 7 (4.3) -11
474 (1.9) 541 (1.8) 594 (2.1) 1 (5.0) -1
480 (5.7) 558 (4.2) 616 (3.5) -22 (8.2) -9
481 (5.9) 556 (4.3) 615 (4.5) -36 (7.7) -28
424 (2.7) 502 (2.3) 563 (3.2) m m 92
483 (3.6) 562 (3.2) 623 (3.2) -26 (5.8) -24
483 (5.8) 562 (4.5) 622 (4.2) 21 (9.4) 10
473 (0.7) 545 (0.5) 602 (0.6) m m -4
473 (0.7) 545 (0.5) 603 (0.6) m m -5
384 (4.5) 449 (3.1) 500 (3.3) m m m

373 (4.7) 449 (4.1) 511 (4.2) 14 (12.8) 7
c c 388 (3.4) 455 (3.9) m m m
456 (3.9) 522 (3.1) 575 (3.0) m m m
374 (4.0) 438 (3.8) 491 (4.1) m m m
333 (5.1) 425 (4.0) 500 (4.2) 59 (12.6) 32
417 (1.5) 495 (1.9) 565 (2.6) m m m
569 (5.0) 635 (3.5) 686 (3.6) m m m
369 (6.6) 460 (5.4) 532 (5.4) -31 (11.6) -32
354 (6.0) 433 (4.7) 490 (5.5) m m m
457 (4.1) 527 (3.6) 585 (3.6) -16 (6.4) -15
427 (2.2) 498 (1.9) 558 (2.1) m m m
298 (4.0) 358 (4.0) 415 (4.3) m m m
357 (3.4) 423 (3.5) 480 (3.5) m m m
521 (2.9) 576 (2.5) 623 (3.3) -25 (5.5) -31
377 (5.1) 430 (3.8) 480 (5.0) 87 (23.6) 36
301 (13.6) 440 (4.2) 509 (3.5) -80 (14.7) -21
383 (2.0) 437 (2.4) 493 (3.3) m m m
347 (1.8) 396 (1.7) 443 (2.4) m m m
358 (4.2) 436 (4.7) 504 (4.4) m m m
533 (2.0) 594 (1.9) 642 (2.2) 20 (4.4) 28
397 (3.1) 468 (3.4) 523 (4.0) m m m
456 (2.6) 531 (3.1) 592 (3.0) m m m
421 (3.5) 488 (3.5) 543 (3.9) m m m
407 (1.6) 467 (2.2) 520 (2.3) 17 (4.2) 14
323 (3.5) 392 (4.1) 447 (4.0) m m m
404 (1.9) 471 (2.4) 530 (2.9) m m m
241 (16.8) 368 (4.3) 440 (5.7) m m m
362 (5.1) 435 (4.3) 495 (4.7) m m m
307 (3.3) 372 (3.7) 437 (5.9) m m m
403 (1.5) 483 (1.7) 552 (2.0) 73 (4.0) 95
379 (6.3) 462 (6.3) 527 (6.1) 5 (17.2) 13
470 (4.1) 531 (3.4) 583 (3.7) 19 (8.4) 7
365 (4.2) 428 (3.7) 481 (3.6) m m m
422 (4.0) 494 (3.6) 555 (3.6) 9 (6.7) 12
554 (2.2) 618 (2.0) 668 (1.9) m m m
510 (4.0) 581 (3.8) 637 (4.3) -30 (6.8) -21
381 (4.2) 456 (4.5) 518 (5.2) 1 (6.5) 8
451 (4.6) 522 (3.8) 581 (4.3) m m m
417 (4.2) 499 (3.9) 567 (3.3) m m m
391 (5.4) 466 (4.5) 527 (3.8) 20 (9.1) 4
499 (8.5) 571 (5.0) 626 (4.5) m m m
(4.9) -21 (5.3) -16 (6.0) -17 (5.4) -20 (6.0)

(7.0) -22 (6.2) m m m m m m
(5.0) -12 (4.8) -12 (5.8) -13 (5.2) -10 (5.4)
(5.0) -12 (4.9) -9 (5.3) -5 (5.1) -2 (4.9)
(7.6) 1 (7.6) 0 (6.7) 2 (6.2) 3 (6.3)
(9.0) 27 (7.5) 23 (17.5) 13 (7.8) 18 (6.9)
(6.3) -23 (6.3) -2 (7.0) -3 (6.2) -3 (6.5)
(6.3) -5 (6.4) -4 (6.7) -4 (5.9) -6 (6.1)
(5.2) 3 (5.6) 4 (6.1) 7 (5.3) 9 (5.7)
(5.1) -27 (5.2) -28 (6.4) -24 (5.5) -20 (5.7)
(6.0) -8 (5.8) -9 (6.6) -8 (6.1) -8 (6.6)
(6.1) -6 (5.6) -4 (6.8) -9 (6.2) -8 (5.7)
(6.4) -25 (6.4) -16 (7.6) -20 (6.7) -24 (6.1)
(6.0) -13 (5.9) -23 (8.0) -14 (6.3) -7 (6.1)
(5.1) -22 (5.4) -25 (5.2) -22 (5.2) -22 (5.4)
(5.7) -19 (6.2) -11 (6.3) -15 (5.8) -16 (6.4)
(8.0) 10 (7.4) -6 (9.4) 8 (7.0) 15 (6.9)
(5.7) -19 (5.8) -25 (5.7) -27 (5.4) -28 (5.5)
(5.7) -8 (5.7) -18 (6.3) -16 (5.8) -14 (6.0)
(5.8) 6 (6.5) -21 (6.3) -8 (5.6) 1 (6.4)
(5.5) 1 (5.6) 2 (7.0) 2 (5.8) 5 (5.9)
(5.5) -7 (5.9) 8 (5.8) 6 (5.0) 6 (5.2)
(4.9) -10 (5.3) -14 (4.4) -10 (4.8) -10 (5.1)
(6.0) 14 (6.2) 22 (7.3) 8 (5.7) 5 (6.2)
(5.9) -13 (5.9) -21 (9.9) -14 (7.6) -10 (7.1)
(5.5) -23 (6.1) -23 (5.9) -24 (5.5) -26 (5.8)
(5.3) 2 (5.6) -8 (5.7) -2 (5.6) 1 (6.0)
(5.7) 13 (6.1) -2 (6.0) 4 (5.8) 8 (6.0)
(6.2) 26 (6.0) 3 (7.4) 9 (6.3) 10 (6.4)
(6.5) -26 (6.3) -41 (7.3) -32 (6.4) -28 (6.5)
(4.6) -21 (5.4) 4 (4.6) -6 (4.9) -9 (5.7)
(5.0) -2 (5.0) -5 (5.1) -1 (4.6) 2 (4.8)
(6.3) -5 (5.5) -7 (7.7) 0 (6.5) -2 (6.0)
(6.5) -20 (6.8) -25 (8.3) -21 (6.8) -16 (7.0)
(6.5) 76 (9.4) 67 (7.4) 37 (5.9) 31 (7.1)
(5.5) -25 (5.6) -14 (6.6) -10 (5.9) -9 (6.1)
(7.9) 3 (7.2) 10 (8.8) 7 (7.7) 3 (7.7)
(3.6) -5 (3.6) -7 (3.7) -6 (3.7) -5 (3.7)
(3.6) -6 (3.6) m m m m m m
m m m 72 (10.6) 34 (7.2) 21 (8.0)

(9.7) 5 (9.3) 32 (12.2) 11 (8.5) 3 (8.6)
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
(6.9) 29 (8.2) 4 (8.0) 6 (6.4) 14 (7.2)
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
(10.9) -33 (10.4) -15 (11.8) -24 (9.6) -25 (9.0)
m m m 36 (22.8) -3 (7.6) -6 (7.6)
(5.7) -12 (5.7) -17 (6.7) -11 (6.2) -5 (6.7)
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
m m m 21 (6.7) 9 (6.1) 7 (6.5)
(5.1) -31 (5.9) -21 (5.8) -27 (5.4) -27 (5.9)
(9.3) 26 (12.3) 102 (27.3) 45 (7.7) 36 (8.7)
(6.7) -12 (6.8) -84 (14.8) -20 (6.8) -5 (6.5)
m m m -1 (5.9) -13 (6.1) -15 (7.1)
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
(4.3) 32 (4.5) 44 (4.5) 44 (4.5) 44 (4.8)
m m m 2 (6.3) 10 (6.0) 14 (6.6)
m m m 0 (5.3) -8 (5.7) -12 (5.5)
m m m 18 (6.4) 21 (6.1) 26 (6.5)
(4.5) 11 (5.0) 16 (4.4) 12 (4.5) 13 (5.4)
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
m m m 9 m -12 (12.2) -15 (10.3)
m m m 35 (10.3) 32 (8.1) 29 (8.6)
m m m m m m m m m
(4.2) 98 (4.9) 49 (4.2) 51 (4.3) 38 (4.6)
(11.2) 16 (9.9) 0 (8.8) 6 (8.3) 15 (8.1)
(6.9) -2 (6.9) 25 (7.5) 12 (6.1) 4 (6.5)
m m m m m m m m m
(6.3) 19 (6.0) 0 (6.5) 6 (5.8) 15 (5.9)
m m m 15 (4.8) 6 (4.5) -2 (5.0)
(6.1) -13 (6.1) -16 (6.2) 0 (6.2) 9 (7.0)
(6.3) 11 (7.1) -6 (6.3) 1 (6.5) 6 (7.6)
m m m m m m m m m
m m m -10 (6.4) 3 (6.1) 10 (6.0)
(6.5) -2 (6.0) 41 (9.4) 12 (7.0) 3 (6.5)
m m m m m m m m m
-12 (5.6) -13 (5.3) -17 (5.6) -10 (4.0) -9

-16 (7.8) -11 (6.3) -9 (6.5) 5 (6.4) 0
-11 (6.1) -8 (5.5) -6 (5.3) -1 (5.0) -5
-5 (5.8) 0 (5.5) 2 (5.5) -7 (4.5) -5
7 (7.2) 7 (6.5) 5 (6.4) 14 (6.1) 2
3 (12.2) 11 (7.4) 23 (7.2) -35 (8.1) -19
1 (7.4) 0 (6.4) 3 (6.1) 7 (6.5) 4
-11 (7.3) -7 (6.2) -8 (6.5) -10 (5.5) -8
-10 (6.1) -6 (5.5) -1 (5.8) -5 (5.0) -6
-23 (7.0) -18 (5.8) -18 (5.9) -10 (5.9) -9
-4 (6.0) -4 (5.8) -6 (6.3) -2 (4.3) -8
-15 (7.2) -12 (6.4) -7 (6.5) 2 (5.7) 0
-9 (7.3) -11 (6.4) -13 (6.3) 1 (7.5) -7
-2 (7.6) -2 (6.2) -4 (6.8) 4 (5.7) 2
-6 (5.6) -8 (6.0) -9 (6.4) 0 (4.2) 1
-20 (6.0) -24 (5.6) -24 (6.0) -5 (4.8) -7
-33 (10.5) -15 (8.4) -8 (8.1) -30 (8.8) -14
-28 (6.0) -29 (5.6) -29 (5.9) -2 (6.1) -11
-20 (6.5) -19 (6.2) -18 (6.7) -16 (4.8) -13
-21 (6.9) -8 (6.4) 1 (6.6) -2 (6.0) 1
-12 (6.3) -9 (5.8) -6 (5.9) -3 (4.0) -2
-10 (6.0) -7 (5.5) -3 (5.8) 10 (4.6) 6
-21 (4.9) -19 (5.2) -19 (5.5) -5 (2.9) -8
9 (7.3) 8 (5.7) 13 (6.2) 14 (8.0) 9
-35 (8.2) -17 (6.9) -10 (6.9) -11 (6.6) -5
-4 (5.9) -7 (5.6) -9 (5.9) -6 (5.3) -6
-4 (6.0) -3 (5.6) -4 (5.6) -7 (4.5) -6
-15 (6.2) -8 (6.5) -7 (7.3) 8 (5.2) 10
-2 (8.8) 6 (7.1) 6 (6.7) -9 (6.2) -10
-18 (7.8) -15 (6.6) -14 (7.1) -3 (6.4) -3
-1 (5.0) -7 (4.9) -9 (5.9) 2 (3.2) -7
-10 (5.2) -7 (4.8) -5 (4.9) -10 (3.7) -8
2 (8.1) 9 (6.9) 9 (6.4) -6 (8.2) -3
-27 (8.2) -17 (6.7) -11 (6.8) -23 (8.2) -21
13 (6.7) 14 (7.7) 10 (8.3) 48 (7.6) 48
-25 (6.6) -18 (6.1) -12 (6.4) -2 (5.8) -5
2 (9.5) 9 (7.7) 9 (7.4) 14 (8.4) 11
-10 (4.1) -7 (4.1) -5 (4.1) -3 (1.8) -3
-11 (4.1) -7 (4.1) -6 (4.1) -3 (1.8) -3
16 (8.0) 5 (6.3) -3 (6.2) -42 (6.0) -32

-7 (9.7) 0 (7.9) 8 (7.6) m m m
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
-16 (7.7) 0 (6.5) 16 (6.9) -17 (6.4) -6
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
-36 (10.6) -37 (8.7) -32 (8.6) -41 (10.5) -43
m m 6 (7.8) 2 (8.2) -9 (8.1) -2
-29 (6.9) -21 (7.1) -15 (7.5) -5 (5.6) -4
-9 (4.9) -2 (5.0) -1 (5.3) 4 (3.4) 6
m m m m m m 13 (5.9) 8
m m m m m m -20 (5.3) -30
-22 (6.4) -26 (5.8) -25 (6.3) 4 (4.7) 4
50 (10.9) 32 (7.5) 30 (8.4) 18 (7.6) 7
-69 (14.9) -4 (6.8) 10 (6.7) 4 (16.1) 19
-19 (6.2) -25 (6.1) -17 (6.8) m m m
m m m m m m 10 (3.4) -7
m m m m m m 38 (7.4) 27
31 (4.6) 31 (4.6) 32 (4.9) 14 (3.0) 16
5 (6.4) 11 (6.6) 12 (7.2) m m m
m m m m m m -6 (4.3) -15
m m m m m m 3 (4.9) 6
11 (4.6) 7 (5.0) 4 (5.5) 12 (2.7) 6
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m 29 (3.1) 36
m m m m m m m m m
29 (8.8) 33 (7.9) 37 (8.5) 3 (6.6) 8
m m m m m m m m m
36 (4.5) 36 (4.7) 27 (5.0) 2 (2.5) 3
-3 (8.3) 1 (8.6) 5 (8.8) -20 (8.0) -6
-7 (7.7) -8 (6.8) -8 (7.4) -10 (7.2) -10
m m m m m m m m m
7 (7.7) 7 (6.9) 8 (6.8) m m m
3 (5.2) -5 (4.9) -12 (5.4) -4 (3.3) -10
-19 (6.4) -1 (6.0) 11 (6.2) -30 (5.1) -22
-22 (6.5) -15 (6.9) -10 (7.9) 6 (5.7) 9
m m m m m m m m m
-4 (7.1) 1 (6.6) 5 (6.4) -1 (6.1) 2
21 (9.0) 11 (7.2) 7 (7.0) 7 (7.0) -2
70 (17.1) 31 (8.3) 28 (7.8) 33 (11.7) 25
ercentiles between 2015 and 2018 Average 3-year trend in percentiles of science performance
PISA 2018 - PISA 2015) across PISA assessments1
(3.4) -9 (3.9) -5 (1.4) -5 (1.3) -5 (1.4)

(4.9) -4 (4.9) -9 (2.1) -7 (1.8) -6 (1.6)
(3.9) -4 (3.6) -5 (1.4) -4 (1.3) -3 (1.3)
(4.1) -3 (4.1) -4 (1.4) -3 (1.3) -2 (1.4)
(5.4) -1 (5.2) 4 (1.8) 3 (1.8) 1 (1.8)
(5.4) -11 (5.5) 13 (5.2) 8 (2.1) 8 (1.8)
(5.0) 3 (4.7) -6 (1.7) -5 (1.5) -5 (1.6)
(4.5) -9 (5.0) 1 (1.8) 0 (1.6) -1 (1.5)
(4.2) -5 (4.3) 0 (1.5) 1 (1.4) 2 (1.5)
(4.5) -8 (4.5) -9 (1.5) -7 (1.4) -7 (1.4)
(4.3) -9 (4.4) -1 (1.6) -1 (1.5) -2 (1.4)
(4.7) -1 (4.7) -2 (1.7) -2 (1.5) -2 (1.4)
(5.7) -13 (5.7) -6 (2.0) -6 (1.6) -6 (1.5)
(4.8) 1 (5.0) -6 (1.8) -4 (1.5) -3 (1.5)
(4.0) 1 (4.7) -7 (1.4) -7 (1.3) -7 (1.3)
(4.2) -8 (4.4) -2 (1.5) -4 (1.5) -5 (1.6)
(6.5) -8 (6.0) 7 (2.3) 6 (1.8) 4 (1.8)
(5.1) -13 (5.1) -5 (1.6) -5 (1.4) -5 (1.4)
(4.7) -11 (5.5) -1 (1.6) -1 (1.5) -2 (1.4)
(5.0) 3 (5.3) -2 (1.5) -1 (1.5) 1 (1.6)
(3.6) -1 (3.7) 1 (1.6) 1 (1.4) 1 (1.4)
(4.2) 2 (4.8) -2 (1.5) -2 (1.4) -1 (1.5)
(3.4) -9 (4.0) -8 (1.2) -4 (1.2) -2 (1.2)
(5.1) 9 (5.6) 15 (3.5) 5 (1.5) 2 (1.5)
(4.9) -4 (4.7) -8 (2.0) -5 (1.5) -3 (1.4)
(4.5) -9 (5.0) -4 (1.6) -6 (1.5) -6 (1.5)
(4.2) -6 (4.6) -1 (1.5) 1 (1.4) 1 (1.5)
(4.9) 10 (5.6) 1 (1.4) 2 (1.5) 2 (1.5)
(5.0) -11 (4.8) 8 (1.9) 8 (1.5) 7 (1.5)
(5.2) -1 (5.2) -11 (1.7) -9 (1.6) -8 (1.5)
(3.3) -13 (4.4) 2 (1.2) -2 (1.3) -4 (1.4)
(3.5) -6 (3.7) 1 (1.4) 1 (1.3) 0 (1.3)
(6.5) -5 (5.9) -5 (2.0) -2 (1.6) -1 (1.5)
(6.0) -15 (5.6) -7 (1.8) -6 (1.6) -4 (1.8)
(6.4) 47 (6.8) m m 17 (1.6) 14 (2.1)
(4.9) -5 (4.8) -6 (1.5) -5 (1.4) -5 (1.5)
(6.8) 6 (6.1) 4 (2.1) 2 (1.9) 0 (1.8)
(1.7) -3 (1.7) m m -1 (1.1) -1 (1.1)
(1.7) -3 (1.7) m m -1 (1.1) -1 (1.1)
(5.9) -30 (6.2) 27 (3.4) 14 (2.4) 9 (2.7)

m m m 6 (2.9) 2 (2.1) 1 (2.1)
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
(5.5) -2 (6.3) 14 (2.7) 8 (1.7) 7 (1.9)
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
(8.4) -34 (7.6) -4 (2.7) -5 (2.5) -6 (2.3)
(5.9) -2 (6.7) m m 0 (2.8) -2 (2.8)
(4.7) -4 (5.0) -5 (1.5) -4 (1.5) -2 (1.5)
(3.3) 4 (3.9) -4 (2.4) -1 (2.5) 0 (2.6)
(5.6) 7 (6.8) 14 (5.6) 8 (5.4) 7 (6.8)
(5.2) -36 (5.4) 9 (2.5) 5 (2.3) 5 (2.4)
(4.0) 5 (4.5) -8 (1.5) -9 (1.3) -9 (1.4)
(5.6) 4 (6.6) 26 (5.5) 11 (2.1) 8 (2.7)
(5.6) 21 (5.0) -25 (3.2) -8 (1.6) -5 (1.7)
m m m -2 (1.9) -6 (2.0) -6 (2.4)
(3.1) -15 (4.2) 10 (3.3) -7 (3.2) -15 (3.9)
(7.1) 19 (7.3) 37 (7.3) 28 (7.3) 20 (7.3)
(3.1) 17 (3.3) 7 (1.2) 8 (1.2) 9 (1.3)
m m m 1 (2.3) 4 (2.2) 6 (2.5)
(4.5) -25 (4.6) 1 (1.9) -2 (2.1) -3 (2.0)
(4.8) 6 (5.3) 7 (2.5) 8 (2.3) 10 (2.5)
(3.2) 1 (3.7) 4 (1.2) 3 (1.2) 4 (1.4)
m m m m m m m m m
(3.5) 37 (4.4) 29 (3.5) 35 (4.1) 36 (4.7)
m m m 3 m -4 (4.1) -5 (3.4)
(5.9) 10 (6.3) 13 (3.3) 12 (2.8) 11 (2.7)
m m m m m m m m m
(2.9) 3 (3.2) 19 (1.1) 24 (1.2) 23 (1.3)
(7.6) 3 (8.0) 3 (3.6) 4 (2.4) 4 (2.3)
(5.7) -9 (5.6) 7 (2.0) 4 (1.6) 1 (1.7)
m m m m m m m m m
m m m 2 (1.6) 3 (1.5) 5 (1.6)
(3.1) -14 (3.4) 5 (1.8) 2 (1.7) -1 (1.9)
(5.4) -18 (6.2) -5 (1.6) -2 (1.5) 0 (1.5)
(5.9) 9 (7.0) -1 (1.6) 1 (1.5) 2 (1.7)
m m m m m m m m m
(5.7) 1 (4.9) -4 (2.6) 1 (2.6) 3 (2.5)
(5.9) -7 (5.5) 8 (2.2) 2 (1.6) 1 (1.6)
(7.1) 23 (7.1) 35 (8.5) 15 (4.2) 14 (3.9)

Table I.B1.37
Percentage of low achievers and top performers in reading, 2009 through 2018, adjusted for demographic changes
Adjusted percentage of students in PISA Adjusted percentage of students in

2009 2012

% S.E. % S.E. % S.E.
OECD
Australia 17.6 (0.7) 11.9 (0.8) 15.0 (0.5)
Belgium 18.4 (0.9) 10.9 (0.6) 16.5 (0.8)
Canada 11.6 (0.5) 12.3 (0.5) 12.4 (0.6)
Chile 31.3 (1.6) 1.3 (0.3) 34.0 (1.7)
Colombia 48.2 (2.0) 0.5 (0.2) 52.7 (1.7)
Czech Republic 23.1 (1.3) 5.1 (0.5) 16.8 (1.2)
Denmark 15.8 (0.9) 4.7 (0.5) 15.2 (1.1)
Estonia 13.6 (1.1) 6.1 (0.6) 9.4 (0.7)
Finland 9.0 (0.7) 14.0 (0.8) 12.3 (0.7)
France 20.5 (1.3) 9.4 (0.9) 18.7 (1.0)
Germany 20.3 (1.2) 6.9 (0.6) 15.4 (1.0)
Greece 21.7 (1.8) 5.6 (0.5) 22.8 (1.3)
Hungary 17.1 (1.4) 6.2 (0.7) 19.5 (1.2)
Iceland 17.7 (0.8) 8.3 (0.6) 20.7 (0.8)
Ireland 16.7 (1.1) 7.3 (0.7) 9.4 (0.9)
Israel 26.7 (1.2) 7.4 (0.6) 23.5 (1.6)
Italy 22.4 (0.7) 5.7 (0.3) 19.9 (0.7)
Japan 13.5 (1.1) 13.6 (0.9) 9.2 (0.9)
Korea 5.8 (0.9) 13.0 (1.1) 7.9 (0.9)
Latvia 17.9 (1.3) 2.9 (0.4) 16.9 (1.1)
Lithuania 24.3 (1.1) 2.9 (0.4) 21.4 (1.2)
Luxembourg 28.9 (0.6) 5.5 (0.4) 23.6 (0.8)
Mexico 42.1 (1.1) 0.4 (0.1) 43.1 (1.3)
Netherlands* 14.9 (1.6) 9.6 (1.0) 14.7 (1.3)
New Zealand 15.4 (0.9) 15.2 (0.8) 16.9 (0.8)
Norway 17.4 (1.0) 8.0 (0.9) 17.3 (1.1)
Poland 14.8 (0.8) 7.2 (0.6) 10.7 (0.8)
Portugal* 19.5 (1.3) 4.6 (0.5) 20.1 (1.5)
Slovak Republic 23.0 (1.3) 4.5 (0.5) 27.8 (1.8)
Slovenia 21.9 (0.6) 4.5 (0.5) 21.5 (0.7)
Spain** 20.2 (0.9) 3.3 (0.3) 19.4 (0.8)
Sweden 20.5 (1.2) 8.3 (0.7) 24.4 (1.2)
Switzerland 19.1 (1.0) 7.4 (0.7) 15.8 (0.9)
Turkey 24.1 (1.4) 1.9 (0.4) 21.6 (1.4)
United Kingdom 20.0 (1.0) 7.8 (0.6) 18.4 (1.6)
United States* 17.8 (1.1) 9.7 (0.9) 16.6 (1.3)
OECD average-35a 20.4 (0.2) 7.2 (0.1) 19.5 (0.2)
Partners
Albania 56.8 (1.9) 0.2 (0.1) 52.5 (1.3)
Argentina 53.1 (1.9) 1.0 (0.3) 54.8 (1.7)
Belarus m m m m m m
Brazil 50.4 (1.3) 1.3 (0.2) 51.4 (1.1)
Bulgaria 42.4 (2.6) 2.7 (0.5) 40.9 (2.3)
Costa Rica 34.0 (1.5) 0.7 (0.3) 33.6 (1.9)
Croatia 21.8 (1.3) 3.3 (0.4) 18.1 (1.3)
Cyprus m m m m m m
Georgia 63.1 (1.3) 0.3 (0.1) m m
Hong Kong (China)* 8.6 (0.7) 12.6 (0.8) 6.6 (0.7)
Indonesia 53.9 (2.3) 0.0 (0.0) 55.8 (2.2)
Jordan 48.4 (1.6) 0.2 (0.1) 51.1 (1.5)
Kazakhstan 59.1 (1.5) 0.4 (0.1) 56.9 (1.6)
Kosovo m m m m m m
Lebanon m m m m m m
Macao (China) 14.9 (0.6) 3.0 (0.3) 11.5 (0.4)
Malaysia 45.2 (1.6) 0.1 (0.1) 53.3 (1.7)
Malta 37.0 (0.8) 4.3 (0.4) m m
Moldova 58.4 (1.5) 0.1 (0.1) m m
Montenegro 49.8 (1.0) 0.6 (0.2) 43.6 (0.8)
Morocco m m m m m m
Panama 64.3 (2.6) 0.6 (0.2) m m
Peru 64.2 (1.7) 0.5 (0.2) 59.9 (1.9)
Qatar 58.4 (0.5) 2.4 (0.2) 54.9 (0.4)
Romania 41.7 (2.4) 0.6 (0.2) 42.9 (2.9)
Russia 27.0 (1.4) 3.2 (0.5) 22.1 (1.3)
Serbia 33.0 (1.3) 0.9 (0.2) 32.9 (1.7)
Singapore 12.4 (0.5) 16.1 (0.6) 9.7 (0.4)
Chinese Taipei 15.6 (0.9) 5.2 (0.9) 11.5 (0.9)
Thailand 43.6 (1.5) 0.3 (0.2) 33.7 (1.4)
Ukraine m m m m m m
Uruguay 43.6 (1.3) 1.6 (0.2) 48.8 (1.5)

Adjusted PISA results are obtained by re-weighting past PISA samples so that the demographic characteristics of these sam
Adjusted changes and trends represent estimates of how the performance of a population matching the demographic profile
for demographic changes
percentage of students in PISA Adjusted percentage of students in PISA Adjusted percentage of students in PISA
2012 2015 2018
% S.E. % S.E. % S.E. % S.E. %
11.8 (0.5) 19.5 (0.6) 10.6 (0.5) 19.6 (0.5) 13.0

5.3 (0.6) 23.0 (1.1) 7.1 (0.6) 23.6 (1.0) 7.4
11.6 (0.6) 19.4 (0.9) 9.4 (0.6) 21.3 (0.9) 9.5
12.5 (0.6) 11.0 (0.7) 13.8 (0.8) 13.7 (0.5) 15.0
0.6 (0.1) 29.2 (1.2) 2.2 (0.3) 31.7 (1.2) 2.6
0.3 (0.1) 43.6 (1.5) 1.0 (0.2) 49.9 (1.7) 0.9
6.2 (0.5) 22.0 (1.1) 7.9 (0.6) 20.7 (1.1) 8.2
5.3 (0.6) 15.2 (0.8) 6.4 (0.6) 16.0 (0.7) 8.4
8.2 (0.7) 10.6 (0.7) 11.1 (0.7) 11.1 (0.6) 13.9
13.2 (0.6) 11.7 (0.8) 13.5 (0.7) 13.5 (0.7) 14.2
12.9 (0.8) 21.4 (0.9) 12.5 (0.7) 20.9 (0.7) 9.2
8.5 (0.7) 17.6 (1.0) 11.0 (0.7) 20.7 (1.1) 11.3
5.1 (0.6) 27.2 (1.8) 4.0 (0.5) 30.5 (1.5) 3.7
5.7 (0.8) 27.2 (1.1) 4.3 (0.5) 25.3 (0.9) 5.7
5.9 (0.5) 22.5 (1.0) 6.5 (0.6) 26.4 (0.9) 7.1
11.4 (0.7) 10.1 (0.8) 10.9 (0.7) 11.8 (0.7) 12.1
9.7 (0.8) 27.3 (1.2) 9.0 (0.7) 31.1 (1.3) 10.4
6.6 (0.3) 21.3 (1.0) 5.5 (0.5) 23.3 (1.0) 5.3
18.8 (1.3) 12.8 (1.0) 10.8 (0.9) 16.8 (1.0) 10.3
14.1 (1.2) 13.8 (1.0) 12.7 (1.0) 15.1 (0.9) 13.1
4.2 (0.6) 17.6 (1.0) 4.4 (0.5) 22.4 (0.7) 4.8
3.3 (0.4) 24.9 (0.9) 4.5 (0.5) 24.4 (0.8) 5.0
8.7 (0.4) 26.2 (0.6) 8.1 (0.5) 29.3 (0.6) 7.6
0.4 (0.1) 43.7 (1.5) 0.3 (0.1) 44.7 (1.3) 0.8
9.6 (0.8) 18.5 (1.1) 10.6 (0.6) 24.1 (1.0) 9.1
13.7 (0.8) 17.1 (0.8) 13.8 (0.9) 19.0 (0.8) 13.1
10.0 (0.8) 15.0 (0.8) 12.1 (0.7) 19.3 (0.8) 11.3
10.0 (0.9) 14.4 (0.8) 8.3 (0.7) 14.7 (0.8) 12.2
5.6 (0.6) 17.8 (0.9) 7.3 (0.6) 20.2 (0.9) 7.3
4.4 (0.7) 31.5 (1.1) 3.5 (0.4) 31.4 (1.0) 4.6
5.0 (0.4) 15.5 (0.6) 8.8 (0.7) 17.9 (0.7) 7.8
5.3 (0.3) 16.4 (0.9) 5.4 (0.5) m m m
7.6 (0.6) 19.0 (1.2) 9.9 (0.8) 18.4 (1.0) 13.3
8.0 (0.6) 20.7 (1.1) 7.5 (0.6) 23.6 (1.1) 8.1
4.4 (0.9) 40.0 (2.0) 0.6 (0.2) 26.1 (1.0) 3.3
8.6 (0.8) 17.7 (0.9) 9.2 (0.6) 17.3 (0.9) 11.5
8.0 (0.7) 18.6 (1.1) 9.8 (0.7) 19.3 (1.1) 13.5
8.0 (0.1) 21.2 (0.2) 8.1 (0.1) 22.6 (0.2) 8.8
7.9 (0.1) 21.2 (0.2) 8.0 (0.1) 22.6 (0.2) 8.7
1.2 (0.2) 50.7 (1.9) 1.0 (0.2) 52.2 (1.1) 0.4

0.5 (0.1) m m m m 52.1 (1.3) 0.7
m m m m m m 60.4 (1.3) 0.1
m m m m m m 23.4 (1.0) 3.9
m m m m m m 53.7 (1.6) 0.2
0.5 (0.1) 50.3 (1.1) 1.5 (0.3) 50.0 (0.9) 1.8
m m m m m m 51.8 (0.6) 1.3
m m m m m m 5.2 (0.6) 21.7
4.2 (0.6) 42.3 (2.0) 3.5 (0.5) 47.1 (1.7) 2.3
0.5 (0.2) 40.9 (1.5) 0.7 (0.2) 42.0 (1.6) 0.6
4.6 (0.7) 19.6 (1.1) 6.0 (0.6) 21.6 (1.2) 4.7
m m 35.7 (0.9) 3.1 (0.4) 43.7 (0.7) 1.8
m m 72.2 (1.4) 0.1 (0.1) 79.1 (1.3) 0.1
m m 51.7 (1.3) 1.1 (0.2) 64.4 (1.1) 0.2
17.1 (1.2) 9.3 (0.8) 11.5 (0.9) 12.6 (0.8) 14.8
0.1 (0.1) 55.3 (1.7) 0.2 (0.1) 69.9 (1.4) 0.1
0.1 (0.1) 46.4 (1.4) 0.3 (0.1) 41.2 (1.4) 0.3
0.0 (0.0) m m m m 64.2 (0.7) 0.4
m m 76.7 (0.9) 0.0 c 78.7 (0.6) 0.0
m m 70.2 (1.7) 0.8 (0.3) 67.8 (1.5) 0.7
7.2 (0.4) 11.7 (0.5) 6.7 (0.5) 10.8 (0.5) 13.8
0.1 (0.1) m m m m 45.8 (1.4) 0.5
m m 35.4 (0.9) 5.8 (0.4) 35.9 (0.8) 5.3
m m 46.2 (1.1) 1.2 (0.2) 43.0 (1.1) 1.0
0.9 (0.2) 41.9 (0.7) 1.4 (0.3) 44.4 (0.7) 0.8
m m m m m m 73.3 (1.6) 0.0
m m 70.7 (0.7) 0.2 (0.1) 55.1 (0.7) 0.3
m m m m m m 64.3 (1.4) 0.2
0.5 (0.2) 54.2 (1.5) 0.3 (0.1) 54.3 (1.3) 0.8
m m m m m m 80.6 (1.4) 0.1
1.9 (0.2) 51.2 (0.5) 1.6 (0.2) 50.9 (0.4) 2.6
1.2 (0.3) 41.2 (2.9) 1.7 (0.5) 40.8 (2.2) 1.4
4.7 (0.6) 16.0 (1.2) 6.8 (0.6) 22.1 (1.2) 5.4
m m m m m m 52.4 (1.5) 0.1
2.3 (0.4) m m m m 37.7 (1.5) 2.5
21.7 (0.6) 10.9 (0.5) 18.7 (0.7) 11.2 (0.5) 25.8
11.9 (0.8) 17.3 (0.8) 7.0 (0.8) 17.8 (0.8) 10.9
0.8 (0.2) 50.5 (1.8) 0.3 (0.1) 59.5 (1.7) 0.2
m m m m m m 25.9 (1.4) 3.4
2.2 (0.3) 41.2 (1.2) 2.9 (0.3) 42.9 (0.8) 4.8
0.9 (0.3) 39.6 (1.1) 2.5 (0.4) 41.9 (1.3) 1.5
4.5 (0.8) 14.3 (1.5) 2.6 (0.7) m m m
of PISA 2009+.
characteristics of these samples match those of the PISA 2018 weighted sample, as in post-stratification (see Annex A3 for details). D
hing the demographic profile of the PISA 2018 population has changed over time.
e PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).
e of students in PISA Adjusted change between 2009 and 2018 Adjusted change between 2012 and 2018
18 (PISA 2018 - PISA 2009) (PISA 2018 - PISA 2012)
(0.5) 2.1 (1.2) 1.1 (1.2) 4.7 (1.1) 1.2 (1.1)

(0.5) m m m m 2.9 (1.8) 2.1 (0.9)
(0.5) 2.9 (1.6) -1.4 (0.9) 4.7 (1.6) -2.1 (1.0)
(0.6) 2.1 (0.9) 2.7 (1.3) 1.3 (1.0) 2.5 (1.4)
(0.3) 0.4 (2.8) 1.3 (0.4) -2.2 (3.0) 2.0 (0.3)
(0.2) 1.7 (3.4) 0.4 (0.2) -2.8 (3.5) 0.7 (0.2)
(0.5) -2.3 (2.0) 3.1 (0.9) 4.0 (2.0) 2.1 (0.9)
(0.5) 0.2 (1.4) 3.8 (0.9) 0.8 (1.6) 3.1 (1.0)
(0.7) -2.5 (1.3) 7.8 (1.2) 1.7 (1.1) 5.7 (1.3)
(0.7) 4.5 (1.1) 0.3 (1.5) 1.2 (1.1) 1.0 (1.6)
(0.7) 0.5 (1.7) -0.2 (1.3) 2.2 (1.5) -3.7 (1.3)
(0.7) 0.4 (1.7) 4.4 (1.1) 5.3 (1.6) 2.8 (1.2)
(0.5) 8.8 (2.8) -1.9 (0.7) 7.7 (2.6) -1.4 (0.8)
(0.5) 8.2 (2.1) -0.5 (0.9) 5.8 (2.1) 0.0 (1.0)
(0.6) 8.7 (1.6) -1.2 (0.8) 5.7 (1.8) 1.3 (0.8)
(0.7) -4.9 (1.4) 4.8 (1.4) 2.4 (1.3) 0.7 (1.5)
(0.7) 4.4 (1.9) 3.0 (1.0) 7.5 (2.2) 0.7 (1.2)
(0.5) 0.8 (1.8) -0.3 (0.7) 3.3 (1.9) -1.2 (0.7)
(0.7) 3.3 (1.7) -3.3 (1.2) 7.5 (1.6) -8.5 (1.6)
(0.9) 9.3 (1.3) 0.1 (1.6) 7.2 (1.4) -1.0 (1.7)
(0.4) 4.5 (2.1) 1.9 (0.7) 5.5 (2.1) 0.6 (0.8)
(0.4) 0.1 (1.8) 2.0 (0.6) 2.9 (1.9) 1.7 (0.6)
(0.5) 0.4 (1.3) 2.1 (0.7) 5.7 (1.5) -1.1 (0.7)
(0.2) 2.6 (3.6) 0.4 (0.2) 1.6 (4.0) 0.4 (0.2)
(0.6) 9.2 (2.2) -0.5 (1.3) 9.4 (2.1) -0.5 (1.2)
(0.6) 3.6 (1.5) -2.1 (1.3) 2.1 (1.5) -0.6 (1.4)
(0.6) 1.9 (1.4) 3.3 (1.2) 2.0 (1.5) 1.3 (1.1)
(0.8) -0.2 (1.4) 4.9 (1.3) 4.0 (1.4) 2.2 (1.6)
(0.6) 0.7 (1.9) 2.7 (0.9) 0.1 (2.1) 1.6 (1.0)
(0.4) 8.4 (2.4) 0.1 (0.7) 3.6 (2.8) 0.3 (0.8)
(0.5) -4.0 (1.2) 3.3 (0.8) -3.6 (1.3) 2.7 (0.8)
m m m m m m m m m
(0.7) -2.1 (1.7) 4.9 (1.4) -6.0 (1.8) 5.6 (1.5)
(0.7) 4.6 (1.7) 0.7 (1.1) 7.9 (1.7) 0.1 (1.0)
(0.5) 2.0 (2.6) 1.4 (0.6) 4.5 (2.8) -1.0 (1.0)
(0.8) -2.7 (1.6) 3.7 (1.1) -1.1 (2.1) 2.8 (1.2)
(0.9) 1.4 (1.7) 3.8 (1.5) 2.7 (1.8) 5.6 (1.4)
(0.1) 2.3 (1.1) 1.6 (0.5) 3.1 (1.2) 0.8 (0.6)
(0.1) m m m m 3.1 (1.2) 0.8 (0.6)
(0.1) -4.6 (4.0) 0.2 (0.2) -0.3 (4.2) -0.8 (0.3)

(0.2) -1.0 (3.2) -0.3 (0.3) -2.6 (3.2) 0.2 (0.2)
(0.1) m m m m m m m m
(0.4) m m m m m m m m
(0.1) m m m m m m m m
(0.2) -0.4 (2.4) 0.5 (0.3) -1.4 (2.4) 1.3 (0.3)
(0.2) m m m m m m m m
(1.1) m m m m m m m m
(0.4) 4.7 (3.6) -0.3 (0.6) 6.2 (3.4) -1.8 (0.7)
(0.2) 8.0 (3.8) -0.1 (0.3) 8.3 (4.3) 0.1 (0.2)
(0.5) -0.2 (2.1) 1.4 (0.7) 3.5 (2.2) 0.1 (0.9)
(0.2) m m m m m m m m
(0.1) m m m m m m m m
(0.1) 1.3 (2.9) -0.1 (0.1) m m m m
(0.7) 4.0 (1.1) 2.2 (1.4) 6.0 (1.1) -2.2 (1.7)
(0.0) 16.0 (3.7) 0.0 (0.0) 14.1 (3.9) 0.0 (0.1)
(0.1) -7.2 (3.8) 0.0 (0.1) -9.9 (4.1) 0.1 (0.1)
(0.1) 5.1 (3.5) 0.0 (0.1) 7.2 (3.9) 0.4 (0.1)
(0.0) m m m m m m m m
(0.2) m m m m m m m m
(0.6) -4.1 (0.9) 10.8 (1.0) -0.6 (0.9) 6.6 (1.1)
(0.2) 0.6 (3.7) 0.4 (0.2) -7.5 (4.0) 0.4 (0.2)
(0.5) -1.1 (1.6) 1.1 (0.7) m m m m
(0.3) -15.4 (2.9) 0.9 (0.3) m m m m
(0.2) -5.4 (3.0) 0.2 (0.3) 0.8 (3.2) -0.2 (0.3)
(0.0) m m m m m m m m
(0.2) m m m m m m m m
(0.1) 0.0 (3.6) -0.4 (0.3) m m m m
(0.2) -9.9 (2.9) 0.3 (0.3) -5.6 (3.2) 0.3 (0.3)
(0.0) m m m m m m m m
(0.2) -7.5 (1.7) 0.2 (0.3) -4.0 (1.9) 0.7 (0.2)
(0.3) -0.8 (3.7) 0.9 (0.4) -2.0 (4.2) 0.2 (0.4)
(0.5) -4.9 (2.2) 2.2 (0.8) 0.0 (2.3) 0.7 (0.8)
(0.1) m m m m m m m m
(0.3) 4.7 (2.7) 1.7 (0.4) 4.8 (3.0) 0.3 (0.5)
(0.7) -1.1 (0.8) 9.7 (1.9) 1.6 (0.7) 4.1 (2.0)
(0.8) 2.2 (1.4) 5.7 (1.4) 6.3 (1.5) -1.0 (1.4)
(0.1) 15.9 (3.7) -0.1 (0.2) 25.8 (3.9) -0.6 (0.2)
(0.5) m m m m m m m m
(0.3) 4.7 (2.0) 2.1 (0.5) 6.9 (2.1) 2.6 (0.4)
(0.3) -1.8 (2.9) -0.1 (0.3) -6.9 (3.2) 0.7 (0.4)
m m m m m m m m m
on (see Annex A3 for details). Demographic characteristics considered are: students' age (in three-month increments), gender, and imm
Adjusted change between 2015 and 2018
(PISA 2018 - PISA 2015)
Below Level 2 Level 5 or above

(less than 407.47 (at or above 625.61
% dif. S.E. % dif. S.E.
0.2 (1.3) 2.5 (1.1)

0.6 (1.8) 0.3 (0.9)
1.9 (1.7) 0.2 (1.0)
2.7 (1.1) 1.2 (1.6)
2.6 (2.9) 0.4 (0.4)
6.3 (3.6) 0.0 (0.2)
-1.2 (2.0) 0.3 (0.9)
0.8 (1.5) 2.0 (1.1)
0.5 (1.1) 2.8 (1.4)
1.8 (1.2) 0.7 (1.7)
-0.5 (1.5) -3.3 (1.2)
3.1 (1.7) 0.3 (1.3)
3.3 (3.0) -0.4 (0.7)
-2.0 (2.1) 1.4 (0.8)
3.9 (2.0) 0.6 (0.9)
1.7 (1.3) 1.2 (1.5)
3.8 (2.0) 1.4 (1.1)
2.0 (2.2) -0.2 (0.8)
4.0 (1.7) -0.6 (1.3)
1.4 (1.5) 0.5 (1.6)
4.8 (2.1) 0.5 (0.7)
-0.5 (1.8) 0.5 (0.7)
3.0 (1.5) -0.5 (0.8)
1.0 (4.4) 0.5 (0.2)
5.6 (2.1) -1.6 (1.1)
1.9 (1.6) -0.7 (1.6)
4.3 (1.4) -0.8 (1.1)
0.3 (1.5) 3.9 (1.5)
2.5 (1.8) 0.0 (1.0)
-0.1 (2.6) 1.1 (0.6)
2.4 (1.3) -1.1 (0.9)
m m m m
-0.6 (1.8) 3.4 (1.7)
2.9 (1.9) 0.6 (1.1)
-13.9 (3.3) 2.7 (0.6)
-0.4 (1.7) 2.3 (1.2)
0.7 (1.8) 3.8 (1.5)
1.4 (1.3) 0.7 (0.6)
1.4 (1.3) 0.7 (0.6)
1.5 (4.8) -0.6 (0.3)

m m m m
m m m m
m m m m
m m m m
-0.4 (2.6) 0.3 (0.4)
m m m m
m m m m
4.8 (3.4) -1.1 (0.6)
1.1 (4.4) 0.0 (0.2)
1.9 (2.2) -1.3 (0.8)
8.0 (2.5) -1.3 (0.4)
6.8 (2.4) 0.0 (0.1)
12.7 (3.4) -0.9 (0.2)
3.3 (1.2) 3.3 (1.6)
14.6 (3.8) -0.1 (0.1)
-5.1 (4.3) 0.0 (0.1)
m m m m
2.1 (2.9) 0.0 (0.0)
-2.5 (2.5) -0.1 (0.3)
-0.9 (0.9) 7.1 (1.3)
m m m m
0.5 (1.9) -0.5 (0.7)
-3.2 (3.2) -0.2 (0.4)
2.5 (3.5) -0.6 (0.4)
m m m m
-15.6 (2.9) 0.2 (0.2)
m m m m
0.1 (3.2) 0.5 (0.2)
m m m m
-0.3 (2.1) 1.0 (0.2)
-0.4 (4.3) -0.2 (0.6)
6.1 (2.3) -1.3 (0.8)
m m m m
m m m m
0.4 (0.8) 7.1 (2.2)
0.5 (1.5) 3.9 (1.4)
9.0 (4.4) -0.1 (0.1)
m m m m
1.8 (2.2) 1.9 (0.5)
2.3 (3.3) -0.9 (0.5)
m m m m
h increments), gender, and immigrant background.

Table I.B1.38
Percentage of low achievers and top performers in mathematics, 2012 through 2018, adjusted for demographic cha

2012 2015

% S.E. % S.E. % S.E.
OECD
Australia 20.6 (0.6) 14.8 (0.7) 23.3 (0.7)
Austria 20.0 (1.0) 13.7 (0.9) 22.2 (1.1)
Belgium 19.6 (0.9) 19.1 (0.8) 19.9 (1.0)
Canada 15.3 (0.6) 16.0 (0.7) 14.6 (0.7)
Chile 51.8 (1.7) 1.6 (0.2) 50.3 (1.3)
Colombia 74.3 (1.4) 0.3 (0.1) 66.7 (1.2)
Czech Republic 21.0 (1.2) 13.1 (0.8) 21.7 (1.1)
Denmark 17.6 (1.0) 9.7 (0.6) 13.8 (0.9)
Estonia 10.9 (0.7) 14.5 (0.8) 11.1 (0.7)
Finland 13.4 (0.7) 14.8 (0.7) 14.2 (0.9)
France 21.8 (0.8) 13.2 (0.8) 23.4 (0.9)
Germany 18.6 (1.1) 17.0 (0.9) 18.3 (1.1)
Greece 36.0 (1.4) 3.8 (0.4) 35.9 (1.8)
Hungary 27.6 (1.4) 9.6 (1.2) 27.7 (1.1)
Iceland 21.3 (0.8) 11.2 (0.7) 23.7 (1.1)
Ireland 16.8 (1.0) 10.6 (0.6) 14.9 (0.9)
Israel 34.0 (1.6) 9.1 (1.0) 32.9 (1.3)
Italy 25.1 (0.8) 9.8 (0.6) 23.5 (1.1)
Japan 10.9 (1.0) 23.5 (1.5) 10.7 (0.8)
Korea 9.4 (1.0) 30.7 (1.8) 15.5 (1.1)
Latvia 20.1 (1.1) 7.9 (0.8) 21.5 (1.0)
Lithuania 26.2 (1.2) 8.1 (0.6) 25.2 (1.1)
Luxembourg 25.9 (0.6) 10.9 (0.5) 26.3 (0.7)
Mexico 56.6 (1.1) 0.6 (0.1) 59.5 (1.4)
Netherlands* 15.6 (1.4) 18.9 (1.2) 17.3 (0.9)
New Zealand 23.5 (0.8) 14.6 (0.9) 21.3 (1.0)
Norway 23.4 (1.1) 9.1 (0.7) 17.2 (0.8)
Poland 14.5 (0.9) 16.9 (1.4) 17.2 (1.0)
Portugal* 26.0 (1.6) 10.4 (0.8) 24.8 (1.0)
Slovak Republic 27.5 (1.3) 10.8 (0.9) 27.3 (1.2)
Slovenia 20.6 (0.7) 13.6 (0.6) 16.6 (0.6)
Spain** 24.5 (0.9) 7.7 (0.4) 22.4 (1.0)
Sweden 28.9 (1.2) 7.6 (0.5) 21.6 (1.3)
Switzerland 14.2 (0.8) 19.5 (1.1) 16.5 (1.1)
Turkey 42.0 (1.9) 5.8 (1.1) 51.3 (2.2)
United Kingdom 23.6 (1.6) 11.6 (0.9) 22.1 (1.1)
United States* 25.8 (1.4) 8.9 (0.8) 28.8 (1.4)
OECD average-36b 25.1 (0.2) 11.8 (0.1) 25.0 (0.2)
OECD average-37 25.0 (0.2) 11.9 (0.1) 24.9 (0.2)
Partners
Albania 60.8 (1.0) 0.8 (0.2) 53.1 (2.0)
Argentina 67.6 (2.0) 0.3 (0.1) m m
Belarus m m m m m m
Brazil 68.3 (1.0) 0.7 (0.2) 69.6 (1.2)
Bulgaria 45.0 (1.8) 3.9 (0.6) 42.9 (1.8)
Costa Rica 60.7 (2.0) 0.5 (0.2) 62.8 (1.5)
Croatia 29.6 (1.4) 7.2 (1.2) 31.5 (1.4)
Dominican Republic m m m m 90.5 (1.0)
Georgia m m m m 57.4 (1.2)
Hong Kong (China)* 8.5 (0.8) 33.5 (1.3) 9.1 (0.8)
Indonesia 76.1 (2.0) 0.3 (0.2) 68.5 (1.7)
Jordan 68.7 (1.5) 0.5 (0.4) 67.7 (1.3)
Kazakhstan 45.2 (1.8) 0.9 (0.3) m m
Kosovo m m m m 77.7 (1.0)
Lebanon m m m m 60.1 (1.7)
Macao (China) 10.9 (0.5) 24.5 (0.6) 6.7 (0.5)
Malaysia 52.4 (1.7) 1.3 (0.3) m m
Malta m m m m 28.8 (0.8)
Moldova m m m m 50.3 (1.3)
Montenegro 56.5 (1.0) 1.0 (0.2) 51.9 (1.0)
Morocco m m m m m m
North Macedonia m m m m 70.3 (0.8)
Panama m m m m m m
Peru 74.2 (1.8) 0.6 (0.2) 66.3 (1.4)
Qatar 67.3 (0.5) 2.3 (0.2) 58.4 (0.7)
Romania 43.4 (2.7) 2.4 (0.5) 41.8 (2.9)
Russia 23.9 (1.1) 8.0 (0.9) 18.7 (1.2)
Serbia 38.5 (1.5) 4.7 (0.7) m m
Singapore 7.9 (0.5) 40.7 (0.7) 7.3 (0.4)
Chinese Taipei 12.7 (0.8) 37.7 (1.3) 12.9 (0.7)
Thailand 50.0 (1.8) 2.6 (0.5) 53.4 (1.6)
Ukraine m m m m m m
Uruguay 57.0 (1.3) 1.3 (0.3) 52.8 (1.3)
Viet Nam 14.5 (1.7) 13.2 (1.5) 19.6 (1.8)

considered are: students' age (in three-month increments), gender, and immigrant background. Adjusted changes and trend
over time.
usted for demographic changes
percentage of students in PISA Adjusted percentage of students in PISA Adjusted change between 2012 and 2018
2015 2018 (PISA 2018 - PISA 2012)
% S.E. % S.E. % S.E. % dif. S.E. % dif.
10.9 (0.6) 22.4 (0.7) 10.5 (0.5) 1.9 (1.4) -4.3

12.2 (0.9) 21.1 (1.2) 12.6 (0.8) 1.1 (1.8) -1.1
15.8 (0.7) 19.7 (0.9) 15.7 (0.9) 0.1 (1.5) -3.4
15.0 (0.8) 16.3 (0.7) 15.3 (0.7) 0.9 (1.3) -0.7
1.4 (0.2) 51.9 (1.3) 1.2 (0.2) 0.1 (3.6) -0.4
0.3 (0.1) 65.4 (1.6) 0.5 (0.1) -8.9 (3.5) 0.2
10.5 (0.8) 20.4 (1.1) 12.7 (0.7) -0.6 (2.0) -0.4
11.5 (0.7) 14.6 (0.6) 11.6 (0.7) -3.0 (1.4) 1.9
14.3 (0.8) 10.2 (0.6) 15.5 (0.8) -0.6 (1.2) 0.9
11.4 (0.7) 15.0 (0.7) 11.1 (0.6) 1.6 (1.4) -3.7
11.5 (0.7) 21.3 (0.8) 11.0 (0.8) -0.6 (1.4) -2.1
12.4 (0.8) 21.1 (1.1) 13.3 (0.8) 2.5 (1.7) -3.7
3.9 (0.5) 35.8 (1.5) 3.7 (0.5) -0.1 (2.7) -0.1
8.3 (0.6) 25.6 (1.0) 8.0 (0.7) -2.0 (2.3) -1.6
10.3 (0.8) 20.7 (1.0) 10.4 (0.6) -0.6 (1.6) -0.8
9.9 (0.6) 15.7 (0.8) 8.2 (0.7) -1.1 (1.7) -2.3
8.6 (0.9) 34.1 (1.4) 8.8 (0.6) 0.1 (2.3) -0.3
10.4 (0.8) 23.8 (1.1) 9.5 (0.8) -1.2 (1.9) -0.3
20.3 (1.2) 11.5 (0.8) 18.3 (1.1) 0.5 (1.3) -5.2
20.9 (1.3) 15.0 (0.9) 21.4 (1.1) 5.6 (1.4) -9.3
5.1 (0.4) 17.3 (1.0) 8.5 (0.6) -2.8 (1.9) 0.6
7.0 (0.7) 25.6 (0.9) 8.4 (0.5) -0.5 (2.0) 0.4
9.8 (0.5) 27.2 (0.7) 10.8 (0.6) 1.3 (1.5) -0.1
0.3 (0.1) 56.2 (1.4) 0.5 (0.1) -0.4 (3.3) -0.1
15.2 (0.8) 15.8 (1.1) 18.4 (1.0) 0.1 (1.8) -0.5
11.5 (0.7) 21.8 (0.8) 11.6 (0.5) -1.7 (1.7) -3.1
10.5 (0.7) 18.9 (0.8) 12.2 (0.7) -4.6 (1.6) 3.1
12.3 (0.9) 14.7 (0.8) 15.8 (1.0) 0.3 (1.4) -1.2
11.0 (0.7) 23.3 (1.0) 11.6 (0.7) -2.7 (2.1) 1.2
7.9 (0.7) 25.1 (1.1) 10.7 (0.7) -2.4 (1.9) 0.0
13.3 (0.7) 16.4 (0.6) 13.6 (0.7) -4.1 (1.1) 0.0
7.2 (0.6) 24.7 (0.6) 7.3 (0.4) 0.2 (1.8) -0.5
10.2 (0.9) 18.8 (1.0) 12.6 (0.8) -10.1 (1.8) 5.0
18.7 (1.0) 16.8 (0.9) 17.0 (1.0) 2.6 (1.4) -2.5
1.1 (0.4) 36.7 (1.1) 4.8 (0.6) -5.4 (3.4) -1.1
10.5 (0.7) 19.2 (0.9) 12.9 (0.8) -4.4 (2.1) 1.3
6.1 (0.7) 27.1 (1.4) 8.3 (0.8) 1.3 (2.4) -0.6
10.1 (0.1) 24.1 (0.2) 10.9 (0.1) -1.1 (1.1) -0.9
10.2 (0.1) 24.0 (0.2) 10.9 (0.1) -1.0 (1.1) -0.9
1.1 (0.2) 42.4 (1.4) 2.3 (0.3) -18.4 (3.2) 1.5

m m 69.0 (1.3) 0.3 (0.1) 1.4 (2.9) 0.1
m m 50.7 (1.3) 2.0 (0.3) m m m
m m 29.4 (1.1) 7.3 (0.6) m m m
m m 57.6 (1.6) 0.8 (0.2) m m m
0.9 (0.2) 68.1 (1.0) 0.9 (0.2) -0.2 (2.0) 0.2
m m 47.9 (0.7) 3.0 (0.3) m m m
m m 2.4 (0.4) 44.3 (1.3) m m m
4.3 (0.6) 44.4 (1.7) 4.2 (0.6) -0.6 (3.0) 0.3
0.3 (0.1) 60.0 (1.9) 0.3 (0.1) -0.7 (4.0) -0.2
5.8 (0.6) 31.2 (1.3) 5.1 (0.5) 1.6 (2.7) -2.1
3.3 (0.4) 36.9 (0.7) 4.4 (0.4) m m m
0.0 (0.0) 90.6 (1.0) 0.0 (0.0) m m m
1.5 (0.4) 61.1 (1.3) 1.0 (0.3) m m m
26.4 (1.1) 9.2 (0.8) 29.0 (1.1) 0.7 (1.2) -4.5
0.7 (0.2) 71.9 (1.5) 0.5 (0.2) -4.2 (3.5) 0.2
0.3 (0.1) 59.3 (1.6) 0.7 (0.2) -9.4 (3.5) 0.2
m m 49.1 (0.9) 1.9 (0.2) 3.9 (3.3) 1.0
0.0 (0.0) 76.6 (0.9) 0.1 (0.1) m m m
2.0 (0.3) 59.8 (1.7) 2.0 (0.3) m m m
21.9 (0.6) 5.0 (0.5) 27.6 (0.8) -5.9 (0.7) 3.2
m m 41.5 (1.4) 2.5 (0.4) -10.9 (3.6) 1.1
12.2 (0.7) 30.2 (1.0) 8.5 (0.7) m m m
1.8 (0.3) 50.3 (1.1) 2.4 (0.4) m m m
1.5 (0.2) 46.2 (0.8) 1.8 (0.2) -10.3 (2.7) 0.7
m m 75.6 (1.6) 0.1 (0.1) m m m
0.8 (0.2) 61.0 (0.9) 1.1 (0.2) m m m
m m 81.2 (1.3) 0.1 (0.1) m m m
0.4 (0.1) 60.3 (1.3) 0.9 (0.2) -13.9 (3.2) 0.2
m m 80.7 (1.6) 0.1 (0.1) m m m
2.2 (0.2) 53.7 (0.6) 2.9 (0.2) -13.6 (1.9) 0.7
3.0 (0.9) 46.6 (2.3) 3.2 (0.6) 3.1 (3.9) 0.8
9.0 (0.8) 21.6 (1.3) 8.1 (0.7) -2.3 (2.2) 0.1
m m 72.7 (1.5) 0.2 (0.1) m m m
m m 39.7 (1.4) 5.2 (0.4) 1.3 (2.5) 0.5
35.4 (0.8) 7.1 (0.4) 36.9 (0.8) -0.8 (0.7) -3.8
28.2 (1.3) 14.0 (0.8) 23.2 (1.1) 1.2 (1.2) -14.5
1.5 (0.4) 52.7 (1.7) 2.3 (0.4) 2.7 (3.3) -0.3
m m 35.9 (1.6) 5.0 (0.6) m m m
3.5 (0.3) 45.5 (0.9) 5.4 (0.3) -1.0 (2.2) 2.0
1.7 (0.4) 50.7 (1.5) 1.0 (0.3) -6.3 (3.0) -0.3
9.2 (1.3) m m m m m m m
c characteristics of these samples match those of the PISA 2018 weighted sample, as in post-stratification (see Annex A3 for details). D
Adjusted changes and trends represent estimates of how the performance of a population matching the demographic profile of the PIS
ween 2012 and 2018 Adjusted change between 2015 and 2018
- PISA 2012) (PISA 2018 - PISA 2015)
Level 5 or above Below Level 2 Level 5 or above

(at or above 606.99 (less than 420.07 (at or above 606.99
S.E. % dif. S.E. % dif. S.E.
(1.0) -0.9 (1.1) -0.4 (0.9)

(1.4) -1.1 (1.7) 0.4 (1.2)
(1.5) -0.3 (1.4) -0.1 (1.2)
(1.4) 1.7 (1.1) 0.4 (1.2)
(0.3) 1.7 (2.3) -0.1 (0.3)
(0.2) -1.3 (2.4) 0.2 (0.2)
(1.3) -1.4 (1.6) 2.2 (1.1)
(1.2) 0.8 (1.1) 0.1 (1.1)
(1.6) -0.9 (1.1) 1.2 (1.2)
(1.2) 0.7 (1.2) -0.3 (1.0)
(1.3) -2.1 (1.3) -0.5 (1.1)
(1.5) 2.8 (1.6) 0.9 (1.2)
(0.7) 0.0 (2.5) -0.1 (0.7)
(1.4) -2.0 (1.7) -0.3 (1.0)
(1.2) -3.0 (1.5) 0.1 (1.1)
(1.0) 0.7 (1.4) -1.7 (0.9)
(1.2) 1.2 (2.0) 0.2 (1.1)
(1.1) 0.3 (1.7) -0.8 (1.2)
(2.2) 0.8 (1.1) -1.9 (1.8)
(2.5) -0.5 (1.4) 0.5 (1.9)
(1.1) -4.2 (1.5) 3.4 (0.8)
(0.9) 0.4 (1.6) 1.4 (0.9)
(0.9) 1.0 (1.2) 1.0 (0.8)
(0.2) -3.3 (2.4) 0.2 (0.2)
(1.9) -1.5 (1.4) 3.2 (1.4)
(1.2) 0.4 (1.4) 0.1 (1.0)
(1.2) 1.6 (1.2) 1.6 (1.0)
(1.9) -2.5 (1.3) 3.5 (1.4)
(1.2) -1.5 (1.5) 0.6 (1.1)
(1.3) -2.2 (1.7) 2.9 (1.0)
(1.2) -0.1 (0.9) 0.3 (1.1)
(0.7) 2.3 (1.4) 0.1 (0.8)
(1.1) -2.8 (1.7) 2.4 (1.2)
(1.7) 0.4 (1.5) -1.8 (1.5)
(1.3) -14.7 (2.7) 3.6 (0.7)
(1.3) -2.9 (1.5) 2.4 (1.1)
(1.2) -1.7 (2.1) 2.2 (1.1)
(0.6) -0.9 (0.6) 0.7 (0.3)
(0.6) -0.9 (0.6) 0.7 (0.3)
(0.3) -10.7 (2.7) 1.2 (0.4)

(0.1) m m m m
m m m m m
m m m m m
m m m m m
(0.3) -1.5 (1.7) 0.0 (0.3)
m m m m m
m m m m m
(0.9) 1.6 (2.6) -0.1 (0.9)
(0.2) -2.8 (2.8) 0.0 (0.2)
(1.3) -0.4 (2.1) -0.6 (0.8)
m -5.6 (1.3) 1.1 (0.6)
m 0.1 (1.4) 0.0 (0.0)
m 3.7 (2.0) -0.5 (0.5)
(2.3) 0.1 (1.1) 2.5 (1.7)
(0.2) 3.4 (2.6) -0.2 (0.3)
(0.5) -8.3 (2.5) 0.4 (0.2)
(0.3) m m m m
m -1.1 (1.7) 0.1 (0.1)
m -0.3 (2.5) 0.1 (0.4)
(2.9) -1.7 (0.7) 5.8 (1.7)
(0.5) m m m m
m 1.5 (1.4) -3.7 (1.0)
m 0.1 (1.9) 0.7 (0.5)
(0.3) -5.7 (1.7) 0.3 (0.3)
m m m m m
m -9.3 (1.6) 0.3 (0.3)
m m m m m
(0.3) -6.0 (2.2) 0.5 (0.2)
m m m m m
(0.3) -4.7 (1.3) 0.7 (0.3)
(0.8) 4.8 (3.8) 0.1 (1.1)
(1.2) 3.0 (1.8) -0.9 (1.1)
m m m m m
(0.9) m m m m
(2.4) -0.2 (0.6) 1.6 (1.6)
(2.2) 1.1 (1.1) -5.0 (1.8)
(0.6) -0.7 (2.6) 0.8 (0.5)
m m m m m
(0.5) -4.0 (1.7) 1.9 (0.5)
(0.4) -2.1 (2.3) -0.6 (0.5)
m m m m m
on (see Annex A3 for details). Demographic characteristics
e demographic profile of the PISA 2018 population has changed

Table I.B1.39
Percentage of low achievers and top performers in science, in 2015 and 2018, adjusted for demographic changes

2015 2018

% S.E. % S.E. % S.E.
OECD
Australia 19.0 (0.6) 10.7 (0.4) 18.9 (0.6)
Austria 21.4 (1.0) 7.6 (0.5) 21.9 (1.0)
Belgium 19.7 (0.9) 8.9 (0.4) 20.0 (0.9)
Canada 11.5 (0.6) 12.2 (0.6) 13.4 (0.5)
Chile 35.7 (1.2) 1.2 (0.2) 35.3 (1.2)
Colombia 49.5 (1.4) 0.3 (0.1) 50.4 (1.7)
Czech Republic 20.6 (1.0) 7.3 (0.5) 18.8 (1.1)
Denmark 16.2 (0.8) 6.9 (0.6) 18.7 (0.7)
Estonia 8.8 (0.7) 13.6 (0.7) 8.8 (0.6)
Finland 12.1 (0.7) 14.0 (0.6) 12.9 (0.7)
France 21.9 (0.9) 8.0 (0.5) 20.5 (0.8)
Germany 18.3 (1.0) 10.1 (0.6) 19.6 (1.0)
Greece 32.8 (1.9) 2.1 (0.3) 31.7 (1.5)
Hungary 25.8 (1.0) 4.7 (0.5) 24.1 (0.9)
Iceland 25.5 (0.9) 3.8 (0.4) 25.0 (0.9)
Ireland 15.3 (1.0) 7.2 (0.5) 17.0 (0.8)
Israel 32.2 (1.4) 5.7 (0.4) 33.1 (1.4)
Italy 23.3 (1.0) 4.0 (0.4) 25.9 (1.0)
Japan 9.7 (0.7) 15.2 (1.0) 10.8 (0.8)
Korea 14.4 (0.9) 10.6 (0.8) 14.2 (0.8)
Latvia 17.3 (0.8) 3.8 (0.4) 18.5 (0.8)
Lithuania 24.5 (1.0) 4.3 (0.5) 22.2 (0.9)
Luxembourg 26.4 (0.7) 6.9 (0.4) 26.8 (0.6)
Mexico 50.2 (1.4) 0.1 (0.0) 46.8 (1.4)
Netherlands* 19.1 (1.0) 10.9 (0.6) 20.0 (1.1)
New Zealand 17.1 (0.9) 13.0 (0.7) 18.0 (0.8)
Norway 18.9 (0.8) 7.9 (0.5) 20.8 (1.0)
Poland 16.3 (0.9) 7.3 (0.6) 13.8 (0.8)
Portugal* 18.2 (1.0) 7.2 (0.5) 19.6 (1.0)
Slovak Republic 30.2 (1.1) 3.6 (0.4) 29.3 (1.0)
Slovenia 15.5 (0.6) 10.5 (0.6) 14.6 (0.7)
Spain** 18.6 (0.8) 5.0 (0.4) 21.3 (0.6)
Sweden 22.4 (1.2) 8.3 (0.7) 19.0 (1.1)
Switzerland 19.3 (1.1) 9.5 (0.6) 20.2 (1.0)
Turkey 44.4 (2.1) 0.3 (0.1) 25.2 (1.1)
United Kingdom 17.6 (0.9) 10.7 (0.7) 17.4 (0.9)
United States* 19.8 (1.1) 8.8 (0.7) 18.6 (1.2)
OECD average-37 22.4 (0.2) 7.4 (0.1) 22.0 (0.2)
Partners
Albania 41.7 (1.7) 0.4 (0.2) 47.0 (1.3)
Argentina m m m m 53.5 (1.4)
Baku (Azerbaijan) m m m m 57.8 (1.2)
Belarus m m m m 24.2 (1.2)
Bosnia and Herzegovina m m m m 56.8 (1.6)
Brazil 55.9 (1.1) 0.7 (0.1) 55.4 (1.0)
Brunei Darussalam m m m m 45.7 (0.6)
B-S-J-Z (China) m m m m 2.1 (0.3)
Bulgaria 38.7 (2.0) 2.8 (0.4) 46.5 (1.6)
Costa Rica 46.9 (1.3) 0.1 (0.1) 47.8 (1.8)
Croatia 24.2 (1.2) 4.1 (0.4) 25.4 (1.2)
Cyprus 42.1 (0.8) 1.6 (0.2) 39.0 (1.0)
Georgia 51.1 (1.3) 0.8 (0.2) 64.4 (1.2)
Hong Kong (China)* 9.5 (0.8) 7.3 (0.6) 11.6 (0.8)
Indonesia 56.5 (1.7) 0.1 (0.1) 60.0 (1.5)
Jordan 49.7 (1.4) 0.2 (0.1) 40.3 (1.4)
Kazakhstan m m m m 60.3 (1.0)
Kosovo 67.6 (1.1) 0.0 (0.0) 76.5 (0.7)
Lebanon 62.4 (1.8) 0.4 (0.1) 62.3 (1.6)
Macao (China) 8.0 (0.4) 9.2 (0.5) 6.0 (0.5)
Malaysia m m m m 36.6 (1.3)
Malta 32.1 (0.8) 7.9 (0.5) 33.5 (0.9)
Moldova 42.3 (1.1) 0.7 (0.1) 42.6 (1.2)
Montenegro 51.1 (0.7) 0.5 (0.1) 48.2 (0.7)
Morocco m m m m 69.4 (1.8)
North Macedonia 63.0 (0.8) 0.2 (0.1) 49.5 (0.8)
Panama m m m m 71.3 (1.4)
Peru 58.7 (1.4) 0.1 (0.1) 54.5 (1.4)
Philippines m m m m 78.0 (1.5)
Qatar 49.5 (0.5) 1.7 (0.2) 48.4 (0.5)
Romania 39.3 (2.5) 0.6 (0.4) 43.9 (2.1)
Russia 17.9 (1.1) 3.8 (0.4) 21.2 (1.2)
Saudi Arabia m m m m 62.3 (1.5)
Serbia m m m m 38.3 (1.5)
Singapore 9.4 (0.4) 24.6 (0.6) 9.0 (0.4)
Chinese Taipei 12.6 (0.8) 15.4 (1.1) 15.1 (0.8)
Thailand 46.4 (1.5) 0.5 (0.2) 44.5 (1.5)
Ukraine m m m m 26.4 (1.4)
Uruguay 41.3 (1.2) 1.3 (0.2) 43.9 (1.3)
Viet Nam 6.2 (0.8) 8.1 (1.2) m m

sample, as in post-stratification (see Annex A3 for details). Demographic characteristics considered are: students' age (in th
background. Adjusted changes and trends represent estimates of how the performance of a population matching the demo
changed over time.
or demographic changes
percentage of students in PISA Adjusted change between 2015 and 2018

2018 (PISA 2018 - PISA 2015)
Level 5 or above Below Level 2 Level 5 or above

(at or above 633.33 (less than 409.54 (at or above 633.33
% S.E. % dif. S.E. % dif. S.E.
9.5 (0.5) -0.2 (0.9) -1.2 (0.7)

6.3 (0.6) 0.5 (1.4) -1.3 (0.8)
8.0 (0.5) 0.4 (1.3) -0.9 (0.6)
11.3 (0.6) 1.9 (0.8) -0.9 (0.8)
1.0 (0.2) -0.4 (1.8) -0.2 (0.3)
0.4 (0.1) 0.8 (2.3) 0.1 (0.1)
7.5 (0.5) -1.9 (1.5) 0.2 (0.7)
5.5 (0.5) 2.5 (1.1) -1.4 (0.8)
12.2 (0.6) 0.0 (0.9) -1.4 (0.9)
12.3 (0.7) 0.8 (1.0) -1.7 (0.9)
6.6 (0.5) -1.4 (1.2) -1.5 (0.8)
10.0 (0.6) 1.3 (1.4) -0.2 (0.9)
1.3 (0.2) -1.0 (2.4) -0.8 (0.4)
4.7 (0.5) -1.7 (1.4) 0.0 (0.7)
3.8 (0.4) -0.5 (1.3) 0.0 (0.6)
5.8 (0.6) 1.8 (1.3) -1.3 (0.7)
5.8 (0.5) 0.9 (2.0) 0.2 (0.7)
2.7 (0.4) 2.5 (1.5) -1.3 (0.6)
13.1 (0.9) 1.2 (1.0) -2.2 (1.4)
11.8 (0.8) -0.3 (1.2) 1.2 (1.2)
3.7 (0.4) 1.2 (1.1) -0.1 (0.5)
4.4 (0.3) -2.3 (1.4) 0.2 (0.6)
5.4 (0.5) 0.4 (1.0) -1.5 (0.6)
0.3 (0.1) -3.4 (2.2) 0.1 (0.1)
10.6 (0.8) 0.9 (1.6) -0.3 (1.0)
11.3 (0.6) 0.9 (1.2) -1.7 (0.9)
6.8 (0.5) 2.0 (1.3) -1.1 (0.7)
9.3 (0.8) -2.5 (1.2) 2.0 (1.0)
5.6 (0.6) 1.4 (1.4) -1.6 (0.8)
3.7 (0.4) -0.9 (1.5) 0.1 (0.5)
7.3 (0.6) -0.9 (0.9) -3.1 (0.8)
4.2 (0.3) 2.7 (1.1) -0.8 (0.5)
8.3 (0.6) -3.4 (1.6) 0.0 (0.9)
7.8 (0.7) 0.9 (1.5) -1.7 (1.0)
2.5 (0.5) -19.3 (2.4) 2.2 (0.5)
9.7 (0.6) -0.2 (1.3) -1.0 (0.9)
9.1 (0.7) -1.2 (1.6) 0.4 (1.0)
6.8 (0.1) -0.4 (0.3) -0.6 (0.1)
0.2 (0.1) 5.3 (2.2) -0.1 (0.2)

0.5 (0.1) m m m m
0.1 (0.1) m m m m
2.6 (0.4) m m m m
0.1 (0.1) m m m m
0.8 (0.2) -0.5 (1.5) 0.1 (0.2)
2.3 (0.3) m m m m
31.5 (1.3) m m m m
1.5 (0.3) 7.8 (2.6) -1.3 (0.5)
0.1 (0.1) 1.0 (2.2) 0.0 (0.1)
3.6 (0.4) 1.2 (1.7) -0.5 (0.6)
1.6 (0.2) -3.1 (1.3) 0.0 (0.3)
0.0 (0.0) -0.9 (1.6) 0.0 (0.0)
0.1 (0.1) 13.3 (1.9) -0.7 (0.2)
7.8 (0.7) 2.1 (1.1) 0.5 (0.9)
0.1 (0.0) 3.5 (2.3) 0.0 (0.1)
0.7 (0.2) -9.4 (2.0) 0.5 (0.2)
0.4 (0.1) m m m m
0.0 (0.0) 8.9 (1.3) 0.0 (0.0)
0.5 (0.2) -0.1 (2.4) 0.1 (0.2)
13.6 (0.6) -2.0 (0.7) 4.4 (0.8)
0.6 (0.2) m m m m
4.4 (0.4) 1.5 (1.2) -3.5 (0.7)
0.9 (0.2) 0.4 (1.7) 0.1 (0.3)
0.3 (0.1) -2.9 (1.2) -0.1 (0.2)
0.0 (0.0) m m m m
0.8 (0.2) -13.5 (1.2) 0.6 (0.2)
0.1 (0.1) m m m m
0.2 (0.1) -4.2 (2.0) 0.1 (0.1)
0.1 (0.0) m m m m
2.2 (0.2) -1.1 (0.8) 0.5 (0.2)
1.0 (0.3) 4.7 (3.3) 0.3 (0.5)
3.1 (0.4) 3.3 (1.7) -0.7 (0.6)
0.1 (0.0) m m m m
1.6 (0.2) m m m m
20.7 (0.6) -0.3 (0.6) -3.9 (0.9)
11.7 (0.9) 2.5 (1.1) -3.7 (1.4)
0.7 (0.2) -1.9 (2.2) 0.3 (0.2)
3.5 (0.5) m m m m
2.9 (0.2) 0.3 (1.5) 0.2 (0.3)
0.7 (0.2) 2.6 (1.8) -0.5 (0.3)
m m m m m m
c characteristics of these samples match those of the PISA 2018 weighted
ered are: students' age (in three-month increments), gender, and immigrant
pulation matching the demographic profile of the PISA 2018 population has

Table I.B1.40
Mean reading performance, 2009 through 2018, adjusted for demographic changes
Adjusted PISA 2009 Adjusted PISA 2012 Adjusted PISA 2015

results results results
Mean score S.E. Mean score S.E. Mean score

OECD
Australia 505 (2.7) 510 (1.6) 499
Austria m m 486 (2.8) 484
Belgium 504 (2.4) 507 (2.3) 499
Canada 520 (1.7) 519 (2.1) 525
Chile 448 (3.3) 440 (3.0) 457
Colombia 411 (3.8) 401 (3.5) 423
Czech Republic 478 (2.9) 493 (2.9) 488
Denmark 493 (2.1) 494 (2.8) 499
Estonia 500 (2.6) 515 (2.0) 519
Finland 532 (2.5) 521 (2.4) 525
France 493 (3.5) 506 (2.8) 499
Germany 492 (2.8) 504 (2.9) 504
Greece 482 (4.2) 477 (3.3) 467
Hungary 496 (3.1) 489 (3.2) 470
Iceland 498 (1.7) 483 (1.9) 480
Ireland 497 (2.9) 523 (2.5) 522
Israel 474 (3.6) 486 (4.9) 477
Italy 482 (1.7) 488 (2.0) 484
Japan 520 (3.4) 540 (3.6) 516
Korea 539 (3.5) 535 (4.0) 517
Latvia 483 (3.0) 489 (2.4) 488
Lithuania 469 (2.4) 477 (2.5) 473
Luxembourg 465 (1.3) 484 (1.6) 480
Mexico 420 (2.4) 419 (2.2) 419
Netherlands* 506 (5.2) 509 (3.6) 501
New Zealand 517 (2.7) 510 (2.4) 510
Norway 497 (2.9) 501 (3.3) 513
Poland 501 (2.6) 518 (3.2) 506
Portugal* 484 (3.3) 484 (3.9) 497
Slovak Republic 476 (2.8) 464 (4.1) 454
Slovenia 481 (1.1) 481 (1.2) 504
Spain** 479 (2.1) 485 (2.1) 495
Sweden 489 (3.4) 479 (3.2) 498
Switzerland 494 (2.6) 502 (2.6) 490
Turkey 465 (3.5) 476 (4.2) 428
United Kingdom 490 (2.7) 494 (4.1) 498
United States* 499 (3.7) 498 (3.7) 498
OECD average-35a 489 (0.5) 492 (0.5) 489
OECD average-36a m m 492 (0.5) 489
Partners
Albania 385 (4.0) 393 (3.2) 404
Argentina 394 (4.9) 393 (3.8) m
Baku (Azerbaijan) m m m m m
Belarus m m m m m
Bosnia and Herzegovina m m m m m
Brazil 410 (2.8) 405 (2.1) 409
Brunei Darussalam m m m m m
B-S-J-Z (China) m m m m m
Bulgaria 425 (6.8) 432 (6.3) 429
Costa Rica 440 (3.2) 438 (3.7) 426
Croatia 478 (2.9) 486 (3.3) 488
Cyprus m m m m 443
Dominican Republic m m m m 357
Georgia 371 (3.1) m m 401
Hong Kong (China)* 533 (2.1) 545 (2.8) 526
Indonesia 401 (3.9) 395 (4.3) 397
Jordan 403 (3.4) 398 (3.4) 408
Kazakhstan 389 (3.1) 393 (2.7) m
Kosovo m m m m 348
Lebanon m m m m 347
Macao (China) 487 (1.0) 509 (1.0) 509
Malaysia 411 (3.0) 397 (3.4) m
Malta 440 (1.8) m m 448
Moldova 384 (3.1) m m 415
Montenegro 407 (1.7) 421 (1.2) 427
Morocco m m m m m
North Macedonia m m m m 352
Panama 374 (6.3) m m m
Peru 372 (3.9) 384 (4.3) 397
Philippines m m m m m
Qatar 385 (0.9) 393 (0.8) 403
Romania 421 (4.7) 421 (6.7) 423
Russia 460 (3.4) 476 (3.0) 495
Saudi Arabia m m m m m
Serbia 442 (2.5) 447 (3.5) m
Singapore 526 (1.2) 544 (1.4) 536
Chinese Taipei 495 (2.6) 523 (3.1) 497
Thailand 420 (2.6) 440 (3.1) 408
Ukraine m m m m m
United Arab Emirates 436 (3.0) 440 (2.6) 432
Uruguay 421 (2.8) 407 (3.4) 435
Viet Nam m m 507 (4.4) 486
are: students' age (in three-month increments), gender, and immigrant background. Adjusted changes and trends represen
The average adjusted 3-year trend is the average adjusted change between the earliest available measurement in PISA an
Estimates of the average three3-year trend and the curvilinear trend for these countries consider the year in which the asse
Adjusted change Adjusted change Adjusted change
Adjusted PISA 2015 Adjusted PISA 2018 between between between
results results 2009 and 2018 2012 and 2018 2015 and 2018
S.E. Mean score S.E. Score dif. S.E. Score dif. S.E. Score dif.
(1.8) 503 (1.6) -2 (4.8) -8 (4.4) 4

(2.9) 484 (2.7) m m -2 (5.4) 1
(2.4) 493 (2.3) -11 (4.9) -14 (5.0) -6
(2.4) 520 (1.8) 0 (4.3) 1 (4.7) -5
(2.6) 452 (2.6) 4 (5.5) 13 (5.5) -5
(3.0) 412 (3.3) 1 (6.1) 12 (6.1) -11
(2.6) 490 (2.5) 12 (5.2) -3 (5.4) 3
(2.5) 501 (1.8) 8 (4.5) 7 (5.0) 2
(2.2) 523 (1.8) 23 (4.8) 8 (4.6) 4
(2.7) 520 (2.3) -12 (4.9) -1 (5.0) -4
(2.5) 493 (2.3) -1 (5.5) -13 (5.2) -7
(3.2) 498 (3.0) 6 (5.4) -6 (5.6) -6
(4.4) 457 (3.6) -24 (6.6) -19 (6.2) -10
(2.7) 476 (2.3) -20 (5.2) -13 (5.4) 6
(1.9) 474 (1.7) -24 (4.3) -9 (4.5) -6
(2.5) 518 (2.2) 21 (5.1) -5 (5.0) -4
(3.7) 470 (3.7) -3 (6.3) -15 (7.2) -6
(2.7) 476 (2.4) -6 (4.6) -12 (4.9) -7
(3.2) 504 (2.7) -17 (5.6) -36 (5.9) -12
(3.5) 514 (2.9) -25 (5.8) -21 (6.2) -3
(1.8) 479 (1.6) -5 (4.9) -10 (4.7) -9
(2.7) 476 (1.5) 7 (4.5) -1 (4.7) 3
(1.5) 470 (1.1) 5 (3.9) -14 (4.2) -10
(2.9) 420 (2.7) 0 (5.1) 2 (5.1) 1
(2.5) 485 (2.7) -22 (6.8) -24 (5.8) -17
(2.5) 506 (2.0) -12 (4.9) -4 (4.9) -4
(2.5) 499 (2.2) 2 (5.1) -1 (5.5) -13
(2.5) 512 (2.7) 11 (5.1) -6 (5.6) 6
(2.7) 492 (2.4) 8 (5.4) 7 (5.9) -5
(2.8) 458 (2.2) -18 (5.0) -6 (6.0) 4
(1.6) 495 (1.2) 14 (3.9) 15 (4.1) -9
(2.4) m m m m m m m
(3.6) 506 (3.0) 17 (5.8) 27 (5.8) 7
(3.1) 484 (3.1) -10 (5.4) -18 (5.5) -6
(4.0) 466 (2.2) 1 (5.4) -10 (6.0) 37
(2.9) 504 (2.6) 14 (5.1) 10 (6.1) 6
(3.4) 505 (3.6) 6 (6.2) 8 (6.4) 7
(0.5) 487 (0.4) -1 (3.6) -5 (3.8) -2
(0.5) 487 (0.4) m m -5 (3.8) -2
(4.1) 405 (1.9) 21 (5.7) 12 (5.3) 1

m 402 (3.0) 7 (6.7) 9 (6.1) m
m 389 (2.5) m m m m m
m 474 (2.4) m m m m m
m 403 (2.9) m m m m m
(2.7) 413 (2.1) 3 (4.9) 8 (4.8) 4
m 408 (0.9) m m m m m
m 555 (2.7) m m m m m
(5.2) 420 (3.9) -5 (8.6) -12 (8.3) -9
(2.7) 426 (3.4) -14 (5.9) -12 (6.3) 0
(2.7) 479 (2.7) 1 (5.3) -7 (5.7) -9
(1.7) 424 (1.4) m m m m -18
(3.0) 342 (2.9) m m m m -16
(3.0) 380 (2.2) 9 (5.2) m m -21
(2.7) 524 (2.7) -9 (4.9) -21 (5.4) -2
(3.1) 371 (2.6) -30 (5.8) -24 (6.3) -26
(2.9) 419 (2.9) 16 (5.7) 21 (5.9) 11
m 387 (1.5) -2 (4.9) -6 (4.8) m
(1.5) 353 (1.1) m m m m 5
(4.5) 353 (4.3) m m m m 6
(1.2) 525 (1.2) 38 (3.9) 16 (4.1) 17
m 415 (2.9) 4 (5.5) 18 (5.8) m
(1.9) 448 (1.7) 9 (4.3) m m 1
(2.5) 424 (2.4) 40 (5.3) m m 9
(1.6) 421 (1.1) 14 (4.0) 0 (4.1) -6
m 359 (3.1) m m m m m
(1.4) 393 (1.1) m m m m 41
m 377 (3.0) 3 (7.8) m m m
(2.9) 401 (3.0) 29 (6.0) 16 (6.4) 4
m 340 (3.3) m m m m m
(1.1) 407 (0.8) 22 (3.7) 14 (3.9) 4
(6.6) 428 (5.1) 7 (7.8) 6 (9.2) 5
(3.1) 479 (3.1) 18 (5.8) 3 (5.7) -17
m 399 (3.0) m m m m m
m 439 (3.3) -2 (5.4) -7 (6.1) m
(1.7) 549 (1.6) 23 (4.1) 6 (4.3) 13
(2.5) 503 (2.8) 7 (5.2) -21 (5.6) 6
(3.4) 393 (3.2) -27 (5.5) -47 (5.8) -15
m 466 (3.5) m m m m m
(2.9) 432 (2.3) -4 (5.2) -9 (5.1) 0
(2.6) 427 (2.8) 6 (5.3) 20 (5.8) -8
(3.9) m m m m m m m
hanges and trends represent estimates of how the performance of a population matching the demographic profile of the PISA 2018 pop
ble measurement in PISA and PISA 2018.

t of PISA 2009+.
er the year in which the assessment was conducted.
Average adjusted 3-year trend in
Adjusted change
reading performance
between
across PISA assessments (since
2015 and 2018
2009 or earliest assessment available
PISA 2018 - PISA 2015)
after 2009)
S.E. Score dif. S.E. p-value
(4.6) -1.8 (1.6) 0.241

(5.6) -0.9 (2.7) 0.734
(5.2) -4.1 (1.6) 0.012
(4.9) 0.8 (1.5) 0.604
(5.4) 3.1 (1.8) 0.088
(5.9) 2.6 (2.0) 0.194
(5.4) 3.1 (1.7) 0.074
(5.0) 2.9 (1.5) 0.057
(4.9) 7.2 (1.6) 0.000
(5.3) -3.4 (1.6) 0.037
(5.2) -0.8 (1.8) 0.671
(5.9) 1.9 (1.8) 0.275
(6.9) -8.2 (2.1) 0.000
(5.3) -7.8 (1.7) 0.000
(4.7) -7.5 (1.4) 0.000
(5.1) 6.2 (1.7) 0.000
(6.5) -1.9 (2.1) 0.356
(5.3) -2.3 (1.5) 0.139
(5.7) -7.3 (1.9) 0.000
(6.0) -9.5 (1.9) 0.000
(4.6) -1.6 (1.6) 0.334
(5.0) 1.8 (1.5) 0.227
(4.3) 1.1 (1.3) 0.390
(5.6) 0.1 (1.7) 0.929
(5.4) -7.2 (2.2) 0.001
(5.1) -3.6 (1.6) 0.028
(5.2) 1.9 (1.7) 0.252
(5.4) 2.1 (1.7) 0.229
(5.4) 3.4 (1.8) 0.056
(5.3) -6.5 (1.7) 0.000
(4.4) 6.5 (1.3) 0.000
m m m m
(6.1) 7.2 (1.9) 0.000
(5.9) -4.2 (1.8) 0.017
(6.0) -4.6 (1.8) 0.012
(5.5) 4.5 (1.7) 0.008
(6.3) 1.9 (2.0) 0.339
(4.0) -0.7 (1.2) 0.583
(4.0) -0.7 (1.3) 0.585
(6.0) 7.3 (1.9) 0.000

m 2.6 (2.1) 0.221
m m m m
m m m m
m m m m
(5.2) 1.3 (1.6) 0.431
m m m m
m m m m
(7.6) -1.7 (2.8) 0.542
(5.9) -5.9 (2.1) 0.006
(5.5) 0.6 (1.7) 0.740
(4.5) -18.2 (2.8) 0.000
(5.7) -16.2 (5.8) 0.005
(5.4) 4.9 (1.9) 0.010
(5.5) -4.4 (1.6) 0.007
(5.6) -8.8 (1.9) 0.000
(5.7) 5.6 (1.9) 0.002
m -1.1 (1.6) 0.499
(4.4) 5.9 (4.4) 0.177
(7.4) 6.8 (7.3) 0.352
(4.3) 11.4 (1.3) 0.000
m 3.3 (2.0) 0.100
(4.7) 3.4 (1.6) 0.031
(5.3) 15.2 (2.0) 0.000
(4.4) 4.7 (1.4) 0.000
m m m m
(4.3) 40.6 (4.4) 0.000
m 1.2 (2.6) 0.659
(5.7) 9.8 (2.0) 0.000
m m m m
(4.1) 7.5 (1.3) 0.000
(9.2) 2.1 (2.6) 0.422
(5.9) 7.3 (1.9) 0.000
m m m m
m -1.2 (1.8) 0.517
(4.6) 6.2 (1.4) 0.000
(5.5) -0.5 (1.7) 0.778
(6.1) -11.4 (1.8) 0.000
m m m m
(5.4) -2.2 (2.2) 0.335
(5.5) 4.6 (1.7) 0.008
m -21.5 (6.2) 0.000
ee Annex A3 for details). Demographic characteristics considered
ofile of the PISA 2018 population has changed over time.

Table I.B1.41
Mean mathematics performance, 2012 through 2018, adjusted for demographic changes
Adjusted PISA 2012 Adjusted PISA 2015 Adjusted PISA 2018

results results results
Mean score S.E. Mean score S.E. Mean score

OECD
Australia 502 (1.7) 491 (1.8) 491
Austria 502 (2.7) 495 (2.9) 499
Belgium 513 (2.2) 507 (2.4) 508
Canada 515 (2.0) 515 (2.3) 512
Chile 422 (3.2) 421 (2.6) 417
Colombia 375 (2.9) 389 (2.4) 391
Czech Republic 499 (2.9) 493 (2.4) 499
Denmark 498 (2.4) 510 (2.2) 509
Estonia 520 (2.0) 520 (2.0) 523
Finland 516 (2.0) 509 (2.4) 507
France 496 (2.5) 493 (2.1) 495
Germany 511 (2.9) 503 (3.0) 500
Greece 453 (2.5) 453 (3.7) 451
Hungary 478 (3.3) 478 (2.5) 481
Iceland 493 (1.8) 488 (2.0) 495
Ireland 501 (2.3) 504 (2.0) 500
Israel 465 (4.6) 467 (3.5) 463
Italy 484 (2.1) 489 (2.8) 487
Japan 536 (3.6) 532 (3.0) 527
Korea 553 (4.6) 524 (3.7) 526
Latvia 490 (2.7) 482 (1.9) 496
Lithuania 479 (2.6) 479 (2.3) 481
Luxembourg 486 (1.2) 485 (1.3) 483
Mexico 408 (1.7) 402 (2.7) 409
Netherlands* 521 (3.6) 511 (2.3) 519
New Zealand 498 (2.1) 496 (2.3) 494
Norway 487 (2.8) 501 (2.2) 501
Poland 518 (3.7) 504 (2.4) 516
Portugal* 484 (3.9) 489 (2.6) 492
Slovak Republic 481 (3.4) 476 (2.6) 486
Slovenia 500 (1.3) 509 (1.3) 509
Spain** 482 (2.0) 485 (2.2) 481
Sweden 474 (2.5) 492 (3.3) 502
Switzerland 524 (3.1) 519 (3.0) 515
Turkey 448 (4.8) 421 (4.1) 454
United Kingdom 490 (3.8) 492 (2.6) 502
United States* 482 (3.6) 471 (3.2) 478
OECD average-36b 488 (0.5) 486 (0.4) 489
OECD average-37 489 (0.5) 486 (0.4) 489
Partners
Albania 394 (2.1) 413 (3.5) 437
Argentina 385 (3.7) m m 379
Baku (Azerbaijan) m m m m 420
Belarus m m m m 472
Bosnia and Herzegovina m m m m 406
Brazil 388 (1.9) 379 (2.8) 384
Brunei Darussalam m m m m 430
B-S-J-Z (China) m m m m 591
Bulgaria 436 (4.1) 439 (4.1) 436
Costa Rica 405 (3.3) 400 (2.5) 402
Croatia 472 (3.6) 465 (2.8) 464
Cyprus m m 437 (1.7) 451
Dominican Republic m m 327 (2.7) 325
Georgia m m 403 (2.8) 398
Hong Kong (China)* 561 (3.2) 548 (3.0) 551
Indonesia 374 (4.0) 386 (3.4) 379
Jordan 385 (3.0) 380 (2.7) 400
Kazakhstan 432 (3.0) m m 423
Kosovo m m 361 (1.6) 366
Lebanon m m 396 (3.8) 393
Macao (China) 538 (1.1) 544 (1.2) 558
Malaysia 419 (3.2) m m 440
Malta m m 480 (1.8) 472
Moldova m m 420 (2.4) 421
Montenegro 410 (1.1) 418 (1.5) 430
Morocco m m m m 368
North Macedonia m m 371 (1.3) 394
Panama m m m m 353
Peru 369 (3.7) 386 (2.7) 400
Philippines m m m m 353
Qatar 382 (0.8) 403 (1.3) 414
Romania 438 (5.2) 439 (6.2) 430
Russia 483 (3.1) 495 (3.2) 488
Saudi Arabia m m m m 373
Serbia 450 (3.4) m m 448
Singapore 576 (1.3) 566 (1.5) 569
Chinese Taipei 561 (3.4) 542 (3.1) 531
Thailand 426 (3.5) 416 (3.0) 419
Ukraine m m m m 453
United Arab Emirates 433 (2.5) 426 (2.4) 435
Uruguay 406 (3.0) 417 (2.5) 418
Viet Nam 511 (4.8) 493 (4.6) m
considered are: students' age (in three-month increments), gender, and immigrant background. Adjusted changes and trend
changed over time.
Average adjusted 3-year trend in
Adjusted change Adjusted change
mathematics performance
Adjusted PISA 2018 between between
across PISA assessments (since
results 2012 and 2018 2015 and 2018
2012 or earliest assessment available
after 2012)
S.E. Score dif. S.E. Score dif. S.E. Score dif. S.E. p-value
(1.9) -11 (4.2) 1 (3.5) -5.3 (1.6) 0.001

(3.0) -3 (5.2) 4 (4.7) -1.7 (2.2) 0.441
(2.3) -5 (4.6) 1 (4.0) -2.1 (1.8) 0.240
(2.4) -3 (4.5) -3 (4.0) -1.1 (1.8) 0.545
(2.4) -5 (5.2) -4 (4.2) -2.1 (2.2) 0.326
(3.0) 16 (5.3) 2 (4.5) 7.9 (2.2) 0.000
(2.5) 0 (5.1) 7 (4.2) 0.1 (2.2) 0.950
(1.7) 11 (4.4) -1 (3.6) 5.6 (1.8) 0.001
(1.7) 3 (4.3) 4 (3.5) 1.6 (1.6) 0.292
(2.0) -9 (4.4) -2 (3.9) -4.2 (1.7) 0.013
(2.3) -1 (4.8) 2 (3.9) -0.8 (1.9) 0.685
(2.6) -11 (5.2) -3 (4.6) -5.5 (2.2) 0.011
(3.1) -1 (5.2) -2 (5.4) -0.6 (2.2) 0.792
(2.3) 3 (5.2) 3 (4.2) 1.4 (2.2) 0.520
(2.0) 2 (4.3) 7 (3.6) 0.9 (1.5) 0.572
(2.2) -2 (4.6) -4 (3.8) -0.8 (1.8) 0.655
(3.5) -2 (6.6) -4 (5.5) -1.1 (3.0) 0.707
(2.8) 2 (4.8) -3 (4.6) 1.1 (1.9) 0.589
(2.5) -9 (5.5) -5 (4.5) -4.7 (2.4) 0.049
(3.1) -27 (6.5) 2 (5.4) -13.6 (2.9) 0.000
(2.0) 6 (4.7) 14 (3.6) 2.8 (2.0) 0.161
(2.0) 3 (4.7) 2 (3.8) 1.6 (2.0) 0.411
(1.1) -3 (3.7) -1 (2.9) -1.3 (1.3) 0.314
(2.5) 0 (4.5) 7 (4.3) -0.1 (1.8) 0.969
(2.6) -2 (5.6) 9 (4.2) -0.6 (2.4) 0.808
(1.7) -3 (4.3) -1 (3.7) -1.4 (1.6) 0.391
(2.2) 14 (4.9) 0 (3.9) 7.0 (2.1) 0.001
(2.6) -2 (5.6) 11 (4.2) -1.0 (2.5) 0.693
(2.7) 8 (5.8) 4 (4.4) 4.2 (2.6) 0.099
(2.6) 5 (5.4) 10 (4.3) 2.6 (2.3) 0.263
(1.4) 9 (3.8) 0 (3.0) 4.4 (1.3) 0.001
(1.5) -1 (4.1) -4 (3.5) -0.4 (1.5) 0.820
(2.7) 28 (4.9) 10 (4.8) 14.3 (2.0) 0.000
(2.9) -9 (5.4) -4 (4.8) -4.5 (2.3) 0.052
(2.3) 6 (6.3) 33 (5.3) 2.8 (2.8) 0.324
(2.6) 12 (5.7) 10 (4.3) 6.1 (2.4) 0.013
(3.2) -4 (5.9) 7 (5.1) -1.7 (2.6) 0.505
(0.4) 1 (3.4) 3 (2.4) 0.3 (1.0) 0.744
(0.4) 0 (3.4) 3 (2.4) 0.3 (1.0) 0.786
(2.4) 43 (4.6) 24 (4.9) 21.6 (2.0) 0.000

(2.8) -6 (5.7) m m -3.2 (2.4) 0.176
(2.8) m m m m m m m
(2.7) m m m m m m m
(3.1) m m m m m m m
(2.0) -5 (4.4) 5 (4.2) -2.5 (1.7) 0.139
(1.2) m m m m m m m
(2.5) m m m m m m m
(3.8) 0 (6.5) -3 (6.1) 0.3 (2.9) 0.913
(3.3) -3 (5.7) 3 (4.7) -1.4 (2.7) 0.608
(2.5) -8 (5.5) -1 (4.5) -3.8 (2.4) 0.111
(1.4) m m 13 (3.2) 13.8 (2.6) 0.000
(2.6) m m -2 (4.4) -2.5 (4.3) 0.563
(2.6) m m -6 (4.5) -5.7 (4.0) 0.157
(3.0) -10 (5.5) 4 (4.8) -4.7 (2.4) 0.047
(3.1) 5 (6.1) -7 (5.2) 2.0 (2.8) 0.459
(3.3) 15 (5.6) 20 (4.9) 7.5 (2.5) 0.002
(1.9) -9 (4.9) m m -4.2 (2.2) 0.054
(1.5) m m 4 (3.2) 4.8 (3.4) 0.166
(4.0) m m -3 (6.0) -3.0 (6.1) 0.620
(1.5) 19 (3.8) 14 (3.0) 9.4 (1.2) 0.000
(2.9) 21 (5.5) m m 10.7 (2.5) 0.000
(1.9) m m -8 (3.5) -8.4 (2.8) 0.003
(2.4) m m 1 (4.2) 1.0 (3.6) 0.793
(1.2) 20 (3.7) 12 (3.0) 9.9 (1.1) 0.000
(3.3) m m m m m m m
(1.6) m m 23 (3.1) 23.3 (3.2) 0.000
(2.7) m m m m m m m
(2.6) 31 (5.6) 14 (4.4) 15.3 (2.6) 0.000
(3.5) m m m m m m m
(1.2) 32 (3.6) 11 (2.9) 15.9 (1.1) 0.000
(4.9) -8 (7.9) -10 (8.2) -4.2 (3.7) 0.248
(3.0) 5 (5.4) -7 (4.9) 2.4 (2.3) 0.310
(3.0) m m m m m m m
(3.2) -2 (5.7) m m -1.0 (2.5) 0.689
(1.6) -7 (3.9) 3 (3.2) -3.4 (1.6) 0.040
(2.9) -30 (5.5) -11 (4.8) -15.1 (2.4) 0.000
(3.4) -8 (5.9) 2 (5.1) -3.9 (2.6) 0.140
(3.6) m m m m m m m
(2.1) 2 (4.7) 9 (4.0) 1.2 (2.3) 0.608
(2.6) 12 (5.2) 0 (4.3) 5.6 (2.1) 0.009
m m m m m -18.0 (6.8) 0.008
. Adjusted changes and trends represent estimates of how the performance of a population matching the demographic profile of the PIS

ee Annex A3 for details). Demographic characteristics
mographic profile of the PISA 2018 population has

Table I.B1.42
Mean science performance, 2015 and 2018, adjusted for demographic changes
Adjusted change
Adjusted PISA 2015 Adjusted PISA 2018 between
results results 2015 and 2018
(PISA 2018 - PISA 2015)
Mean score S.E. Mean score S.E. Score dif.

OECD
Australia 506 (1.7) 503 (1.8) -3
Austria 494 (2.5) 490 (2.8) -4
Belgium 502 (2.3) 499 (2.2) -3
Canada 526 (2.1) 518 (2.2) -8
Chile 445 (2.4) 444 (2.4) -2
Colombia 415 (2.5) 413 (3.1) -1
Czech Republic 493 (2.3) 497 (2.5) 4
Denmark 501 (2.4) 493 (1.9) -8
Estonia 534 (2.1) 530 (1.9) -4
Finland 528 (2.5) 522 (2.5) -7
France 495 (2.0) 493 (2.2) -2
Germany 505 (2.9) 503 (2.9) -2
Greece 455 (3.9) 452 (3.1) -3
Hungary 477 (2.4) 481 (2.3) 4
Iceland 473 (1.7) 475 (1.8) 2
Ireland 503 (2.4) 496 (2.2) -7
Israel 464 (3.4) 462 (3.6) -2
Italy 480 (2.5) 468 (2.4) -12
Japan 538 (3.0) 529 (2.6) -9
Korea 516 (3.2) 519 (2.8) 3
Latvia 490 (1.6) 487 (1.8) -3
Lithuania 476 (2.6) 482 (1.6) 6
Luxembourg 482 (1.2) 477 (1.2) -5
Mexico 412 (2.4) 419 (2.6) 8
Netherlands* 507 (2.4) 503 (2.8) -3
New Zealand 514 (2.4) 508 (2.1) -6
Norway 498 (2.3) 490 (2.3) -8
Poland 501 (2.5) 511 (2.6) 10
Portugal* 499 (2.6) 492 (2.8) -7
Slovak Republic 462 (2.6) 464 (2.3) 2
Slovenia 511 (1.4) 507 (1.3) -4
Spain** 492 (2.2) 483 (1.6) -9
Sweden 491 (3.8) 499 (3.1) 8
Switzerland 503 (3.0) 495 (3.0) -8
Turkey 426 (3.9) 468 (2.0) 43
United Kingdom 508 (2.7) 505 (2.6) -4
United States* 498 (3.2) 502 (3.3) 5
OECD average-37 490 (0.4) 489 (0.4) -1
Partners
Albania 427 (3.3) 417 (2.0) -10
Argentina m m 404 (2.9) m
Baku (Azerbaijan) m m 398 (2.4) m
Belarus m m 471 (2.4) m
Bosnia and Herzegovina m m 398 (2.7) m
Brazil 402 (2.3) 404 (2.1) 1
Brunei Darussalam m m 431 (1.2) m
B-S-J-Z (China) m m 590 (2.7) m
Bulgaria 444 (4.5) 424 (3.6) -20
Costa Rica 419 (2.1) 416 (3.3) -3
Croatia 477 (2.5) 472 (2.8) -4
Cyprus 433 (1.4) 439 (1.4) 6
Dominican Republic 331 (2.5) 336 (2.5) 4
Georgia 410 (2.5) 383 (2.3) -28
Hong Kong (China)* 523 (2.6) 517 (2.5) -6
Indonesia 402 (2.7) 396 (2.4) -6
Jordan 409 (2.7) 429 (2.9) 21
Kazakhstan m m 397 (1.7) m
Kosovo 379 (1.7) 365 (1.2) -14
Lebanon 387 (3.5) 384 (3.5) -3
Macao (China) 529 (1.1) 544 (1.5) 15
Malaysia m m 438 (2.7) m
Malta 466 (1.8) 457 (1.9) -10
Moldova 428 (2.0) 428 (2.3) 0
Montenegro 411 (1.1) 415 (1.3) 4
Morocco m m 377 (3.0) m
North Macedonia 384 (1.2) 413 (1.4) 29
Panama m m 365 (2.9) m
Peru 396 (2.4) 404 (2.7) 8
Philippines m m 357 (3.2) m
Qatar 418 (1.0) 419 (0.9) 1
Romania 433 (5.2) 426 (4.6) -8
Russia 487 (2.9) 478 (2.9) -10
Saudi Arabia m m 386 (2.8) m
Serbia m m 440 (3.0) m
Singapore 557 (1.2) 551 (1.5) -6
Chinese Taipei 532 (2.8) 516 (2.9) -16
Thailand 422 (2.8) 426 (3.2) 4
Ukraine m m 469 (3.3) m
United Arab Emirates 435 (2.4) 434 (2.0) -1
Uruguay 434 (2.2) 426 (2.5) -9
Viet Nam 523 (4.0) m m m
Annex A3 for details). Demographic characteristics considered are: students' age (in three-month increments), gender, and
performance of a population matching the demographic profile of the PISA 2018 population has changed over time.
Adjusted change
between
2015 and 2018
PISA 2018 - PISA 2015)
S.E.
(2.9)
(4.0)
(3.5)
(3.4)
(3.7)
(4.2)
(3.7)
(3.4)
(3.2)
(3.9)
(3.4)
(4.3)
(5.2)
(3.7)
(2.9)
(3.6)
(5.2)
(3.8)
(4.2)
(4.5)
(2.8)
(3.4)
(2.3)
(3.8)
(4.0)
(3.5)
(3.6)
(3.9)
(4.1)
(3.7)
(2.4)
(3.1)
(5.1)
(4.5)
(4.7)
(4.0)
(4.9)
(1.6)
(4.1)
m
m
m
m
(3.4)
m
m
(6.0)
(4.2)
(4.0)
(2.5)
(3.9)
(3.7)
(3.9)
(3.9)
(4.2)
m
(2.5)
(5.2)
(2.4)
m
(3.0)
(3.4)
(2.3)
m
(2.4)
m
(3.9)
m
(2.0)
(7.1)
(4.4)
m
m
(2.4)
(4.3)
(4.5)
m
(3.5)
(3.7)
m
c characteristics of these samples match those of the PISA 2018 weighted sample, as in post-stratification (see
nth increments), gender, and immigrant background. Adjusted changes and trends represent estimates of how the
s changed over time.

Table I.B1.43
Distribution of reading scores, 2009 through 2018, adjusted for demographic changes
Adjusted PISA 2009 results
10th percentile 25th percentile Median (50th)

OECD
Australia 365 (4.0) 437 (3.4) 513 (2.9)
Austria m m m m m m
Belgium 365 (4.8) 433 (3.9) 513 (3.2)
Canada 398 (2.8) 459 (2.2) 525 (1.9)
Chile 339 (5.3) 391 (4.3) 450 (3.6)
Colombia 299 (5.5) 353 (4.9) 411 (4.4)
Czech Republic 357 (5.2) 413 (4.1) 479 (3.3)
Denmark 380 (3.7) 438 (3.0) 498 (2.5)
Estonia 391 (4.7) 445 (3.4) 503 (3.0)
Finland 414 (4.0) 476 (3.3) 539 (3.0)
France 348 (7.2) 426 (4.9) 502 (3.8)
Germany 360 (4.9) 425 (4.5) 499 (3.8)
Greece 354 (7.7) 419 (5.9) 486 (4.6)
Hungary 373 (6.8) 436 (4.3) 502 (3.4)
Iceland 367 (3.8) 435 (3.5) 505 (2.2)
Ireland 376 (4.8) 437 (3.8) 504 (3.8)
Israel 321 (8.1) 401 (4.4) 483 (4.0)
Italy 351 (3.7) 417 (2.3) 490 (2.1)
Japan 386 (7.1) 460 (4.7) 531 (3.2)
Korea 435 (5.9) 491 (4.1) 545 (3.8)
Latvia 378 (4.2) 428 (3.9) 488 (3.9)
Lithuania 354 (4.2) 410 (3.3) 471 (2.5)
Luxembourg 320 (3.9) 393 (2.2) 473 (2.0)
Mexico 303 (4.7) 363 (3.2) 425 (2.3)
Netherlands* 388 (5.0) 440 (6.0) 507 (7.3)
New Zealand 376 (6.1) 448 (3.4) 525 (3.0)
Norway 371 (4.4) 434 (3.8) 501 (3.0)
Poland 383 (4.3) 442 (3.3) 505 (2.7)
Portugal* 364 (5.7) 426 (4.7) 489 (3.6)
Slovak Republic 352 (6.5) 414 (4.3) 479 (3.5)
Slovenia 356 (2.1) 418 (2.0) 486 (1.5)
Spain** 362 (3.7) 424 (3.2) 486 (2.4)
Sweden 353 (6.2) 425 (4.9) 494 (3.9)
Switzerland 365 (4.3) 428 (3.4) 500 (2.9)
Turkey 356 (4.3) 410 (3.7) 467 (3.7)
United Kingdom 363 (4.0) 424 (3.7) 494 (3.6)
United States* 371 (4.0) 432 (4.0) 501 (4.4)
OECD average-35a 364 (0.9) 426 (0.7) 494 (0.6)
Partners
Albania 254 (5.3) 319 (4.9) 389 (4.7)
Argentina 250 (9.4) 325 (6.1) 399 (5.4)
Belarus m m m m m m
Brazil 290 (3.4) 345 (2.9) 407 (3.1)
Bulgaria 269 (8.0) 346 (8.7) 432 (8.7)
Costa Rica 337 (4.8) 385 (3.6) 442 (3.5)
Croatia 360 (3.6) 419 (4.4) 483 (3.5)
Cyprus m m m m m m
Georgia 238 (5.5) 304 (4.3) 375 (3.4)
Hong Kong (China)* 416 (4.3) 482 (2.9) 541 (2.3)
Indonesia 313 (5.0) 356 (4.2) 401 (3.7)
Jordan 280 (5.6) 348 (4.4) 411 (3.7)
Kazakhstan 274 (3.7) 326 (3.1) 386 (3.6)
Kosovo m m m m m m
Lebanon m m m m m m
Macao (China) 388 (1.9) 437 (1.5) 489 (1.4)
Malaysia 297 (5.6) 359 (4.3) 417 (3.3)
Malta 273 (6.4) 362 (3.9) 450 (2.7)
Moldova 265 (5.0) 324 (3.8) 388 (3.5)
Montenegro 288 (3.5) 344 (2.4) 408 (2.6)
Morocco m m m m m m
Panama 248 (10.0) 307 (6.9) 371 (6.8)
Peru 244 (3.9) 305 (4.1) 372 (4.0)
Qatar 234 (2.1) 297 (1.5) 380 (1.7)
Romania 298 (7.1) 359 (7.4) 427 (5.7)
Russia 345 (5.4) 402 (3.8) 461 (3.3)
Serbia 331 (4.2) 387 (3.3) 445 (2.8)
Singapore 394 (3.4) 460 (2.3) 533 (2.4)
Chinese Taipei 380 (4.0) 439 (3.2) 502 (2.8)
Thailand 329 (3.8) 371 (3.3) 419 (2.9)
Ukraine m m m m m m
Uruguay 290 (4.6) 353 (3.9) 425 (3.4)
The average adjusted 3-year trend is the average adjusted change between the earliest available measurement in PISA and P
Adjusted PISA results are obtained by re-weighting past PISA samples so that the demographic characteristics of these sample
Demographic characteristics considered are: students' age (in three-month increments), gender, and immigrant background. Ad
demographic profile of the PISA 2018 population has changed over time.
A 2009 results Adjusted PISA 2012 results
75th percentile 90th percentile 10th percentile 25th percentile Median (50th)
579 (3.1) 635 (3.7) 382 (3.1) 446 (2.1) 514 (1.9)
m m m m 361 (5.5) 422 (3.9) 492 (3.4)
581 (2.2) 630 (2.6) 370 (4.8) 442 (3.3) 515 (2.6)
586 (2.0) 635 (2.2) 393 (3.4) 459 (2.7) 524 (2.5)
505 (3.6) 555 (3.8) 337 (4.4) 386 (3.6) 441 (3.5)
471 (3.9) 523 (4.1) 291 (6.2) 345 (4.0) 402 (3.5)
545 (3.3) 598 (3.4) 378 (4.7) 434 (3.7) 496 (3.8)
554 (2.8) 598 (3.0) 383 (5.7) 440 (3.3) 499 (2.5)
559 (2.8) 605 (3.7) 411 (3.7) 461 (2.8) 518 (2.4)
595 (2.3) 641 (2.8) 394 (4.1) 459 (3.5) 528 (2.7)
570 (4.0) 623 (4.0) 359 (5.5) 436 (4.1) 516 (2.9)
562 (3.0) 611 (3.0) 379 (4.8) 443 (3.9) 511 (3.5)
549 (2.8) 601 (3.6) 345 (6.4) 416 (4.5) 485 (3.6)
561 (3.6) 608 (3.5) 364 (5.1) 428 (4.6) 495 (3.6)
566 (2.2) 618 (2.5) 354 (3.9) 423 (3.1) 490 (2.0)
563 (3.3) 612 (3.6) 411 (5.4) 469 (3.7) 526 (2.9)
554 (3.4) 611 (3.9) 329 (7.3) 414 (6.7) 497 (5.3)
554 (1.9) 603 (1.8) 357 (3.0) 426 (2.6) 496 (2.5)
591 (2.9) 640 (3.7) 413 (6.2) 478 (4.6) 546 (4.0)
595 (3.4) 635 (3.0) 423 (6.6) 483 (4.3) 542 (4.3)
541 (3.3) 584 (3.1) 375 (5.5) 434 (3.0) 495 (2.8)
530 (3.0) 580 (3.3) 362 (4.1) 418 (3.6) 481 (2.8)
542 (1.8) 598 (2.5) 341 (3.1) 413 (3.1) 488 (2.2)
483 (2.0) 530 (2.5) 308 (3.5) 363 (3.2) 422 (2.7)
574 (5.4) 624 (4.6) 383 (6.5) 448 (5.3) 517 (4.5)
593 (2.9) 648 (2.7) 370 (4.7) 440 (3.4) 514 (3.0)
564 (3.5) 616 (4.3) 369 (5.0) 438 (4.6) 507 (3.8)
565 (3.1) 613 (3.3) 403 (4.4) 461 (3.3) 522 (3.6)
548 (3.4) 597 (3.3) 356 (6.2) 424 (5.6) 491 (4.1)
543 (2.7) 594 (3.2) 322 (8.6) 397 (6.7) 473 (4.3)
549 (1.7) 597 (2.8) 360 (3.0) 419 (2.1) 484 (1.9)
541 (2.2) 587 (2.2) 362 (3.6) 426 (3.0) 492 (2.4)
560 (3.5) 616 (3.5) 335 (5.7) 410 (4.8) 486 (3.5)
563 (3.1) 613 (3.6) 379 (4.0) 442 (3.4) 507 (2.9)
522 (4.5) 570 (5.2) 365 (4.6) 417 (4.0) 475 (4.6)
559 (2.9) 615 (3.0) 362 (8.8) 431 (5.3) 500 (4.0)
568 (4.6) 624 (5.1) 378 (4.8) 436 (4.5) 501 (3.9)
556 (0.5) 606 (0.6) 367 (0.9) 431 (0.7) 497 (0.6)
m m m m 367 (0.9) 431 (0.7) 497 (0.6)
457 (4.7) 509 (4.9) 246 (7.4) 324 (4.9) 401 (3.3)
470 (5.9) 532 (7.1) 269 (6.0) 329 (5.0) 396 (4.5)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
473 (3.9) 536 (4.3) 295 (3.0) 347 (2.4) 404 (2.4)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
509 (7.0) 569 (7.3) 269 (8.1) 348 (8.9) 439 (7.3)
496 (3.8) 543 (4.7) 341 (5.9) 388 (4.6) 439 (3.9)
541 (3.0) 587 (3.5) 372 (4.9) 429 (4.4) 489 (3.6)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
439 (3.3) 497 (3.6) m m m m m m
592 (2.4) 635 (3.0) 431 (5.4) 494 (4.5) 553 (3.4)
447 (4.7) 488 (4.9) 297 (6.5) 345 (5.1) 396 (4.5)
467 (3.5) 515 (3.8) 279 (6.1) 342 (4.6) 405 (3.3)
450 (3.9) 511 (5.2) 297 (4.4) 343 (3.3) 394 (3.2)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
541 (1.5) 583 (1.9) 400 (2.4) 456 (1.9) 514 (1.6)
469 (2.9) 512 (3.2) 285 (4.5) 341 (3.8) 401 (3.7)
528 (3.0) 586 (2.5) m m m m m m
448 (3.9) 500 (3.9) m m m m m m
473 (2.5) 525 (2.8) 300 (3.3) 359 (2.6) 423 (2.2)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
439 (7.8) 505 (9.6) m m m m m m
439 (5.2) 497 (6.3) 264 (5.0) 320 (4.7) 385 (4.7)
m m m m m m m m m m
468 (2.3) 547 (2.5) 246 (1.9) 315 (1.3) 393 (1.4)
487 (5.3) 535 (4.9) 300 (13.9) 361 (8.3) 425 (6.9)
520 (3.3) 573 (4.7) 359 (4.4) 416 (4.1) 477 (3.5)
m m m m m m m m m m
501 (2.6) 548 (2.8) 325 (5.7) 385 (4.4) 448 (4.0)
598 (2.5) 649 (2.8) 409 (2.8) 476 (2.3) 549 (2.1)
556 (3.0) 600 (4.8) 398 (5.2) 467 (4.5) 533 (3.3)
468 (2.6) 513 (3.7) 339 (4.4) 387 (3.4) 440 (3.4)
m m m m m m m m m m
505 (3.0) 564 (3.4) 313 (3.8) 374 (3.3) 444 (3.1)
492 (3.0) 549 (3.4) 278 (6.0) 342 (5.1) 411 (3.5)
m m m m 409 (8.1) 461 (5.4) 511 (4.1)
rt of PISA 2009+.
ic characteristics of these samples match those of the PISA 2018 weighted sample, as in post-stratification (see Annex A3 for details).
er, and immigrant background. Adjusted changes and trends represent estimates of how the performance of a population matching the
579 (2.0) 634 (2.4) 359 (3.0) 429 (2.8) 505 (2.0)
554 (3.3) 602 (2.8) 345 (5.2) 415 (4.1) 490 (3.2)
582 (2.4) 632 (2.4) 361 (3.8) 430 (3.8) 508 (3.0)
585 (2.1) 637 (2.6) 402 (3.7) 464 (2.8) 530 (2.5)
494 (3.6) 540 (3.3) 340 (4.1) 396 (3.5) 459 (3.2)
459 (3.9) 508 (4.6) 306 (4.4) 359 (4.1) 423 (3.7)
555 (3.5) 605 (3.6) 352 (4.8) 418 (4.1) 493 (3.1)
554 (2.3) 601 (2.7) 382 (4.2) 442 (3.2) 505 (2.6)
571 (2.2) 618 (2.8) 405 (4.0) 461 (2.8) 523 (2.7)
589 (2.5) 638 (2.5) 397 (5.0) 466 (4.0) 533 (2.8)
584 (3.7) 639 (3.9) 344 (5.7) 423 (3.8) 510 (2.8)
571 (2.9) 619 (3.2) 369 (5.5) 437 (3.9) 510 (3.9)
545 (3.5) 597 (3.8) 335 (8.3) 400 (6.1) 473 (4.7)
556 (3.5) 603 (4.1) 338 (4.1) 400 (3.9) 476 (3.6)
552 (3.1) 602 (2.5) 348 (4.2) 416 (3.0) 484 (2.5)
582 (2.8) 631 (3.4) 407 (4.1) 464 (3.1) 525 (2.9)
568 (4.5) 624 (4.4) 322 (5.7) 398 (5.1) 484 (4.5)
558 (2.2) 608 (2.2) 358 (4.1) 420 (3.7) 488 (3.3)
608 (3.8) 659 (4.5) 392 (5.8) 458 (4.2) 524 (3.5)
596 (4.0) 640 (4.0) 385 (5.7) 455 (4.5) 524 (3.9)
548 (2.9) 594 (2.8) 374 (3.4) 431 (3.1) 492 (2.3)
538 (2.8) 585 (3.2) 348 (3.4) 408 (2.9) 475 (3.1)
561 (2.5) 619 (2.2) 334 (3.1) 403 (2.3) 485 (2.4)
477 (2.2) 524 (2.3) 317 (4.5) 366 (3.8) 421 (3.3)
578 (3.8) 624 (3.8) 366 (4.8) 432 (4.2) 507 (3.0)
585 (3.2) 644 (4.1) 369 (4.6) 440 (3.7) 515 (3.3)
571 (3.6) 626 (4.0) 381 (4.0) 448 (3.3) 518 (2.8)
579 (3.6) 626 (4.8) 386 (3.7) 446 (3.5) 511 (3.0)
552 (3.5) 603 (3.5) 372 (3.9) 434 (4.1) 502 (3.3)
538 (4.0) 591 (5.3) 314 (4.5) 385 (4.1) 461 (3.3)
548 (2.2) 598 (2.5) 380 (3.0) 443 (2.4) 509 (2.0)
550 (2.1) 599 (2.1) 379 (4.1) 438 (3.4) 501 (2.6)
555 (3.6) 612 (3.9) 361 (4.6) 431 (4.6) 505 (4.2)
566 (3.2) 616 (3.0) 357 (4.9) 423 (4.1) 496 (3.6)
534 (5.6) 588 (6.8) 321 (4.9) 372 (4.5) 429 (4.5)
565 (3.8) 618 (4.0) 372 (4.1) 432 (3.4) 501 (3.2)
561 (4.0) 614 (4.2) 366 (5.5) 431 (4.7) 502 (3.8)
558 (0.6) 609 (0.6) 361 (0.8) 425 (0.6) 494 (0.6)
558 (0.6) 609 (0.6) 360 (0.8) 424 (0.6) 494 (0.5)
473 (3.3) 536 (3.4) 278 (5.2) 340 (4.7) 406 (4.5)
460 (4.1) 515 (4.7) m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
464 (2.5) 517 (3.0) 281 (2.8) 338 (2.9) 407 (3.0)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
520 (6.3) 583 (6.1) 274 (7.1) 344 (7.3) 434 (6.8)
488 (4.3) 533 (4.6) 324 (3.5) 373 (3.1) 426 (2.9)
547 (3.8) 595 (5.2) 367 (4.3) 425 (3.7) 490 (3.4)
m m m m 304 (2.7) 372 (2.8) 447 (2.2)
m m m m 250 (3.9) 296 (3.5) 353 (3.4)
m m m m 266 (4.4) 331 (3.9) 403 (3.4)
605 (3.1) 649 (3.4) 411 (4.6) 473 (3.7) 533 (3.0)
447 (4.5) 491 (6.1) 297 (6.0) 345 (4.1) 397 (3.4)
462 (3.2) 510 (4.9) 280 (5.3) 348 (3.6) 416 (3.4)
444 (3.3) 487 (3.5) m m m m m m
m m m m 244 (2.8) 294 (2.5) 350 (2.0)
m m m m 204 (5.9) 266 (5.1) 340 (5.4)
567 (1.3) 612 (2.0) 399 (2.6) 455 (2.0) 513 (2.0)
456 (3.9) 502 (4.3) m m m m m m
m m m m 284 (4.9) 366 (3.7) 457 (2.6)
m m m m 288 (3.7) 348 (3.1) 417 (3.0)
486 (1.5) 539 (3.1) 305 (2.6) 362 (2.7) 427 (2.3)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m 223 (3.4) 284 (2.5) 353 (2.5)
m m m m m m m m m m
447 (5.2) 505 (6.4) 279 (3.3) 332 (3.2) 397 (3.6)
m m m m m m m m m m
471 (1.8) 541 (2.0) 256 (1.8) 322 (1.8) 404 (1.5)
488 (6.5) 544 (5.7) 291 (16.0) 358 (9.6) 429 (6.8)
538 (4.1) 592 (4.3) 381 (4.2) 435 (4.1) 496 (3.5)
m m m m m m m m m m
510 (4.0) 566 (4.7) m m m m m m
615 (2.2) 670 (3.2) 402 (3.7) 471 (2.6) 543 (1.9)
588 (2.9) 633 (3.6) 370 (4.3) 437 (3.4) 505 (2.8)
493 (3.6) 540 (4.4) 307 (3.3) 353 (3.6) 406 (3.6)
m m m m m m m m m m
507 (2.8) 562 (3.1) 292 (3.9) 357 (3.6) 433 (3.6)
474 (3.5) 531 (4.1) 310 (3.3) 367 (3.4) 434 (3.1)
558 (3.9) 598 (4.9) 392 (5.0) 436 (4.5) 486 (3.9)
Annex A3 for details).
pulation matching the
573 (2.1) 628 (2.4) 357 (2.8) 429 (2.2) 507 (1.9)
557 (3.1) 611 (3.0) 350 (3.7) 413 (4.1) 488 (3.8)
573 (2.2) 623 (2.5) 352 (3.8) 421 (3.2) 498 (2.7)
590 (2.6) 641 (2.8) 388 (2.4) 452 (2.3) 524 (2.2)
520 (3.1) 571 (3.5) 331 (3.6) 389 (3.1) 453 (3.2)
487 (3.3) 541 (3.1) 300 (3.7) 350 (3.5) 408 (3.8)
560 (2.9) 615 (3.5) 362 (4.3) 422 (3.7) 492 (3.0)
561 (2.6) 608 (3.2) 380 (3.0) 439 (2.7) 504 (2.2)
581 (2.6) 630 (2.9) 402 (3.5) 460 (2.6) 524 (2.3)
591 (2.7) 639 (2.7) 387 (4.2) 455 (3.2) 527 (2.8)
583 (3.1) 637 (2.9) 355 (3.5) 423 (3.0) 497 (3.0)
577 (3.1) 630 (3.3) 354 (4.5) 424 (4.4) 504 (4.1)
539 (3.6) 590 (3.7) 326 (4.9) 390 (4.9) 460 (4.1)
542 (3.1) 593 (3.2) 346 (4.0) 407 (3.0) 479 (3.1)
551 (2.6) 606 (4.0) 332 (4.0) 402 (3.3) 477 (2.7)
582 (2.8) 629 (2.8) 398 (3.5) 456 (2.8) 520 (2.4)
561 (4.2) 620 (4.2) 296 (5.9) 381 (5.8) 479 (4.9)
551 (3.1) 601 (3.0) 345 (4.6) 413 (3.2) 481 (2.9)
581 (3.4) 629 (3.6) 374 (4.5) 438 (3.7) 508 (3.0)
586 (3.9) 637 (4.3) 377 (4.9) 449 (3.8) 522 (3.1)
548 (2.1) 595 (2.5) 360 (3.2) 415 (2.3) 480 (2.2)
541 (3.7) 594 (4.3) 351 (2.7) 410 (2.6) 479 (2.3)
559 (2.1) 615 (2.6) 325 (2.1) 392 (2.0) 472 (1.8)
474 (3.5) 520 (3.9) 314 (3.5) 362 (2.8) 419 (2.9)
575 (2.9) 629 (3.0) 344 (4.4) 410 (3.5) 486 (3.7)
585 (3.4) 643 (4.4) 362 (3.7) 432 (3.2) 511 (2.9)
582 (3.0) 636 (3.0) 356 (4.3) 430 (3.2) 506 (2.7)
570 (2.8) 617 (3.5) 384 (3.6) 446 (2.9) 515 (3.3)
563 (2.8) 612 (3.3) 362 (4.0) 425 (3.4) 497 (2.9)
529 (2.9) 584 (3.1) 326 (4.0) 388 (3.1) 458 (2.9)
570 (2.2) 620 (3.5) 372 (3.0) 431 (2.2) 499 (1.9)
557 (2.7) 602 (2.9) m m m m m m
572 (4.0) 625 (3.6) 360 (5.7) 434 (4.1) 512 (3.4)
561 (3.5) 613 (3.4) 345 (4.6) 413 (4.0) 488 (3.6)
487 (5.2) 535 (5.9) 351 (4.1) 404 (3.0) 466 (2.6)
566 (3.1) 621 (3.6) 372 (4.3) 435 (3.2) 506 (2.7)
568 (3.9) 624 (3.8) 361 (5.3) 430 (4.4) 510 (4.1)
558 (0.5) 610 (0.6) 354 (0.7) 419 (0.6) 490 (0.5)
558 (0.5) 610 (0.6) 354 (0.7) 419 (0.6) 490 (0.5)
471 (4.7) 528 (5.2) 303 (2.9) 349 (2.2) 403 (2.1)
m m m m 274 (4.2) 333 (3.4) 402 (3.6)
m m m m 294 (2.5) 338 (2.4) 389 (2.4)
m m m m 355 (3.4) 412 (3.1) 475 (3.0)
m m m m 303 (2.8) 346 (3.0) 400 (3.5)
479 (3.0) 541 (4.0) 286 (2.6) 340 (2.3) 408 (2.4)
m m m m 284 (1.9) 335 (1.4) 403 (1.5)
m m m m 441 (4.2) 498 (3.5) 559 (2.9)
516 (5.6) 576 (5.0) 290 (4.5) 344 (4.9) 416 (4.8)
480 (3.2) 530 (3.7) 323 (3.1) 370 (2.9) 424 (3.5)
554 (3.1) 604 (3.4) 362 (4.6) 418 (3.7) 480 (3.2)
516 (2.6) 574 (3.5) 295 (2.9) 353 (2.3) 424 (1.9)
415 (4.1) 471 (5.1) 241 (2.5) 281 (2.7) 334 (3.2)
474 (3.3) 533 (4.6) 274 (2.5) 319 (2.6) 374 (2.7)
587 (2.5) 631 (3.1) 390 (5.5) 463 (3.7) 533 (2.9)
448 (3.1) 495 (3.4) 277 (3.1) 318 (2.8) 367 (2.8)
475 (3.2) 522 (2.9) 303 (5.7) 366 (3.9) 426 (3.0)
m m m m 294 (2.2) 333 (1.7) 380 (1.5)
403 (2.3) 447 (2.6) 265 (2.1) 304 (1.9) 352 (1.7)
426 (6.3) 503 (7.4) 211 (4.6) 268 (4.6) 347 (5.7)
566 (2.0) 610 (2.7) 403 (3.2) 464 (2.3) 530 (1.7)
m m m m 302 (3.4) 357 (3.1) 417 (3.2)
535 (2.8) 596 (3.2) 295 (3.2) 369 (3.0) 452 (2.6)
484 (3.3) 540 (4.0) 301 (3.3) 358 (2.9) 425 (3.1)
493 (2.4) 549 (2.8) 310 (2.1) 360 (1.6) 420 (1.7)
m m m m 265 (2.6) 304 (3.0) 355 (3.9)
420 (2.3) 480 (3.4) 268 (2.7) 328 (2.2) 395 (1.9)
m m m m 265 (3.7) 315 (3.0) 374 (3.0)
461 (3.9) 514 (4.5) 283 (2.9) 334 (3.3) 397 (3.3)
m m m m 248 (2.3) 281 (2.3) 327 (3.1)
484 (2.3) 548 (2.1) 264 (1.8) 326 (1.5) 405 (1.3)
491 (7.2) 547 (8.0) 297 (6.0) 361 (6.1) 431 (6.0)
556 (3.4) 608 (3.4) 357 (4.8) 416 (3.7) 480 (3.4)
m m m m 286 (4.4) 341 (4.0) 402 (3.4)
m m m m 312 (3.9) 370 (4.4) 440 (4.1)
608 (1.9) 658 (2.7) 398 (3.9) 478 (2.3) 559 (2.1)
563 (3.1) 611 (4.0) 367 (3.8) 435 (3.4) 508 (3.1)
462 (4.3) 513 (4.8) 295 (3.2) 337 (3.2) 388 (3.5)
m m m m 340 (5.2) 404 (4.8) 472 (3.5)
507 (3.4) 570 (3.3) 284 (2.7) 348 (2.5) 429 (2.6)
503 (3.2) 561 (4.6) 299 (3.6) 360 (3.6) 427 (3.2)
536 (4.3) 579 (5.3) m m m m m m
Adjusted change in percentiles between 2009 and 2
A 2018 results
(PISA 2018 - PISA 2009)
580 (2.0) 640 (2.2) -8 (6.0) -9 (5.3) -6 (5.0)

558 (2.9) 612 (2.9) m m m m m m
568 (2.6) 623 (2.6) -13 (7.1) -12 (6.1) -16 (5.4)
592 (2.0) 646 (2.3) -11 (5.1) -6 (4.8) -1 (4.5)
517 (3.4) 572 (3.3) -8 (7.3) -2 (6.4) 3 (6.0)
472 (4.1) 532 (4.7) 1 (7.5) -3 (7.0) -4 (6.8)
560 (2.9) 616 (2.8) 6 (7.6) 9 (6.5) 13 (5.7)
566 (2.1) 618 (2.6) 0 (5.9) 1 (5.3) 6 (4.8)
587 (2.3) 643 (3.1) 10 (6.8) 15 (5.5) 20 (5.1)
591 (2.5) 643 (3.0) -27 (6.8) -21 (5.8) -12 (5.4)
567 (3.3) 622 (3.6) 8 (8.8) -3 (6.7) -6 (6.0)
576 (3.5) 632 (3.5) -6 (7.5) -1 (7.2) 4 (6.6)
526 (3.7) 583 (3.9) -28 (9.8) -29 (8.5) -27 (7.1)
547 (2.9) 602 (3.7) -27 (8.6) -29 (6.3) -23 (5.8)
549 (3.0) 609 (3.3) -35 (6.5) -33 (6.0) -28 (4.9)
583 (2.6) 635 (2.8) 22 (6.9) 19 (5.9) 16 (5.7)
563 (3.8) 628 (3.7) -25 (10.6) -20 (8.1) -5 (7.2)
545 (3.0) 598 (3.4) -6 (6.9) -4 (5.3) -9 (5.0)
572 (3.1) 627 (3.7) -11 (9.1) -21 (7.0) -23 (5.6)
585 (3.1) 640 (3.9) -58 (8.5) -42 (6.7) -23 (6.0)
542 (2.3) 595 (2.7) -18 (6.4) -13 (5.7) -7 (5.7)
543 (1.9) 597 (1.8) -3 (6.1) 0 (5.5) 8 (4.9)
548 (1.9) 612 (2.8) 5 (5.6) -1 (4.6) -1 (4.4)
476 (3.5) 530 (4.2) 11 (6.9) 0 (5.5) -7 (5.1)
562 (3.4) 621 (3.3) -45 (7.6) -29 (7.8) -21 (8.9)
584 (2.1) 640 (2.9) -14 (8.0) -16 (5.9) -14 (5.5)
576 (3.1) 632 (2.9) -14 (7.1) -4 (6.1) 5 (5.4)
581 (3.4) 636 (4.0) 1 (6.6) 4 (5.6) 10 (5.5)
562 (2.9) 613 (2.7) -2 (7.8) -1 (6.8) 8 (5.8)
529 (3.1) 590 (3.3) -26 (8.4) -26 (6.4) -22 (5.7)
561 (2.1) 614 (2.8) 16 (5.1) 13 (4.6) 13 (4.3)
m m m m m m m m m m
583 (3.2) 640 (3.5) 7 (9.2) 9 (7.3) 17 (6.3)
558 (3.8) 615 (4.0) -20 (7.2) -16 (6.4) -11 (5.8)
527 (2.4) 581 (3.1) -5 (7.0) -5 (5.9) -1 (5.7)
575 (3.1) 632 (3.5) 9 (6.8) 11 (6.1) 12 (5.7)
584 (4.3) 643 (3.9) -11 (7.5) -3 (6.9) 9 (6.9)
558 (0.5) 614 (0.6) -9 (3.7) -8 (3.6) -3 (3.6)
558 (0.5) 614 (0.5) m m m m m m
459 (2.8) 510 (3.3) 49 (7.0) 30 (6.4) 14 (6.2)

471 (3.6) 529 (3.4) 25 (10.8) 9 (7.9) 3 (7.4)
438 (3.0) 485 (4.6) m m m m m m
538 (3.0) 589 (3.1) m m m m m m
458 (3.7) 509 (4.1) m m m m m m
482 (3.1) 548 (3.7) -4 (5.5) -5 (5.1) 1 (5.3)
476 (1.7) 542 (2.5) m m m m m m
617 (3.1) 666 (3.5) m m m m m m
491 (5.0) 557 (5.2) 21 (9.8) -1 (10.5) -16 (10.5)
483 (4.5) 534 (5.9) -14 (6.8) -16 (5.8) -18 (6.1)
542 (2.9) 594 (3.2) 2 (6.8) -1 (6.7) -3 (5.9)
494 (2.0) 554 (2.6) m m m m m m
395 (4.0) 453 (5.5) m m m m m m
436 (2.8) 493 (3.6) 37 (7.0) 16 (6.1) -1 (5.6)
595 (2.6) 645 (2.5) -26 (7.8) -19 (5.9) -8 (5.1)
420 (3.6) 472 (5.1) -36 (6.9) -38 (6.2) -34 (5.9)
480 (2.6) 524 (3.1) 23 (8.7) 18 (6.8) 15 (5.9)
433 (1.9) 490 (2.9) 20 (5.6) 7 (5.0) -6 (5.2)
398 (1.7) 442 (2.0) m m m m m m
434 (5.2) 507 (5.0) m m m m m m
590 (2.1) 641 (3.0) 15 (5.1) 28 (4.4) 40 (4.2)
474 (3.4) 524 (4.2) 5 (7.4) -2 (6.3) -1 (5.8)
529 (3.0) 593 (3.3) 21 (8.0) 7 (6.0) 2 (5.2)
491 (3.4) 544 (3.7) 36 (6.9) 34 (5.9) 37 (5.8)
480 (1.6) 534 (2.0) 22 (5.4) 16 (4.6) 12 (4.7)
412 (4.0) 460 (3.6) m m m m m m
460 (1.8) 513 (2.4) m m m m m m
436 (4.2) 493 (5.6) 16 (11.2) 8 (8.3) 3 (8.2)
463 (3.8) 523 (4.9) 39 (6.0) 29 (6.3) 25 (6.2)
388 (4.7) 453 (7.2) m m m m m m
483 (1.2) 552 (1.8) 30 (4.5) 30 (4.1) 25 (4.1)
497 (6.0) 554 (5.9) 0 (9.9) 2 (10.2) 4 (8.9)
543 (3.3) 597 (3.6) 11 (8.0) 15 (6.4) 18 (5.9)
459 (3.1) 507 (3.0) m m m m m m
508 (3.5) 566 (3.5) -18 (6.7) -18 (6.6) -5 (6.1)
628 (2.0) 684 (2.5) 4 (6.3) 18 (4.8) 26 (4.7)
576 (3.7) 630 (3.8) -14 (6.6) -4 (5.9) 6 (5.5)
445 (4.4) 501 (5.1) -34 (6.1) -34 (5.8) -31 (5.8)
532 (3.5) 582 (3.8) m m m m m m
511 (3.5) 584 (3.1) -22 (6.3) -20 (5.9) -9 (5.4)
495 (3.6) 552 (4.5) 10 (6.8) 7 (6.4) 3 (5.8)
m m m m m m m m m m
iles between 2009 and 2018 Adjusted change in percentiles between 2012 and 2
- PISA 2009) (PISA 2018 - PISA 2012)
1 (5.1) 6 (5.5) -25 (5.6) -17 (4.8) -7 (4.6)

m m m m -11 (7.6) -9 (6.8) -4 (6.3)
-14 (4.9) -6 (5.1) -18 (7.2) -21 (6.0) -18 (5.3)
6 (4.5) 11 (4.8) -6 (5.6) -6 (5.1) 0 (5.0)
12 (6.0) 17 (6.2) -6 (6.8) 3 (6.1) 12 (6.1)
1 (6.7) 9 (7.1) 9 (8.1) 5 (6.5) 6 (6.4)
15 (5.7) 19 (5.6) -16 (7.4) -12 (6.4) -4 (6.1)
13 (5.0) 20 (5.3) -2 (7.5) -1 (5.7) 5 (5.0)
29 (5.1) 39 (6.0) -9 (6.3) -1 (5.4) 6 (5.0)
-4 (4.9) 2 (5.4) -7 (7.0) -4 (6.0) -1 (5.4)
-4 (6.3) -1 (6.4) -4 (7.5) -13 (6.3) -19 (5.6)
14 (5.8) 21 (5.8) -25 (7.6) -19 (7.0) -7 (6.6)
-23 (5.9) -18 (6.4) -19 (8.9) -26 (7.7) -25 (6.6)
-13 (5.8) -7 (6.2) -18 (7.5) -21 (6.6) -16 (6.1)
-16 (5.1) -9 (5.5) -23 (6.7) -21 (5.9) -13 (5.0)
20 (5.5) 23 (5.7) -13 (7.5) -13 (6.0) -6 (5.3)
9 (6.2) 16 (6.4) -33 (10.1) -33 (9.6) -18 (8.1)
-9 (5.0) -5 (5.2) -12 (6.7) -13 (5.6) -15 (5.4)
-19 (5.5) -13 (6.3) -38 (8.5) -39 (7.0) -39 (6.3)
-10 (5.8) 4 (6.0) -46 (9.0) -34 (6.9) -20 (6.5)
2 (5.3) 10 (5.4) -15 (7.4) -19 (5.3) -15 (5.2)
14 (5.0) 17 (5.2) -12 (6.1) -9 (5.8) -2 (5.2)
6 (4.4) 14 (5.2) -15 (5.3) -20 (5.3) -16 (4.7)
-7 (5.4) 0 (6.0) 5 (6.2) -1 (5.7) -3 (5.5)
-12 (7.3) -3 (6.7) -40 (8.7) -38 (7.3) -31 (6.9)
-9 (5.0) -7 (5.3) -8 (7.1) -9 (6.0) -3 (5.6)
11 (5.9) 16 (6.2) -13 (7.6) -7 (6.7) -1 (5.9)
16 (5.8) 23 (6.3) -19 (6.8) -15 (5.8) -7 (6.1)
14 (5.7) 16 (5.5) 6 (8.3) 1 (7.5) 7 (6.3)
-14 (5.4) -5 (5.8) 5 (10.2) -10 (8.3) -16 (6.4)
12 (4.4) 17 (5.3) 12 (5.7) 13 (4.8) 15 (4.6)
1 (4.4) 8 (4.5) -9 (5.9) -13 (5.2) -12 (4.8)
24 (5.9) 24 (6.0) 25 (8.9) 24 (7.4) 25 (6.2)
-5 (6.0) 2 (6.5) -34 (7.2) -29 (6.5) -19 (5.9)
4 (6.2) 11 (7.0) -14 (7.2) -12 (6.2) -9 (6.5)
16 (5.5) 18 (5.8) 10 (10.5) 4 (7.2) 6 (6.1)
15 (7.2) 18 (7.3) -18 (8.1) -6 (7.3) 9 (6.8)
3 (3.6) 9 (3.6) -12 (3.9) -12 (3.8) -7 (3.8)
m m m m -12 (3.9) -12 (3.8) -7 (3.8)
2 (6.5) 1 (6.9) 57 (8.7) 25 (6.6) 2 (5.4)

1 (7.8) -3 (8.6) 6 (8.2) 5 (7.1) 6 (6.9)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
9 (6.1) 12 (6.7) -9 (5.4) -7 (5.0) 3 (5.1)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
-19 (9.3) -12 (9.6) 21 (10.0) -3 (10.8) -23 (9.5)
-13 (6.9) -9 (8.4) -18 (7.7) -19 (6.6) -14 (6.5)
1 (5.5) 7 (5.9) -10 (7.7) -11 (6.8) -9 (6.1)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
-3 (5.6) -3 (6.2) m m m m m m
2 (5.0) 10 (5.3) -41 (8.6) -31 (6.9) -20 (5.8)
-27 (6.9) -17 (7.9) -20 (8.2) -27 (6.9) -29 (6.5)
13 (5.6) 10 (6.0) 25 (9.2) 25 (7.1) 21 (5.8)
-17 (5.6) -21 (6.9) -3 (6.2) -10 (5.3) -14 (5.1)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
49 (4.4) 58 (5.0) 2 (5.4) 8 (4.8) 16 (4.4)
5 (5.7) 12 (6.3) 17 (6.7) 16 (6.1) 16 (6.1)
0 (5.5) 7 (5.4) m m m m m m
44 (6.2) 44 (6.4) m m m m m m
8 (4.6) 9 (5.0) 10 (5.4) 1 (4.8) -3 (4.7)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
-3 (9.6) -12 (11.7) m m m m m m
24 (7.4) 26 (8.7) 19 (6.9) 14 (6.8) 12 (6.9)
m m m m m m m m m m
14 (4.4) 5 (4.7) 17 (4.6) 11 (4.2) 12 (4.2)
11 (8.7) 19 (8.4) -3 (15.6) 0 (11.0) 7 (9.9)
23 (5.8) 24 (6.9) -2 (7.5) 0 (6.7) 3 (6.1)
m m m m m m m m m m
7 (5.6) 18 (5.7) -13 (7.9) -15 (7.3) -8 (6.8)
30 (4.7) 35 (5.1) -11 (6.1) 2 (5.0) 9 (4.8)
20 (5.9) 30 (7.1) -32 (7.5) -32 (6.8) -25 (5.9)
-23 (6.2) -12 (7.2) -44 (6.6) -50 (6.0) -52 (6.2)
m m m m m m m m m m
6 (5.8) 20 (5.8) -29 (6.0) -26 (5.6) -15 (5.5)
3 (5.9) 3 (6.6) 21 (7.9) 18 (7.2) 17 (6.0)
m m m m m m m m m m
iles between 2012 and 2018 Adjusted change in percentiles between 2015 and 2
- PISA 2012) (PISA 2018 - PISA 2015)
1 (4.7) 6 (5.0) -2 (5.7) 0 (5.3) 3 (4.8)

4 (5.8) 10 (5.5) 5 (7.5) -2 (7.0) -1 (6.4)
-14 (5.1) -9 (5.1) -8 (6.7) -9 (6.3) -10 (5.6)
7 (4.8) 10 (5.1) -14 (5.9) -12 (5.4) -6 (5.1)
23 (6.2) 32 (6.0) -9 (6.7) -7 (6.1) -6 (6.0)
14 (6.8) 24 (7.5) -6 (7.0) -9 (6.7) -16 (6.6)
5 (5.9) 11 (5.9) 10 (7.5) 4 (6.7) -1 (5.9)
12 (4.9) 17 (5.3) -2 (6.5) -3 (5.7) 0 (5.2)
17 (4.9) 25 (5.6) -3 (6.6) -1 (5.5) 1 (5.3)
2 (5.1) 5 (5.4) -10 (7.6) -11 (6.4) -6 (5.6)
-18 (6.2) -17 (6.5) 11 (7.8) 0 (6.2) -13 (5.7)
5 (5.9) 14 (6.0) -15 (8.1) -12 (7.1) -7 (6.9)
-18 (6.3) -14 (6.6) -9 (10.4) -10 (8.8) -14 (7.4)
-8 (5.9) -2 (6.6) 7 (6.9) 7 (6.3) 3 (6.2)
-2 (5.7) 6 (5.6) -17 (7.0) -13 (6.0) -6 (5.4)
0 (5.3) 3 (5.8) -9 (6.7) -8 (5.7) -5 (5.4)
-5 (7.0) 4 (6.8) -26 (9.1) -17 (8.7) -5 (7.7)
-13 (5.2) -10 (5.5) -13 (7.3) -7 (6.3) -6 (5.9)
-35 (6.2) -32 (6.9) -17 (8.3) -19 (6.8) -16 (6.1)
-11 (6.3) 0 (6.7) -8 (8.5) -6 (7.1) -2 (6.3)
-6 (5.3) 1 (5.4) -14 (6.1) -16 (5.5) -11 (5.1)
6 (5.1) 12 (5.2) 2 (5.9) 2 (5.6) 4 (5.5)
-13 (4.9) -7 (5.2) -9 (5.4) -11 (4.9) -14 (4.9)
0 (5.6) 6 (6.1) -3 (6.9) -3 (6.2) -2 (5.9)
-16 (6.3) -4 (6.2) -22 (7.6) -22 (6.7) -20 (6.1)
-1 (5.3) -4 (6.3) -8 (7.1) -8 (6.3) -4 (5.9)
5 (6.0) 6 (6.2) -24 (7.1) -18 (6.0) -12 (5.5)
3 (6.2) 10 (7.3) -2 (6.5) -1 (6.0) 3 (6.0)
10 (5.9) 9 (5.8) -10 (6.8) -9 (6.6) -5 (5.9)
-9 (6.3) -2 (7.3) 12 (7.2) 3 (6.5) -3 (5.9)
13 (4.8) 15 (5.3) -8 (5.8) -12 (5.1) -10 (4.8)
-8 (4.6) -5 (4.7) -25 (6.3) -25 (5.6) -22 (5.1)
29 (6.1) 28 (6.4) -1 (8.3) 4 (7.3) 6 (6.7)
-8 (6.2) -1 (6.3) -12 (7.8) -10 (7.0) -8 (6.4)
-7 (7.2) -7 (8.4) 30 (7.5) 33 (6.6) 37 (6.5)
10 (6.2) 14 (6.5) 0 (7.1) 3 (6.1) 6 (5.8)
22 (6.9) 29 (6.8) -5 (8.6) -2 (7.5) 8 (6.8)
0 (3.8) 5 (3.8) -6 (4.1) -6 (4.0) -4 (4.0)
0 (3.8) 5 (3.8) -6 (4.1) -6 (4.0) -4 (4.0)
-14 (5.7) -26 (6.1) 26 (7.2) 9 (6.5) -3 (6.3)

11 (6.6) 14 (6.9) m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
18 (5.5) 31 (6.1) 5 (5.5) 2 (5.4) 1 (5.5)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
-30 (8.8) -26 (8.8) 16 (9.2) 1 (9.6) -19 (9.2)
-5 (7.3) 0 (8.4) -2 (6.1) -3 (5.8) -1 (6.0)
-5 (6.1) 0 (7.2) -5 (7.4) -7 (6.5) -9 (6.1)
m m m m -9 (5.6) -19 (5.3) -23 (4.9)
m m m m -9 (6.1) -15 (5.9) -19 (6.1)
m m m m 9 (6.4) -12 (6.1) -29 (5.8)
-10 (5.5) -4 (5.7) -22 (8.2) -11 (6.6) 0 (5.7)
-27 (6.9) -20 (8.8) -21 (7.9) -27 (6.3) -31 (5.9)
18 (5.5) 15 (6.9) 23 (8.7) 18 (6.6) 10 (6.0)
-11 (5.4) 3 (5.9) m m m m m m
m m m m 22 (5.3) 9 (5.0) 1 (4.7)
m m m m 7 (8.5) 2 (7.9) 7 (8.8)
23 (4.5) 29 (5.2) 4 (5.7) 9 (5.0) 16 (4.7)
18 (6.4) 21 (7.1) m m m m m m
m m m m 11 (7.1) 3 (6.2) -5 (5.4)
m m m m m m m m m m
-6 (4.4) -5 (5.3) 5 (5.1) -1 (5.0) -7 (4.8)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m 45 (5.8) 45 (5.2) 42 (5.0)
m m m m m m m m m m
16 (7.5) 18 (8.9) 4 (5.9) 2 (6.0) 0 (6.3)
m m m m m m m m m m
11 (4.3) 11 (4.6) 7 (4.7) 4 (4.6) 1 (4.4)
10 (9.6) 10 (9.0) 6 (17.5) 3 (12.1) 2 (9.8)
5 (6.4) 5 (6.8) -25 (7.5) -19 (6.8) -16 (6.2)
m m m m m m m m m m
-3 (6.5) -1 (6.9) m m m m m m
13 (4.8) 14 (5.5) -3 (6.7) 7 (5.3) 15 (4.8)
-12 (6.0) -4 (6.4) -3 (6.9) -2 (6.3) 3 (5.7)
-48 (6.8) -40 (7.7) -12 (6.1) -16 (6.2) -18 (6.4)
m m m m m m m m m m
4 (5.8) 22 (5.8) -8 (6.2) -8 (5.9) -4 (5.9)
21 (6.3) 21 (7.2) -10 (6.3) -7 (6.3) -7 (6.0)
m m m m m m m m m m
iles between 2015 and 2018 Average adjusted 3-year trend in percentiles of reading performance acros
- PISA 2015) 2009 or earliest assessment available after 2009
7 (4.9) 12 (5.1) -5 (2.0) -4 (1.7) -3 (1.6)

0 (5.7) 2 (5.7) -6 (3.8) -5 (3.4) -2 (3.1)
-6 (5.2) 0 (5.3) -5 (2.3) -5 (2.0) -5 (1.7)
2 (5.1) 5 (5.4) -2 (1.8) -1 (1.6) 1 (1.5)
-3 (6.0) 1 (6.2) -2 (2.3) 0 (2.1) 3 (2.0)
-14 (6.6) -9 (6.9) 2 (2.4) 0 (2.2) 1 (2.2)
0 (5.7) 2 (5.9) -1 (2.5) 1 (2.1) 3 (1.9)
5 (5.1) 10 (5.7) 0 (2.0) 0 (1.8) 2 (1.6)
6 (5.2) 13 (5.8) 2 (2.2) 5 (1.8) 7 (1.7)
0 (5.4) 4 (5.6) -8 (2.3) -6 (1.9) -3 (1.7)
-16 (6.0) -15 (6.1) 1 (2.9) -2 (2.2) -2 (1.9)
-1 (6.1) 2 (6.2) -3 (2.5) -1 (2.3) 1 (2.1)
-12 (6.5) -7 (6.7) -9 (3.1) -10 (2.7) -9 (2.2)
5 (5.8) 9 (6.3) -11 (2.8) -12 (2.1) -9 (1.9)
-2 (5.6) 3 (6.5) -11 (2.1) -11 (2.0) -9 (1.6)
0 (5.5) 5 (5.6) 6 (2.2) 5 (2.0) 5 (1.9)
3 (6.9) 8 (6.8) -8 (3.3) -8 (2.6) -3 (2.3)
-6 (5.8) -3 (6.0) -2 (2.2) -2 (1.8) -3 (1.6)
-9 (6.1) -2 (6.5) -5 (3.0) -8 (2.3) -9 (1.9)
-1 (6.3) 3 (7.0) -21 (2.7) -15 (2.2) -9 (2.0)
-6 (5.0) 0 (5.4) -5 (2.1) -4 (1.8) -2 (1.9)
2 (5.7) 3 (6.1) -2 (2.0) -1 (1.8) 2 (1.7)
-12 (4.9) -3 (5.5) 1 (1.8) -1 (1.5) -1 (1.5)
2 (6.4) 11 (6.9) 4 (2.2) 0 (1.8) -2 (1.7)
-13 (5.9) -8 (5.9) -15 (2.6) -10 (2.5) -7 (2.8)
-1 (5.6) -3 (6.6) -4 (2.5) -5 (1.9) -4 (1.7)
-6 (5.8) -4 (5.7) -3 (2.2) 0 (2.1) 3 (1.8)
11 (5.9) 19 (6.6) -1 (2.1) 0 (1.9) 2 (1.8)
-1 (5.6) 0 (5.8) 1 (2.5) 1 (2.2) 4 (1.9)
0 (5.8) 6 (6.0) -9 (2.8) -9 (2.1) -8 (1.9)
-9 (4.9) -7 (5.9) 7 (1.6) 7 (1.5) 6 (1.4)
-15 (5.0) -8 (5.2) -1 (1.9) -2 (1.7) -1 (1.6)
11 (6.5) 15 (6.4) 5 (3.0) 5 (2.3) 7 (2.1)
-4 (6.5) 2 (6.6) -8 (2.3) -7 (2.0) -5 (1.9)
40 (6.9) 46 (7.7) -6 (2.2) -6 (2.0) -5 (1.9)
9 (5.9) 11 (6.4) 4 (2.4) 3 (2.0) 4 (1.9)
15 (7.0) 18 (6.7) -5 (2.5) -1 (2.2) 3 (2.2)
0 (4.0) 4 (4.0) -3 (1.3) -3 (1.2) -1 (1.2)
0 (4.0) 4 (4.0) -3 (1.3) -3 (1.3) -1 (1.3)
-12 (6.7) -17 (7.3) 18 (2.3) 11 (2.1) 5 (2.0)

m m m m 7 (3.4) 3 (2.4) 1 (2.3)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
3 (5.8) 7 (6.7) -3 (1.8) -2 (1.7) 1 (1.7)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
-25 (8.5) -19 (8.2) 7 (3.2) -1 (3.4) -5 (3.4)
3 (6.8) 4 (8.0) -7 (2.5) -7 (2.2) -7 (2.2)
-12 (5.8) -10 (6.1) 0 (2.3) -1 (2.2) -1 (1.9)
-22 (5.1) -20 (5.9) -8 (4.5) -18 (4.0) -23 (3.3)
-21 (7.0) -18 (8.4) -10 (6.7) -16 (6.4) -19 (5.9)
-38 (5.9) -40 (7.0) 14 (2.5) 7 (2.4) 1 (2.0)
8 (5.3) 13 (5.6) -10 (2.4) -8 (2.0) -4 (1.7)
-29 (6.2) -23 (7.3) -11 (2.3) -11 (2.1) -10 (2.0)
5 (5.7) 3 (5.7) 7 (2.8) 6 (2.2) 6 (1.9)
m m m m 5 (1.7) 1 (1.6) -3 (1.7)
-5 (4.8) -5 (5.2) 22 (5.1) 10 (4.9) 2 (4.9)
9 (9.0) 4 (9.7) 8 (8.3) 3 (8.3) 8 (8.6)
24 (4.9) 31 (5.6) 4 (1.8) 8 (1.5) 12 (1.4)
m m m m 4 (2.6) 1 (2.3) 2 (2.2)
-6 (5.6) -3 (6.0) 8 (3.1) 2 (2.2) 1 (2.0)
m m m m m m m m m m
-13 (4.9) -15 (5.2) 7 (1.7) 5 (1.6) 4 (1.5)
m m m m m m m m m m
39 (4.9) 33 (5.7) 44 (5.2) 44 (5.4) 41 (4.9)
m m m m 6 (3.7) 3 (2.8) 1 (2.7)
2 (6.7) 9 (7.7) 13 (2.0) 10 (2.1) 9 (2.0)
m m m m m m m m m m
-1 (4.7) 5 (4.8) 10 (1.6) 10 (1.4) 8 (1.4)
7 (10.2) 6 (10.7) -1 (3.5) 0 (3.4) 2 (3.0)
-13 (6.2) -11 (6.4) 6 (2.5) 6 (2.1) 7 (1.9)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m -6 (2.2) -6 (2.2) -2 (2.1)
20 (4.8) 25 (5.4) 0 (1.9) 5 (1.7) 7 (1.7)
13 (6.2) 19 (6.8) -7 (2.1) -4 (2.0) -1 (1.8)
-17 (7.3) -13 (8.0) -13 (2.0) -14 (1.9) -13 (1.9)
m m m m m m m m m m
4 (6.3) 14 (6.0) -9 (2.5) -8 (2.4) -4 (2.3)
-8 (6.2) -9 (7.5) 6 (2.3) 5 (2.0) 3 (2.0)
m m m m -17 (9.7) -24 (7.3) -25 (6.0)
ding performance across PISA assessments (since
ment available after 2009)
Score dif. S.E. Score dif. S.E.
0 (1.7) 1 (1.9)
2 (2.8) 5 (2.7)
-5 (1.6) -3 (1.7)
2 (1.5) 4 (1.7)
6 (2.0) 8 (2.1)
3 (2.2) 6 (2.3)
5 (1.8) 7 (1.9)
4 (1.6) 7 (1.8)
10 (1.8) 13 (2.0)
-1 (1.6) 1 (1.8)
-1 (2.1) 0 (2.0)
5 (1.9) 7 (2.0)
-7 (1.9) -6 (2.1)
-5 (1.9) -3 (2.0)
-5 (1.7) -2 (1.8)
6 (1.8) 7 (1.9)
2 (2.0) 5 (2.0)
-3 (1.6) -2 (1.7)
-8 (1.8) -7 (2.1)
-4 (1.9) 1 (2.0)
0 (1.8) 3 (1.8)
5 (1.7) 6 (1.8)
2 (1.5) 4 (1.8)
-2 (1.8) 0 (2.0)
-4 (2.4) -1 (2.3)
-3 (1.7) -3 (1.9)
5 (1.9) 6 (2.1)
4 (1.9) 6 (2.0)
5 (1.9) 5 (1.9)
-5 (1.8) -2 (2.0)
6 (1.5) 7 (2.1)
1 (1.5) 3 (1.5)
9 (1.9) 8 (2.0)
-2 (2.1) 0 (2.1)
-3 (2.1) -2 (2.3)
5 (1.9) 6 (1.9)
6 (2.3) 7 (2.3)
1 (1.2) 3 (1.2)
1 (1.3) 3 (1.3)
0 (2.2) -1 (2.2)
1 (2.5) 0 (2.7)
m m m m
m m m m
m m m m
4 (1.9) 6 (2.2)
m m m m
m m m m
-6 (3.0) -5 (3.1)
-5 (2.4) -3 (3.1)
1 (1.8) 3 (2.0)
-22 (3.8) -19 (3.9)
-21 (6.9) -17 (8.3)
1 (2.0) 1 (2.3)
-1 (1.7) 1 (1.7)
-8 (2.2) -4 (2.5)
5 (1.8) 4 (1.9)
-6 (1.8) -6 (2.2)
-4 (4.7) -5 (5.2)
9 (8.8) 7 (9.5)
15 (1.5) 17 (1.8)
4 (2.2) 6 (2.4)
1 (2.1) 3 (1.9)
m m m m
3 (1.5) 4 (1.6)
m m m m
39 (4.7) 34 (5.9)
-1 (3.2) -4 (3.9)
9 (2.4) 9 (2.8)
m m m m
5 (1.5) 2 (1.7)
3 (2.9) 6 (2.8)
9 (1.9) 9 (2.2)
m m m m
2 (1.9) 5 (2.0)
8 (1.7) 9 (1.7)
3 (1.9) 7 (2.4)
-10 (2.0) -6 (2.4)
m m m m
2 (2.4) 7 (2.4)
4 (1.9) 4 (2.1)
-23 (6.2) -18 (7.8)

Table I.B1.44
Distribution of mathematics scores, 2012 through 2018, adjusted for demographic changes

OECD
Australia 378 (2.9) 434 (1.8) 502 (2.0)
Austria 380 (4.0) 436 (3.2) 502 (3.2)
Belgium 376 (3.8) 440 (3.4) 515 (2.8)
Canada 396 (2.6) 453 (2.1) 515 (2.4)
Chile 322 (4.1) 364 (3.6) 416 (3.5)
Colombia 283 (4.1) 325 (2.7) 371 (2.9)
Czech Republic 377 (5.1) 432 (3.9) 500 (3.3)
Denmark 391 (4.2) 442 (3.5) 499 (2.6)
Estonia 416 (2.9) 464 (2.9) 518 (2.7)
Finland 403 (3.4) 460 (2.4) 517 (2.3)
France 367 (4.6) 430 (2.7) 498 (2.9)
Germany 381 (4.8) 444 (4.0) 514 (3.4)
Greece 338 (3.9) 392 (3.5) 452 (3.1)
Hungary 359 (4.0) 412 (3.8) 476 (3.8)
Iceland 374 (3.2) 432 (2.5) 494 (2.4)
Ireland 391 (4.1) 445 (3.3) 502 (3.2)
Israel 327 (5.8) 391 (5.0) 467 (5.1)
Italy 364 (2.3) 420 (2.4) 484 (2.4)
Japan 415 (5.0) 474 (4.2) 538 (3.9)
Korea 424 (6.0) 485 (4.8) 556 (4.8)
Latvia 386 (4.7) 433 (3.4) 489 (3.3)
Lithuania 364 (3.5) 417 (3.1) 477 (3.3)
Luxembourg 360 (3.2) 417 (1.9) 487 (1.9)
Mexico 311 (2.8) 357 (2.3) 407 (2.1)
Netherlands* 393 (5.8) 454 (5.7) 526 (5.2)
New Zealand 368 (3.4) 425 (2.9) 496 (3.0)
Norway 370 (4.5) 425 (3.3) 488 (3.0)
Poland 401 (2.8) 454 (3.3) 514 (3.9)
Portugal* 359 (4.5) 417 (5.1) 485 (4.8)
Slovak Republic 351 (6.4) 413 (4.2) 481 (3.8)
Slovenia 382 (2.7) 432 (2.0) 497 (2.1)
Spain** 367 (3.1) 422 (2.6) 484 (2.5)
Sweden 354 (4.2) 410 (3.4) 475 (2.8)
Switzerland 400 (3.3) 458 (3.7) 527 (3.6)
Turkey 339 (3.3) 382 (3.5) 438 (4.8)
United Kingdom 362 (6.1) 424 (4.4) 491 (4.0)
United States* 368 (3.7) 418 (3.6) 478 (4.1)
OECD average-36b 370 (0.7) 425 (0.6) 488 (0.6)
OECD average-37 370 (0.7) 425 (0.6) 489 (0.6)
Partners
Albania 278 (4.6) 337 (3.1) 396 (2.5)
Argentina 287 (6.0) 333 (4.0) 385 (4.3)
Belarus m m m m m m
Brazil 294 (2.1) 334 (1.9) 382 (1.9)
Bulgaria 316 (5.0) 369 (4.7) 433 (4.7)
Costa Rica 321 (4.6) 358 (4.0) 402 (3.3)
Croatia 361 (3.4) 409 (3.7) 469 (3.5)
Cyprus m m m m m m
Georgia m m m m m m
Hong Kong (China)* 431 (6.1) 499 (4.6) 568 (3.6)
Indonesia 286 (4.3) 326 (3.8) 369 (3.7)
Jordan 289 (3.8) 334 (3.2) 383 (3.2)
Kazakhstan 343 (2.6) 383 (2.7) 428 (3.2)
Kosovo m m m m m m
Lebanon m m m m m m
Macao (China) 415 (2.7) 476 (2.1) 542 (1.8)
Malaysia 317 (3.2) 361 (3.0) 415 (3.4)
Malta m m m m m m
Moldova m m m m m m
Montenegro 307 (2.2) 352 (1.9) 406 (2.1)
Morocco m m m m m m
Panama m m m m m m
Peru 265 (3.4) 312 (3.6) 365 (3.8)
Qatar 260 (1.6) 310 (1.3) 371 (1.2)
Romania 335 (9.1) 379 (7.0) 434 (6.5)
Russia 371 (4.0) 423 (3.2) 482 (3.5)
Serbia 336 (4.1) 387 (3.7) 446 (3.7)
Singapore 434 (3.4) 503 (2.3) 581 (2.4)
Chinese Taipei 402 (4.9) 479 (4.9) 568 (4.2)
Thailand 327 (3.1) 371 (2.6) 420 (3.3)
Ukraine m m m m m m
Uruguay 291 (5.1) 343 (3.4) 403 (3.2)
Viet Nam 401 (7.2) 454 (5.2) 510 (5.1)
Demographic characteristics considered are: students' age (in three-month increments), gender, and immigrant background
570 (2.4) 630 (3.1) 367 (2.7) 425 (2.3) 492

569 (3.5) 622 (3.7) 369 (4.5) 429 (4.0) 499
587 (2.8) 645 (2.3) 375 (3.9) 438 (3.6) 513
578 (2.4) 632 (2.5) 400 (3.2) 455 (2.9) 517
476 (4.2) 532 (4.3) 311 (3.6) 361 (3.0) 420
422 (3.7) 473 (4.9) 292 (3.4) 334 (3.1) 385
567 (3.3) 622 (3.6) 373 (4.2) 430 (3.5) 494
555 (2.6) 606 (3.1) 404 (3.2) 456 (2.9) 513
576 (2.7) 626 (3.1) 415 (3.1) 464 (2.7) 521
575 (2.2) 627 (3.2) 401 (3.9) 454 (3.2) 512
566 (3.4) 622 (3.5) 365 (4.0) 426 (3.3) 499
581 (3.5) 636 (3.7) 385 (4.7) 442 (3.7) 505
513 (2.9) 567 (3.1) 336 (5.5) 390 (5.0) 454
542 (5.0) 604 (6.8) 352 (4.0) 411 (3.7) 481
557 (3.1) 612 (3.7) 367 (3.7) 424 (3.1) 489
559 (2.5) 609 (2.5) 400 (3.8) 450 (2.7) 505
540 (5.1) 602 (5.9) 329 (4.5) 393 (4.2) 471
549 (2.8) 606 (3.0) 368 (4.0) 425 (3.4) 490
603 (4.4) 656 (5.1) 416 (4.4) 474 (3.5) 536
624 (5.0) 679 (5.9) 391 (5.5) 458 (4.5) 529
546 (3.7) 597 (3.7) 381 (3.1) 430 (2.7) 483
540 (3.2) 596 (3.5) 366 (3.7) 420 (3.0) 479
555 (2.0) 611 (2.6) 363 (2.4) 416 (2.1) 485
459 (2.1) 507 (2.2) 305 (4.2) 350 (3.4) 401
590 (4.2) 637 (3.7) 388 (4.1) 447 (3.5) 515
568 (2.8) 631 (3.3) 376 (3.6) 432 (3.3) 497
550 (3.2) 603 (3.4) 390 (3.4) 444 (2.5) 503
581 (5.0) 637 (6.1) 391 (4.1) 443 (3.0) 505
552 (4.2) 609 (4.0) 362 (3.9) 421 (3.5) 492
552 (4.6) 611 (5.2) 350 (4.0) 413 (3.8) 480
566 (2.3) 624 (2.9) 392 (2.6) 448 (2.1) 512
545 (2.2) 596 (2.6) 373 (3.6) 428 (2.9) 488
539 (2.8) 594 (2.9) 374 (4.7) 430 (4.0) 494
590 (3.4) 646 (4.3) 391 (4.7) 452 (4.1) 524
507 (8.1) 577 (9.7) 317 (3.9) 363 (3.8) 417
558 (4.0) 615 (4.5) 370 (3.7) 429 (3.4) 495
544 (4.4) 601 (4.2) 357 (3.9) 410 (3.8) 471
552 (0.6) 608 (0.7) 369 (0.7) 425 (0.6) 488
553 (0.6) 608 (0.7) 369 (0.6) 425 (0.6) 488
454 (2.3) 510 (3.5) 303 (4.5) 354 (4.1) 413

438 (4.7) 487 (4.4) m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
437 (2.5) 492 (4.1) 268 (3.3) 316 (3.1) 373
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
501 (5.2) 564 (5.9) 313 (5.3) 369 (5.2) 439
448 (3.9) 495 (5.1) 314 (3.0) 352 (2.5) 397
532 (4.6) 590 (7.5) 352 (4.1) 403 (3.7) 464
m m m m 317 (3.4) 373 (2.2) 438
m m m m 242 (3.8) 280 (3.2) 324
m m m m 284 (4.4) 341 (3.6) 402
628 (3.4) 679 (4.1) 426 (5.2) 490 (4.4) 554
417 (5.1) 468 (7.5) 287 (4.7) 330 (4.1) 381
435 (3.3) 484 (4.2) 270 (4.1) 324 (3.3) 381
478 (4.4) 527 (5.5) m m m m m
m m m m 265 (2.8) 310 (2.2) 360
m m m m 269 (5.4) 325 (5.0) 393
606 (1.8) 658 (2.7) 439 (2.4) 491 (1.9) 546
473 (4.2) 529 (5.2) m m m m m
m m m m 332 (3.6) 406 (2.7) 487
m m m m 304 (3.7) 359 (3.3) 419
465 (2.0) 521 (2.5) 308 (2.8) 358 (2.3) 416
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m 251 (3.0) 307 (2.0) 369
m m m m m m m m m
422 (4.9) 479 (6.9) 282 (2.8) 328 (2.8) 384
m m m m m m m m m
447 (1.6) 522 (2.0) 278 (2.1) 332 (1.8) 398
495 (6.9) 547 (7.7) 328 (11.9) 380 (7.4) 439
541 (3.7) 596 (4.7) 388 (4.6) 437 (3.5) 495
m m m m m m m m m
510 (4.5) 569 (5.8) m m m m m
651 (1.9) 709 (2.4) 437 (2.7) 502 (2.5) 572
647 (3.5) 705 (5.0) 403 (4.2) 473 (3.7) 548
476 (4.9) 535 (7.4) 313 (3.6) 360 (3.1) 413
m m m m m m m m m
494 (3.0) 555 (3.9) 305 (3.3) 358 (3.0) 421
468 (3.5) 524 (3.8) 309 (2.6) 356 (3.3) 414
568 (5.4) 623 (6.9) 387 (6.0) 435 (5.0) 491
ilable measurement in PISA and PISA 2018, calculated by a linear regression.
le measurement in PISA and PISA 2018.

c characteristics of these samples match those of the PISA 2018 weighted sample, as in post-stratification (see Annex A3 for details).
, and immigrant background. Adjusted changes and trends represent estimates of how the performance of a population matching the
justed PISA 2015 results Adjusted PISA 2018 re
Median (50th) 75th percentile 90th percentile 10th percentile 25th percentile
(2.3) 556 (2.2) 611 (2.8) 371 (3.0) 428 (2.2)

(3.6) 563 (3.3) 617 (3.6) 374 (4.4) 433 (4.0)
(3.0) 579 (2.4) 629 (2.5) 377 (4.1) 440 (3.2)
(2.6) 576 (2.5) 627 (3.2) 392 (3.0) 449 (2.8)
(2.9) 481 (3.6) 533 (3.6) 311 (3.5) 359 (2.9)
(2.7) 441 (2.8) 491 (3.4) 290 (3.9) 335 (3.5)
(2.8) 556 (2.9) 609 (3.7) 378 (4.6) 435 (3.6)
(2.7) 567 (2.5) 613 (2.9) 401 (2.6) 454 (2.3)
(2.3) 576 (2.6) 624 (2.7) 419 (2.9) 468 (2.4)
(2.7) 567 (2.4) 613 (2.9) 399 (3.4) 451 (2.5)
(2.8) 564 (2.6) 613 (2.7) 370 (3.4) 433 (3.2)
(3.5) 566 (3.4) 618 (3.4) 373 (4.2) 433 (3.6)
(4.1) 517 (4.0) 569 (3.7) 334 (4.7) 391 (4.1)
(3.3) 544 (3.3) 598 (3.5) 360 (4.0) 418 (3.3)
(2.6) 553 (2.7) 608 (4.0) 374 (4.2) 434 (3.4)
(2.4) 559 (2.2) 607 (2.8) 397 (3.3) 447 (2.6)
(4.4) 543 (4.0) 599 (4.6) 315 (5.5) 388 (5.0)
(3.2) 554 (3.5) 609 (3.8) 363 (4.7) 423 (3.1)
(3.4) 594 (3.4) 643 (4.2) 413 (3.9) 468 (3.1)
(4.3) 594 (4.2) 649 (4.4) 393 (4.4) 460 (3.8)
(2.4) 536 (2.1) 582 (3.0) 393 (3.2) 441 (2.4)
(2.7) 539 (2.9) 591 (3.5) 362 (3.6) 418 (2.8)
(1.9) 552 (2.0) 606 (2.6) 353 (2.9) 413 (2.1)
(3.0) 454 (3.2) 501 (3.6) 311 (3.6) 356 (2.7)
(2.7) 578 (2.5) 626 (3.0) 394 (4.8) 453 (4.0)
(3.0) 560 (2.8) 614 (3.2) 372 (3.0) 430 (2.5)
(2.7) 561 (2.7) 609 (3.0) 381 (3.9) 441 (2.9)
(2.6) 565 (3.0) 617 (3.6) 398 (3.8) 455 (2.9)
(3.4) 559 (3.0) 612 (3.4) 362 (3.8) 426 (3.6)
(3.2) 544 (2.8) 596 (3.4) 353 (5.4) 420 (4.1)
(2.1) 571 (2.0) 622 (2.9) 392 (3.0) 448 (2.3)
(2.6) 545 (2.5) 593 (3.4) 365 (2.4) 421 (1.8)
(3.5) 556 (4.1) 608 (4.1) 383 (4.6) 441 (3.7)
(3.4) 588 (3.5) 640 (3.6) 391 (3.5) 448 (3.8)
(4.7) 478 (6.0) 530 (6.3) 343 (3.8) 392 (3.2)
(2.9) 556 (3.1) 609 (3.1) 381 (4.0) 439 (2.9)
(3.6) 533 (3.5) 586 (4.3) 357 (4.6) 414 (4.0)
(0.5) 549 (0.5) 600 (0.6) 370 (0.6) 427 (0.5)
(0.5) 549 (0.5) 601 (0.6) 370 (0.6) 427 (0.5)
(4.3) 472 (4.3) 525 (4.4) 332 (3.1) 381 (2.9)

m m m m m 272 (4.1) 322 (3.6)
m m m m m 306 (3.4) 359 (2.9)
m m m m m 351 (3.4) 407 (3.1)
m m m m m 303 (3.2) 349 (3.2)
(3.0) 436 (3.7) 498 (4.6) 277 (2.5) 322 (2.3)
m m m m m 316 (2.4) 365 (2.0)
m m m m m 486 (4.2) 540 (3.0)
(5.0) 508 (5.0) 567 (5.6) 311 (4.6) 368 (4.6)
(2.6) 445 (2.9) 489 (4.2) 308 (3.4) 352 (2.7)
(3.5) 527 (3.3) 582 (3.7) 354 (3.9) 405 (3.0)
(1.7) 501 (2.3) 558 (3.0) 325 (2.8) 385 (2.5)
(3.0) 373 (3.7) 418 (4.7) 236 (2.7) 276 (2.7)
(3.1) 466 (3.4) 524 (4.7) 286 (3.5) 336 (2.9)
(3.4) 610 (2.8) 658 (3.4) 426 (5.4) 490 (4.2)
(3.9) 437 (4.2) 493 (5.6) 281 (3.9) 325 (3.2)
(2.9) 438 (3.3) 489 (3.3) 291 (4.2) 343 (3.4)
m m m m m 314 (2.4) 365 (2.2)
(2.0) 413 (2.7) 460 (4.2) 269 (2.7) 313 (2.1)
(4.6) 465 (4.7) 531 (5.8) 256 (4.8) 317 (5.1)
(1.6) 599 (1.9) 643 (2.7) 452 (3.6) 505 (2.3)
m m m m m 335 (3.0) 383 (3.1)
(2.8) 560 (2.7) 617 (3.3) 334 (3.4) 401 (3.6)
(3.1) 482 (3.3) 536 (4.2) 300 (3.1) 354 (2.6)
(2.2) 477 (2.5) 531 (2.5) 324 (2.2) 371 (1.9)
m m m m m 273 (3.2) 314 (3.3)
(1.7) 434 (2.5) 496 (3.4) 275 (2.9) 330 (2.1)
m m m m m 255 (3.9) 300 (2.9)
(2.8) 442 (3.9) 495 (4.4) 293 (3.1) 341 (2.9)
m m m m m 255 (3.7) 299 (3.2)
(1.8) 470 (1.6) 536 (2.0) 290 (2.2) 345 (1.6)
(7.2) 499 (7.3) 555 (10.5) 310 (5.4) 365 (4.7)
(3.4) 554 (3.5) 602 (3.7) 376 (4.3) 430 (4.0)
m m m m m 273 (4.3) 319 (3.4)
m m m m m 324 (4.3) 380 (3.9)
(2.0) 634 (1.6) 683 (2.6) 441 (2.9) 508 (2.4)
(3.3) 616 (3.6) 670 (4.7) 397 (3.9) 466 (3.8)
(3.1) 469 (3.9) 522 (5.2) 310 (3.6) 358 (3.3)
m m m m m 331 (4.4) 390 (4.2)
(3.1) 491 (3.2) 555 (3.3) 299 (3.2) 360 (2.8)
(3.0) 476 (3.4) 532 (3.6) 307 (3.5) 359 (3.1)
(4.7) 550 (4.8) 603 (6.9) m m m m
on (see Annex A3 for details).
e of a population matching the
Adjusted change in perce
(PISA 201
Median (50th) 75th percentile 90th percentile 10th percentile 25th percentile
Score S.E. Score S.E. Score S.E. Score dif. S.E. Score dif.
492 (2.1) 555 (2.0) 609 (2.7) -6 (5.3) -6

503 (3.7) 566 (3.5) 618 (3.3) -6 (6.8) -3
514 (2.5) 579 (2.6) 628 (3.4) 1 (6.5) -1
513 (2.6) 576 (2.7) 629 (2.7) -4 (5.2) -3
416 (2.9) 475 (3.2) 528 (3.5) -11 (6.4) -5
387 (3.5) 445 (3.8) 499 (4.5) 7 (6.5) 10
501 (2.7) 564 (2.8) 619 (3.1) 1 (7.6) 3
512 (2.3) 567 (2.3) 613 (2.8) 10 (6.0) 12
524 (2.0) 579 (2.2) 628 (2.7) 3 (5.3) 4
510 (2.5) 565 (2.4) 612 (2.5) -4 (5.8) -8
502 (3.0) 562 (3.2) 611 (3.3) 3 (6.7) 3
504 (3.5) 570 (3.3) 621 (3.2) -9 (7.1) -11
454 (3.3) 513 (3.2) 565 (3.8) -4 (6.9) -1
484 (2.9) 546 (3.0) 597 (3.7) 1 (6.6) 6
499 (2.7) 559 (2.7) 609 (3.0) 0 (6.2) 2
502 (2.5) 554 (2.3) 599 (3.0) 6 (6.2) 2
468 (4.0) 542 (3.6) 600 (3.9) -12 (8.7) -3
490 (3.5) 552 (3.3) 605 (3.9) -1 (6.3) 3
530 (2.9) 589 (2.8) 637 (3.8) -3 (7.2) -5
530 (3.4) 596 (3.6) 651 (4.6) -31 (8.2) -26
497 (2.4) 551 (2.5) 599 (3.1) 6 (6.5) 8
483 (2.3) 545 (2.2) 598 (2.8) -2 (6.0) 1
485 (2.0) 555 (2.0) 611 (2.4) -6 (5.4) -4
408 (2.7) 461 (3.1) 510 (3.6) 0 (5.7) -1
524 (3.0) 588 (2.7) 638 (3.6) 1 (8.2) -1
496 (2.3) 560 (2.2) 614 (2.2) 4 (5.6) 5
504 (2.8) 565 (2.4) 617 (3.1) 11 (6.8) 16
517 (2.8) 578 (3.1) 631 (4.2) -3 (5.8) 1
497 (3.2) 562 (3.0) 614 (3.6) 2 (6.8) 9
492 (3.0) 556 (2.7) 610 (3.1) 2 (9.0) 7
511 (1.8) 571 (2.3) 622 (2.8) 10 (5.2) 15
484 (1.6) 544 (1.8) 593 (2.2) -2 (5.1) -1
505 (3.2) 567 (2.9) 618 (3.3) 29 (7.1) 30
518 (3.7) 582 (3.4) 636 (4.3) -8 (5.8) -10
450 (2.4) 512 (2.7) 571 (4.0) 4 (6.0) 10
504 (2.7) 567 (3.0) 620 (3.3) 18 (8.0) 15
479 (3.8) 543 (3.9) 598 (4.3) -11 (6.8) -4
491 (0.5) 553 (0.5) 604 (0.6) 0 (3.5) 2
492 (0.5) 553 (0.5) 605 (0.6) 0 (3.5) 2
436 (3.0) 493 (2.8) 544 (3.5) 54 (6.5) 43

378 (3.1) 436 (3.5) 489 (3.8) -15 (8.0) -12
418 (3.1) 480 (3.8) 535 (5.0) m m m
473 (3.0) 537 (3.2) 592 (3.5) m m m
404 (3.5) 462 (3.7) 514 (4.4) m m m
377 (2.4) 440 (2.8) 501 (3.9) -17 (4.7) -12
425 (1.6) 492 (2.0) 555 (2.2) m m m
596 (2.7) 647 (3.0) 691 (3.2) m m m
434 (4.2) 503 (4.1) 563 (5.7) -5 (7.6) -1
401 (3.3) 452 (4.2) 499 (5.5) -13 (6.6) -7
463 (2.9) 523 (3.1) 577 (3.9) -7 (6.2) -4
454 (1.9) 517 (2.1) 571 (2.4) m m m
322 (2.9) 370 (3.2) 417 (4.8) m m m
394 (2.8) 457 (3.7) 515 (4.4) m m m
557 (3.1) 617 (2.8) 667 (3.5) -5 (8.8) -8
376 (3.1) 427 (3.7) 480 (5.9) -5 (6.7) 0
400 (3.4) 458 (3.9) 508 (4.3) 3 (6.6) 9
422 (2.0) 480 (2.2) 535 (3.0) -30 (4.8) -17
364 (1.8) 416 (2.3) 465 (3.3) m m m
391 (5.0) 469 (5.0) 533 (4.7) m m m
561 (2.3) 613 (2.2) 659 (2.6) 38 (5.6) 30
438 (3.0) 496 (3.9) 550 (4.8) 18 (5.5) 23
478 (2.7) 545 (2.7) 599 (3.5) m m m
419 (2.7) 486 (3.2) 543 (4.4) m m m
429 (1.7) 487 (1.6) 538 (2.1) 17 (4.6) 19
363 (3.6) 418 (4.4) 469 (4.4) m m m
394 (2.4) 458 (2.2) 516 (3.5) m m m
351 (2.7) 403 (3.6) 454 (5.5) m m m
397 (2.9) 456 (3.5) 511 (4.1) 28 (5.7) 29
349 (3.4) 403 (4.5) 456 (6.0) m m m
411 (1.8) 481 (1.6) 544 (2.1) 30 (4.3) 34
428 (5.7) 495 (6.1) 554 (6.9) -25 (11.1) -14
489 (3.1) 547 (3.3) 597 (3.9) 6 (6.8) 7
372 (3.3) 426 (3.6) 475 (3.6) m m m
446 (3.8) 516 (3.8) 576 (3.9) -11 (6.8) -8
576 (2.0) 636 (2.1) 684 (2.7) 7 (5.6) 4
537 (3.1) 601 (3.5) 656 (4.4) -5 (7.1) -14
414 (3.7) 475 (4.3) 535 (5.8) -17 (5.8) -13
454 (4.1) 517 (4.1) 573 (5.0) m m m
433 (2.7) 509 (2.6) 574 (2.4) -22 (5.2) -8
419 (3.4) 477 (3.7) 529 (3.9) 16 (7.0) 16
m m m m m m m m m
Adjusted change in percentiles between 2012 and 2018 Adjusted chan
(PISA 2018 - PISA 2012)
25th percentile Median (50th) 75th percentile 90th percentile 10th percentile
(4.4) -9 (4.4) -15 (4.6) -21 (5.3) 5 (4.7)

(6.1) 1 (5.9) -3 (6.0) -5 (6.0) 5 (6.7)
(5.8) -1 (5.0) -8 (5.0) -16 (5.3) 2 (6.1)
(4.9) -2 (4.9) -2 (4.9) -3 (5.0) -8 (5.0)
(5.7) 0 (5.6) 0 (6.3) -3 (6.5) -1 (5.6)
(5.6) 16 (5.7) 22 (6.3) 26 (7.5) -2 (5.6)
(6.3) 1 (5.5) -3 (5.5) -3 (5.8) 4 (6.6)
(5.3) 13 (4.8) 12 (4.9) 8 (5.4) -4 (4.7)
(5.1) 5 (4.7) 4 (4.8) 2 (5.3) 4 (4.8)
(4.9) -7 (4.8) -11 (4.6) -16 (5.3) -2 (5.7)
(5.4) 4 (5.4) -4 (5.7) -11 (5.8) 6 (5.8)
(6.4) -10 (5.9) -12 (5.9) -15 (6.0) -12 (6.7)
(6.3) 1 (5.7) 0 (5.4) -2 (5.9) -3 (7.5)
(6.0) 8 (5.8) 4 (6.7) -7 (8.4) 8 (6.1)
(5.4) 5 (4.9) 2 (5.3) -4 (5.8) 7 (6.1)
(5.4) 0 (5.3) -5 (4.7) -10 (5.1) -3 (5.5)
(7.8) 1 (7.3) 2 (7.1) -1 (7.8) -14 (7.5)
(5.2) 6 (5.4) 3 (5.5) -1 (6.0) -5 (6.6)
(6.2) -8 (5.9) -14 (6.2) -20 (7.2) -4 (6.3)
(7.0) -26 (6.8) -28 (7.0) -27 (8.2) 2 (7.4)
(5.4) 7 (5.3) 5 (5.6) 2 (5.8) 11 (5.0)
(5.4) 5 (5.2) 4 (5.1) 2 (5.6) -4 (5.7)
(4.4) -2 (4.3) 0 (4.4) -1 (4.8) -9 (4.4)
(4.8) 1 (4.8) 2 (5.1) 2 (5.4) 7 (6.0)
(7.8) -2 (6.9) -2 (6.0) 0 (6.2) 6 (6.8)
(5.1) 0 (5.0) -8 (4.9) -17 (5.2) -3 (5.2)
(5.5) 16 (5.3) 15 (5.3) 14 (5.7) -10 (5.7)
(5.6) 2 (5.8) -3 (6.8) -6 (8.2) 7 (6.1)
(7.1) 12 (6.7) 9 (6.2) 5 (6.3) -1 (5.9)
(6.7) 11 (5.9) 5 (6.3) -1 (6.9) 3 (7.1)
(4.5) 14 (4.3) 5 (4.7) -2 (5.2) 0 (4.6)
(4.6) 0 (4.5) -1 (4.4) -3 (4.7) -8 (4.9)
(6.0) 30 (5.4) 27 (5.3) 24 (5.5) 9 (7.0)
(6.2) -9 (6.1) -8 (5.8) -10 (6.9) 0 (6.3)
(5.8) 12 (6.4) 5 (9.1) -6 (11.0) 25 (5.9)
(6.2) 13 (5.9) 9 (6.0) 5 (6.5) 10 (5.9)
(6.3) 2 (6.5) 0 (6.8) -3 (6.9) 0 (6.4)
(3.4) 3 (3.4) 0 (3.4) -3 (3.5) 1 (2.5)
(3.4) 3 (3.4) 0 (3.4) -3 (3.5) 1 (2.5)
(5.4) 40 (5.2) 39 (4.9) 34 (6.0) 29 (5.9)

(6.3) -7 (6.3) -2 (6.7) 2 (6.7) m m
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
(4.5) -6 (4.5) 3 (5.1) 8 (6.6) 8 (4.8)
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
(7.4) 2 (7.1) 2 (7.4) -1 (8.8) -2 (7.4)
(5.8) -1 (5.7) 4 (6.7) 4 (8.2) -5 (5.1)
(5.8) -5 (5.7) -9 (6.5) -13 (9.1) 2 (6.1)
m m m m m m m 8 (5.0)
m m m m m m m -6 (5.2)
m m m m m m m 2 (6.1)
(7.1) -11 (5.8) -11 (5.5) -12 (6.4) 0 (7.8)
(6.0) 7 (5.9) 10 (7.1) 12 (10.1) -6 (6.5)
(5.8) 17 (5.8) 23 (6.1) 24 (6.9) 21 (6.3)
(4.8) -6 (5.0) 2 (6.0) 8 (7.1) m m
m m m m m m m 3 (4.6)
m m m m m m m -12 (7.6)
(4.6) 18 (4.4) 8 (4.4) 2 (5.0) 14 (4.9)
(5.4) 23 (5.6) 23 (6.6) 20 (7.8) m m
m m m m m m m 3 (5.5)
m m m m m m m -4 (5.4)
(4.3) 23 (4.3) 22 (4.2) 17 (4.7) 15 (4.3)
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m 24 (4.8)
m m m m m m m m m
(5.7) 32 (5.8) 34 (6.8) 32 (8.7) 11 (4.8)
m m m m m m m m m
(3.9) 40 (4.0) 33 (4.0) 22 (4.4) 12 (3.8)
(9.1) -5 (9.3) 0 (9.8) 7 (10.9) -18 (13.3)
(6.1) 8 (5.7) 6 (6.0) 1 (7.0) -12 (6.7)
m m m m m m m m m
(6.3) 0 (6.2) 7 (6.8) 7 (7.7) m m
(4.7) -5 (4.6) -15 (4.4) -24 (4.9) 3 (4.6)
(7.0) -32 (6.2) -45 (6.0) -49 (7.4) -6 (6.2)
(5.4) -6 (5.9) -1 (7.3) 1 (10.0) -3 (5.6)
m m m m m m m m m
(5.3) 5 (5.2) 15 (5.2) 20 (5.7) -5 (5.2)
(5.7) 15 (5.8) 9 (6.1) 5 (6.4) -1 (4.9)
m m m m m m m m m
Adjusted change in percentiles between 2015 and 2018 Average adjusted 3-year tr
(PISA 2018 - PISA 2015) (sin
25th percentile Median (50th) 75th percentile 90th percentile 10th percentile
3 (3.9) 0 (3.9) -1 (3.8) -2 (4.6) -3

4 (6.1) 4 (5.6) 3 (5.4) 1 (5.4) -4
1 (5.3) 1 (4.6) 0 (4.2) -1 (4.8) 0
-5 (4.7) -4 (4.4) 0 (4.3) 2 (4.8) -2
-3 (4.8) -4 (4.7) -6 (5.4) -4 (5.5) -5
0 (5.2) 2 (5.0) 4 (5.2) 8 (6.1) 3
4 (5.5) 7 (4.6) 9 (4.6) 10 (5.4) 1
-2 (4.4) -1 (4.2) 1 (4.1) 0 (4.7) 5
4 (4.3) 3 (3.9) 3 (4.1) 4 (4.5) 2
-3 (4.7) -2 (4.3) -2 (4.1) -1 (4.5) -2
7 (5.2) 3 (4.8) -2 (4.8) -2 (4.8) 1
-9 (5.7) -1 (5.5) 4 (5.3) 3 (5.2) -4
0 (6.8) -1 (5.7) -3 (5.6) -4 (5.8) -3
6 (5.5) 3 (5.0) 2 (5.0) -1 (5.5) 1
10 (5.2) 11 (4.4) 5 (4.5) 1 (5.5) 0
-3 (4.5) -3 (4.1) -5 (3.9) -8 (4.7) 3
-5 (7.0) -3 (6.4) -1 (5.9) 1 (6.5) -6
-2 (5.2) 0 (5.3) -3 (5.4) -4 (6.0) -1
-5 (5.3) -6 (5.1) -5 (5.0) -6 (6.1) -2
2 (6.3) 1 (6.0) 1 (6.0) 2 (6.8) -15
12 (4.3) 14 (4.1) 15 (4.0) 18 (4.9) 3
-1 (4.7) 4 (4.2) 6 (4.3) 8 (5.0) 0
-3 (3.8) 0 (3.6) 3 (3.7) 4 (4.2) -3
6 (4.9) 7 (4.7) 7 (5.1) 9 (5.6) -1
6 (5.8) 10 (4.7) 10 (4.3) 11 (5.3) 0
-1 (4.7) -2 (4.4) 0 (4.3) 1 (4.5) 2
-3 (4.5) 1 (4.6) 4 (4.3) 7 (4.9) 5
12 (4.8) 12 (4.4) 13 (4.9) 13 (6.0) -2
5 (5.5) 6 (5.2) 3 (4.9) 2 (5.5) 1
7 (6.0) 11 (5.0) 13 (4.5) 14 (5.1) 1
0 (3.9) -1 (3.6) 0 (3.8) 0 (4.7) 6
-7 (4.1) -4 (3.8) -1 (3.9) 0 (4.6) -1
10 (5.9) 11 (5.3) 11 (5.5) 10 (5.7) 14
-4 (6.0) -6 (5.5) -6 (5.4) -4 (6.1) -4
29 (5.5) 33 (5.8) 34 (7.0) 41 (7.8) 2
10 (5.0) 9 (4.6) 11 (4.9) 11 (5.1) 10
4 (6.0) 8 (5.7) 11 (5.7) 12 (6.5) -5
2 (2.5) 3 (2.4) 4 (2.4) 4 (2.5) 0
2 (2.5) 3 (2.4) 4 (2.4) 4 (2.5) 0
26 (5.5) 23 (5.8) 21 (5.6) 19 (6.1) 27

m m m m m m m m -7
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
6 (4.5) 4 (4.5) 4 (5.2) 2 (6.5) -9
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
-2 (7.3) -5 (6.9) -5 (6.9) -4 (8.4) -2
0 (4.3) 4 (4.8) 8 (5.6) 10 (7.3) -7
2 (5.3) -1 (5.1) -3 (5.1) -5 (5.8) -3
12 (4.0) 16 (3.5) 16 (3.9) 13 (4.5) 8
-4 (4.8) -2 (4.8) -2 (5.4) -1 (7.1) -6
-5 (5.2) -8 (4.8) -9 (5.6) -9 (6.9) 3
0 (6.5) 4 (5.1) 7 (4.6) 9 (5.4) -3
-5 (5.7) -5 (5.5) -9 (6.1) -13 (8.5) -3
19 (5.3) 19 (5.0) 19 (5.6) 19 (5.9) 1
m m m m m m m m -15
4 (3.9) 4 (3.5) 3 (4.2) 5 (5.9) 3
-7 (7.5) -1 (7.2) 4 (7.3) 2 (7.8) -13
14 (3.8) 14 (3.6) 14 (3.7) 16 (4.4) 19
m m m m m m m m 9
-4 (5.1) -9 (4.5) -15 (4.5) -19 (5.4) 2
-4 (4.8) 0 (4.7) 4 (5.2) 7 (6.5) -4
14 (3.8) 13 (3.6) 9 (3.8) 7 (4.0) 9
m m m m m m m m m
24 (3.7) 24 (3.7) 24 (4.0) 20 (5.4) 24
m m m m m m m m m
12 (4.7) 14 (4.7) 14 (5.7) 16 (6.4) 14
m m m m m m m m m
13 (3.3) 13 (3.5) 10 (3.3) 7 (3.7) 15
-15 (9.1) -11 (9.4) -5 (9.7) -2 (12.8) -13
-8 (5.8) -6 (5.2) -6 (5.4) -5 (5.9) 2
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m -6
6 (4.2) 4 (3.7) 2 (3.5) 1 (4.4) 3
-8 (5.8) -11 (5.1) -15 (5.6) -14 (6.9) -3
-2 (5.1) 1 (5.4) 6 (6.3) 13 (8.2) -9
m m m m m m m m m
2 (4.7) 11 (4.7) 18 (4.7) 20 (4.7) -10
3 (5.1) 5 (5.1) 0 (5.5) -3 (5.8) 8
m m m m m m m m -14
Average adjusted 3-year trend in percentiles of mathematics performance across PISA assessments
(since 2012 or earliest assessment available after 2012)
(2.1) -3 (1.8) -4 (1.7) -8 (1.8) -11 (2.3)

(3.0) -2 (2.7) 1 (2.6) -2 (2.9) -2 (2.8)
(2.8) 0 (2.6) 0 (2.2) -4 (2.2) -8 (2.5)
(2.5) -1 (2.1) -1 (1.8) -1 (2.0) -2 (2.1)
(3.2) -2 (2.6) 0 (2.4) 0 (2.7) -2 (2.7)
(2.8) 5 (2.3) 8 (2.5) 12 (2.7) 13 (3.5)
(3.9) 2 (2.8) 0 (2.3) -1 (2.3) -2 (2.6)
(2.7) 6 (2.4) 6 (2.0) 6 (2.0) 4 (2.3)
(2.0) 2 (1.9) 3 (1.7) 2 (2.0) 1 (2.1)
(2.6) -4 (2.0) -3 (2.0) -5 (2.0) -8 (2.1)
(2.9) 1 (2.3) 2 (2.2) -2 (2.4) -6 (2.7)
(3.3) -5 (2.8) -5 (2.6) -6 (2.6) -8 (2.5)
(3.1) -1 (3.0) 1 (2.5) 0 (2.3) 0 (2.6)
(3.1) 3 (2.7) 4 (2.5) 2 (3.0) -3 (4.0)
(2.7) 1 (2.9) 2 (2.0) 1 (2.4) -2 (2.4)
(2.7) 1 (2.4) 0 (2.4) -2 (1.9) -5 (2.2)
(4.0) -2 (3.6) 1 (3.3) 1 (3.2) -1 (3.4)
(2.8) 2 (2.1) 3 (2.4) 2 (2.3) -1 (2.6)
(3.5) -3 (2.8) -4 (2.6) -7 (2.7) -10 (3.2)
(3.7) -13 (3.2) -13 (3.0) -14 (3.2) -14 (3.8)
(2.5) 4 (2.2) 4 (2.2) 2 (2.3) 1 (2.5)
(2.6) 1 (2.2) 3 (2.1) 3 (2.3) 1 (2.5)
(2.5) -2 (1.8) -1 (1.8) 0 (1.5) 0 (1.9)
(2.6) -1 (2.0) 0 (1.9) 1 (2.1) 1 (2.3)
(3.8) 0 (3.5) -1 (3.1) -1 (2.6) 1 (2.7)
(2.6) 3 (2.2) 0 (2.0) -4 (1.9) -8 (2.2)
(3.1) 8 (2.6) 8 (2.5) 7 (2.1) 7 (2.3)
(2.4) 0 (2.5) 1 (2.5) -1 (3.2) -3 (3.9)
(3.1) 5 (3.2) 6 (3.0) 5 (2.7) 3 (2.7)
(4.8) 3 (3.0) 6 (2.6) 2 (2.8) 0 (3.3)
(2.1) 8 (1.8) 7 (1.6) 2 (1.7) -1 (2.6)
(1.9) 0 (1.8) 0 (1.7) 0 (1.5) -1 (2.0)
(3.5) 15 (2.8) 15 (2.3) 14 (2.3) 12 (2.3)
(2.5) -6 (2.7) -5 (2.8) -4 (2.5) -5 (3.1)
(2.7) 5 (2.5) 6 (2.9) 2 (4.4) -3 (5.3)
(3.6) 8 (2.7) 7 (2.5) 4 (2.6) 2 (3.0)
(2.9) -2 (2.7) 1 (2.9) 0 (3.0) -2 (2.9)
(1.0) 1 (1.0) 2 (1.0) 0 (1.0) -2 (1.0)
(1.0) 1 (1.0) 2 (1.0) 0 (1.0) -2 (1.0)
(3.4) 21 (2.5) 20 (2.1) 19 (2.4) 17 (3.1)

(3.9) -6 (2.8) -4 (2.7) -1 (3.0) 1 (2.9)
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
(1.8) -6 (1.6) -3 (1.8) 1 (2.1) 4 (3.2)
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
(3.2) 0 (3.4) 1 (3.2) 1 (3.4) 0 (4.3)
(3.2) -3 (2.7) 0 (2.8) 2 (3.2) 3 (4.3)
(2.8) -2 (2.6) -3 (2.4) -4 (3.1) -7 (4.3)
(4.5) 12 (3.4) 17 (3.4) 18 (3.6) 14 (4.5)
(4.8) -5 (4.5) -2 (4.7) -2 (6.0) 0 (7.3)
(6.7) -5 (5.3) -9 (4.2) -9 (4.9) -11 (6.6)
(4.3) -4 (3.3) -5 (2.5) -5 (2.4) -6 (2.8)
(3.1) 0 (2.7) 3 (2.6) 5 (3.2) 5 (4.7)
(3.0) 5 (2.5) 9 (2.7) 11 (2.7) 12 (3.0)
(2.0) -9 (2.1) -3 (2.2) 1 (2.8) 4 (3.5)
(4.0) 3 (3.5) 4 (3.4) 4 (4.6) 6 (7.7)
(7.2) -7 (7.5) -1 (7.5) 5 (7.0) 1 (7.5)
(2.1) 14 (1.8) 9 (1.5) 4 (1.6) 1 (2.1)
(2.5) 12 (2.5) 12 (2.6) 11 (3.1) 10 (3.9)
(5.4) -5 (4.9) -8 (4.0) -14 (4.0) -18 (4.6)
(4.7) -4 (4.6) 0 (4.6) 5 (5.0) 6 (7.1)
(1.8) 10 (1.6) 11 (1.4) 11 (1.5) 9 (1.9)
m m m m m m m m m
(4.7) 24 (4.0) 25 (3.8) 24 (4.1) 20 (4.6)
m m m m m m m m m
(2.8) 15 (2.6) 16 (2.7) 17 (3.2) 16 (4.3)
m m m m m m m m m
(2.0) 17 (1.5) 19 (1.2) 16 (1.3) 11 (1.5)
(5.2) -7 (4.2) -3 (4.6) 0 (4.7) 3 (5.2)
(3.2) 3 (2.6) 4 (2.6) 3 (2.6) 1 (3.2)
m m m m m m m m m
(3.3) -4 (2.7) 0 (2.9) 3 (3.2) 3 (3.6)
(2.6) 2 (2.0) -3 (2.2) -8 (1.8) -12 (2.0)
(3.4) -7 (3.2) -16 (2.7) -23 (2.6) -25 (3.5)
(2.7) -7 (2.3) -3 (2.6) -1 (3.4) 0 (4.6)
m m m m m m m m m
(2.8) -3 (2.8) 3 (2.7) 8 (2.5) 10 (2.9)
(3.2) 8 (2.4) 7 (2.5) 4 (2.5) 2 (2.8)
(9.3) -19 (7.4) -19 (6.9) -18 (7.4) -22 (9.8)

Table I.B1.45
Distribution of science scores, 2015 and 2018, adjusted for demographic changes

OECD
Australia 366 (2.6) 432 (2.4) 510 (2.1)
Austria 363 (3.4) 422 (3.7) 496 (3.0)
Belgium 364 (3.9) 430 (3.5) 508 (2.9)
Canada 401 (2.9) 463 (2.6) 530 (2.5)
Chile 334 (2.9) 383 (3.0) 443 (3.2)
Colombia 314 (3.5) 356 (2.9) 411 (2.9)
Czech Republic 367 (3.7) 424 (3.4) 494 (3.0)
Denmark 382 (3.5) 439 (3.0) 503 (2.8)
Estonia 416 (3.3) 473 (2.8) 537 (2.4)
Finland 398 (4.3) 463 (3.8) 533 (3.0)
France 356 (3.7) 422 (3.4) 502 (2.4)
Germany 371 (5.0) 434 (3.9) 507 (3.7)
Greece 333 (5.7) 388 (5.2) 455 (4.6)
Hungary 347 (4.0) 407 (3.5) 481 (3.3)
Iceland 354 (3.2) 408 (2.9) 474 (2.5)
Ireland 387 (3.9) 442 (3.2) 504 (2.8)
Israel 325 (4.3) 386 (4.3) 464 (4.5)
Italy 359 (3.8) 415 (3.2) 482 (3.5)
Japan 412 (4.5) 475 (3.9) 545 (3.3)
Korea 388 (4.5) 451 (3.8) 520 (3.7)
Latvia 382 (3.1) 432 (2.5) 491 (2.2)
Lithuania 358 (3.5) 411 (2.8) 474 (2.8)
Luxembourg 350 (2.8) 405 (2.3) 481 (1.9)
Mexico 321 (3.5) 361 (2.8) 409 (2.5)
Netherlands* 369 (4.3) 432 (4.0) 510 (3.0)
New Zealand 376 (3.6) 440 (3.7) 517 (3.1)
Norway 370 (3.3) 431 (3.1) 501 (2.7)
Poland 384 (3.4) 437 (2.9) 502 (3.0)
Portugal* 376 (3.8) 432 (3.5) 501 (3.3)
Slovak Republic 332 (4.7) 393 (3.5) 464 (2.9)
Slovenia 384 (2.9) 444 (2.2) 514 (1.9)
Spain** 373 (3.7) 431 (2.9) 495 (2.5)
Sweden 354 (4.7) 419 (4.5) 494 (4.4)
Switzerland 369 (4.4) 429 (4.2) 506 (3.5)
Turkey 325 (3.5) 368 (3.7) 421 (4.9)
United Kingdom 376 (3.4) 437 (3.1) 511 (3.4)
United States* 369 (4.0) 427 (3.8) 497 (3.9)
OECD average-37 365 (0.6) 423 (0.6) 491 (0.5)
Partners
Albania 328 (3.3) 373 (3.2) 426 (3.6)
Belarus m m m m m m
Brazil 292 (2.0) 338 (1.9) 396 (2.4)
Bulgaria 310 (4.9) 367 (5.6) 443 (5.9)
Costa Rica 331 (2.4) 370 (2.5) 415 (2.4)
Croatia 361 (3.4) 412 (3.5) 476 (3.1)
Cyprus 314 (2.5) 365 (2.1) 430 (2.1)
Georgia 297 (3.6) 348 (3.0) 407 (3.2)
Hong Kong (China)* 413 (4.6) 473 (3.6) 529 (2.7)
Indonesia 316 (3.8) 354 (3.3) 398 (3.1)
Jordan 299 (3.8) 351 (3.3) 410 (3.1)
Kosovo 289 (2.2) 328 (2.2) 375 (1.9)
Lebanon 277 (4.3) 323 (3.7) 380 (4.3)
Macao (China) 420 (2.4) 474 (1.8) 532 (1.7)
Malta 311 (4.2) 383 (3.5) 468 (3.0)
Moldova 318 (3.0) 367 (2.6) 427 (2.4)
Montenegro 305 (2.2) 352 (1.5) 407 (1.6)
Morocco m m m m m m
North Macedonia 277 (3.0) 325 (1.8) 381 (1.8)
Panama m m m m m m
Peru 300 (2.8) 341 (2.4) 392 (2.7)
Qatar 295 (1.7) 344 (1.3) 411 (1.4)
Romania 330 (8.2) 377 (5.8) 431 (4.8)
Russia 380 (3.8) 429 (3.4) 487 (3.5)
Serbia m m m m m m
Singapore 414 (2.7) 487 (2.2) 565 (1.8)
Chinese Taipei 394 (4.6) 465 (3.6) 540 (2.7)
Thailand 325 (2.9) 366 (2.6) 417 (3.0)
Ukraine m m m m m m
Uruguay 325 (2.9) 371 (2.5) 430 (2.8)
Viet Nam 427 (4.2) 469 (4.4) 521 (4.2)
Demographic characteristics considered are: students' age (in three-month increments), gender, and immigrant background. Ad
580 (2.2) 637 (2.2) 369 (2.6) 432 (2.2) 506 (2.3)
564 (2.8) 620 (3.1) 361 (3.1) 420 (3.6) 493 (3.5)
577 (2.2) 628 (2.2) 363 (4.0) 428 (3.4) 505 (2.6)
592 (2.2) 643 (2.7) 393 (2.3) 453 (2.5) 520 (2.6)
507 (3.2) 559 (3.3) 336 (3.1) 385 (3.0) 442 (2.9)
470 (2.9) 523 (3.4) 311 (3.7) 355 (3.6) 409 (3.6)
561 (2.5) 618 (3.2) 373 (4.0) 430 (3.7) 497 (3.1)
564 (2.7) 616 (3.2) 372 (3.4) 431 (2.6) 496 (2.5)
597 (2.7) 648 (2.8) 417 (3.5) 469 (2.9) 531 (2.4)
598 (2.6) 650 (2.8) 393 (4.1) 458 (3.2) 526 (2.9)
572 (2.4) 624 (2.7) 364 (3.5) 425 (3.1) 497 (3.1)
577 (3.0) 634 (3.4) 363 (4.0) 430 (3.9) 508 (3.9)
521 (3.8) 574 (4.1) 338 (4.6) 392 (4.1) 453 (3.6)
548 (3.0) 601 (3.5) 356 (3.9) 412 (3.1) 484 (3.1)
538 (2.4) 593 (3.4) 354 (3.1) 410 (3.0) 476 (2.6)
565 (2.6) 618 (2.8) 380 (3.5) 435 (2.6) 498 (2.6)
542 (4.1) 604 (3.7) 314 (5.0) 381 (5.1) 464 (5.0)
546 (2.8) 598 (2.8) 348 (3.9) 407 (3.1) 470 (3.0)
605 (3.1) 655 (4.0) 405 (4.4) 466 (3.7) 534 (2.9)
584 (3.3) 636 (3.7) 388 (4.1) 453 (3.7) 524 (3.3)
548 (2.0) 596 (2.2) 377 (3.3) 429 (2.8) 489 (2.2)
541 (3.2) 598 (3.7) 364 (2.9) 418 (2.8) 483 (2.2)
555 (1.8) 615 (2.4) 347 (2.6) 404 (2.1) 477 (1.7)
461 (3.1) 507 (3.4) 326 (3.9) 367 (2.7) 416 (2.7)
582 (2.6) 637 (2.9) 364 (5.2) 428 (4.5) 508 (3.7)
589 (2.8) 648 (3.6) 371 (3.7) 437 (2.8) 512 (2.7)
566 (3.0) 621 (3.3) 357 (3.9) 424 (3.3) 495 (2.5)
565 (3.1) 619 (3.5) 392 (3.4) 448 (2.8) 511 (3.0)
567 (3.0) 618 (3.1) 368 (4.3) 427 (3.6) 494 (3.0)
532 (2.8) 589 (3.2) 338 (3.5) 397 (3.2) 464 (2.9)
580 (2.2) 636 (3.0) 390 (3.4) 447 (2.1) 510 (1.9)
555 (2.5) 605 (2.5) 365 (2.4) 421 (1.9) 485 (1.7)
565 (4.3) 624 (4.3) 368 (5.1) 431 (4.0) 503 (3.4)
578 (3.3) 631 (2.8) 367 (3.5) 426 (3.8) 497 (3.8)
482 (5.5) 532 (6.1) 361 (3.1) 409 (2.8) 466 (2.3)
579 (3.1) 637 (3.4) 374 (3.8) 437 (3.2) 507 (2.7)
569 (3.8) 627 (3.8) 371 (4.9) 433 (4.4) 505 (3.9)
557 (0.5) 611 (0.5) 365 (0.6) 423 (0.5) 491 (0.5)
481 (4.9) 530 (5.1) 323 (3.1) 366 (2.4) 416 (2.5)
m m m m 291 (4.0) 340 (3.4) 401 (3.3)
m m m m 305 (2.5) 347 (2.3) 395 (2.2)
m m m m 361 (3.5) 412 (3.4) 472 (2.9)
m m m m 302 (3.1) 344 (2.7) 396 (3.2)
462 (3.3) 524 (4.1) 292 (2.3) 338 (2.1) 396 (2.3)
m m m m 315 (2.0) 359 (1.9) 421 (1.5)
m m m m 482 (4.0) 536 (3.4) 594 (2.8)
520 (5.2) 577 (5.3) 305 (4.3) 355 (4.0) 418 (4.1)
466 (2.9) 513 (3.4) 324 (3.2) 364 (3.0) 414 (3.4)
540 (2.9) 595 (3.3) 356 (4.0) 409 (3.5) 471 (3.2)
498 (2.2) 558 (2.9) 319 (2.6) 372 (2.7) 437 (2.2)
376 (3.4) 429 (4.8) 250 (2.8) 286 (2.4) 329 (2.9)
471 (3.1) 530 (3.8) 281 (2.7) 326 (2.7) 379 (2.9)
579 (2.6) 622 (2.7) 401 (4.3) 461 (3.2) 522 (2.7)
446 (3.4) 492 (4.0) 312 (3.0) 348 (2.6) 392 (2.6)
468 (3.1) 517 (3.3) 316 (4.4) 370 (3.7) 431 (3.0)
m m m m 307 (2.1) 346 (1.9) 391 (1.8)
427 (2.2) 474 (3.6) 285 (2.5) 320 (1.5) 361 (1.6)
447 (5.3) 510 (5.0) 265 (3.6) 315 (3.7) 377 (4.3)
586 (1.8) 630 (2.0) 434 (3.0) 489 (2.6) 547 (1.8)
m m m m 339 (2.9) 384 (2.7) 436 (2.8)
551 (3.2) 620 (4.0) 314 (3.5) 380 (2.9) 460 (2.5)
488 (3.0) 541 (3.0) 314 (2.9) 365 (2.5) 427 (2.7)
468 (1.9) 526 (3.0) 311 (2.2) 358 (1.6) 413 (1.5)
m m m m 293 (2.7) 328 (2.8) 372 (3.7)
439 (2.1) 496 (2.7) 296 (2.5) 349 (2.0) 411 (2.0)
m m m m 259 (3.8) 305 (3.2) 361 (2.8)
448 (3.3) 499 (3.9) 304 (3.0) 347 (2.6) 400 (2.9)
m m m m 269 (3.1) 304 (2.6) 347 (3.1)
487 (2.0) 554 (2.0) 290 (1.5) 345 (1.4) 414 (1.4)
487 (7.8) 542 (11.8) 312 (4.7) 362 (4.6) 424 (5.4)
545 (3.3) 595 (3.5) 369 (4.1) 420 (3.6) 478 (3.2)
m m m m 287 (3.2) 331 (3.3) 384 (3.2)
m m m m 322 (3.9) 375 (3.8) 438 (3.9)
632 (1.8) 684 (2.3) 416 (3.2) 487 (2.7) 560 (2.1)
603 (3.6) 655 (4.3) 382 (3.9) 449 (3.7) 521 (3.2)
474 (3.5) 528 (4.9) 324 (3.2) 367 (3.0) 421 (3.5)
m m m m 351 (4.4) 406 (3.8) 469 (3.8)
504 (3.4) 569 (3.1) 302 (2.1) 358 (2.2) 430 (2.6)
495 (3.0) 551 (3.6) 314 (3.1) 364 (2.9) 423 (3.2)
575 (4.5) 623 (6.6) m m m m m m
c characteristics of these samples match those of the PISA 2018 weighted sample, as in post-stratification (see Annex A3 for details).
, and immigrant background. Adjusted changes and trends represent estimates of how the performance of a population matching the
Adjusted change in percentiles between 2015 and
A 2018 results
(PISA 2018 - PISA 2015)
575 (2.2) 631 (2.7) 3 (4.0) 0 (3.6) -4 (3.4)

560 (3.1) 614 (3.3) -2 (4.8) -2 (5.3) -4 (4.9)
571 (2.5) 624 (2.3) -2 (5.8) -1 (5.1) -2 (4.2)
586 (2.6) 640 (2.5) -9 (4.0) -11 (3.9) -9 (3.9)
502 (3.3) 553 (3.3) 2 (4.5) 1 (4.5) -1 (4.6)
469 (4.0) 524 (4.1) -3 (5.3) -2 (4.9) -2 (4.9)
564 (3.1) 620 (2.9) 6 (5.7) 6 (5.3) 4 (4.5)
558 (2.6) 609 (3.1) -10 (5.1) -8 (4.2) -8 (4.0)
591 (2.4) 644 (2.7) 1 (5.1) -4 (4.3) -6 (3.8)
590 (2.8) 643 (2.9) -5 (6.1) -6 (5.2) -7 (4.5)
563 (2.9) 615 (3.2) 8 (5.3) 3 (4.8) -5 (4.2)
577 (3.5) 633 (3.3) -7 (6.6) -4 (5.7) 1 (5.6)
513 (3.3) 561 (3.4) 5 (7.5) 4 (6.8) -2 (6.0)
549 (3.3) 602 (3.6) 9 (5.8) 5 (4.9) 3 (4.7)
540 (2.7) 594 (3.1) 0 (4.7) 2 (4.4) 2 (3.9)
558 (2.6) 610 (3.2) -7 (5.5) -7 (4.4) -6 (4.1)
544 (3.7) 607 (3.8) -11 (6.8) -5 (6.8) 0 (6.9)
532 (3.0) 583 (3.7) -11 (5.7) -8 (4.7) -12 (4.8)
595 (3.0) 646 (3.5) -7 (6.5) -9 (5.6) -11 (4.7)
589 (3.1) 642 (3.8) 0 (6.2) 2 (5.5) 4 (5.2)
546 (2.3) 595 (2.7) -5 (4.8) -3 (4.0) -2 (3.5)
546 (1.8) 599 (2.3) 6 (4.8) 7 (4.2) 9 (3.8)
549 (2.2) 606 (2.9) -2 (4.1) -2 (3.5) -3 (2.9)
469 (3.0) 518 (4.3) 5 (5.4) 5 (4.2) 6 (3.9)
581 (3.1) 636 (3.5) -6 (6.9) -4 (6.2) -2 (5.0)
582 (2.7) 640 (2.9) -5 (5.4) -4 (4.9) -5 (4.4)
560 (2.8) 616 (2.9) -13 (5.3) -7 (4.8) -6 (4.0)
576 (3.4) 630 (4.0) 8 (5.0) 11 (4.3) 9 (4.5)
558 (3.1) 609 (3.5) -7 (6.0) -5 (5.3) -7 (4.7)
531 (2.9) 589 (3.5) 6 (6.1) 4 (5.0) 0 (4.3)
569 (1.9) 621 (2.8) 6 (4.7) 3 (3.4) -4 (3.1)
547 (1.8) 598 (2.2) -8 (4.6) -10 (3.8) -10 (3.4)
570 (3.1) 624 (3.3) 14 (7.1) 12 (6.2) 9 (5.8)
565 (4.0) 622 (4.6) -3 (5.9) -3 (5.8) -9 (5.4)
526 (2.4) 579 (3.9) 36 (5.0) 41 (4.9) 45 (5.7)
575 (3.2) 632 (3.2) -2 (5.4) 0 (4.7) -5 (4.6)
574 (3.8) 629 (3.9) 2 (6.5) 6 (6.0) 8 (5.7)
555 (0.5) 609 (0.5) 0 (1.7) 0 (1.7) -1 (1.7)
466 (2.6) 514 (3.2) -5 (4.8) -7 (4.3) -11 (4.7)

466 (3.7) 523 (4.0) m m m m m m
446 (3.0) 494 (4.6) m m m m m m
531 (2.7) 581 (2.7) m m m m m m
451 (3.6) 499 (3.8) m m m m m m
464 (3.1) 527 (3.6) 1 (3.5) 0 (3.3) 1 (3.7)
497 (1.7) 566 (2.8) m m m m m m
649 (3.1) 695 (3.7) m m m m m m
490 (4.8) 552 (5.3) -5 (6.7) -12 (7.0) -25 (7.3)
466 (4.3) 512 (5.6) -7 (4.3) -5 (4.2) -1 (4.4)
536 (3.1) 590 (3.5) -5 (5.5) -3 (5.2) -5 (4.7)
505 (2.2) 562 (2.2) 5 (3.9) 7 (3.7) 7 (3.4)
379 (3.5) 431 (4.8) 7 (4.2) 5 (3.8) 4 (4.3)
437 (3.0) 491 (3.9) -15 (4.7) -22 (4.3) -29 (4.5)
577 (2.5) 623 (3.3) -12 (6.5) -12 (5.1) -7 (4.1)
440 (3.1) 488 (4.6) -5 (5.1) -6 (4.5) -7 (4.3)
490 (3.1) 541 (3.4) 17 (6.0) 19 (5.2) 21 (4.6)
442 (2.4) 498 (3.4) m m m m m m
406 (1.7) 450 (2.6) -3 (3.6) -8 (3.1) -15 (2.9)
449 (4.8) 513 (4.9) -12 (5.8) -8 (5.5) -3 (6.3)
601 (1.9) 648 (2.2) 14 (4.2) 15 (3.5) 15 (2.9)
490 (3.4) 538 (4.3) m m m m m m
534 (2.9) 594 (3.3) 3 (5.7) -3 (4.8) -8 (4.2)
492 (3.2) 546 (3.7) -5 (4.4) -2 (3.9) 0 (3.9)
470 (2.0) 523 (2.2) 6 (3.4) 6 (2.7) 6 (2.6)
422 (4.0) 468 (3.9) m m m m m m
476 (2.4) 533 (3.1) 18 (4.2) 24 (3.1) 30 (3.1)
420 (4.1) 478 (5.7) m m m m m m
458 (3.6) 511 (4.4) 4 (4.4) 6 (3.9) 9 (4.2)
401 (4.5) 461 (6.6) m m m m m m
490 (1.5) 557 (2.1) -6 (2.8) 0 (2.4) 3 (2.5)
488 (5.5) 545 (5.8) -18 (9.6) -14 (7.5) -7 (7.4)
536 (3.2) 586 (3.7) -11 (5.8) -9 (5.2) -9 (5.0)
440 (3.4) 489 (3.6) m m m m m m
504 (3.6) 562 (4.0) m m m m m m
621 (1.6) 670 (1.8) 2 (4.4) 0 (3.8) -6 (3.1)
587 (3.7) 641 (4.0) -12 (6.3) -16 (5.4) -19 (4.5)
481 (4.4) 535 (5.2) -1 (4.6) 2 (4.3) 4 (4.8)
532 (3.7) 588 (4.5) m m m m m m
506 (2.8) 572 (3.0) -8 (3.8) -5 (3.8) 1 (4.2)
486 (3.6) 540 (3.9) -11 (4.5) -7 (4.1) -7 (4.6)
m m m m m m m m m m
nex A3 for details).
ation matching the
iles between 2015 and 2018
- PISA 2015)
Score dif. S.E. Score dif. S.E.
-5 (3.5) -6 (3.8)
-3 (4.5) -6 (4.8)
-6 (3.7) -5 (3.5)
-6 (3.7) -4 (4.0)
-6 (4.9) -6 (4.9)
-1 (5.2) 1 (5.5)
3 (4.3) 2 (4.6)
-6 (4.1) -8 (4.7)
-6 (3.9) -5 (4.2)
-7 (4.1) -7 (4.3)
-8 (4.1) -9 (4.5)
1 (4.8) -1 (5.0)
-8 (5.3) -13 (5.5)
1 (4.7) 0 (5.2)
2 (3.9) 2 (4.8)
-7 (4.0) -8 (4.5)
2 (5.7) 3 (5.5)
-15 (4.4) -15 (4.9)
-9 (4.6) -9 (5.5)
5 (4.8) 5 (5.5)
-2 (3.4) -1 (3.8)
5 (4.0) 1 (4.7)
-7 (3.2) -9 (4.0)
8 (4.6) 11 (5.7)
0 (4.3) -1 (4.8)
-6 (4.2) -8 (4.9)
-5 (4.3) -6 (4.7)
10 (4.8) 11 (5.5)
-8 (4.6) -9 (4.9)
-1 (4.3) 1 (5.0)
-11 (3.3) -15 (4.4)
-8 (3.4) -7 (3.7)
5 (5.5) 0 (5.6)
-13 (5.4) -10 (5.6)
44 (6.2) 46 (7.4)
-5 (4.8) -5 (4.9)
6 (5.6) 2 (5.7)
-2 (1.7) -2 (1.7)
-14 (5.8) -17 (6.2)

m m m m
m m m m
m m m m
m m m m
3 (4.8) 3 (5.6)
m m m m
m m m m
-29 (7.3) -25 (7.6)
0 (5.3) -2 (6.8)
-5 (4.5) -4 (5.0)
7 (3.4) 4 (3.9)
3 (5.1) 2 (6.9)
-34 (4.6) -39 (5.7)
-2 (3.9) 2 (4.5)
-6 (4.8) -5 (6.3)
22 (4.6) 24 (5.0)
m m m m
-21 (3.1) -25 (4.7)
2 (7.2) 3 (7.1)
15 (3.0) 18 (3.4)
m m m m
-17 (4.6) -26 (5.4)
4 (4.6) 5 (5.0)
3 (3.2) -2 (4.0)
m m m m
37 (3.5) 37 (4.4)
m m m m
10 (5.1) 12 (6.0)
m m m m
3 (2.9) 3 (3.3)
0 (9.7) 2 (13.2)
-9 (4.8) -9 (5.3)
m m m m
m m m m
-11 (2.9) -14 (3.3)
-16 (5.4) -14 (6.1)
7 (5.8) 7 (7.3)
m m m m
3 (4.7) 3 (4.5)
-9 (4.9) -11 (5.5)
m m m m

Table I.B1.46
Variation in reading performance, 2009 through 2018, adjusted for demographic changes
PISA 2009 PISA 2012


OECD
Australia 105 (1.6) 270 (4.5) 99 (1.1) 253
Austria m m m m 93 (1.8) 241
Belgium 102 (1.8) 265 (5.3) 103 (1.8) 262
Canada 93 (1.0) 237 (3.5) 95 (1.1) 244
Chile 83 (1.8) 216 (5.5) 78 (1.5) 203
Colombia 87 (2.0) 223 (5.8) 84 (2.1) 217
Czech Republic 92 (1.7) 241 (5.8) 89 (1.9) 226
Denmark 84 (1.2) 218 (3.9) 87 (2.5) 218
Estonia 84 (1.8) 213 (5.6) 81 (1.2) 207
Finland 88 (1.3) 227 (3.6) 96 (1.4) 244
France 107 (3.0) 275 (8.1) 109 (2.3) 280
Germany 96 (1.9) 250 (5.9) 92 (1.8) 240
Greece 95 (2.3) 247 (7.3) 99 (2.2) 252
Hungary 90 (2.4) 236 (7.4) 92 (2.0) 239
Iceland 97 (1.3) 251 (4.4) 97 (1.4) 248
Ireland 94 (2.0) 236 (5.5) 86 (1.8) 220
Israel 112 (2.8) 291 (8.0) 115 (2.6) 295
Italy 98 (1.6) 252 (4.3) 98 (1.0) 251
Japan 100 (2.9) 254 (7.4) 97 (2.2) 246
Korea 79 (2.2) 201 (5.7) 87 (2.2) 217
Latvia 80 (1.5) 206 (4.9) 85 (1.7) 219
Lithuania 86 (1.6) 226 (5.1) 87 (1.5) 222
Luxembourg 106 (1.2) 278 (4.8) 106 (1.0) 278
Mexico 89 (1.7) 227 (4.6) 84 (1.3) 215
Netherlands* 89 (1.7) 235 (5.0) 94 (3.2) 241
New Zealand 105 (2.1) 272 (6.0) 106 (1.7) 274
Norway 95 (1.7) 246 (5.2) 102 (2.0) 256
Poland 89 (1.3) 230 (4.3) 88 (1.6) 223
Portugal* 90 (2.1) 233 (5.4) 95 (2.0) 248
Slovak Republic 92 (2.2) 242 (7.2) 104 (3.3) 270
Slovenia 92 (0.9) 241 (3.4) 93 (1.0) 239
Spain** 88 (1.2) 225 (3.6) 93 (1.2) 237
Sweden 103 (1.9) 263 (6.5) 109 (1.8) 277
Switzerland 95 (1.4) 248 (4.6) 91 (1.1) 237
Turkey 82 (1.7) 213 (5.5) 86 (2.4) 223
United Kingdom 98 (1.5) 251 (4.2) 101 (2.9) 256
United States* 97 (1.6) 253 (5.2) 92 (1.6) 235
OECD average-35a 94 (0.3) 242 (0.9) 95 (0.3) 242
OECD average-36a m m m m 94 (0.3) 242
Partners
Albania 100 (1.8) 255 (6.2) 116 (2.1) 290
Argentina 110 (3.9) 283 (10.9) 97 (2.5) 247
Brazil 95 (1.5) 246 (4.7) 87 (1.3) 223
Bulgaria 115 (2.6) 300 (8.4) 121 (3.0) 314
Costa Rica 80 (1.8) 206 (5.6) 75 (1.7) 192
Croatia 88 (1.7) 227 (4.8) 86 (2.1) 223
Georgia 100 (1.7) 259 (5.4) m m m
Hong Kong (China)* 85 (1.8) 219 (4.9) 85 (1.9) 218
Indonesia 67 (1.9) 175 (5.6) 76 (2.7) 195
Jordan 92 (2.1) 234 (6.1) 91 (2.4) 231
Kazakhstan 91 (1.6) 237 (5.2) 74 (1.4) 190
Macao (China) 76 (0.8) 195 (2.6) 83 (0.8) 212
Malaysia 82 (1.8) 215 (5.5) 85 (1.5) 217
Malta 120 (1.9) 313 (7.0) m m m
Moldova 91 (2.0) 235 (5.5) m m m
Montenegro 93 (1.2) 238 (4.6) 92 (1.3) 239
Panama 99 (3.6) 257 (12.3) m m m
Peru 98 (2.4) 253 (6.6) 93 (2.3) 241
Qatar 120 (0.9) 314 (3.1) 114 (0.9) 295
Romania 92 (2.4) 237 (7.4) 98 (5.9) 244
Russia 90 (1.9) 228 (5.7) 91 (1.5) 234
Serbia 84 (1.6) 217 (4.6) 93 (2.0) 241
Singapore 98 (1.2) 254 (4.6) 101 (1.2) 260
Chinese Taipei 86 (1.9) 220 (5.8) 91 (1.9) 235
Thailand 72 (1.9) 184 (4.7) 78 (1.8) 202
United Arab Emirates 101 (1.7) 259 (4.6) 96 (1.1) 249
Uruguay 101 (2.1) 260 (5.6) 98 (2.2) 253
Viet Nam m m m m 75 (2.8) 189

Costa Rica, Georgia, Malta and Moldova conducted the PISA 2009 assessment in 2010 as part of PISA 2009+
characteristics considered are: students' age (in three-month increments), gender, and immigrant background. Adjusted change
population has changed over time.
Change between 2009
A 2012 PISA 2015 PISA 2018
(PISA 2018 - PISA

S.E. S.D. S.E. Score dif. S.E. S.D. S.E. Score dif. S.E. Dif.
(3.7) 104 (1.2) 269 (3.4) 109 (0.9) 284 (3.0) 3

(5.8) 101 (1.6) 265 (5.5) 99 (1.2) 262 (4.2) m
(4.8) 100 (1.5) 262 (4.3) 103 (1.3) 271 (3.9) 0
(3.5) 93 (1.4) 240 (4.0) 100 (0.8) 259 (2.8) 7
(4.7) 88 (1.8) 231 (4.9) 92 (1.2) 241 (4.4) 9
(6.9) 90 (1.6) 235 (4.6) 89 (1.5) 231 (5.0) 2
(5.3) 101 (1.7) 262 (5.9) 97 (1.6) 254 (4.8) 5
(5.5) 87 (1.2) 225 (4.3) 92 (1.2) 238 (3.7) 8
(4.3) 87 (1.2) 226 (4.1) 93 (1.2) 242 (4.5) 10
(4.1) 95 (1.6) 243 (4.8) 100 (1.3) 256 (4.4) 11
(6.8) 112 (2.0) 293 (6.2) 101 (1.5) 266 (4.8) -5
(5.2) 101 (1.8) 262 (5.6) 106 (1.5) 278 (5.2) 10
(6.7) 98 (2.4) 255 (8.0) 97 (1.6) 257 (4.9) 2
(6.2) 97 (1.7) 255 (5.1) 98 (1.3) 256 (5.3) 8
(4.7) 100 (1.7) 258 (5.6) 105 (1.3) 277 (5.8) 8
(6.0) 86 (1.4) 222 (4.3) 91 (1.0) 236 (3.3) -4
(6.5) 114 (2.1) 298 (6.1) 124 (1.9) 332 (6.1) 12
(3.2) 93 (1.6) 243 (4.6) 97 (1.7) 253 (5.6) -1
(7.1) 92 (1.8) 237 (5.7) 97 (1.7) 253 (5.3) -3
(5.9) 97 (1.8) 252 (5.7) 102 (1.7) 262 (5.3) 23
(6.0) 85 (1.5) 221 (4.1) 90 (1.1) 235 (4.1) 10
(4.7) 94 (1.5) 245 (5.0) 94 (1.0) 246 (3.1) 8
(4.2) 107 (1.0) 281 (3.3) 108 (1.0) 287 (3.5) 2
(3.8) 79 (1.7) 203 (4.9) 84 (1.6) 216 (4.8) -5
(7.4) 101 (1.7) 263 (5.4) 105 (1.7) 277 (5.1) 16
(6.1) 105 (1.7) 274 (6.3) 106 (1.3) 278 (4.5) 1
(5.0) 99 (1.7) 255 (4.6) 106 (1.3) 276 (4.7) 11
(4.9) 90 (1.3) 231 (4.5) 97 (1.4) 252 (4.6) 8
(6.5) 92 (1.2) 240 (4.5) 96 (1.2) 250 (4.1) 6
(9.9) 104 (1.7) 269 (5.2) 100 (1.4) 263 (4.8) 8
(3.7) 92 (1.4) 240 (4.1) 94 (1.2) 242 (3.7) 2
(3.5) 87 (1.5) 224 (4.2) m m m m m
(5.7) 103 (1.5) 264 (4.6) 108 (1.5) 280 (5.9) 4
(4.0) 98 (1.7) 256 (5.4) 103 (1.5) 270 (5.2) 7
(7.3) 83 (2.0) 213 (6.6) 88 (1.6) 230 (4.8) 6
(8.6) 96 (1.1) 249 (3.7) 100 (1.3) 260 (4.4) 2
(4.7) 100 (1.6) 259 (5.6) 108 (1.6) 282 (5.0) 11
(1.0) 96 (0.3) 249 (0.9) 99 (0.2) 260 (0.8) 6
(1.0) 96 (0.3) 250 (0.9) 99 (0.2) 260 (0.8) m
(6.8) 97 (1.9) 250 (6.0) 80 (1.2) 207 (3.9) -19

(6.9) m m m m 98 (1.5) 255 (4.5) -12
m m m m m 74 (1.7) 190 (4.5) m
m m m m m 89 (1.3) 234 (4.0) m
m m m m m 79 (1.2) 206 (4.0) m
(3.9) 100 (1.5) 261 (4.1) 100 (1.3) 262 (4.2) 5
m m m m m 97 (0.8) 258 (3.3) m
m m m m m 87 (1.7) 225 (4.9) m
(8.3) 115 (2.6) 302 (7.9) 101 (1.8) 267 (5.7) -14
(6.2) 80 (1.5) 205 (4.3) 81 (1.7) 211 (5.2) 1
(6.4) 91 (1.6) 237 (5.4) 89 (1.7) 232 (5.3) 1
m 103 (1.3) 270 (4.5) 98 (0.9) 259 (4.1) m
m 85 (2.0) 221 (6.1) 82 (1.8) 212 (5.4) m
m 104 (1.8) 268 (5.4) 84 (1.2) 219 (4.0) -15
(5.7) 86 (1.4) 220 (4.8) 99 (1.5) 255 (4.9) 14
(7.7) 77 (2.0) 197 (6.3) 75 (1.7) 195 (5.7) 8
(7.3) 94 (1.7) 241 (5.1) 87 (1.7) 221 (5.5) -5
(4.8) m m m m 77 (1.2) 197 (3.5) -14
m 78 (1.1) 203 (3.9) 68 (0.7) 177 (2.8) m
m 115 (2.8) 299 (8.4) 113 (1.6) 296 (5.1) m
(3.3) 82 (1.1) 212 (4.2) 92 (1.1) 238 (4.6) 16
(4.5) m m m m 85 (1.6) 221 (4.5) 3
m 121 (1.5) 312 (5.3) 113 (1.2) 298 (4.6) -7
m 98 (1.5) 252 (4.8) 93 (1.6) 243 (4.7) 2
(4.4) 94 (1.2) 244 (4.0) 86 (0.8) 224 (2.7) -7
m m m m m 75 (1.1) 195 (3.5) m
m 99 (1.2) 257 (5.0) 94 (1.0) 245 (3.9) m
m m m m m 88 (1.9) 229 (6.2) -12
(6.2) 89 (1.6) 234 (5.0) 92 (1.5) 240 (4.7) -6
m m m m m 80 (2.3) 205 (6.8) m
(2.7) 111 (1.0) 291 (2.9) 110 (0.6) 289 (2.4) -10
(13.8) 100 (5.1) 256 (16.9) 98 (2.2) 256 (6.6) 7
(5.8) 87 (1.4) 227 (4.4) 93 (1.8) 241 (5.4) 3
m m m m m 84 (1.6) 220 (4.5) m
(6.7) m m m m 96 (1.4) 253 (4.3) 12
(4.4) 99 (1.1) 257 (3.7) 109 (1.0) 285 (4.1) 11
(5.9) 94 (1.7) 241 (5.8) 102 (1.5) 263 (4.5) 15
(5.6) 80 (1.7) 207 (4.8) 79 (1.6) 206 (4.9) 7
m m m m m 93 (1.7) 243 (5.2) m
(4.0) 106 (1.4) 278 (4.4) 113 (0.9) 300 (3.6) 12
(6.4) 97 (1.6) 252 (5.4) 96 (1.6) 253 (5.2) -5
(8.0) 73 (2.2) 188 (6.1) m m m m m
teristics of these samples match those of the PISA 2018 weighted sample, as in post-stratification (see Annex A3 for details). Demographic
ground. Adjusted changes and trends represent estimates of how the performance of a population matching the demographic profile of the

(1.9) 14 (5.4) 10 (1.4) 31 (4.8) 5 (1.5) 15

m m m 7 (2.2) 21 (7.1) -2 (2.0) -3
(2.2) 7 (6.6) 0 (2.2) 9 (6.2) 3 (2.0) 9
(1.3) 21 (4.5) 5 (1.4) 15 (4.5) 7 (1.6) 19
(2.2) 25 (7.0) 14 (1.9) 38 (6.4) 4 (2.1) 10
(2.5) 8 (7.7) 4 (2.6) 14 (8.6) -1 (2.2) -4
(2.3) 13 (7.6) 8 (2.5) 28 (7.1) -3 (2.4) -8
(1.6) 19 (5.3) 5 (2.7) 19 (6.6) 5 (1.6) 12
(2.2) 28 (7.2) 12 (1.7) 34 (6.2) 6 (1.7) 16
(1.8) 29 (5.7) 3 (1.9) 12 (6.0) 5 (2.0) 14
(3.3) -9 (9.4) -7 (2.7) -13 (8.3) -11 (2.5) -26
(2.4) 28 (7.9) 14 (2.4) 39 (7.3) 4 (2.4) 17
(2.8) 10 (8.8) -1 (2.8) 5 (8.3) -1 (2.9) 1
(2.7) 20 (9.1) 6 (2.4) 17 (8.2) 1 (2.1) 1
(1.9) 26 (7.3) 8 (2.0) 29 (7.5) 5 (2.1) 19
(2.3) 1 (6.4) 4 (2.1) 16 (6.9) 5 (1.8) 14
(3.4) 41 (10.1) 10 (3.2) 37 (8.9) 10 (2.8) 34
(2.3) 1 (7.0) -1 (2.0) 2 (6.4) 3 (2.4) 10
(3.3) -1 (9.0) 0 (2.8) 6 (8.8) 5 (2.5) 15
(2.8) 62 (7.8) 15 (2.7) 45 (8.0) 5 (2.4) 11
(1.8) 28 (6.4) 5 (2.0) 15 (7.2) 5 (1.8) 14
(1.9) 20 (6.0) 8 (1.8) 24 (5.6) 0 (1.8) 1
(1.5) 9 (6.0) 2 (1.4) 9 (5.5) 1 (1.4) 6
(2.3) -11 (6.7) 0 (2.1) 1 (6.1) 5 (2.3) 13
(2.4) 42 (7.2) 11 (3.6) 36 (9.0) 3 (2.4) 14
(2.5) 7 (7.5) 0 (2.2) 4 (7.5) 1 (2.1) 4
(2.1) 30 (7.0) 3 (2.4) 19 (6.9) 7 (2.1) 20
(1.9) 22 (6.2) 10 (2.1) 29 (6.7) 8 (1.9) 20
(2.4) 18 (6.8) 1 (2.3) 3 (7.7) 4 (1.7) 10
(2.6) 21 (8.6) -4 (3.6) -6 (11.0) -3 (2.2) -6
(1.5) 1 (5.0) 1 (1.6) 3 (5.3) 1 (1.8) 1
m m m m m m m m m m
(2.4) 17 (8.7) -1 (2.3) 4 (8.2) 5 (2.1) 16
(2.1) 22 (7.0) 11 (1.9) 33 (6.6) 4 (2.3) 14
(2.4) 17 (7.3) 2 (2.9) 7 (8.8) 5 (2.6) 17
(2.0) 9 (6.1) -1 (3.2) 4 (9.7) 4 (1.7) 12
(2.2) 29 (7.2) 16 (2.2) 47 (6.9) 8 (2.3) 23
(0.4) 18 (1.2) 5 (0.4) 18 (1.2) 3 (0.4) 10
m m m 5 (0.4) 18 (1.2) 3 (0.4) 10
(2.1) -48 (7.4) -36 (2.4) -83 (7.8) -17 (2.2) -43
(4.2) -28 (11.8) 0 (2.9) 8 (8.2) m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
(2.0) 16 (6.4) 13 (1.8) 40 (5.8) -1 (2.0) 2
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
(3.2) -33 (10.1) -19 (3.5) -47 (10.1) -14 (3.1) -35
(2.4) 5 (7.6) 7 (2.4) 19 (8.1) 2 (2.3) 6
(2.4) 5 (7.2) 3 (2.7) 9 (8.3) -2 (2.3) -5
m m m m m m m -5 (1.6) -11
m m m m m m m -3 (2.7) -9
(2.0) -40 (6.7) m m m m -19 (2.2) -49
(2.3) 36 (7.0) 14 (2.4) 37 (7.5) 14 (2.1) 35
(2.6) 20 (8.0) -1 (3.2) 0 (9.6) -2 (2.6) -2
(2.7) -13 (8.2) -4 (3.0) -10 (9.1) -7 (2.4) -20
(2.0) -41 (6.3) 3 (1.9) 6 (6.0) m m m
m m m m m m m -10 (1.3) -26
m m m m m m m -2 (3.2) -3
(1.4) 43 (5.3) 9 (1.4) 27 (5.7) 10 (1.5) 27
(2.4) 6 (7.1) 0 (2.2) 4 (6.4) m m m
(2.2) -14 (8.3) m m m m -8 (2.0) -14
(2.6) 8 (7.2) m m m m -5 (2.2) -10
(1.4) -13 (5.3) -6 (1.5) -14 (5.2) -8 (1.4) -20
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m -5 (1.6) -12
(4.0) -28 (13.8) m m m m m m m
(2.8) -13 (8.1) -2 (2.7) -1 (7.7) 2 (2.2) 5
m m m m m m m m m m
(1.1) -25 (3.9) -4 (1.1) -6 (3.6) -1 (1.1) -3
(3.2) 19 (9.9) 0 (6.3) 12 (15.3) -2 (5.5) 0
(2.6) 13 (7.8) 2 (2.4) 7 (7.9) 5 (2.3) 14
m m m m m m m m m m
(2.1) 36 (6.3) 4 (2.4) 12 (8.0) m m m
(1.6) 31 (6.2) 8 (1.5) 25 (6.1) 10 (1.5) 28
(2.4) 43 (7.3) 10 (2.4) 28 (7.4) 8 (2.3) 22
(2.5) 22 (6.8) 0 (2.4) 4 (7.5) -1 (2.3) -1
m m m m m m m m m m
(1.9) 42 (5.8) 17 (1.5) 51 (5.3) 7 (1.7) 22
(2.6) -7 (7.7) -2 (2.7) 0 (8.2) -1 (2.2) 1
m m m m m m m m m m
x A3 for details). Demographic

he demographic profile of the PISA 2018
n 2015 and 2018
- PISA 2015)
Inter-decile range
(90th minus 10th
percentile)
S.E.
(4.6)
(6.9)
(5.8)
(4.9)
(6.6)
(6.8)
(7.6)
(5.7)
(6.1)
(6.6)
(7.9)
(7.6)
(9.4)
(7.4)
(8.1)
(5.4)
(8.6)
(7.3)
(7.8)
(7.8)
(5.8)
(5.9)
(4.9)
(6.9)
(7.4)
(7.7)
(6.6)
(6.4)
(6.1)
(7.1)
(5.6)
m
(7.5)
(7.5)
(8.2)
(5.8)
(7.5)
(1.2)
(1.2)
(7.1)
m
m
m
m
(5.9)
m
m
(9.7)
(6.8)
(7.6)
(6.1)
(8.2)
(6.7)
(6.9)
(8.5)
(7.5)
m
(4.7)
(9.9)
(6.2)
m
(7.0)
(6.7)
(4.9)
m
(6.4)
m
(6.9)
m
(3.8)
(18.1)
(7.0)
m
m
(5.5)
(7.3)
(6.9)
m
(5.7)
(7.5)
m

Table I.B1.47
Variation in mathematics performance, 2012 through 2018, adjusted for demographic changes
PISA 2012 PISA 2015


OECD
Australia 98 (1.2) 253 (3.9) 94 (1.2) 244
Austria 93 (1.8) 242 (4.9) 95 (1.9) 248
Belgium 103 (1.4) 269 (4.1) 97 (1.5) 255
Canada 91 (0.9) 237 (3.0) 88 (1.1) 227
Chile 81 (1.5) 210 (5.0) 86 (1.5) 221
Colombia 75 (1.8) 190 (5.4) 77 (1.4) 200
Czech Republic 96 (1.7) 245 (5.3) 91 (1.8) 236
Denmark 83 (1.3) 215 (4.5) 81 (1.2) 209
Estonia 81 (1.2) 210 (3.7) 80 (1.1) 209
Finland 87 (1.2) 224 (4.4) 83 (1.3) 212
France 97 (1.7) 255 (5.3) 95 (1.6) 249
Germany 97 (1.7) 255 (5.5) 90 (1.5) 233
Greece 88 (1.4) 228 (4.3) 89 (1.8) 233
Hungary 94 (2.5) 245 (7.4) 94 (1.7) 246
Iceland 92 (1.3) 238 (5.0) 93 (1.4) 242
Ireland 84 (1.3) 218 (4.2) 80 (1.4) 207
Israel 105 (1.8) 274 (6.3) 104 (2.1) 270
Italy 93 (1.2) 242 (3.4) 93 (1.7) 241
Japan 93 (2.2) 241 (6.5) 88 (1.7) 227
Korea 100 (2.2) 255 (6.5) 100 (1.8) 258
Latvia 82 (1.5) 211 (5.3) 78 (1.2) 200
Lithuania 89 (1.4) 233 (4.3) 86 (1.4) 225
Luxembourg 96 (0.9) 252 (3.8) 94 (1.2) 244
Mexico 76 (1.0) 196 (3.3) 76 (1.7) 196
Netherlands* 92 (2.1) 244 (6.7) 92 (1.5) 239
New Zealand 100 (1.2) 263 (4.4) 92 (1.3) 238
Norway 91 (1.4) 233 (5.0) 85 (1.1) 219
Poland 91 (1.9) 236 (5.3) 88 (1.7) 226
Portugal* 95 (1.5) 249 (4.4) 96 (1.3) 250
Slovak Republic 101 (2.5) 260 (8.2) 95 (1.6) 246
Slovenia 92 (1.1) 242 (4.0) 88 (1.3) 229
Spain** 88 (0.8) 229 (2.4) 85 (1.3) 220
Sweden 93 (1.4) 240 (4.4) 91 (1.8) 234
Switzerland 95 (1.5) 246 (4.7) 96 (1.6) 249
Turkey 91 (3.1) 238 (9.4) 82 (2.3) 212
United Kingdom 97 (2.3) 253 (6.7) 93 (1.3) 239
United States* 90 (1.3) 234 (4.0) 88 (1.5) 229
OECD average-36b 92 (0.3) 238 (0.9) 89 (0.3) 231
OECD average-37 92 (0.3) 238 (0.9) 89 (0.3) 231
Partners
Albania 92 (1.5) 232 (5.7) 86 (1.6) 222
Argentina 78 (2.2) 200 (6.3) m m m
Brazil 79 (1.6) 199 (4.5) 90 (1.8) 230
Bulgaria 95 (2.2) 247 (6.7) 97 (2.4) 254
Costa Rica 69 (1.9) 174 (5.8) 69 (1.5) 175
Croatia 89 (2.6) 230 (7.5) 89 (1.6) 230
Cyprus m m m m 93 (1.1) 241
Dominican Republic m m m m 69 (2.0) 176
Georgia m m m m 94 (2.2) 240
Hong Kong (China)* 96 (1.9) 248 (6.8) 90 (1.5) 232
Indonesia 71 (3.2) 182 (8.0) 81 (2.2) 206
Jordan 77 (2.5) 195 (4.6) 86 (2.2) 219
Kazakhstan 71 (1.7) 183 (5.3) m m m
Kosovo m m m m 75 (1.4) 195
Lebanon m m m m 101 (2.1) 262
Macao (China) 95 (0.9) 243 (4.2) 80 (1.2) 205
Malaysia 82 (1.6) 212 (5.2) m m m
Malta m m m m 111 (1.4) 286
Moldova m m m m 90 (1.5) 232
Montenegro 83 (1.1) 214 (3.2) 86 (1.4) 223
North Macedonia m m m m 96 (1.6) 245
Peru 84 (2.2) 214 (6.3) 83 (1.4) 213
Qatar 101 (0.8) 261 (2.5) 99 (1.0) 258
Romania 83 (3.4) 212 (10.7) 89 (4.1) 228
Russia 87 (1.6) 225 (4.9) 83 (1.3) 214
Serbia 91 (2.2) 233 (6.5) m m m
Singapore 105 (1.0) 275 (4.6) 95 (0.9) 246
Chinese Taipei 116 (2.0) 303 (6.3) 104 (2.0) 267
Thailand 82 (2.2) 207 (7.0) 82 (1.9) 209
Uruguay 90 (1.8) 233 (5.6) 87 (1.6) 223
Viet Nam 86 (2.7) 222 (8.3) 84 (2.8) 216

details). Demographic characteristics considered are: students' age (in three-month increments), gender, and immigrant backgr
matching the demographic profile of the PISA 2018 population has changed over time.
Change between 2012 and 2018 Change between 2015
A 2015 PISA 2018
(PISA 2018 - PISA 2012) (PISA 2018 - PISA

S.E. S.D. S.E. Score dif. S.E. Dif. S.E. Dif. S.E. Dif.
(3.5) 92 (1.2) 238 (3.3) -5 (1.7) -15 (5.1) -2

(5.5) 93 (1.5) 244 (4.5) 0 (2.3) 2 (6.7) -2
(4.4) 95 (1.7) 252 (5.0) -7 (2.2) -17 (6.5) -2
(3.5) 92 (1.1) 237 (3.3) 1 (1.4) 0 (4.4) 4
(4.5) 85 (1.4) 218 (4.7) 4 (2.1) 8 (6.9) -1
(4.3) 81 (2.0) 209 (5.7) 7 (2.7) 19 (7.8) 4
(5.6) 93 (1.7) 241 (5.3) -2 (2.4) -4 (7.5) 2
(4.0) 82 (1.0) 213 (3.6) 0 (1.7) -2 (5.8) 2
(3.7) 82 (1.1) 209 (3.7) 0 (1.6) -1 (5.2) 1
(4.1) 82 (1.2) 213 (3.5) -4 (1.7) -11 (5.6) 0
(4.7) 93 (1.5) 241 (4.6) -5 (2.3) -14 (7.0) -3
(4.8) 95 (1.5) 248 (4.6) -2 (2.3) -7 (7.2) 6
(5.4) 89 (1.8) 231 (5.3) 1 (2.3) 3 (6.8) 0
(5.0) 91 (1.6) 237 (5.7) -3 (3.0) -8 (9.4) -3
(4.7) 90 (1.2) 235 (4.7) -2 (1.8) -4 (6.9) -3
(4.4) 78 (1.0) 202 (3.3) -7 (1.7) -16 (5.4) -2
(6.0) 108 (1.9) 285 (6.1) 4 (2.6) 11 (8.8) 5
(5.1) 94 (1.8) 241 (5.6) 1 (2.2) 0 (6.5) 0
(5.3) 86 (1.6) 224 (5.1) -7 (2.7) -17 (8.2) -2
(5.8) 100 (2.0) 258 (5.5) 1 (3.0) 3 (8.6) 1
(4.0) 80 (1.1) 207 (4.1) -1 (1.9) -4 (6.7) 3
(4.7) 91 (1.1) 236 (4.0) 2 (1.7) 4 (5.9) 5
(3.4) 98 (1.3) 257 (4.2) 2 (1.6) 6 (5.7) 5
(5.0) 78 (1.6) 199 (4.7) 1 (1.9) 2 (5.7) 1
(4.4) 93 (1.8) 243 (5.8) 1 (2.8) -1 (8.9) 1
(4.5) 93 (1.1) 242 (3.7) -7 (1.7) -21 (5.7) 1
(3.5) 90 (1.3) 236 (4.6) -1 (1.8) 3 (6.8) 6
(5.1) 90 (1.7) 233 (5.4) -1 (2.5) -3 (7.6) 2
(4.9) 96 (1.3) 252 (4.4) 1 (2.0) 3 (6.2) 0
(4.8) 100 (1.7) 257 (5.8) -1 (3.0) -3 (10.0) 5
(4.2) 89 (1.4) 230 (4.1) -3 (1.8) -12 (5.7) 1
(4.9) 88 (1.0) 229 (2.9) 0 (1.2) -1 (3.8) 4
(5.2) 91 (1.4) 236 (5.2) -2 (2.0) -5 (6.8) 0
(5.0) 94 (1.4) 245 (4.4) -1 (2.0) -1 (6.4) -2
(6.9) 88 (1.8) 228 (5.0) -3 (3.6) -10 (10.6) 6
(3.8) 93 (1.4) 239 (4.5) -4 (2.7) -13 (8.0) 0
(4.7) 92 (1.5) 241 (5.4) 2 (2.0) 7 (6.7) 4
(0.8) 90 (0.2) 234 (0.8) -1 (0.4) -3 (1.2) 1
(0.8) 91 (0.2) 235 (0.8) -1 (0.4) -3 (1.2) 1
(5.1) 83 (1.3) 211 (4.1) -9 (1.9) -21 (7.0) -3

m 84 (1.7) 217 (5.5) 6 (2.8) 17 (8.4) m
m 89 (1.7) 229 (5.2) m m m m m
m 93 (1.4) 241 (4.2) m m m m m
m 82 (1.3) 211 (3.9) m m m m m
(5.1) 88 (1.6) 224 (4.8) 9 (2.3) 25 (6.6) -2
m 91 (1.0) 239 (3.3) m m m m m
m 80 (1.8) 205 (4.8) m m m m m
(7.3) 97 (2.1) 251 (6.2) 3 (3.0) 4 (9.1) 0
(4.3) 75 (2.0) 191 (5.2) 6 (2.7) 17 (7.8) 6
(4.9) 87 (1.7) 223 (5.2) -2 (3.1) -6 (9.2) -2
(3.8) 95 (1.1) 246 (3.5) m m m m 2
(6.1) 71 (2.0) 181 (5.0) m m m m 3
(6.1) 88 (1.6) 228 (5.0) m m m m -5
(5.2) 94 (1.9) 241 (5.8) -2 (2.7) -7 (8.9) 4
(6.9) 79 (2.2) 198 (6.3) 8 (3.9) 17 (10.2) -1
(4.9) 85 (1.7) 217 (5.1) 8 (3.0) 21 (6.8) -1
m 87 (1.1) 221 (3.3) 16 (2.0) 38 (6.3) m
(5.3) 77 (1.3) 197 (4.5) m m m m 2
(7.1) 106 (1.6) 276 (5.5) m m m m 5
(3.6) 81 (1.5) 207 (4.5) -14 (1.8) -36 (6.2) 1
m 83 (1.7) 214 (4.9) 1 (2.3) 2 (7.1) m
(4.7) 102 (1.4) 265 (5.3) m m m m -9
(5.0) 94 (1.7) 244 (5.0) m m m m 5
(3.7) 83 (1.0) 214 (2.7) 0 (1.5) 0 (4.2) -3
m 76 (1.5) 196 (4.0) m m m m m
(5.0) 93 (1.2) 241 (4.1) m m m m -2
m 77 (2.1) 199 (6.3) m m m m m
(4.3) 84 (1.5) 217 (4.5) 0 (2.7) 4 (7.8) 1
m 78 (2.0) 201 (5.4) m m m m m
(3.0) 98 (0.9) 253 (2.7) -3 (1.2) -8 (3.7) -1
(13.7) 94 (2.1) 244 (6.9) 11 (4.0) 32 (12.8) 5
(4.6) 86 (1.9) 221 (5.8) -1 (2.4) -5 (7.5) 3
m 79 (1.6) 202 (4.8) m m m m m
m 97 (1.7) 251 (4.9) 6 (2.8) 18 (8.1) m
(3.6) 94 (1.2) 244 (3.5) -11 (1.5) -31 (5.8) -1
(5.9) 100 (1.7) 259 (5.5) -16 (2.6) -43 (8.4) -4
(5.5) 88 (1.8) 226 (5.7) 5 (2.9) 18 (9.0) 6
m 94 (1.9) 242 (5.4) m m m m m
(4.1) 106 (1.2) 275 (3.5) 16 (1.7) 42 (5.3) 9
(4.2) 85 (1.7) 221 (4.7) -4 (2.5) -11 (7.3) -1
(7.8) m m m m m m m m m
teristics of these samples match those of the PISA 2018 weighted sample, as in post-stratification (see Annex A3 for
r, and immigrant background. Adjusted changes and trends represent estimates of how the performance of a population
(PISA 2018 - PISA 2015)
Inter-decile range
Standard deviation (90th minus 10th
percentile)
S.E. Dif. S.E.
(1.7) -7 (4.8)
(2.4) -4 (7.1)
(2.2) -3 (6.7)
(1.6) 10 (4.8)
(2.1) -4 (6.5)
(2.4) 9 (7.1)
(2.4) 6 (7.7)
(1.6) 4 (5.4)
(1.6) 0 (5.3)
(1.8) 1 (5.4)
(2.2) -8 (6.6)
(2.1) 15 (6.7)
(2.5) -2 (7.5)
(2.3) -9 (7.6)
(1.9) -7 (6.7)
(1.7) -5 (5.5)
(2.8) 15 (8.5)
(2.5) 0 (7.6)
(2.4) -3 (7.3)
(2.7) 0 (8.0)
(1.6) 7 (5.7)
(1.8) 12 (6.2)
(1.8) 14 (5.4)
(2.4) 2 (6.9)
(2.4) 5 (7.3)
(1.7) 4 (5.8)
(1.7) 17 (5.8)
(2.4) 6 (7.4)
(1.8) 3 (6.6)
(2.3) 11 (7.5)
(1.9) 0 (5.9)
(1.6) 9 (5.7)
(2.3) 1 (7.3)
(2.1) -4 (6.6)
(3.0) 16 (8.6)
(2.0) 0 (5.8)
(2.1) 12 (7.1)
(0.4) 4 (1.1)
(0.4) 3 (1.1)
(2.1) -11 (6.5)

m m m
m m m
m m m
m m m
(2.3) -6 (7.0)
m m m
m m m
(3.2) -2 (9.6)
(2.4) 15 (6.8)
(2.3) -6 (7.2)
(1.5) 5 (5.2)
(2.8) 5 (7.9)
(2.7) -12 (7.9)
(2.4) 9 (7.8)
(3.1) -7 (9.4)
(2.8) -2 (7.1)
m m m
(1.9) 2 (6.9)
(2.6) 14 (9.0)
(1.9) 2 (5.8)
m m m
(2.0) -21 (7.1)
(2.3) 11 (7.1)
(1.7) -9 (4.6)
m m m
(2.0) -4 (6.5)
m m m
(2.0) 5 (6.2)
m m m
(1.3) -5 (4.0)
(4.6) 16 (15.3)
(2.3) 6 (7.4)
m m m
m m m
(1.5) -2 (5.1)
(2.6) -8 (8.1)
(2.7) 17 (7.9)
m m m
(1.8) 25 (5.4)
(2.4) -2 (6.3)
m m m

Table I.B1.48
Variation in science performance, 2015 and 2018, adjusted for demographic changes
PISA 2015 PISA 2018


OECD
Australia 103 (1.0) 271 (3.3) 101 (1.1) 262
Austria 98 (1.3) 257 (3.9) 96 (1.2) 252
Belgium 100 (1.2) 264 (3.9) 99 (1.3) 261
Canada 93 (0.9) 242 (2.8) 96 (1.0) 247
Chile 86 (1.4) 226 (4.1) 83 (1.4) 218
Colombia 81 (1.3) 209 (4.4) 82 (1.4) 213
Czech Republic 95 (1.5) 251 (4.7) 94 (1.6) 247
Denmark 90 (1.2) 234 (4.0) 91 (1.3) 237
Estonia 89 (1.1) 233 (4.0) 88 (1.2) 227
Finland 97 (1.4) 252 (4.5) 96 (1.3) 250
France 102 (1.5) 268 (4.6) 96 (1.4) 251
Germany 101 (1.6) 263 (5.0) 103 (1.6) 270
Greece 92 (1.8) 241 (6.0) 86 (1.6) 223
Hungary 96 (1.6) 254 (5.1) 94 (1.4) 246
Iceland 92 (1.2) 239 (4.3) 91 (1.0) 240
Ireland 89 (1.3) 231 (4.3) 88 (1.2) 230
Israel 107 (1.6) 280 (5.1) 111 (1.9) 293
Italy 91 (1.3) 239 (4.4) 90 (1.7) 235
Japan 93 (1.6) 243 (5.1) 92 (1.6) 241
Korea 95 (1.5) 248 (5.0) 98 (1.7) 254
Latvia 82 (1.1) 214 (3.5) 84 (1.2) 219
Lithuania 91 (1.4) 240 (4.5) 90 (1.0) 235
Luxembourg 101 (1.1) 265 (3.6) 98 (1.2) 258
Mexico 72 (1.4) 186 (4.0) 74 (1.6) 192
Netherlands* 101 (1.5) 268 (5.0) 104 (1.9) 272
New Zealand 104 (1.4) 272 (4.6) 102 (1.4) 269
Norway 96 (1.3) 251 (4.2) 98 (1.2) 259
Poland 91 (1.3) 235 (3.9) 92 (1.4) 238
Portugal* 92 (1.2) 242 (4.2) 92 (1.3) 240
Slovak Republic 98 (1.5) 257 (5.2) 96 (1.5) 251
Slovenia 96 (1.2) 252 (4.2) 88 (1.1) 231
Spain** 88 (1.1) 232 (3.9) 89 (0.8) 233
Sweden 103 (1.5) 271 (4.8) 98 (1.5) 256
Switzerland 100 (1.5) 262 (4.6) 97 (1.4) 255
Turkey 79 (1.9) 207 (6.0) 84 (1.6) 218
United Kingdom 99 (1.1) 261 (3.8) 99 (1.4) 258
United States* 99 (1.5) 258 (4.5) 99 (1.6) 259
OECD average-37 94 (0.2) 246 (0.7) 94 (0.2) 244
Partners
Albania 79 (1.5) 203 (5.0) 74 (1.1) 190
Argentina m m m m 90 (1.6) 232
Baku (Azerbaijan) m m m m 74 (1.6) 189
Belarus m m m m 85 (1.3) 221
Bosnia and Herzegovina m m m m 77 (1.3) 197
Brazil 89 (1.3) 232 (3.9) 90 (1.5) 234
Brunei Darussalam m m m m 96 (1.1) 252
B-S-J-Z (China) m m m m 83 (1.7) 213
Bulgaria 102 (2.1) 267 (6.3) 95 (2.0) 247
Costa Rica 70 (1.3) 182 (3.8) 73 (1.9) 188
Croatia 90 (1.3) 233 (4.3) 90 (1.6) 235
Cyprus 93 (1.2) 244 (4.0) 93 (1.1) 244
Dominican Republic 73 (1.8) 185 (4.7) 71 (1.6) 181
Georgia 91 (1.3) 233 (4.2) 81 (1.3) 209
Hong Kong (China)* 81 (1.4) 209 (4.5) 86 (1.2) 223
Indonesia 69 (1.7) 176 (4.8) 69 (1.7) 176
Jordan 84 (1.6) 217 (4.6) 88 (1.5) 225
Kosovo 71 (1.1) 186 (3.9) 65 (0.8) 165
Lebanon 90 (1.8) 234 (5.7) 95 (1.6) 248
Macao (China) 81 (1.0) 210 (3.0) 83 (1.0) 214
Malta 118 (1.5) 309 (6.0) 107 (1.2) 280
Moldova 86 (1.4) 222 (4.1) 89 (1.4) 232
Montenegro 85 (0.9) 221 (3.7) 81 (1.0) 212
Morocco m m m m 67 (1.2) 175
North Macedonia 85 (1.3) 219 (4.5) 92 (1.2) 238
Panama m m m m 85 (1.9) 219
Peru 77 (1.4) 199 (4.2) 80 (1.5) 207
Philippines m m m m 75 (2.3) 192
Qatar 99 (0.7) 259 (2.6) 103 (0.9) 268
Romania 81 (3.3) 213 (12.6) 90 (1.8) 233
Russia 82 (1.1) 215 (3.9) 84 (1.7) 217
Saudi Arabia m m m m 79 (1.4) 203
Serbia m m m m 92 (1.3) 240
Singapore 103 (0.9) 270 (3.9) 97 (1.0) 254
Chinese Taipei 100 (2.0) 261 (6.0) 99 (1.5) 259
Thailand 79 (1.6) 203 (4.5) 82 (1.6) 211
Ukraine m m m m 91 (1.8) 237
Uruguay 87 (1.3) 226 (4.1) 87 (1.4) 226
Viet Nam 77 (2.4) 197 (6.4) m m m
details). Demographic characteristics considered are: students' age (in three-month increments), gender, and immigrant backgr
matching the demographic profile of the PISA 2018 population has changed over time.
A 2018
(PISA 2018 - PISA 2015)

(90th minus 10th Standard deviation (90th minus 10th
S.E. Dif. S.E. Dif. S.E.
(3.3) -3 (1.4) -9 (4.7)

(3.9) -2 (1.8) -4 (5.5)
(4.1) -1 (1.8) -3 (5.7)
(2.7) 3 (1.3) 5 (3.9)
(4.1) -3 (2.0) -8 (5.8)
(4.8) 1 (1.9) 4 (6.5)
(4.6) -1 (2.2) -4 (6.6)
(4.3) 1 (1.7) 3 (5.9)
(4.1) -1 (1.6) -6 (5.8)
(4.0) -1 (1.9) -2 (6.0)
(5.0) -6 (2.1) -17 (6.8)
(4.8) 2 (2.3) 6 (6.9)
(4.9) -6 (2.4) -18 (7.7)
(5.2) -2 (2.1) -8 (7.3)
(4.1) 0 (1.6) 1 (5.9)
(4.0) -1 (1.8) -1 (5.9)
(5.5) 4 (2.5) 14 (7.5)
(5.1) -1 (2.1) -4 (6.7)
(5.1) -1 (2.3) -2 (7.2)
(4.8) 3 (2.3) 6 (6.9)
(4.3) 2 (1.6) 4 (5.6)
(3.4) -1 (1.7) -5 (5.6)
(4.3) -2 (1.6) -7 (5.6)
(5.2) 3 (2.1) 6 (6.6)
(6.1) 3 (2.5) 5 (7.9)
(4.5) -2 (2.0) -3 (6.4)
(4.4) 2 (1.8) 7 (6.1)
(4.6) 1 (1.9) 3 (6.0)
(4.6) 0 (1.8) -2 (6.2)
(5.1) -2 (2.1) -6 (7.2)
(4.4) -8 (1.6) -22 (6.1)
(2.5) 1 (1.4) 1 (4.7)
(5.1) -5 (2.2) -15 (7.0)
(4.9) -3 (2.1) -7 (6.7)
(4.9) 4 (2.5) 10 (7.7)
(4.3) 0 (1.7) -3 (5.7)
(5.0) 1 (2.2) 1 (6.7)
(0.7) -1 (0.3) -2 (1.0)
(4.0) -5 (1.9) -12 (6.4)

(4.9) m m m m
(4.8) m m m m
(3.6) m m m m
(3.7) m m m m
(4.0) 1 (1.9) 2 (5.5)
(3.3) m m m m
(4.9) m m m m
(5.7) -7 (2.9) -20 (8.5)
(5.4) 3 (2.2) 6 (6.6)
(5.0) 0 (2.1) 1 (6.6)
(3.5) 0 (1.6) 0 (5.3)
(5.1) -2 (2.4) -5 (6.9)
(4.4) -10 (1.9) -24 (6.1)
(4.3) 6 (1.9) 13 (6.2)
(5.0) 1 (2.4) 0 (6.9)
(4.6) 4 (2.2) 8 (6.5)
(3.9) m m m m
(3.7) -7 (1.4) -21 (5.4)
(4.7) 5 (2.4) 14 (7.4)
(3.6) 2 (1.4) 4 (4.7)
(4.2) m m m m
(4.3) -11 (1.9) -29 (7.4)
(4.5) 3 (1.9) 10 (6.1)
(3.1) -4 (1.3) -9 (4.9)
(3.5) m m m m
(4.1) 7 (1.8) 19 (6.1)
(6.5) m m m m
(4.4) 3 (2.1) 8 (6.1)
(6.7) m m m m
(2.7) 4 (1.2) 9 (3.8)
(5.6) 9 (3.8) 20 (13.8)
(4.9) 1 (2.0) 2 (6.3)
(4.0) m m m m
(4.7) m m m m
(3.4) -6 (1.4) -16 (5.2)
(5.2) -1 (2.5) -2 (8.0)
(5.1) 3 (2.3) 8 (6.8)
(5.7) m m m m
(2.8) 4 (1.3) 11 (4.4)
(4.5) 0 (1.9) 0 (6.1)
m m m m m
teristics of these samples match those of the PISA 2018 weighted sample, as in post-stratification (see Annex A3 for
r, and immigrant background. Adjusted changes and trends represent estimates of how the performance of a population

Table I.B1.49
Minimum achievement in reading and mathematics (SDG 4.1)
Achievement at Level 2 and above in reading Achievement at Level 2 and above in mathematics
Change in this Change in this

Change in this Change in this
CI31 Share of 15-year- share, expressed as Share of 15-year- share, expressed as
share, expressed as share, expressed as
old students a percentage of the old students a percentage of the
a percentage of all a percentage of all
achieving at Level PISA target achieving at Level PISA target
15-year-olds (2009 15-year-olds (2012
2 or above (2018)2 population (2009 to 2 or above (2018)2 population (2012 to
to 2018)3 to 2018)4
2018)3 2018)4
% S.E. % dif. S.E. % dif. S.E. % S.E. % dif. S.E. % dif. S.E.
OECD
Australia 0.89 80.4 (0.5) -5.4 (1.1) -0.2 (1.8) 77.6 (0.7) -2.8 (1.4) 0.4 (1.7)
Austria 0.89 76.4 (1.0) -4.1 (1.7) -2.9 (2.4) 78.9 (1.2) -2.4 (1.8) -1.4 (2.5)
Belgium 0.94 78.7 (0.9) -3.5 (1.6) -3.8 (2.0) 80.3 (0.9) -0.7 (1.4) -2.1 (2.0)
Canada 0.86 86.2 (0.5) -3.5 (0.9) -0.6 (1.3) 83.7 (0.7) -2.4 (1.3) 0.5 (1.7)
Chile 0.89 68.3 (1.2) -1.2 (2.7) 1.8 (3.2) 48.1 (1.3) -0.4 (3.5) 2.5 (3.6)
Colombia 0.62 50.1 (1.7) -2.8 (3.4) 0.1 (3.0) 34.6 (1.6) 8.4 (3.5) 5.0 (3.1)
Czech Republic 0.95 79.3 (1.1) 2.3 (2.0) 3.8 (2.9) 79.6 (1.1) 0.6 (2.0) 8.9 (2.9)
Denmark 0.88 84.0 (0.7) -0.8 (1.4) 0.6 (2.4) 85.4 (0.6) 2.3 (1.4) -0.5 (3.0)
Estonia 0.93 88.9 (0.6) 2.3 (1.3) 3.9 (2.4) 89.8 (0.6) 0.3 (1.2) 1.4 (2.3)
Finland 0.96 86.5 (0.7) -5.4 (1.0) -2.1 (2.3) 85.0 (0.7) -2.7 (1.4) -2.4 (2.8)
France 0.91 79.1 (0.7) -1.2 (1.6) -0.8 (1.8) 78.7 (0.8) 1.1 (1.4) 2.9 (1.5)
Germany 0.99 79.3 (1.1) -2.2 (1.7) 5.4 (2.4) 78.9 (1.1) -3.4 (1.7) 0.4 (2.6)
Greece 0.93 69.5 (1.5) -9.2 (2.8) -7.2 (3.2) 64.2 (1.5) -0.1 (2.7) 3.3 (3.1)
Hungary 0.90 74.7 (0.9) -7.7 (2.1) -4.9 (3.3) 74.4 (1.0) 2.4 (2.2) 7.9 (2.8)
Iceland 0.92 73.6 (0.9) -9.5 (1.6) -9.9 (1.6) 79.3 (1.0) 0.8 (1.6) 0.0 (1.6)
Ireland 0.96 88.2 (0.7) 5.4 (1.4) 7.7 (1.9) 84.3 (0.8) 1.2 (1.7) 5.4 (2.1)
Israel 0.81 68.9 (1.3) -4.5 (1.9) -6.0 (2.4) 65.9 (1.4) -0.6 (2.4) -7.1 (2.8)
Italy 0.85 76.7 (1.0) -2.2 (1.7) -3.3 (2.0) 76.2 (1.1) 0.8 (1.9) -0.4 (2.1)
Japan 0.91 83.2 (1.0) -3.2 (1.7) -3.7 (2.0) 88.5 (0.8) -0.4 (1.3) -0.3 (1.9)
Korea 0.88 84.9 (0.9) -9.3 (1.3) -8.0 (2.1) 85.0 (0.9) -5.9 (1.4) -4.9 (2.0)
Latvia 0.89 77.6 (0.7) -4.9 (2.0) 1.8 (2.6) 82.7 (1.0) 2.6 (1.9) 4.5 (2.4)
Lithuania 0.90 75.6 (0.8) 0.0 (1.8) 9.2 (1.8) 74.4 (0.9) 0.4 (2.0) 3.7 (2.2)
Luxembourg 0.87 70.7 (0.6) -3.3 (1.3) -3.1 (1.2) 72.8 (0.7) -2.9 (1.5) -4.1 (1.4)
Mexico 0.66 55.3 (1.3) -4.6 (3.6) 0.4 (3.5) 43.8 (1.4) -1.5 (3.2) 0.6 (3.1)
Netherlands* 0.91 75.9 (1.0) -9.8 (2.2) -9.8 (3.7) 84.2 (1.1) -1.0 (1.7) -8.4 (2.3)
New Zealand 0.89 81.0 (0.8) -4.6 (1.4) -2.5 (1.7) 78.2 (0.8) 0.9 (1.7) 1.4 (1.9)
Norway 0.91 80.7 (0.8) -4.3 (1.3) -3.4 (1.7) 81.1 (0.8) 3.4 (1.6) 2.8 (1.6)
Poland 0.90 85.3 (0.8) 0.4 (1.4) -2.2 (1.7) 85.3 (0.8) -0.3 (1.3) 0.4 (1.6)
Portugal* 0.87 79.8 (0.9) -2.6 (1.8) 0.7 (2.7) 76.7 (1.0) 1.6 (2.0) 0.6 (3.1)
Slovak Republic 0.86 68.6 (1.0) -9.2 (2.3) -14.9 (3.4) 74.9 (1.1) 2.4 (1.9) -1.8 (2.9)
Slovenia 0.98 82.1 (0.7) 3.3 (1.2) 7.6 (1.2) 83.6 (0.6) 3.7 (1.1) 6.2 (1.3)
Spain** 0.92 m m m m m m 75.3 (0.6) -1.1 (1.7) 1.7 (1.9)
Sweden 0.86 81.6 (1.0) -1.0 (1.5) -6.9 (2.7) 81.2 (1.0) 8.3 (1.7) 1.8 (2.7)
Switzerland 0.89 76.4 (1.1) -6.8 (1.6) -6.3 (3.1) 83.2 (0.9) -4.4 (1.4) -6.0 (3.1)
Turkey 0.73 73.9 (1.0) -1.6 (2.6) 10.9 (2.3) 63.3 (1.1) 5.3 (3.4) 6.3 (3.1)
United Kingdom 0.85 82.7 (0.9) 1.1 (1.5) -0.7 (1.9) 80.8 (0.9) 2.6 (1.9) -4.4 (2.0)
United States* 0.86 80.7 (1.1) -1.6 (1.7) 1.8 (2.8) 72.9 (1.4) -1.3 (2.4) -3.1 (3.7)
OECD average-35a 0.88 77.4 (0.2) -3.2 (1.1) -1.3 (1.1) m m m m m m
OECD average-37 0.88 m m m m m m 76.0 (0.2) 0.4 (1.1) 0.6 (1.1)
Partners
Albania 0.76 47.8 (1.1) 4.4 (4.0) 9.5 (3.9) 57.6 (1.4) 18.3 (3.1) 13.3 (3.3)
Argentina 0.81 47.9 (1.3) -0.5 (3.2) 5.4 (3.2) 31.0 (1.3) -2.5 (3.0) -1.7 (2.8)
Baku (Azerbaijan) 0.46 39.6 (1.3) m m m m 49.3 (1.3) m m m m
Belarus 0.88 76.6 (1.0) m m m m 70.6 (1.1) m m m m
Bosnia and Herzegovina 0.82 46.3 (1.6) m m m m 42.4 (1.6) m m m m
Brazil 0.65 50.0 (0.9) -0.4 (2.4) 2.0 (2.3) 31.9 (1.0) 0.2 (2.0) -0.5 (2.0)
Brunei Darussalam 0.97 48.2 (0.6) m m m m 52.1 (0.7) m m m m
B-S-J-Z (China) 0.81 94.8 (0.6) m m m m 97.6 (0.4) m m m m
Bulgaria 0.72 52.9 (1.7) -6.1 (3.5) -4.5 (3.1) 55.6 (1.7) -0.7 (3.0) -3.5 (2.9)
Costa Rica 0.63 58.0 (1.6) -9.3 (3.8) 0.5 (3.7) 40.0 (1.9) -0.1 (4.0) 5.2 (3.5)
Croatia 0.89 78.4 (1.2) 0.9 (2.1) 1.0 (2.5) 68.8 (1.3) -1.3 (2.7) -5.0 (3.0)
Cyprus 0.92 56.3 (0.7) -8.1 (2.5) -9.2 (2.4) 63.1 (0.7) 5.7 (1.4) 3.7 (1.3)
Dominican Republic 0.73 20.9 (1.3) -6.9 (2.4) -3.8 (2.1) 9.4 (1.0) 0.0 (1.4) 0.4 (1.1)
Georgia 0.83 35.6 (1.1) -2.4 (2.9) 0.5 (2.8) 38.9 (1.3) -4.0 (2.0) -1.6 (1.9)
Hong Kong (China)* 0.98 87.4 (0.8) -4.3 (1.1) 4.5 (1.7) 90.8 (0.8) -0.7 (1.2) 12.6 (2.1)
Indonesia 0.85 30.1 (1.4) -16.5 (3.7) 0.9 (3.4) 28.1 (1.5) 3.8 (3.5) 8.5 (3.2)
Jordan 0.54 58.8 (1.4) 6.8 (3.8) -8.6 (3.6) 40.7 (1.6) 9.2 (3.5) -0.8 (3.2)
Kazakhstan 0.92 35.8 (0.7) -5.5 (3.5) -3.8 (3.5) 50.9 (0.9) -3.9 (3.3) 2.7 (3.3)
Kosovo 0.84 21.3 (0.6) -1.9 (2.9) 1.6 (2.8) 23.4 (0.9) 1.1 (1.7) 4.0 (1.5)
Lebanon 0.87 32.2 (1.5) 2.6 (2.5) 8.4 (2.1) 40.2 (1.7) 0.5 (2.4) 8.6 (2.1)
Macao (China) 0.88 89.2 (0.5) 4.1 (0.9) 11.0 (0.8) 95.0 (0.5) 5.8 (0.7) 11.4 (0.6)
Malaysia 0.72 54.2 (1.4) -1.9 (3.7) -4.6 (3.5) 58.5 (1.4) 10.3 (3.6) 4.0 (3.4)
Malta 0.97 64.1 (0.8) 0.4 (1.6) 2.9 (1.6) 69.8 (1.0) -1.1 (1.4) -1.5 (1.4)
Moldova 0.95 57.0 (1.1) 14.2 (2.9) 15.6 (3.0) 49.7 (1.1) -0.1 (1.9) 1.0 (2.0)
Montenegro 0.95 55.6 (0.7) 5.1 (2.9) 6.8 (2.8) 53.8 (0.8) 10.5 (2.7) 12.1 (2.7)
Morocco 0.64 26.7 (1.6) m m m m 24.4 (1.6) m m m m
North Macedonia 0.95 44.9 (0.7) 15.5 (2.9) 14.7 (2.9) 39.0 (0.9) 9.2 (1.6) 8.7 (1.5)
Panama 0.53 35.7 (1.4) 0.9 (3.7) 0.8 (3.0) 18.8 (1.3) m m m m
Peru 0.73 45.7 (1.3) 10.5 (2.9) 7.7 (3.1) 39.7 (1.3) 14.2 (3.2) 10.7 (3.1)
Philippines 0.68 19.4 (1.4) m m m m 19.3 (1.6) m m m m
Qatar 0.92 49.1 (0.4) 12.6 (1.7) 12.7 (1.7) 46.3 (0.6) 15.9 (1.9) 14.1 (1.9)
Romania 0.73 59.2 (2.2) -0.4 (3.5) 2.1 (3.1) 53.4 (2.3) -5.7 (3.4) -0.4 (2.9)
Russia 0.94 77.9 (1.2) 5.3 (2.2) 16.9 (2.7) 78.4 (1.3) 2.3 (2.2) 3.1 (3.2)
Saudi Arabia 0.85 47.6 (1.5) m m m m 27.3 (1.5) m m m m
Serbia 0.88 62.3 (1.5) -4.9 (2.7) -0.8 (2.7) 60.3 (1.4) -0.8 (2.5) 4.5 (2.5)
Singapore 0.95 88.8 (0.5) 1.2 (0.7) 2.0 (1.4) 92.9 (0.4) 1.1 (0.7) 1.1 (1.1)
Chinese Taipei 0.92 82.2 (0.8) -2.2 (1.4) -8.7 (1.8) 86.0 (0.8) -1.1 (1.2) -8.0 (1.7)
Thailand 0.72 40.5 (1.7) -16.7 (3.7) -12.3 (3.4) 47.3 (1.7) -3.0 (3.3) -1.7 (2.9)
Ukraine 0.87 74.1 (1.4) m m m m 64.1 (1.6) m m m m
United Arab Emirates 0.92 57.1 (0.8) -3.1 (2.0) -3.7 (2.3) 54.5 (0.9) 0.8 (2.2) 5.3 (2.4)
Uruguay 0.77 58.1 (1.3) 0.0 (2.9) 8.2 (3.0) 49.3 (1.5) 5.1 (3.0) 5.9 (3.1)
Viet Nam 0.70 m m m m m m m m m m m m
PISA for Development Partners
Cambodia 0.28 7.5 (0.8) m m m m 9.9 (0.8) m m m m
Ecuador 0.61 49.4 (1.7) m m m m 29.1 (1.6) m m m m
Guatemala 0.47 29.9 (2.0) m m m m 10.6 (1.4) m m m m
Honduras 0.41 29.7 (1.8) m m m m 15.4 (1.5) m m m m
Paraguay m 32.2 (1.9) m m m m 8.3 (0.9) m m m m
Senegal 0.29 8.7 (0.7) m m m m 7.7 (0.6) m m m m
Zambia 0.36 5.0 (1.0) m m m m 2.3 (0.6) m m m m
1. CI3: Coverage Index 3, corresponding to the proportion of 15-year-olds who are represented by the PISA sample. For Paraguay, Coverage Index 3 is reported as missing; see
Chapter 11 in the PISA for Development Technical Report (https://www.oecd.org/pisa/pisa-for-
development/pisafordevelopment2018technicalreport/PISA_D_Chapter_11_SamplingOutcomes.pdf, accessed on 28 August 2019).
2. Cambodia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Paraguay, Senegal and Zambia: data refer to 2017 and were collected as part of the PISA for Development assessment.
3. Austria and the United Arab Emirates: 2012 to 2018; Cyprus, the Dominican Republic, Kosovo, Lebanon and North Macedonia: 2015 to 2018.
4. Cyprus, the Dominican Republic, Georgia, Kosovo, Lebanon, Malta, Moldova and North Macedonia: 2015 to 2018.
Source: OECD, PISA 2009-2018 Databases, PISA for Development (2017).
*Hong Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: PISA 2018 Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

Table I.B1.50
Disparities in minimum achievement in reading and mathematics (SDG 4.5)
Socio-economic disparities in minimum achievement

Gender disparities in minimum achievement
(Parity index1 for disadvantaged students, compared
(Parity index1 for girls, compared to boys)
to advantaged students2)
Reading Mathematics Reading Mathematics

(2018)3 (2018)3 (2018)3 (2018)3
Parity index1
S.E. Parity index S.E. Parity index S.E. Parity index S.E.
OECD
Australia 1.11 (0.0) 0.99 (0.0) 0.76 (0.0) 0.71 (0.0)
Austria 1.13 (0.0) 0.99 (0.0) 0.70 (0.0) 0.70 (0.0)
Belgium 1.08 (0.0) 0.97 (0.0) 0.68 (0.0) 0.67 (0.0)
Canada 1.09 (0.0) 1.00 (0.0) 0.85 (0.0) 0.81 (0.0)
Chile 1.13 (0.0) 0.93 (0.0) 0.63 (0.0) 0.39 (0.0)
Colombia 1.07 (0.0) 0.75 (0.0) 0.44 (0.0) 0.34 (0.0)
Czech Republic 1.13 (0.0) 1.01 (0.0) 0.68 (0.0) 0.66 (0.0)
Denmark 1.11 (0.0) 1.01 (0.0) 0.78 (0.0) 0.80 (0.0)
Estonia 1.07 (0.0) 1.00 (0.0) 0.90 (0.0) 0.88 (0.0)
Finland 1.13 (0.0) 1.04 (0.0) 0.85 (0.0) 0.80 (0.0)
France 1.11 (0.0) 1.00 (0.0) 0.70 (0.0) 0.64 (0.0)
Germany 1.10 (0.0) 1.00 (0.0) 0.71 (0.0) 0.68 (0.0)
Greece 1.22 (0.0) 1.04 (0.0) 0.63 (0.0) 0.57 (0.0)
Hungary 1.12 (0.0) 0.98 (0.0) 0.58 (0.0) 0.55 (0.0)
Iceland 1.19 (0.0) 1.07 (0.0) 0.73 (0.0) 0.76 (0.0)
Ireland 1.07 (0.0) 1.00 (0.0) 0.84 (0.0) 0.78 (0.0)
Israel 1.22 (0.0) 1.09 (0.0) 0.57 (0.0) 0.53 (0.0)
Italy 1.11 (0.0) 0.97 (0.0) 0.72 (0.0) 0.69 (0.0)
Japan 1.09 (0.0) 1.00 (0.0) 0.80 (0.0) 0.85 (0.0)
Korea 1.08 (0.0) 1.01 (0.0) 0.82 (0.0) 0.80 (0.0)
Latvia 1.16 (0.0) 1.00 (0.0) 0.78 (0.0) 0.78 (0.0)
Lithuania 1.18 (0.0) 1.05 (0.0) 0.68 (0.0) 0.65 (0.0)
Luxembourg 1.13 (0.0) 0.97 (0.0) 0.58 (0.0) 0.59 (0.0)
Mexico 1.11 (0.0) 0.88 (0.0) 0.47 (0.0) 0.44 (0.0)
Netherlands* 1.13 (0.0) 1.02 (0.0) 0.73 (0.0) 0.78 (0.0)
New Zealand 1.11 (0.0) 0.99 (0.0) 0.75 (0.0) 0.70 (0.0)
Norway 1.16 (0.0) 1.05 (0.0) 0.81 (0.0) 0.78 (0.0)
Poland 1.11 (0.0) 1.02 (0.0) 0.81 (0.0) 0.78 (0.0)
Portugal* 1.10 (0.0) 1.00 (0.0) 0.71 (0.0) 0.65 (0.0)
Slovak Republic 1.18 (0.0) 1.01 (0.0) 0.56 (0.0) 0.57 (0.0)
Slovenia 1.16 (0.0) 1.01 (0.0) 0.79 (0.0) 0.77 (0.0)
Spain** m m 1.00 (0.0) m m 0.68 (0.0)
Sweden 1.11 (0.0) 1.02 (0.0) 0.77 (0.0) 0.73 (0.0)
Switzerland 1.12 (0.0) 0.99 (0.0) 0.68 (0.0) 0.76 (0.0)
Turkey 1.14 (0.0) 0.97 (0.0) 0.71 (0.0) 0.65 (0.0)
United Kingdom 1.07 (0.0) 0.97 (0.0) 0.81 (0.0) 0.76 (0.0)
United States* 1.09 (0.0) 0.98 (0.0) 0.76 (0.0) 0.62 (0.0)
OECD average 1.12 (0.0) 0.99 (0.0) 0.72 (0.0) 0.68 (0.0)
OECD average-36a 1.12 (0.0) 0.99 (0.0) 0.72 (0.0) 0.68 (0.0)
Partners
Albania 1.35 (0.0) 1.06 (0.0) 0.51 (0.0) 0.75 (0.0)
Argentina 1.11 (0.0) 0.78 (0.0) 0.36 (0.0) 0.20 (0.0)
Baku (Azerbaijan) 1.27 (0.0) 0.94 (0.0) 0.57 (0.0) 0.63 (0.0)
Belarus 1.13 (0.0) 0.99 (0.0) 0.61 (0.0) 0.54 (0.0)
Bosnia and Herzegovina 1.30 (0.0) 1.01 (0.0) 0.50 (0.0) 0.45 (0.0)
Brazil 1.20 (0.0) 0.88 (0.0) 0.45 (0.0) 0.26 (0.0)
Brunei Darussalam 1.23 (0.0) 1.07 (0.0) 0.40 (0.0) 0.47 (0.0)
B-S-J-Z (China) 1.03 (0.0) 1.00 (0.0) 0.92 (0.0) 0.96 (0.0)
Bulgaria 1.27 (0.0) 1.03 (0.0) 0.40 (0.0) 0.45 (0.0)
Costa Rica 1.11 (0.0) 0.80 (0.0) 0.50 (0.0) 0.37 (0.0)
Croatia 1.16 (0.0) 0.98 (0.0) 0.80 (0.0) 0.68 (0.0)
Cyprus 1.32 (0.0) 1.09 (0.0) 0.58 (0.0) 0.62 (0.0)
Dominican Republic 1.37 (0.0) 0.94 (0.1) 0.23 (0.0) 0.12 (0.0)
Georgia 1.37 (0.0) 1.04 (0.0) 0.39 (0.0) 0.40 (0.0)
Hong Kong (China)* 1.10 (0.0) 1.03 (0.0) 0.89 (0.0) 0.89 (0.0)
Indonesia 1.31 (0.0) 1.13 (0.1) 0.39 (0.0) 0.37 (0.1)
Jordan 1.35 (0.0) 1.01 (0.1) 0.60 (0.0) 0.52 (0.0)
Kazakhstan 1.31 (0.0) 1.00 (0.0) 0.56 (0.0) 0.75 (0.0)
Kosovo 1.34 (0.0) 0.87 (0.1) 0.40 (0.0) 0.42 (0.0)
Lebanon 1.22 (0.0) 0.99 (0.0) 0.25 (0.0) 0.37 (0.0)
Macao (China) 1.06 (0.0) 1.00 (0.0) 0.96 (0.0) 0.96 (0.0)
Malaysia 1.23 (0.0) 1.07 (0.0) 0.45 (0.0) 0.48 (0.0)
Malta 1.26 (0.0) 1.11 (0.0) 0.64 (0.0) 0.62 (0.0)
Moldova 1.26 (0.0) 1.02 (0.0) 0.44 (0.0) 0.38 (0.0)
Montenegro 1.24 (0.0) 0.94 (0.0) 0.63 (0.0) 0.60 (0.0)
Morocco 1.31 (0.0) 0.97 (0.1) 0.33 (0.0) 0.32 (0.0)
North Macedonia 1.41 (0.0) 1.09 (0.0) 0.45 (0.0) 0.39 (0.0)
Panama 1.16 (0.0) 0.82 (0.1) 0.27 (0.0) 0.15 (0.0)
Peru 1.13 (0.0) 0.85 (0.0) 0.29 (0.0) 0.24 (0.0)
Philippines 1.34 (0.0) 1.11 (0.1) 0.11 (0.0) 0.16 (0.0)
Qatar 1.41 (0.0) 1.21 (0.0) 0.46 (0.0) 0.40 (0.0)
Romania 1.22 (0.0) 0.98 (0.0) 0.47 (0.0) 0.40 (0.0)
Russia 1.12 (0.0) 1.00 (0.0) 0.79 (0.0) 0.76 (0.0)
Saudi Arabia 1.44 (0.0) 1.12 (0.1) 0.42 (0.0) 0.29 (0.0)
Serbia 1.22 (0.0) 1.01 (0.0) 0.62 (0.0) 0.60 (0.0)
Singapore 1.07 (0.0) 1.01 (0.0) 0.83 (0.0) 0.86 (0.0)
Chinese Taipei 1.08 (0.0) 1.02 (0.0) 0.77 (0.0) 0.79 (0.0)
Thailand 1.38 (0.0) 1.16 (0.0) 0.41 (0.0) 0.54 (0.0)
Ukraine 1.16 (0.0) 0.97 (0.0) 0.63 (0.0) 0.54 (0.0)
United Arab Emirates 1.33 (0.0) 1.09 (0.0) 0.48 (0.0) 0.43 (0.0)
Uruguay 1.17 (0.0) 0.93 (0.0) 0.46 (0.0) 0.39 (0.0)
Viet Nam m m m m m m m m
PISA for Development Partners
Cambodia 1.31 (0.1) 0.84 (0.1) 0.22 (0.1) 0.19 (0.0)
Ecuador 1.09 (0.0) 0.71 (0.0) 0.41 (0.0) 0.27 (0.0)
Guatemala 1.15 (0.1) 0.84 (0.2) 0.25 (0.0) 0.10 (0.0)
Honduras 1.11 (0.1) 0.66 (0.1) 0.35 (0.0) 0.20 (0.0)
Paraguay 1.12 (0.1) 0.56 (0.1) 0.34 (0.0) 0.15 (0.0)
Senegal 1.11 (0.1) 0.86 (0.1) 0.28 (0.1) 0.36 (0.1)
Zambia 1.45 (0.1) 1.26 (0.2) 0.04 (0.0) 0.04 (0.0)
1. Values of the parity index below 1 indicate a disparity in favour of the second group (boys, or advantaged students). Values of the parity
index above 1 indicate a disparity in favour of the first group (girls, or disadvantaged students). Values equal to 1 indicate equal shares of
both groups.
2. Socio-economically advantaged students are students in the top quarter of the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status (ESCS) in their own
country/economy. Socio-economically disadvantaged students are students in the bottom quarter of the PISA index of economic, social and cultural status (ESCS) in
their own country/economy.
3. Cambodia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Paraguay, Senegal and Zambia: data refer to 2017 and were collected as part of the PISA for Development assessment.

Source: OECD, PISA 2018 Database and PISA for Development Database.
*Hong Kong (China), Netherlands, Portugal and United States: PISA 2018 Data did not meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).

Table I.B1.51
Time spent using the Internet (2012)
Based on students' reports
Time spent on the Internet …
… at school on a … at home on a typical … at home on a typical

typical weekday weekday weekend day
Minutes S.E. x Minutes S.E. x Minutes S.E. x

OECD
Australia 58.1 (1.1) 130.6 (1.0) 158.3 (1.4)
Austria 29.5 (1.3) 96.0 (1.8) 119.2 (2.2)
Belgium 22.0 (0.8) 94.4 (1.4) 142.5 (1.7)
Canada m m m m m m
Chile 30.0 (1.1) 105.8 (2.0) 148.4 (2.5)
Czech Republic 18.3 (1.0) 122.2 (2.3) 154.6 (2.7)
Denmark 46.5 (2.1) 136.0 (2.0) 176.9 (2.4)
Estonia 23.8 (1.1) 138.6 (2.0) 170.1 (1.9)
Finland 17.8 (0.8) 99.2 (1.1) 129.7 (1.8)
France m m m m m m
Germany 13.8 (0.9) 114.3 (2.1) 144.5 (2.4)
Greece 42.1 (1.7) 108.1 (2.0) 139.1 (2.0)
Hungary 29.5 (1.3) 112.3 (2.1) 155.6 (2.1)
Iceland 20.1 (1.0) 124.3 (1.6) 160.3 (1.9)
Ireland 15.9 (0.7) 74.6 (1.6) 99.8 (1.8)
Israel 25.4 (1.5) 106.3 (2.4) 133.3 (2.8)
Italy 19.3 (0.5) 93.2 (1.0) 96.9 (1.0)
Japan 12.6 (0.5) 70.4 (1.5) 111.6 (2.0)
Korea 9.2 (0.7) 40.6 (1.3) 94.0 (1.9)
Latvia 16.9 (1.0) 117.4 (1.8) 146.9 (2.5)
Mexico 26.4 (0.6) 81.6 (1.1) 92.4 (1.2)
Netherlands* 26.0 (1.3) 115.0 (2.2) 152.5 (2.9)
New Zealand 25.0 (1.1) 98.3 (1.7) 125.3 (2.2)
Norway 23.9 (1.5) 136.5 (2.0) 170.0 (2.6)
Poland 12.8 (0.9) 116.6 (1.8) 157.0 (1.9)
Portugal* 24.4 (2.0) 98.9 (2.1) 149.0 (2.6)
Slovak Republic 32.5 (1.4) 116.4 (1.9) 152.2 (2.6)
Slovenia 28.1 (0.9) 108.5 (1.8) 138.6 (1.9)
Spain 34.6 (1.4) 107.4 (1.3) 149.7 (1.4)
Sweden 39.2 (2.9) 144.2 (2.1) 176.2 (2.3)
Switzerland 16.4 (0.9) 88.0 (1.4) 121.1 (1.6)
Turkey 15.6 (0.9) 52.7 (1.3) 78.7 (1.5)
United States* m m m m m m
OECD average 24.9 (0.2) 103.5 (0.3) 137.5 (0.4)
Partners
Albania m m m m m m
Belarus m m m m m m
Brazil m m m m m m
Costa Rica 29.0 (1.3) 91.6 (2.1) 113.8 (2.5)
Croatia 23.4 (1.1) 103.3 (1.8) 143.1 (1.8)
Cyprus m m m m m m
Georgia m m m m m m
Hong Kong (China)* 11.3 (0.9) 111.4 (1.6) 164.8 (2.0)
Indonesia m m m m m m
Jordan 24.1 (1.0) 70.1 (1.7) 111.7 (2.4)
Kosovo m m m m m m
Lebanon m m m m m m
Macao (China) 13.7 (0.6) 112.4 (1.5) 178.1 (2.0)
Malta m m m m m m
Moldova m m m m m m
Morocco m m m m m m
Panama m m m m m m
Peru m m m m m m
Qatar m m m m m m
Romania m m m m m m
Russia 34.4 (1.2) 129.8 (3.0) 161.5 (2.8)
Serbia 20.5 (1.1) 110.1 (1.9) 136.1 (1.8)
Singapore 20.0 (1.0) 101.9 (1.5) 151.6 (1.8)
Chinese Taipei 22.6 (1.0) 74.1 (1.8) 153.3 (2.4)
Thailand m m m m m m
Ukraine m m m m m m
Uruguay 30.0 (1.2) 118.0 (2.2) 143.9 (2.5)
Notes: Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means a
75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage informa
Students were allowed to respond in intervals of no time, between 1-30 minutes per day, between 31-60 minutes per day, b
hours per day, and more than 6 hours per day. These responses were converted to the smallest number of minutes in the in
average time spent on the Internet per day.
dard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than
ss cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.
tween 31-60 minutes per day, between 1 hour and 2 hours per day, between 2 hours and 4 hours per day, between 4 hours and 6
allest number of minutes in the interval (0, 1, 31, 61, 121, 241 or 361). As such, the numbers in this table are lower bounds of the
et the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).
ast 50% but less than
day, between 4 hours and 6

e are lower bounds of the

Table I.B1.52
Time spent using the Internet (2018)
Time spent on the Internet …

Minutes S.E. x Minutes S.E. x Minutes S.E. x
OECD
Australia 103.2 (1.5) 183.5 (1.6) 219.7 (1.7)
Austria 67.4 (2.4) 172.3 (2.4) 200.8 (2.3)
Belgium 53.0 (2.0) 181.1 (2.1) 240.6 (2.0)
Canada m m m m m m
Chile 96.3 (2.6) 214.2 (2.5) 240.5 (2.7)
Czech Republic 53.6 (2.1) 156.5 (2.0) 187.5 (2.1)
Denmark 164.6 (2.5) 181.9 (2.4) 240.2 (2.4)
Estonia 80.5 (1.7) 173.5 (1.7) 205.7 (1.7)
Finland 73.9 (1.7) 167.8 (2.1) 211.5 (2.1)
France 50.3 (1.6) 168.8 (2.3) 231.0 (2.4)
Germany m m m m m m
Greece 59.2 (1.8) 154.3 (1.9) 200.6 (1.7)
Hungary 72.2 (2.2) 177.1 (2.3) 220.1 (2.2)
Iceland 84.1 (1.9) 167.0 (1.9) 210.0 (2.0)
Ireland 34.0 (2.5) 177.3 (2.4) 226.4 (2.2)
Israel 65.3 (2.1) 169.5 (2.6) † 190.1 (2.6) †
Italy 62.1 (1.9) 189.6 (2.0) 195.8 (1.9)
Japan 25.6 (1.2) 107.8 (2.0) 177.6 (2.1)
Korea 25.9 (0.9) 100.8 (1.7) 165.1 (1.8)
Latvia 79.9 (1.7) 179.5 (1.9) 207.7 (2.1)
Lithuania 66.8 (1.4) 187.4 (1.9) 205.9 (1.7)
Luxembourg 68.4 (1.3) 182.9 (1.6) 225.6 (1.8)
Mexico 50.9 (2.2) 147.8 (3.2) 162.3 (3.4)
New Zealand 112.8 (2.6) 189.7 (1.9) 222.4 (1.9)
Norway m m m m m m
Poland 68.9 (2.2) 179.2 (2.2) 219.9 (2.1)
Portugal* m m m m m m
Slovak Republic 78.8 (2.3) 170.4 (2.0) 194.9 (2.2)
Slovenia 58.0 (1.4) 143.6 (1.6) 181.3 (1.8)
Spain 51.4 (1.6) 181.0 (1.1) 229.8 (1.1)
Sweden 126.9 (4.2) 209.3 (2.6) 256.9 (2.2)
Switzerland 50.0 (2.1) 152.7 (2.4) 198.0 (2.5)
Turkey 53.1 (2.0) 133.6 (2.6) 171.0 (2.9)
United Kingdom 47.7 (1.6) 193.4 (2.3) 244.9 (2.2)
United States* 99.8 (3.4) 194.0 (2.5) 226.9 (2.3)
OECD average 70.5 (0.4) 170.6 (0.4) 210.0 (0.4)
Partners
Albania 36.7 (1.3) 124.7 (2.3) 154.7 (2.4)
Belarus m m m m m m
Bosnia and Herzegov m m m m m m
Brazil 45.8 (1.5) 208.7 (2.2) 233.6 (2.3)
Bulgaria 106.6 (2.4) 193.3 (2.7) 212.0 (2.3)
Costa Rica 94.6 (2.5) 206.8 (2.4) 232.3 (2.7)
Croatia 67.3 (1.9) 176.7 (1.9) 223.1 (1.8)
Cyprus m m m m m m
Georgia 38.4 (1.5) 155.1 (2.6) 185.2 (2.5)
Hong Kong (China)* 31.5 (2.6) 151.5 (1.9) 207.7 (2.0)
Jordan m m m m m m
Kazakhstan 62.7 (1.2) 116.5 (1.4) 148.0 (1.7)
Kosovo m m m m m m
Lebanon m m m m m m
Macao (China) 33.9 (0.9) 154.5 (1.7) 229.0 (2.0)
Malta 33.7 (1.2) 193.5 (2.3) 224.2 (2.3)
Moldova m m m m m m
Morocco 43.6 (1.6) 86.9 (2.5) 125.5 (3.2)
Panama 36.5 (1.6) 131.3 (3.5) 183.8 (4.1)
Peru m m m m m m
Qatar m m m m m m
Romania m m m m m m
Russia 82.5 (2.3) 169.1 (2.4) 200.6 (2.4)
Serbia 72.9 (2.1) 195.9 (2.3) 218.3 (2.3)
Singapore 61.1 (1.3) 174.8 (1.6) 228.0 (1.6)
Chinese Taipei 54.4 (1.8) 139.9 (2.3) 216.5 (2.4)
Thailand 91.7 (2.0) 161.6 (2.1) 232.8 (2.5)
Ukraine m m m m m m
Uruguay 93.6 (2.7) 216.7 (2.7) 230.1 (2.7) †
than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage inf
rror. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less
s cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.
31-60 minutes per day, between 1 hour and 2 hours per day, between 2 hours and 4 hours per day, between 4 hours and 6
umber of minutes in the interval (0, 1, 31, 61, 121, 241 or 361). As such, the numbers in this table are lower bounds of the
PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).
etween 4 hours and 6
ower bounds of the

Table I.B1.53
Change in time spent using the Internet (2012 to 2018)
Change between 2012 and 2018 in time spent on the Internet …

Dif. S.E. x Dif. S.E. x Dif. S.E. x

OECD
Australia 45.2 (1.8) 52.9 (1.9) 61.4 (2.2)
Austria 37.9 (2.8) 76.3 (3.0) 81.6 (3.1)
Belgium 31.1 (2.2) 86.7 (2.5) 98.2 (2.7)
Canada m m m m m m
Chile 66.4 (2.9) 108.4 (3.2) 92.1 (3.7)
Czech Republic 35.3 (2.3) 34.3 (3.1) 33.0 (3.4)
Denmark 118.0 (3.2) 46.0 (3.1) 63.2 (3.5)
Estonia 56.7 (2.0) 34.9 (2.6) 35.6 (2.6)
Finland 56.1 (1.9) 68.6 (2.4) 81.8 (2.8)
France m m m m m m
Germany m m m m m m
Greece 17.1 (2.4) 46.3 (2.8) 61.5 (2.7)
Hungary 42.7 (2.6) 64.8 (3.1) 64.5 (3.1)
Iceland 64.0 (2.1) 42.6 (2.5) 49.7 (2.7)
Ireland 18.1 (2.6) 102.7 (2.9) 126.6 (2.9)
Israel 39.8 (2.6) 63.2 (3.5) † 56.7 (3.8) †
Italy 42.7 (2.0) 96.4 (2.2) 98.9 (2.2)
Japan 13.0 (1.3) 37.4 (2.5) 66.0 (2.9)
Korea 16.6 (1.1) 60.2 (2.1) 71.0 (2.6)
Latvia 62.9 (1.9) 62.1 (2.6) 60.7 (3.3)
Mexico 24.5 (2.3) 66.2 (3.3) 69.9 (3.6)
New Zealand 87.8 (2.8) 91.4 (2.5) 97.1 (2.9)
Norway m m m m m m
Poland 56.0 (2.4) 62.6 (2.9) 62.9 (2.9)
Slovak Republic 46.3 (2.7) 54.0 (2.8) 42.7 (3.4)
Slovenia 29.9 (1.7) 35.1 (2.4) 42.7 (2.6)
Spain 16.8 (2.2) 73.6 (1.7) 80.1 (1.8)
Sweden 87.7 (5.1) 65.0 (3.3) 80.7 (3.2)
Switzerland 33.6 (2.3) 64.7 (2.8) 76.8 (3.0)
Turkey 37.5 (2.2) 80.9 (2.9) 92.3 (3.3)
OECD average 45.6 (0.4) 67.0 (0.5) 72.5 (0.5)
Partners
Albania m m m m m m
Belarus m m m m m m
Brazil m m m m m m
Costa Rica 65.5 (2.9) 115.2 (3.2) 118.5 (3.7)
Croatia 43.8 (2.2) 73.4 (2.6) 80.0 (2.6)
Cyprus m m m m m m
Georgia m m m m m m
Hong Kong (China)* 20.2 (2.7) 40.1 (2.5) 42.9 (2.8)
Jordan m m m m m m
Kosovo m m m m m m
Lebanon m m m m m m
Macao (China) 20.2 (1.1) 42.2 (2.3) 50.9 (2.8)
Malta m m m m m m
Moldova m m m m m m
Morocco m m m m m m
Panama m m m m m m
Peru m m m m m m
Qatar m m m m m m
Romania m m m m m m
Russia 48.1 (2.6) 39.3 (3.9) 39.1 (3.7)
Serbia 52.3 (2.4) 85.9 (3.0) 82.2 (3.0)
Singapore 41.1 (1.7) 72.9 (2.2) 76.4 (2.4)
Chinese Taipei 31.8 (2.1) 65.8 (2.9) 63.2 (3.4)
Thailand m m m m m m
Ukraine m m m m m m
Uruguay 63.5 (2.9) 98.7 (3.4) 86.3 (3.7) †

Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least 7
and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information co
error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%;
cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.
between 31-60 minutes per day, between 1 hour and 2 hours per day, between 2 hours and 4 hours per day, between 4 hours and 6
mallest number of minutes in the interval (0, 1, 31, 61, 121, 241 or 361).
meet the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).
0% but less than 75%;
er day, between 4 hours and 6

Table I.B1.54
Availability of digital devices at home (2009)
Percentage of students who have the following devices availa
Portable laptop or
Desktop computer Tablet computer
notebook
% S.E. x % S.E. x % S.E. x
OECD
Australia 92.1 (0.3) 79.1 (0.6) m m
Austria 96.4 (0.3) 74.2 (0.9) m m
Belgium 93.3 (0.3) 72.5 (0.6) m m
Canada 94.9 (0.2) 71.0 (0.5) m m
Chile 73.8 (1.0) 32.3 (0.9) m m
Czech Republic 93.4 (0.4) 47.6 (0.8) m m
Denmark 87.6 (0.5) 93.7 (0.3) m m
Estonia 91.3 (0.5) 72.8 (0.7) m m
Finland 88.6 (0.4) 73.6 (0.7) m m
France m m m m m m
Germany 96.6 (0.3) 68.2 (0.8) m m
Greece 78.6 (0.7) 50.1 (0.9) m m
Hungary 92.0 (0.6) 38.2 (0.9) m m
Iceland 83.2 (0.5) 91.2 (0.5) m m
Ireland 87.0 (0.6) 72.7 (1.0) m m
Israel 95.7 (0.3) 49.3 (0.9) m m
Italy 88.3 (0.3) 59.3 (0.4) m m
Japan 64.4 (0.8) 64.8 (0.8) m m
Korea 87.2 (0.7) 32.3 (1.2) m m
Latvia 86.3 (0.8) 42.5 (1.1) m m
Lithuania 85.8 (0.6) 44.2 (0.8) m m
Mexico m m m m m m
Netherlands* 98.9 (0.2) 81.2 (0.7) m m
New Zealand 88.7 (0.5) 67.6 (0.8) m m
Norway 86.3 (0.5) 94.9 (0.3) m m
Poland 91.2 (0.4) 47.5 (0.9) m m
Portugal* 88.4 (0.5) 79.2 (0.9) m m
Slovak Republic 88.2 (0.7) 47.6 (0.9) m m
Slovenia 95.3 (0.4) 58.8 (0.7) m m
Spain 88.6 (0.5) 60.5 (0.7) m m
Sweden 93.8 (0.4) 81.2 (0.7) m m
Switzerland 95.3 (0.4) 74.5 (0.6) m m
Turkey 58.6 (1.2) 21.7 (0.9) m m
OECD average 87.6 (0.1) 62.3 (0.1) m m
Partners
Albania m m m m m m
Belarus m m m m m m
Brazil m m m m m m
Bulgaria 88.5 (0.9) 44.3 (1.0) m m
Croatia 95.2 (0.4) 44.0 (1.0) m m
Cyprus m m m m m m
Georgia m m m m m m
Hong Kong (China)* 95.2 (0.3) 37.1 (1.1) m m
Jordan 77.1 (0.9) 42.1 (1.1) m m
Kosovo m m m m m m
Lebanon m m m m m m
Macao (China) 96.1 (0.2) 31.4 (0.5) m m
Malta m m m m m m
Moldova m m m m m m
Morocco m m m m m m
Panama 46.8 (2.5) 29.2 (2.2) m m
Peru m m m m m m
Qatar 90.7 (0.3) 85.7 (0.4) m m
Romania m m m m m m
Russia 76.2 (1.4) 31.2 (1.0) m m
Serbia 83.9 (0.8) 27.8 (0.6) m m
Singapore 85.6 (0.5) 73.8 (0.6) m m
Thailand 53.3 (1.3) 24.3 (1.1) m m
Ukraine m m m m m m
Uruguay 74.9 (0.8) 25.8 (0.9) m m
dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the
This table considers only whether students had access to the piece of technology at home, not whether they actually used i
have the following devices available to use at home:
Internet connection Video game console E-Book reader
% S.E. x % S.E. x % S.E. x
96.5 (0.2) 90.0 (0.4) m m

96.6 (0.3) 79.7 (0.8) m m
97.3 (0.2) 77.4 (0.5) m m
97.1 (0.2) 87.7 (0.4) m m
57.3 (1.4) 47.0 (1.0) m m
m m m m m m
92.8 (0.4) 45.5 (0.9) m m
98.9 (0.2) 82.3 (0.6) m m
96.1 (0.4) 38.8 (0.9) m m
99.0 (0.1) 79.2 (0.7) m m
m m m m m m
97.0 (0.3) 77.5 (0.8) m m
73.5 (1.0) 69.8 (0.7) m m
86.0 (1.0) 45.4 (1.1) m m
99.0 (0.2) 86.2 (0.6) m m
93.4 (0.5) 93.2 (0.4) m m
91.8 (0.6) 59.3 (1.0) m m
88.7 (0.3) 74.8 (0.4) m m
83.5 (0.8) 84.7 (0.6) m m
97.5 (0.3) 41.5 (0.9) m m
82.9 (1.1) 36.9 (0.9) m m
87.4 (0.7) 38.0 (0.7) m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
99.4 (0.2) 81.4 (1.0) m m
92.5 (0.4) 82.1 (0.7) m m
99.1 (0.2) 89.5 (0.4) m m
86.1 (0.8) 41.0 (0.9) m m
91.8 (0.7) 69.2 (0.8) m m
85.2 (0.8) 46.1 (1.0) m m
96.6 (0.3) 52.3 (0.9) m m
86.0 (0.7) 82.4 (0.4) m m
98.6 (0.2) 85.3 (0.6) m m
98.2 (0.2) 74.7 (0.7) m m
55.5 (1.2) 31.9 (1.0) m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
89.4 (0.1) 66.8 (0.1) m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
86.9 (1.2) 41.7 (1.1) m m
m m m m m m
87.5 (0.7) 52.4 (1.0) m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
98.1 (0.2) 45.5 (1.1) m m
m m m m m m
44.6 (1.1) 57.4 (0.9) m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
97.2 (0.2) 50.1 (0.7) m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
40.2 (3.0) 44.4 (2.3) m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
92.8 (0.3) 87.0 (0.4) m m
m m m m m m
57.6 (1.4) 29.3 (0.8) m m
m m m m m m
66.9 (0.9) 43.7 (0.6) m m
96.0 (0.2) 63.9 (0.6) m m
m m m m m m
35.8 (1.3) 37.6 (0.9) m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
61.9 (0.8) 48.3 (0.8) m m
m m m m m m
andard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; an
age information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.
e, not whether they actually used it.
least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-

Table I.B1.55
Availability of digital devices at home (2018)
Percentage of students who have the following devices availa
Portable laptop or
notebook
% S.E. x % S.E. x % S.E. x
OECD
Australia 77.7 (0.4) 95.7 (0.2) 87.5 (0.4)
Austria 84.5 (0.5) 93.6 (0.3) 77.0 (0.6)
Belgium 78.8 (0.6) 92.7 (0.3) 85.5 (0.5)
Canada m m m m m m
Chile 57.3 (0.8) 84.2 (0.7) 53.2 (0.8)
Czech Republic 76.4 (0.7) 88.8 (0.5) 71.7 (0.6)
Denmark 66.1 (0.7) 98.9 (0.1) 92.3 (0.4)
Estonia 73.5 (0.6) 93.0 (0.4) 73.9 (0.7)
Finland 68.1 (0.7) 93.6 (0.4) 86.1 (0.6)
France 79.9 (0.6) 88.5 (0.4) 78.6 (0.7)
Germany m m m m m m
Greece 73.0 (0.6) 84.1 (0.6) 75.5 (0.7)
Hungary 84.1 (0.6) 81.7 (0.7) 70.9 (0.8)
Iceland 66.7 (0.8) 94.0 (0.4) 88.3 (0.6)
Ireland 65.5 (0.8) 92.1 (0.4) 88.3 (0.5)
Israel 87.3 (0.5) 89.1 (0.5) 78.7 (0.7)
Italy 73.7 (0.7) 89.3 (0.4) 78.6 (0.7)
Japan 66.8 (0.8) 68.8 (0.7) 67.0 (0.8)
Korea 76.1 (0.6) 76.4 (0.7) 61.8 (0.8)
Latvia 75.1 (0.7) 89.5 (0.5) 71.2 (0.7)
Lithuania 74.9 (0.6) 90.4 (0.4) 71.4 (0.7)
Luxembourg 84.5 (0.5) 90.8 (0.4) 83.0 (0.5)
Mexico 47.2 (0.9) 52.6 (1.0) 45.4 (1.1)
New Zealand 71.5 (0.8) 91.5 (0.4) 79.8 (0.7)
Norway m m m m m m
Poland 84.3 (0.5) 93.5 (0.3) 78.0 (0.6)
Slovak Republic 76.5 (0.7) 91.6 (0.4) 77.1 (0.6)
Slovenia 83.0 (0.6) 91.0 (0.5) 67.3 (0.7)
Spain 73.3 (0.4) 88.8 (0.3) 83.8 (0.4)
Sweden 71.3 (0.8) 95.1 (0.3) 91.3 (0.5)
Switzerland 83.1 (0.6) 92.7 (0.4) 83.8 (0.7)
Turkey 52.1 (0.9) 59.6 (1.2) 59.6 (0.9)
United Kingdom 70.6 (0.7) 92.4 (0.4) 88.9 (0.5)
United States* 75.0 (0.8) 88.6 (0.7) 79.2 (0.8)
OECD average 73.5 (0.1) 87.5 (0.1) 76.6 (0.1)
Partners
Albania 72.9 (0.9) 67.9 (0.8) 66.3 (0.9)
Belarus m m m m m m
Brazil 52.8 (0.7) 57.1 (0.9) 42.6 (0.7)
Bulgaria 88.6 (0.5) 87.1 (0.7) 78.1 (0.6)
Costa Rica 51.5 (0.7) 69.6 (1.1) 44.9 (1.0)
Croatia 82.2 (0.5) 86.9 (0.5) 67.4 (0.7)
Cyprus m m m m m m
Georgia 81.2 (0.6) 76.2 (0.7) 58.3 (0.8)
Hong Kong (China)* 79.9 (0.7) 78.1 (0.6) 73.8 (1.0)
Jordan m m m m m m
Kazakhstan 73.8 (0.7) 71.1 (0.6) 66.4 (0.6)
Kosovo m m m m m m
Lebanon m m m m m m
Macao (China) 80.8 (0.6) 82.3 (0.7) 73.1 (0.7)
Malta 83.1 (0.6) 94.5 (0.3) 87.7 (0.6)
Moldova m m m m m m
Morocco 39.7 (1.3) 53.1 (1.4) 47.1 (1.4)
Panama 43.0 (1.0) 55.8 (1.3) 50.5 (1.1)
Peru m m m m m m
Qatar m m m m m m
Romania m m m m m m
Russia 84.6 (0.4) 85.2 (0.6) 74.0 (0.7)
Serbia 90.8 (0.5) 82.7 (0.5) 67.8 (0.7)
Singapore 71.1 (0.6) 89.3 (0.4) 76.6 (0.5)
Chinese Taipei 83.9 (0.5) 71.9 (0.7) 69.6 (0.7)
Thailand 52.3 (1.1) 57.8 (1.3) 43.4 (1.0)
Ukraine m m m m m m
Uruguay 66.7 (1.0) 87.2 (0.7) 53.3 (1.2) †
than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage inf
have the following devices available to use at home:
% S.E. x % S.E. x % S.E. x
98.1 (0.1) 86.2 (0.4) 32.4 (0.5)

98.9 (0.1) 82.9 (0.5) 40.3 (0.9)
99.4 (0.1) 83.2 (0.5) 27.2 (0.6)
m m m m m m
90.5 (0.5) 64.4 (0.8) 26.2 (0.7)
m m m m m m
98.9 (0.2) 55.0 (0.9) 26.4 (0.6)
99.7 (0.1) 85.7 (0.5) 34.4 (0.7)
99.1 (0.1) 63.0 (0.8) 24.7 (0.7)
99.5 (0.1) 87.7 (0.5) 20.2 (0.6)
98.9 (0.1) 83.0 (0.4) 30.4 (0.8)
m m m m m m
96.2 (0.3) 70.0 (0.7) 38.9 (0.8)
98.5 (0.2) 65.9 (0.8) 30.2 (0.8)
99.1 (0.2) 83.5 (0.7) 32.8 (0.9)
99.0 (0.1) 88.2 (0.5) 42.0 (0.8)
97.1 (0.2) 75.9 (0.7) 34.3 (0.9)
96.7 (0.3) 85.5 (0.6) 46.2 (0.7)
96.1 (0.3) 85.2 (0.5) 34.1 (0.8)
96.5 (0.2) 53.8 (0.8) 25.7 (0.7)
98.4 (0.2) 54.8 (0.7) 27.4 (0.7)
98.1 (0.2) 58.5 (0.7) 31.9 (0.7)
98.2 (0.2) 81.5 (0.6) 45.5 (0.7)
69.8 (1.4) 45.5 (1.1) 24.3 (0.8)
m m m m m m
97.8 (0.2) 78.0 (0.6) 30.0 (0.6)
m m m m m m
98.6 (0.2) 73.7 (0.8) 51.4 (0.8)
m m m m m m
97.9 (0.2) 62.6 (0.9) 34.1 (0.9)
98.7 (0.2) 56.5 (0.9) 26.4 (0.7)
98.1 (0.1) 87.1 (0.4) 46.8 (0.4)
99.1 (0.2) 89.3 (0.4) 27.9 (0.9)
99.2 (0.1) 77.3 (0.7) 34.3 (1.0)
79.0 (1.0) 36.3 (1.2) 16.0 (0.6)
99.6 (0.1) 85.0 (0.5) 49.1 (0.8)
96.3 (0.3) 87.3 (0.7) 42.4 (1.0)
96.5 (0.1) 73.3 (0.1) 33.3 (0.1)
86.0 (0.7) 75.1 (0.7) 53.4 (0.8)

m m m m m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
89.1 (0.5) 56.2 (0.7) 24.0 (0.6)
90.9 (0.4) 73.0 (0.6) 29.5 (0.5)
m m m m m m
96.5 (0.3) 62.0 (0.9) 46.8 (1.0)
86.0 (0.7) 52.1 (1.0) 26.7 (0.8)
99.0 (0.1) 64.3 (0.7) 25.6 (0.7)
m m m m m m
82.0 (0.8) 46.3 (0.9) 37.9 (0.9)
93.5 (0.4) 48.0 (0.9) 33.9 (0.9)
98.3 (0.2) 54.0 (0.9) 24.2 (0.6)
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
92.3 (0.4) 42.5 (0.7) 35.1 (0.6)
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
99.1 (0.2) 57.3 (0.8) 24.5 (0.7)
m m m m m m
99.0 (0.2) 84.3 (0.6) 41.1 (0.8)
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
57.4 (1.4) 47.3 (1.0) 23.8 (0.9)
m m m m m m
69.0 (1.1) 47.3 (1.1) 27.6 (0.8)
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
97.6 (0.3) 53.7 (0.8) 44.2 (0.7)
m m m m m m
97.3 (0.2) 61.7 (0.9) 40.2 (1.0)
98.9 (0.1) 60.1 (0.6) 26.5 (0.9)
96.5 (0.2) 56.0 (0.8) 23.7 (0.7)
83.1 (0.8) 42.8 (0.8) 23.7 (0.8)
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
88.9 (0.7) 60.8 (1.0) 28.0 (0.8) †
m m m m m m
andard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less
ns across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.
least 50% but less

Table I.B1.56
Change in the availability of digital devices at home (2012 to 2018)
Change between 2009 and 2018 in the percentage of students who have the follo
Portable laptop or
notebook
% dif. S.E. x % dif. S.E. x % dif. S.E. x
OECD
Australia -14.4 (0.5) 16.6 (0.6) m m
Austria -11.8 (0.6) 19.3 (0.9) m m
Belgium -14.6 (0.6) 20.3 (0.6) m m
Canada m m m m m m
Chile -16.6 (1.3) 51.9 (1.1) m m
Czech Republic -17.0 (0.8) 41.2 (0.9) m m
Denmark -21.5 (0.9) 5.2 (0.4) m m
Estonia -17.7 (0.8) 20.3 (0.8) m m
Finland -20.5 (0.8) 20.0 (0.8) m m
France m m m m m m
Germany m m m m m m
Greece -5.6 (1.0) 34.1 (1.1) m m
Hungary -8.0 (0.8) 43.4 (1.2) m m
Iceland -16.4 (1.0) 2.9 (0.6) m m
Ireland -21.5 (1.0) 19.4 (1.0) m m
Israel -8.4 (0.6) 39.7 (1.0) m m
Italy -14.5 (0.8) 30.0 (0.6) m m
Japan 2.4 (1.1) 4.0 (1.1) m m
Korea -11.2 (0.9) 44.1 (1.4) m m
Latvia -11.2 (1.0) 47.0 (1.2) m m
Lithuania -10.8 (0.9) 46.2 (0.8) m m
Mexico m m m m m m
New Zealand -17.3 (0.9) 23.9 (0.9) m m
Norway m m m m m m
Poland -6.9 (0.7) 46.0 (0.9) m m
Slovak Republic -11.7 (1.0) 44.0 (1.0) m m
Slovenia -12.3 (0.7) 32.2 (0.9) m m
Spain -15.3 (0.6) 28.3 (0.8) m m
Sweden -22.5 (0.9) 13.9 (0.8) m m
Switzerland -12.1 (0.7) 18.2 (0.7) m m
Turkey -6.5 (1.4) 37.9 (1.5) m m
OECD average -14.1 (0.2) 25.2 (0.2) m m
Partners
Albania m m m m m m
Belarus m m m m m m
Brazil m m m m m m
Bulgaria 0.0 (1.1) 42.8 (1.2) m m
Croatia -13.0 (0.6) 42.9 (1.1) m m
Cyprus m m m m m m
Georgia m m m m m m
Hong Kong (China)* -15.3 (0.8) 41.0 (1.3) m m
Jordan m m m m m m
Kosovo m m m m m m
Lebanon m m m m m m
Macao (China) -15.3 (0.7) 50.9 (0.8) m m
Malta m m m m m m
Moldova m m m m m m
Morocco m m m m m m
Panama -3.8 (2.7) 26.6 (2.5) m m
Peru m m m m m m
Qatar m m m m m m
Romania m m m m m m
Russia 8.3 (1.4) 54.0 (1.1) m m
Serbia 6.9 (1.0) 54.9 (0.8) m m
Singapore -14.5 (0.8) 15.5 (0.7) m m
Thailand -0.9 (1.7) 33.6 (1.7) m m
Ukraine m m m m m m
Uruguay -8.2 (1.3) 61.4 (1.1) m m †

Information regarding the proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at least
75%; and one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage informa
e of students who have the following devices available to use at home:
% dif. S.E. x % dif. S.E. x % dif. S.E. x
1.6 (0.2) -3.9 (0.6) m m

2.3 (0.3) 3.2 (1.0) m m
2.1 (0.2) 5.8 (0.8) m m
m m m m m m
33.2 (1.5) 17.5 (1.3) m m
m m m m m m
6.0 (0.5) 9.5 (1.2) m m
0.8 (0.2) 3.5 (0.7) m m
3.0 (0.4) 24.2 (1.2) m m
0.5 (0.2) 8.4 (0.8) m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
22.7 (1.0) 0.3 (1.0) m m
12.5 (1.0) 20.6 (1.4) m m
0.1 (0.2) -2.7 (0.9) m m
5.6 (0.5) -4.9 (0.6) m m
5.4 (0.6) 16.6 (1.3) m m
7.9 (0.4) 10.7 (0.7) m m
12.5 (0.8) 0.5 (0.8) m m
-1.0 (0.4) 12.4 (1.2) m m
15.5 (1.1) 17.8 (1.1) m m
10.7 (0.7) 20.5 (1.0) m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
5.3 (0.5) -4.1 (0.9) m m
m m m m m m
12.5 (0.8) 32.7 (1.2) m m
m m m m m m
12.7 (0.8) 16.5 (1.4) m m
2.1 (0.4) 4.2 (1.3) m m
12.0 (0.7) 4.7 (0.6) m m
0.5 (0.3) 4.0 (0.7) m m
1.0 (0.2) 2.6 (1.0) m m
23.5 (1.6) 4.4 (1.5) m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
7.1 (0.1) 6.5 (0.2) m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
9.7 (1.2) 20.3 (1.4) m m
m m m m m m
11.5 (0.7) 12.0 (1.2) m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
0.2 (0.3) 8.5 (1.4) m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
1.8 (0.3) 7.3 (1.1) m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
28.8 (3.2) 2.8 (2.5) m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
39.9 (1.5) 24.4 (1.1) m m
m m m m m m
30.4 (0.9) 17.9 (1.1) m m
2.9 (0.3) -3.8 (0.9) m m
m m m m m m
47.3 (1.5) 5.2 (1.2) m m
m m m m m m
m m m m m m
27.0 (1.1) 12.5 (1.2) m m †
m m m m m m
d error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than
ross cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.
50% but less than

Table I.B1.57
Students' reading habits and attitudes towards reading (2009)
Number of the following devices at ho

Percentage of
students who have
an Internet link at Cell phones with Computers (desktop
home Televisions Internet access (e.g. computer, portable
smartphone) laptop, notebook)
% S.E. x Mean S.E. x Mean S.E. x Mean

OECD
Australia 96.0 (0.2) 2.6 (0.0) 2.9 (0.0) m
Austria 95.4 (0.4) 2.4 (0.0) 2.9 (0.0) m
Belgium 96.4 (0.3) 2.2 (0.0) 2.9 (0.0) m
Canada 96.8 (0.2) 2.6 (0.0) 2.5 (0.0) m
Chile 55.5 (1.5) 2.4 (0.0) 2.7 (0.0) m
Colombia 31.4 (1.5) 1.9 (0.0) 2.3 (0.0) m
Czech Republic 92.3 (0.5) 2.2 (0.0) 2.9 (0.0) m
Denmark 98.9 (0.2) 2.8 (0.0) 2.9 (0.0) m
Estonia 96.2 (0.4) 2.1 (0.0) 2.9 (0.0) m
Finland 99.0 (0.1) 2.4 (0.0) 3.0 (0.0) m
France 92.2 (0.6) 2.3 (0.0) 2.7 (0.0) m
Germany 95.8 (0.3) 2.4 (0.0) 2.8 (0.0) m
Greece 71.4 (1.1) 2.4 (0.0) 2.9 (0.0) m
Hungary 85.7 (0.9) 2.3 (0.0) 2.9 (0.0) m
Iceland 98.7 (0.2) 2.6 (0.0) 2.9 (0.0) m
Ireland 92.8 (0.5) 2.7 (0.0) 2.9 (0.0) m
Israel 85.6 (1.0) 2.2 (0.0) 2.8 (0.0) m
Italy 87.5 (0.3) 2.6 (0.0) 2.9 (0.0) m
Japan 81.5 (0.8) 2.3 (0.0) 2.8 (0.0) m
Korea 96.9 (0.4) 1.6 (0.0) 2.8 (0.0) m
Latvia 81.4 (1.1) 1.9 (0.0) 2.9 (0.0) m
Lithuania 85.8 (0.7) 2.1 (0.0) 2.9 (0.0) m
Luxembourg 97.4 (0.2) 2.5 (0.0) 2.9 (0.0) m
Mexico 35.4 (0.9) 2.0 (0.0) 2.1 (0.0) m
Netherlands* 99.1 (0.2) 2.6 (0.0) 2.9 (0.0) m
New Zealand 91.7 (0.5) 2.5 (0.0) 2.9 (0.0) m
Norway 99.0 (0.2) 2.5 (0.0) 2.9 (0.0) m
Poland 85.4 (0.8) 2.1 (0.0) 2.9 (0.0) m
Portugal* 91.1 (0.7) 2.6 (0.0) 2.9 (0.0) m
Slovak Republic 85.4 (0.8) 2.0 (0.0) 2.9 (0.0) m
Slovenia 96.6 (0.3) 2.1 (0.0) 2.9 (0.0) m
Spain 84.8 (0.8) 2.4 (0.0) 2.9 (0.0) m
Sweden 98.5 (0.2) 2.6 (0.0) 2.9 (0.0) m
Switzerland 98.1 (0.2) 1.9 (0.0) 2.8 (0.0) m
Turkey 53.0 (1.2) 1.6 (0.0) 2.6 (0.0) m
United Kingdom 97.2 (0.2) 2.7 (0.0) 2.9 (0.0) m
United States* 89.3 (0.7) 2.7 (0.0) 2.7 (0.0) m
OECD average 86.9 (0.1) 2.3 (0.0) 2.8 (0.0) m
Partners
Albania 28.5 (1.4) 1.8 (0.0) 2.5 (0.0) m
Argentina 50.9 (2.0) 2.1 (0.0) 2.6 (0.0) m
Brazil 58.3 (1.1) 1.8 (0.0) 2.2 (0.0) m
Bulgaria 85.5 (1.1) 2.3 (0.0) 2.7 (0.0) m
Costa Rica 40.3 (1.4) 2.0 (0.0) 1.8 (0.0) m
Croatia 86.8 (0.7) 2.3 (0.0) 2.7 (0.0) m
Georgia 50.3 (1.3) 1.6 (0.0) 2.4 (0.0) m
Hong Kong (China)* 98.0 (0.3) 1.7 (0.0) 2.8 (0.0) m
Indonesia 8.3 (0.9) 1.2 (0.0) 1.7 (0.0) m
Jordan 30.2 (1.1) 1.6 (0.0) 2.7 (0.0) m
Kazakhstan 35.2 (1.5) 1.5 (0.0) 2.4 (0.0) m
Macao (China) 97.1 (0.2) 2.0 (0.0) 2.8 (0.0) m
Malaysia 45.1 (1.7) 1.6 (0.0) 2.1 (0.0) m
Malta 97.9 (0.3) 2.4 (0.0) 2.8 (0.0) m
Moldova 50.3 (1.1) 1.6 (0.0) 2.4 (0.0) m
Montenegro 69.9 (0.7) 2.0 (0.0) 2.9 (0.0) m
Panama 37.6 (3.0) 1.7 (0.1) 2.4 (0.1) m
Peru 25.0 (1.5) 1.6 (0.0) 1.9 (0.0) m
Qatar 89.4 (0.3) 2.3 (0.0) 2.8 (0.0) m
Romania 69.9 (1.5) 2.1 (0.0) 2.8 (0.0) m
Russia 56.0 (1.5) 1.9 (0.0) 2.8 (0.0) m
Serbia 64.1 (1.0) 2.2 (0.0) 2.8 (0.0) m
Singapore 95.4 (0.3) 2.1 (0.0) 2.9 (0.0) m
Chinese Taipei 93.0 (0.4) 2.0 (0.0) 2.8 (0.0) m
Thailand 35.8 (1.3) 1.7 (0.0) 2.2 (0.0) m
United Arab Emirates 91.0 (0.5) 1.9 (0.0) 2.5 (0.0) m
Uruguay 60.5 (0.8) 2.2 (0.0) 2.8 (0.0) m
Information on data
Note: Information for Cyprus:
regarding the https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer
proportion of the sample covered is shown next to the standard error. No symbol means at
double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information correspond
1. Students were allowed to respond "none", "one", "two" or "three or more". The latter option was recoded as "three" for the
2. Students were asked how long they read for enjoyment per day. Students who responded were considered to read for en
of the following devices at home:1 Percentage of students who agree or
Computers (desktop Reading is one of

I read only if I have
computer, portable Tablet computers E-Book readers my favourite
to
laptop, notebook) hobbies
S.E. x Mean S.E. x Mean S.E. x % S.E. x % S.E. x
m m m m m 40.9 (0.6) 35.5 (0.8)

m m m m m 49.1 (0.9) 27.2 (0.8)
m m m m m 44.5 (0.7) 24.1 (0.6)
m m m m m 37.3 (0.5) 38.6 (0.5)
m m m m m 34.8 (0.8) 32.1 (0.6)
m m m m m 36.1 (0.9) 45.2 (1.2)
m m m m m 40.8 (0.8) 33.4 (0.7)
m m m m m 45.4 (1.0) 24.2 (0.7)
m m m m m 44.3 (0.9) 28.7 (0.8)
m m m m m 34.7 (0.8) 34.0 (0.8)
m m m m m 33.9 (1.0) 31.2 (1.0)
m m m m m 39.1 (0.8) 32.6 (0.8)
m m m m m 42.8 (1.1) 29.1 (0.8)
m m m m m 32.5 (1.1) 34.8 (1.0)
m m m m m 47.8 (0.9) 24.0 (0.8)
m m m m m 39.2 (1.0) 31.7 (0.9)
m m m m m 38.8 (0.9) 40.7 (1.0)
m m m m m 28.8 (0.5) 39.8 (0.5)
m m m m m 47.5 (0.8) 42.0 (0.9)
m m m m m 54.8 (0.9) 39.1 (0.8)
m m m m m 42.7 (1.0) 29.4 (0.9)
m m m m m 49.8 (0.9) 39.1 (0.8)
m m m m m 47.7 (0.8) 26.2 (0.8)
m m m m m 41.1 (0.6) 49.3 (0.5)
m m m m m 52.7 (1.4) 19.1 (1.0)
m m m m m 38.0 (0.8) 37.5 (0.8)
m m m m m 44.4 (0.9) 22.0 (0.7)
m m m m m 44.2 (0.8) 37.1 (0.9)
m m m m m 22.0 (0.6) 35.6 (0.8)
m m m m m 41.6 (0.9) 33.1 (0.8)
m m m m m 52.8 (0.7) 23.2 (0.6)
m m m m m 43.7 (0.7) 33.7 (0.5)
m m m m m 39.4 (0.7) 27.2 (0.7)
m m m m m 43.4 (1.0) 29.5 (0.6)
m m m m m 21.1 (0.7) 65.4 (0.8)
m m m m m 41.8 (0.8) 27.1 (0.6)
m m m m m 49.7 (1.0) 30.5 (1.1)
m m m m m 41.3 (0.1) 33.3 (0.1)
m m m m m 36.5 (1.0) 67.7 (0.9)

m m m m m 57.7 (1.0) 32.2 (0.9)
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m 15.6 (0.5) 48.1 (0.8)
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m 47.6 (1.3) 36.3 (1.3)
m m m m m 53.7 (1.0) 28.7 (0.9)
m m m m m 46.3 (1.0) 21.6 (0.7)
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m 40.2 (0.9) 55.1 (0.9)
m m m m m 42.9 (0.9) 64.9 (0.8)
m m m m m 32.4 (1.0) 77.3 (0.9)
m m m m m 25.2 (0.8) 67.2 (0.8)
m m m m m 19.2 (0.7) 78.4 (0.9)
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m 49.9 (0.6) 49.6 (0.6)
m m m m m 18.8 (0.8) 78.5 (0.8)
m m m m m 39.3 (0.9) 39.6 (0.8)
m m m m m 25.4 (0.8) 53.0 (0.9)
m m m m m 37.6 (0.7) 40.2 (0.9)
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m 43.3 (1.3) 53.3 (1.1)
m m m m m 40.5 (0.8) 62.2 (0.9)
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m 42.8 (0.5) 57.6 (0.5)
m m m m m 31.8 (1.1) 40.2 (1.1)
m m m m m 38.0 (0.9) 37.9 (1.0)
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m 45.2 (0.9) 29.4 (0.9)
m m m m m 35.3 (0.6) 53.6 (0.8)
m m m m m 50.7 (1.0) 64.0 (0.9)
m m m m m 24.3 (0.7) 82.0 (0.6)
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m 45.9 (0.7) 56.7 (0.7)
m m m m m 49.6 (0.9) 31.8 (0.7)
m m m m m m m m m
ard error. No symbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and on
coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample coverage.
n was recoded as "three" for the purposes of calculating averages.
d were considered to read for enjoyment if they did not respond "I do not read for enjoyment".
et the PISA technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).
age of students who agree or strongly agree that … Percentage of students who read the following se
I like talking about I read only to get

For me, reading is a
books with other information that I Magazines Comic books
waste of time
people need
% S.E. x % S.E. x % S.E. x % S.E. x % S.E.
38.8 (0.7) 25.9 (0.5) 42.3 (0.8) 50.0 (0.6) 9.0 (0.4)
26.8 (0.9) 35.1 (0.7) 52.7 (1.1) 66.3 (0.8) 13.7 (0.7)
28.9 (0.7) 34.6 (0.8) 47.3 (0.7) 65.8 (0.7) 31.8 (0.7)
43.2 (0.5) 22.1 (0.5) 38.7 (0.6) 48.1 (0.5) 14.4 (0.4)
47.4 (0.8) 17.8 (0.6) 64.8 (0.8) 49.6 (0.8) 20.9 (0.6)
44.1 (1.1) 8.7 (0.5) 48.8 (1.0) 54.0 (0.9) 43.2 (0.9)
34.9 (0.9) 32.5 (0.8) 51.8 (0.9) 68.3 (0.8) 15.4 (0.6)
36.7 (1.0) 25.9 (0.9) 47.5 (0.9) 65.5 (0.8) 20.6 (0.7)
35.2 (0.9) 22.7 (0.8) 52.0 (1.0) 72.4 (0.8) 13.4 (0.6)
34.1 (0.9) 27.3 (0.8) 36.3 (0.8) 64.9 (0.8) 60.1 (0.9)
42.6 (1.2) 25.8 (1.0) 43.5 (1.2) 62.5 (0.8) 30.4 (0.8)
32.2 (0.8) 29.5 (0.7) 44.6 (0.8) 54.9 (0.8) 11.3 (0.5)
37.7 (1.0) 13.0 (0.6) 39.2 (1.2) 60.5 (0.9) 24.7 (0.7)
38.8 (1.0) 22.2 (0.8) 47.4 (0.9) 60.7 (1.0) 26.6 (0.8)
33.0 (0.8) 25.0 (0.7) 41.6 (0.8) 58.2 (0.9) 30.9 (0.8)
34.7 (1.1) 24.1 (0.9) 44.9 (1.1) 57.1 (0.9) 7.5 (0.5)
41.0 (0.9) 23.6 (0.8) 47.0 (1.0) 38.8 (0.9) 17.5 (0.6)
44.2 (0.5) 21.5 (0.5) 47.8 (0.5) 48.8 (0.5) 17.4 (0.3)
43.6 (0.8) 15.2 (0.6) 24.2 (0.7) 64.5 (0.8) 72.4 (0.8)
38.5 (0.8) 9.5 (0.5) 31.0 (0.8) 21.2 (0.6) 40.5 (1.0)
38.9 (1.1) 26.6 (1.0) 54.6 (1.1) 71.1 (1.1) 9.5 (0.6)
41.5 (0.8) 23.4 (0.7) 55.5 (0.8) 75.5 (0.7) 19.4 (0.7)
25.6 (0.7) 33.4 (0.8) 49.0 (0.7) 68.7 (0.8) 20.3 (0.7)
48.2 (0.4) 12.2 (0.3) 55.4 (0.5) 46.9 (0.5) 27.1 (0.4)
18.9 (0.9) 33.9 (1.3) 49.3 (1.4) 57.2 (1.4) 23.1 (0.9)
42.7 (0.9) 18.1 (0.7) 39.7 (0.9) 53.1 (1.0) 11.6 (0.5)
28.1 (0.8) 29.9 (0.8) 50.3 (0.9) 60.6 (0.9) 42.2 (0.9)
38.9 (0.7) 26.8 (0.8) 53.6 (0.7) 65.8 (0.7) 11.3 (0.5)
48.6 (0.8) 18.8 (0.5) 42.9 (0.9) 63.8 (0.7) 18.6 (0.5)
30.7 (0.9) 29.6 (0.8) 56.4 (0.9) 79.9 (0.7) 13.3 (0.6)
34.5 (0.8) 33.4 (0.7) 53.1 (0.8) 72.6 (0.7) 14.8 (0.5)
42.4 (0.7) 17.7 (0.6) 46.2 (0.7) 51.3 (0.7) 12.0 (0.4)
33.6 (0.9) 27.7 (0.7) 41.6 (0.9) 58.2 (0.9) 22.5 (0.7)
31.2 (0.8) 31.3 (0.8) 45.8 (0.8) 66.8 (0.7) 24.1 (0.6)
67.4 (0.9) 7.8 (0.5) 31.5 (0.9) 48.4 (1.0) 22.8 (0.6)
35.0 (0.9) 23.4 (0.7) 48.2 (0.8) 59.6 (0.8) 7.8 (0.4)
40.9 (1.0) 25.8 (0.9) 47.1 (1.1) 46.8 (0.7) 10.4 (0.6)
37.9 (0.1) 23.8 (0.1) 46.3 (0.1) 58.9 (0.1) 22.5 (0.1)
72.6 (0.8) 6.3 (0.5) 37.4 (1.1) 44.6 (1.1) 43.7 (1.2)
38.8 (1.0) 19.6 (0.8) 66.4 (1.0) 52.6 (0.9) 29.3 (0.9)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
51.3 (0.7) 7.6 (0.3) 40.7 (0.8) 48.9 (0.6) 33.5 (0.7)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
36.3 (1.4) 21.6 (1.2) 56.8 (1.4) 61.8 (1.1) 17.7 (0.8)
26.7 (0.8) 14.4 (0.7) 60.1 (0.9) 41.3 (0.9) 41.0 (0.9)
33.7 (1.0) 26.5 (0.9) 58.0 (1.0) 71.1 (0.8) 18.6 (0.5)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
54.4 (0.8) 7.2 (0.5) 45.8 (0.8) 61.2 (0.8) 22.9 (0.7)
60.6 (0.8) 9.2 (0.4) 37.7 (0.8) 48.5 (0.9) 30.4 (0.8)
73.6 (0.9) 4.3 (0.4) 52.8 (1.0) 55.2 (1.2) 52.3 (0.9)
58.0 (0.8) 18.8 (0.6) 57.8 (1.0) 43.7 (0.6) 44.5 (0.8)
68.6 (1.0) 9.6 (0.4) 51.8 (0.9) 76.8 (0.9) 37.6 (1.1)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
50.9 (0.7) 13.6 (0.4) 57.0 (0.6) 48.2 (0.6) 37.3 (0.6)
58.9 (0.9) 6.2 (0.5) 59.2 (0.9) 57.7 (0.8) 45.4 (0.8)
37.3 (0.9) 19.4 (0.6) 42.7 (0.7) 53.1 (0.8) 18.6 (0.6)
53.1 (0.9) 16.1 (0.5) 52.2 (0.9) 52.4 (0.8) 19.4 (0.7)
55.9 (0.9) 14.2 (0.4) 49.6 (0.9) 73.7 (0.6) 26.9 (0.7)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
50.6 (1.5) 13.8 (1.0) 51.3 (1.4) 55.3 (1.2) 34.8 (1.3)
64.0 (0.9) 9.7 (0.5) 50.1 (0.9) 47.9 (0.9) 48.6 (0.7)
m m m m m m m m m m
48.8 (0.6) 22.7 (0.4) 51.4 (0.5) 60.1 (0.4) 50.6 (0.5)
47.7 (1.0) 23.3 (0.8) 60.6 (1.2) 62.7 (1.0) 11.9 (0.5)
41.3 (1.0) 18.1 (0.7) 59.5 (0.9) 67.3 (0.9) 17.3 (0.9)
m m m m m m m m m m
41.6 (0.9) 20.7 (0.7) 53.5 (0.9) 73.1 (0.8) 17.8 (0.6)
48.1 (0.6) 13.2 (0.4) 40.9 (0.7) 53.9 (0.7) 33.0 (0.7)
65.1 (0.9) 10.3 (0.5) 44.7 (1.0) 46.6 (0.6) 40.3 (0.8)
66.9 (0.6) 9.3 (0.5) 33.3 (0.8) 53.1 (1.0) 72.2 (0.8)
m m m m m m m m m m
54.3 (0.7) 15.8 (0.5) 52.7 (0.7) 61.3 (0.7) 49.5 (0.6)
32.8 (0.9) 18.5 (0.7) 56.5 (0.8) 50.5 (0.8) 24.7 (0.6)
m m m m m m m m m m
50% but less than 75%; and one

ho read the following several times a month or more because they want to: Percentage
Percentage of
students who read
Fiction (novels, for enjoyment2
mic books Non-fiction books Newspapers Reading e-mails
narratives, stories)
x % S.E. x % S.E. x % S.E. x % S.E. x %
38.3 (0.6) 20.0 (0.4) 53.7 (0.7) 63.3 (0.6) 88.7

26.8 (0.8) 17.2 (0.7) 81.9 (0.8) 50.0 (0.9) 87.3
22.5 (0.7) 13.7 (0.6) 50.4 (0.9) 55.6 (0.8) 89.4
42.0 (0.6) 20.0 (0.4) 47.9 (0.8) 68.9 (0.5) 89.3
30.6 (0.8) 16.4 (0.6) 58.5 (0.9) 60.3 (0.8) 71.7
37.7 (1.1) 33.1 (1.2) 57.8 (1.6) 70.5 (1.0) 76.2
17.5 (0.8) 12.0 (0.6) 66.0 (0.8) 57.0 (0.8) 94.0
30.5 (0.8) 27.1 (0.7) 51.7 (0.9) 66.4 (0.9) 91.6
24.0 (0.8) 31.9 (1.0) 80.1 (0.7) 61.4 (1.1) 93.5
26.1 (0.8) 15.5 (0.5) 75.4 (0.8) 67.0 (0.8) 91.0
28.9 (1.0) 12.0 (0.5) 46.7 (1.1) 61.2 (1.0) 82.3
32.8 (0.8) 17.2 (0.8) 61.8 (1.0) 58.7 (0.9) 85.6
21.5 (0.7) 7.2 (0.4) 42.8 (0.9) 82.5 (0.8) 71.3
31.5 (1.0) 34.9 (0.8) 71.8 (0.9) 74.5 (0.8) 93.5
27.3 (0.7) 17.1 (0.7) 82.0 (0.7) 62.0 (0.8) 87.5
30.3 (1.0) 16.0 (0.7) 67.5 (0.9) 58.1 (1.0) 71.9
29.7 (0.7) 26.5 (1.0) 74.7 (0.8) 65.5 (0.9) 79.8
35.0 (0.5) 4.9 (0.2) 53.4 (0.5) 66.1 (0.6) 71.7
42.0 (1.1) 11.1 (0.4) 57.6 (0.9) 55.8 (0.9) 90.9
46.6 (0.8) 30.0 (0.9) 45.1 (1.2) 61.5 (0.8) 54.9
32.8 (1.1) 25.9 (0.8) 65.2 (1.0) 70.3 (0.9) 91.2
38.7 (0.7) 30.2 (0.8) 72.4 (0.8) 71.9 (0.8) 87.5
28.8 (0.7) 19.3 (0.5) 70.7 (0.6) 51.8 (0.8) 86.4
37.9 (0.4) 18.7 (0.3) 47.8 (0.5) 76.2 (0.4) 63.4
21.5 (1.0) 12.6 (0.6) 48.5 (1.5) 51.4 (1.3) 96.8
44.3 (0.8) 25.4 (0.7) 53.1 (0.9) 68.7 (0.8) 85.2
26.3 (0.8) 27.2 (0.8) 73.4 (0.8) 60.0 (0.9) 87.1
20.1 (0.7) 20.8 (0.8) 79.1 (0.6) 67.8 (0.8) 83.8
28.0 (0.6) 14.2 (0.5) 51.5 (0.7) 64.8 (0.7) 87.2
17.8 (0.7) 19.9 (0.9) 72.4 (0.7) 59.1 (1.1) 88.4
15.4 (0.7) 16.3 (0.6) 71.7 (0.9) 60.2 (0.7) 91.4
30.1 (0.5) 18.3 (0.4) 45.1 (0.7) 60.4 (0.7) 78.7
32.4 (0.9) 9.9 (0.6) 71.6 (0.9) 62.7 (0.9) 84.9
30.1 (0.7) 15.0 (0.5) 79.5 (0.8) 55.4 (0.9) 87.7
56.0 (0.8) 26.9 (0.7) 86.5 (0.6) 77.1 (0.7) 70.2
31.5 (0.7) 19.5 (0.5) 61.2 (0.8) 60.4 (0.9) 93.3
36.6 (1.1) 20.5 (0.8) 37.0 (1.0) 58.0 (1.0) 80.2
31.1 (0.1) 19.6 (0.1) 62.5 (0.1) 63.3 (0.1) 83.9
53.7 (1.1) 22.1 (0.8) 60.2 (1.2) 92.6 (0.5) 57.7

26.9 (0.9) 28.5 (0.9) 49.0 (1.1) 58.3 (1.0) 63.5
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
35.7 (0.6) 15.1 (0.4) 44.3 (0.8) 78.2 (0.6) 63.4
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
34.3 (1.5) 29.6 (1.0) 57.2 (1.1) 72.0 (1.3) 78.0
29.0 (1.0) 19.2 (0.6) 69.9 (0.8) 55.1 (1.0) 63.6
22.1 (0.8) 15.9 (0.7) 88.4 (0.5) 72.7 (0.9) 78.4
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
49.8 (0.7) 28.3 (0.8) 49.9 (0.8) 84.5 (0.6) 42.8
48.5 (0.8) 35.0 (0.9) 84.1 (0.7) 80.5 (0.6) 87.6
59.3 (1.0) 36.1 (1.2) 65.4 (1.1) 87.9 (0.6) 42.2
36.0 (0.8) 26.2 (0.7) 58.2 (0.9) 77.2 (0.7) 45.0
69.8 (0.9) 52.6 (1.2) 85.1 (0.7) 92.8 (0.5) 52.0
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
32.0 (0.6) 26.8 (0.7) 71.7 (0.5) 80.2 (0.5) 75.7
55.5 (1.0) 45.0 (0.9) 86.6 (0.7) 81.8 (0.8) 65.9
38.2 (0.8) 23.6 (0.7) 45.1 (0.8) 64.7 (0.9) 91.8
44.3 (0.9) 21.3 (0.7) 55.3 (0.9) 84.9 (0.6) 56.3
34.1 (0.6) 25.9 (0.8) 71.5 (0.7) 79.2 (0.7) 68.6
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
39.7 (1.3) 20.3 (1.0) 66.8 (1.7) 71.7 (1.3) 56.1
55.4 (0.9) 39.9 (0.8) 73.9 (1.0) 86.3 (0.5) 63.9
m m m m m m m m m
39.9 (0.5) 33.2 (0.4) 68.0 (0.5) 79.4 (0.5) 81.3
31.8 (1.0) 22.8 (0.6) 50.3 (1.4) 75.7 (0.9) 71.2
58.7 (1.0) 26.3 (0.7) 64.1 (1.1) 78.6 (0.8) 54.5
m m m m m m m m m
28.4 (0.8) 11.1 (0.7) 75.4 (0.6) 76.6 (0.8) 56.0
48.2 (0.8) 33.1 (0.7) 83.5 (0.7) 77.5 (0.6) 88.5
47.8 (0.8) 37.2 (0.8) 72.0 (0.7) 82.7 (0.6) 78.3
65.1 (0.8) 50.5 (0.7) 72.0 (0.9) 90.8 (0.5) 58.3
m m m m m m m m m
39.1 (0.7) 27.5 (0.7) 67.5 (0.6) 74.1 (0.6) 82.4
27.5 (0.7) 15.8 (0.6) 32.7 (0.9) 60.3 (0.8) 70.6
m m m m m m m m m
Percentage of students who engaged in the following activities several times a month or more:
Searching for Taking part in

Reading online
Reading e-mails Chatting on line information online online discussion
news
on a particular topic groups or forums
S.E. x % S.E. x % S.E. x % S.E. x % S.E. x
(0.4) 85.8 (0.5) 58.2 (0.7) 90.2 (0.4) 32.0 (0.6)

(0.7) 87.0 (0.6) 77.4 (0.8) 90.3 (0.6) 24.3 (0.7)
(0.4) 90.3 (0.4) 52.6 (0.8) 79.9 (0.6) 27.1 (0.6)
(0.3) 88.3 (0.3) 59.7 (0.6) 86.5 (0.4) 29.0 (0.5)
(1.0) 79.6 (1.0) 46.5 (0.9) 90.1 (0.6) 26.3 (0.8)
(1.5) 74.4 (1.6) 53.5 (1.3) 81.9 (1.1) 22.9 (1.0)
(0.4) 91.6 (0.5) 84.5 (0.6) 94.8 (0.4) 55.8 (0.7)
(0.5) 93.3 (0.5) 72.8 (0.7) 94.3 (0.4) 28.8 (0.8)
(0.4) 95.3 (0.5) 87.5 (0.6) 93.8 (0.6) 53.9 (0.8)
(0.4) 90.7 (0.4) 61.0 (0.9) 78.9 (0.6) 47.2 (0.8)
(0.7) 87.1 (0.6) 66.3 (0.8) 80.8 (0.8) 18.6 (0.6)
(0.6) 90.5 (0.5) 78.4 (0.8) 91.3 (0.6) 28.2 (0.8)
(0.9) 70.7 (1.0) 57.6 (1.1) 87.4 (0.8) 34.5 (0.8)
(0.5) 86.3 (0.8) 75.6 (0.9) 87.7 (0.6) 63.6 (0.9)
(0.6) 94.6 (0.4) 81.6 (0.6) 88.5 (0.5) 53.4 (0.8)
(0.9) 75.9 (1.0) 40.5 (1.0) 79.0 (0.8) 26.5 (0.9)
(0.8) 67.4 (0.9) 75.3 (0.8) 84.5 (0.7) 39.6 (0.8)
(0.4) 79.2 (0.4) 77.0 (0.4) 84.5 (0.3) 31.5 (0.4)
(0.5) 23.5 (0.6) 61.4 (0.9) 77.1 (0.7) 6.1 (0.4)
(0.8) 69.4 (1.0) 84.6 (0.6) 87.6 (0.6) 17.1 (0.7)
(0.5) 82.9 (0.9) 84.6 (0.8) 89.5 (0.5) 64.0 (1.1)
(0.6) 90.0 (0.6) 79.7 (0.7) 94.6 (0.4) 69.5 (0.8)
(0.5) 89.8 (0.5) 76.9 (0.6) 87.4 (0.5) 31.0 (0.8)
(0.6) 64.9 (0.7) 47.9 (0.6) 85.1 (0.5) 19.3 (0.3)
(0.3) 94.8 (0.5) 64.6 (1.0) 88.5 (0.9) 27.2 (1.0)
(0.6) 73.0 (0.8) 51.6 (0.9) 89.0 (0.5) 30.9 (0.7)
(0.5) 94.1 (0.4) 70.7 (0.7) 88.5 (0.5) 39.8 (0.9)
(0.7) 85.4 (0.8) 90.2 (0.5) 94.4 (0.4) 48.3 (1.0)
(0.5) 91.1 (0.5) 69.8 (0.6) 95.0 (0.3) 34.3 (0.7)
(0.6) 84.5 (0.7) 59.0 (0.9) 86.8 (0.6) 53.3 (1.0)
(0.4) 91.1 (0.5) 82.2 (0.5) 91.1 (0.4) 52.1 (0.8)
(0.5) 89.4 (0.3) 55.9 (0.7) 86.3 (0.5) 22.0 (0.5)
(0.6) 93.3 (0.5) 64.1 (0.8) 90.3 (0.5) 35.4 (0.7)
(0.5) 87.8 (0.4) 70.8 (0.6) 87.7 (0.5) 24.3 (0.6)
(1.0) 78.6 (1.0) 74.4 (0.9) 92.6 (0.5) 42.3 (0.9)
(0.3) 92.2 (0.4) 70.9 (0.7) 89.0 (0.5) 36.9 (0.7)
(0.8) 79.5 (0.8) 62.7 (0.8) 83.9 (0.7) 27.8 (0.8)
(0.1) 83.3 (0.1) 68.3 (0.1) 87.8 (0.1) 35.8 (0.1)
(1.3) 59.3 (1.3) 43.5 (1.0) 78.2 (1.2) 44.8 (1.1)

(1.6) 71.1 (1.6) 48.2 (1.3) 73.0 (1.2) 21.1 (0.8)
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
(0.8) 71.6 (0.9) 58.8 (0.9) 68.2 (0.9) 20.1 (0.5)
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
(1.1) 91.4 (0.8) 74.8 (1.1) 84.4 (1.3) 59.3 (1.3)
(1.4) 62.3 (1.3) 35.0 (0.9) 72.7 (1.2) 12.8 (0.7)
(0.7) 79.7 (0.7) 75.3 (0.7) 91.2 (0.6) 40.9 (0.7)
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
(1.2) 72.2 (1.1) 69.7 (1.1) 71.7 (1.1) 38.8 (1.0)
(0.5) 93.4 (0.4) 84.9 (0.6) 91.3 (0.5) 78.5 (0.8)
(1.8) 27.0 (1.9) 50.4 (2.2) 52.4 (2.3) 24.4 (1.4)
(0.9) 43.9 (0.9) 52.9 (1.2) 71.5 (1.1) 27.4 (0.8)
(1.6) 43.5 (1.7) 48.6 (1.5) 52.4 (1.6) 32.3 (1.4)
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
(0.6) 94.3 (0.3) 77.4 (0.5) 71.4 (0.6) 57.5 (0.7)
(1.1) 55.4 (1.1) 56.9 (1.0) 76.0 (0.9) 33.5 (0.9)
(0.5) 92.9 (0.5) 71.2 (0.8) 86.7 (0.6) 43.2 (0.9)
(1.1) 58.2 (1.1) 61.9 (0.8) 74.9 (0.9) 56.6 (1.0)
(0.6) 67.4 (0.7) 72.0 (0.7) 78.7 (0.6) 45.3 (0.9)
m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m
(2.0) 66.4 (2.3) 46.1 (2.1) 74.2 (1.8) 25.5 (1.5)
(1.2) 65.6 (1.4) 50.0 (1.1) 80.8 (1.1) 28.7 (0.7)
m m m m m m m m m
(0.4) 80.2 (0.4) 75.8 (0.5) 88.3 (0.3) 63.6 (0.5)
(1.3) 74.6 (1.2) 53.9 (1.2) 81.3 (1.0) 59.5 (1.0)
(1.2) 67.7 (1.5) 52.9 (1.2) 60.2 (1.4) 32.4 (1.2)
m m m m m m m m m
(1.0) 57.8 (1.0) 51.4 (0.9) 74.7 (0.9) 40.1 (0.8)
(0.5) 91.5 (0.4) 73.0 (0.6) 87.9 (0.5) 44.4 (0.8)
(0.6) 89.6 (0.5) 75.6 (0.7) 81.2 (0.6) 43.4 (0.6)
(1.0) 51.3 (1.2) 53.5 (0.9) 70.0 (0.9) 49.5 (0.9)
m m m m m m m m m
(0.6) 85.7 (0.5) 71.8 (0.7) 91.1 (0.5) 53.8 (0.7)
(0.7) 77.1 (0.7) 59.2 (0.8) 86.9 (0.5) 29.4 (0.8)
m m m m m m m m m
month or more:
Searching for
practical
information on line
% S.E. x
73.5 (0.5)
77.4 (0.8)
69.0 (0.7)
74.0 (0.5)
57.2 (1.1)
55.7 (1.0)
89.8 (0.5)
78.1 (0.7)
89.4 (0.6)
76.1 (0.7)
81.2 (0.7)
78.8 (0.7)
72.5 (1.0)
86.9 (0.7)
77.1 (0.7)
66.3 (0.9)
72.4 (0.8)
63.2 (0.5)
47.9 (0.9)
83.0 (0.6)
78.5 (1.0)
77.1 (0.8)
69.0 (0.7)
48.4 (0.6)
63.2 (1.4)
70.4 (0.8)
78.2 (0.8)
82.7 (0.7)
72.1 (0.7)
69.3 (0.9)
78.1 (0.7)
65.1 (0.5)
76.6 (0.7)
82.2 (0.6)
58.2 (0.9)
74.3 (0.8)
72.4 (0.9)
72.6 (0.1)
66.0 (1.3)
52.9 (1.2)
m m
m m
m m
53.1 (0.8)
m m
m m
72.8 (1.2)
51.9 (1.2)
69.5 (0.8)
m m
m m
48.1 (1.0)
85.1 (0.5)
44.5 (1.9)
54.7 (1.1)
39.3 (1.5)
m m
m m
74.7 (0.5)
61.6 (1.1)
78.3 (0.8)
64.2 (0.9)
56.2 (0.8)
m m
m m
49.8 (2.0)
47.2 (1.0)
m m
75.1 (0.4)
70.0 (0.9)
44.0 (1.2)
m m
67.3 (0.9)
78.2 (0.6)
82.7 (0.6)
57.6 (1.0)
m m
76.4 (0.6)
48.2 (0.9)
m m

Table I.B1.58
Students' reading habits and attitudes towards reading (2018)
Number of the following devices at home:

Percentage of
students who have
% S.E. x Mean S.E. x Mean S.E. x Mean S.E.

OECD
Australia 97.9 (0.2) 2.4 (0.0) 2.9 (0.0) 2.5 (0.0)
Austria 98.0 (0.2) 2.2 (0.0) 2.9 (0.0) 2.3 (0.0)
Belgium 99.0 (0.1) 2.2 (0.0) 2.8 (0.0) 2.3 (0.0)
Canada 98.4 (0.1) 2.4 (0.0) 2.8 (0.0) 2.3 (0.0)
Chile 88.4 (0.6) 2.5 (0.0) 2.6 (0.0) 1.7 (0.0)
Colombia 67.1 (1.3) 1.9 (0.0) 2.2 (0.0) 1.0 (0.0)
Czech Republic 99.0 (0.2) 2.1 (0.0) 2.8 (0.0) 2.3 (0.0)
Denmark 99.7 (0.1) 2.5 (0.0) 2.9 (0.0) 2.8 (0.0)
Estonia 99.5 (0.1) 2.0 (0.0) 2.8 (0.0) 2.3 (0.0)
Finland 99.6 (0.1) 2.1 (0.0) 2.9 (0.0) 2.4 (0.0)
France 98.5 (0.2) 2.1 (0.0) 2.6 (0.0) 2.1 (0.0)
Germany 98.0 (0.2) 2.3 (0.0) 2.8 (0.0) 2.2 (0.0)
Greece 95.7 (0.4) 2.1 (0.0) 2.8 (0.0) 1.7 (0.0)
Hungary 98.5 (0.2) 2.3 (0.0) 2.8 (0.0) 2.0 (0.0)
Iceland 99.4 (0.1) 2.3 (0.0) 2.9 (0.0) 2.5 (0.0)
Ireland 98.8 (0.2) 2.5 (0.0) 2.9 (0.0) 2.0 (0.0)
Israel 96.2 (0.4) 2.3 (0.0) 2.8 (0.0) 2.2 (0.0)
Italy 97.2 (0.2) 2.5 (0.0) 2.9 (0.0) 1.8 (0.0)
Japan 95.3 (0.3) 2.0 (0.0) 2.9 (0.0) 1.5 (0.0)
Korea 97.4 (0.2) 1.4 (0.0) 2.8 (0.0) 1.8 (0.0)
Latvia 98.9 (0.2) 1.8 (0.0) 2.7 (0.0) 2.1 (0.0)
Lithuania 98.7 (0.2) 2.1 (0.0) 2.8 (0.0) 2.0 (0.0)
Luxembourg 96.8 (0.2) 2.3 (0.0) 2.8 (0.0) 2.3 (0.0)
Mexico 67.9 (1.5) 1.9 (0.0) 2.3 (0.0) 0.9 (0.0)
Netherlands* 98.9 (0.2) 2.3 (0.0) 2.9 (0.0) 2.6 (0.0)
New Zealand 97.4 (0.2) 2.2 (0.0) 2.9 (0.0) 2.4 (0.0)
Norway 99.3 (0.1) 2.4 (0.0) 2.9 (0.0) 2.6 (0.0)
Poland 99.4 (0.1) 2.1 (0.0) 2.8 (0.0) 2.1 (0.0)
Portugal* 98.3 (0.2) 2.5 (0.0) 2.8 (0.0) 1.9 (0.0)
Slovak Republic 97.9 (0.3) 2.0 (0.0) 2.8 (0.0) 2.0 (0.0)
Slovenia 99.4 (0.1) 1.9 (0.0) 2.9 (0.0) 2.3 (0.0)
Spain 97.9 (0.1) 2.4 (0.0) 2.9 (0.0) 2.0 (0.0)
Sweden 99.0 (0.2) 2.3 (0.0) 2.9 (0.0) 2.5 (0.0)
Switzerland 98.7 (0.2) 1.8 (0.0) 2.8 (0.0) 2.3 (0.0)
Turkey 76.6 (1.2) 1.5 (0.0) 2.6 (0.0) 1.1 (0.0)
United Kingdom 99.2 (0.1) 2.5 (0.0) 2.9 (0.0) 2.2 (0.0)
United States* 96.4 (0.3) 2.6 (0.0) 2.9 (0.0) 2.1 (0.0)
OECD average 95.7 (0.1) 2.2 (0.0) 2.8 (0.0) 2.1 (0.0)
Partners
Albania 81.2 (0.8) 1.9 (0.0) 2.3 (0.0) 1.0 (0.0)
Argentina 83.4 (0.7) 2.3 (0.0) 2.6 (0.0) 1.4 (0.0)
Baku (Azerbaijan) 85.5 (0.6) 1.7 (0.0) 2.7 (0.0) 1.2 (0.0)
Belarus 98.4 (0.2) 2.0 (0.0) 2.6 (0.0) 1.6 (0.0)
Bosnia and Herzegovina 96.4 (0.3) 2.0 (0.0) 2.8 (0.0) 1.6 (0.0)
Brazil 90.8 (0.5) 1.8 (0.0) 2.4 (0.0) 0.9 (0.0)
Brunei Darussalam 80.8 (0.5) 2.3 (0.0) 2.7 (0.0) 1.9 (0.0)
B-S-J-Z (China) 93.0 (0.5) 1.9 (0.0) 2.8 (0.0) 1.5 (0.0)
Bulgaria 97.4 (0.3) 2.3 (0.0) 2.6 (0.0) 1.8 (0.0)
Costa Rica 83.0 (0.8) 2.1 (0.0) 2.6 (0.0) 1.2 (0.0)
Croatia 99.1 (0.1) 2.2 (0.0) 2.6 (0.0) 1.9 (0.0)
Cyprus 97.7 (0.2) 2.4 (0.0) 2.8 (0.0) 2.1 (0.0)
Dominican Republic 78.4 (1.0) 1.6 (0.0) 2.1 (0.0) 0.7 (0.0)
Georgia 93.2 (0.5) 1.6 (0.0) 2.3 (0.0) 1.4 (0.0)
Hong Kong (China)* 97.6 (0.2) 1.4 (0.0) 2.8 (0.0) 1.8 (0.0)
Indonesia 46.8 (1.5) 1.4 (0.0) 1.8 (0.0) 0.6 (0.0)
Jordan 83.9 (0.7) 2.0 (0.0) 2.3 (0.0) 1.2 (0.0)
Kazakhstan 89.0 (0.6) 1.6 (0.0) 1.5 (0.0) 1.1 (0.0)
Kosovo 92.9 (0.4) 1.6 (0.0) 2.3 (0.0) 1.3 (0.0)
Lebanon 84.6 (0.8) 2.0 (0.0) 2.4 (0.0) 1.3 (0.0)
Macao (China) 98.8 (0.2) 1.8 (0.0) 2.9 (0.0) 1.8 (0.0)
Malaysia 76.8 (1.0) 1.5 (0.0) 2.4 (0.0) 1.2 (0.0)
Malta 97.6 (0.3) 2.4 (0.0) 2.9 (0.0) 2.4 (0.0)
Moldova 93.0 (0.5) 1.7 (0.0) 2.2 (0.0) 1.4 (0.0)
Montenegro 95.5 (0.3) 1.9 (0.0) 2.7 (0.0) 1.6 (0.0)
Morocco 54.1 (1.6) 1.7 (0.0) 2.0 (0.0) 0.8 (0.0)
North Macedonia 98.8 (0.2) 2.2 (0.0) 2.6 (0.0) 1.7 (0.0)
Panama 67.8 (1.1) 1.7 (0.0) 2.3 (0.0) 0.9 (0.0)
Peru 57.0 (1.2) 1.7 (0.0) 1.9 (0.0) 0.9 (0.0)
Philippines 49.3 (1.4) 1.3 (0.0) 1.9 (0.0) 0.8 (0.0)
Qatar 95.0 (0.2) 2.2 (0.0) 2.8 (0.0) 2.2 (0.0)
Romania 96.4 (0.4) 2.3 (0.0) 2.7 (0.0) 1.6 (0.0)
Russia 98.3 (0.2) 2.1 (0.0) 2.7 (0.0) 1.7 (0.0)
Saudi Arabia 95.4 (0.4) 2.3 (0.0) 2.7 (0.0) 1.6 (0.0)
Serbia 97.9 (0.2) 2.2 (0.0) 2.7 (0.0) 1.5 (0.0)
Singapore 98.3 (0.1) 1.8 (0.0) 2.8 (0.0) 2.2 (0.0)
Chinese Taipei 95.6 (0.2) 1.9 (0.0) 2.8 (0.0) 1.8 (0.0)
Thailand 82.4 (0.8) 1.7 (0.0) 2.3 (0.0) 0.9 (0.0)
Ukraine 97.7 (0.3) 1.9 (0.0) 2.5 (0.0) 1.5 (0.0)
United Arab Emirates 95.5 (0.2) 2.1 (0.0) 2.7 (0.0) 2.2 (0.0)
Uruguay 87.5 (0.8) 2.2 (0.0) 2.6 (0.0) 1.3 (0.0)
Viet Nam 76.9 (1.4) 1.4 (0.0) 2.2 (0.0) 0.8 (0.0)
Information onless
least 50% but datathan
for Cyprus:
75%; andhttps://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer
one double-dagger (‡) means less than 50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, th
sample coverage.
1. Students were allowed to respond "none", "one", "two" or "three or more". The latter option was recoded as "three" for the pu
2. Students were asked how long they read for enjoyment per day. Students who responded were considered to read for enjoy
owing devices at home:1 Percentage of students who agree or strongly agre
uters (desktop Reading is one of I like talking about

uter, portable Tablet computers E-Book readers my favourite books with other
to
p, notebook) hobbies people
x Mean S.E. x Mean S.E. x % S.E. x % S.E. x % S.E.
2.0 (0.0) 0.4 (0.0) 53.8 (0.5) 33.2 (0.5) 34.1 (0.5)
1.3 (0.0) 0.5 (0.0) 52.6 (0.8) 28.4 (0.7) 26.3 (0.8)
1.6 (0.0) 0.3 (0.0) 57.8 (0.7) 21.6 (0.6) 25.6 (0.6)
1.9 (0.0) 0.5 (0.0) 48.0 (0.6) 36.5 (0.6) 39.2 (0.6)
0.8 (0.0) 0.2 (0.0) 61.2 (0.8) 38.1 (0.7) 42.4 (0.8)
0.6 (0.0) 0.3 (0.0) 41.8 (0.9) 55.8 (0.8) 52.6 (0.9)
1.1 (0.0) 0.3 (0.0) 49.4 (0.8) 36.8 (0.8) 38.8 (0.8)
2.1 (0.0) 0.3 (0.0) 57.1 (0.8) 16.7 (0.6) 29.1 (0.8)
1.2 (0.0) 0.2 (0.0) 43.4 (0.8) 31.4 (0.6) 39.5 (0.8)
1.6 (0.0) 0.1 (0.0) 50.7 (0.8) 25.3 (0.6) 30.7 (0.8)
1.4 (0.0) 0.3 (0.0) 43.0 (0.7) 30.6 (0.7) 35.4 (1.0)
1.4 (0.0) 0.5 (0.0) 50.3 (0.8) 26.5 (0.8) 23.9 (0.8)
1.3 (0.0) 0.4 (0.0) 47.8 (0.8) 35.7 (0.8) 38.1 (0.7)
1.1 (0.0) 0.3 (0.0) 40.5 (0.9) 34.8 (0.9) 35.1 (0.9)
1.8 (0.0) 0.4 (0.0) 56.6 (0.8) 23.7 (0.7) 35.2 (0.7)
1.8 (0.0) 0.5 (0.0) 51.5 (0.9) 30.8 (0.6) 33.5 (0.7)
1.4 (0.0) 0.4 (0.0) 44.3 (0.9) 41.8 (0.9) 39.8 (0.9)
1.2 (0.0) 0.3 (0.0) 38.4 (0.8) 39.2 (0.7) 40.7 (0.8)
1.0 (0.0) 0.4 (0.0) 39.3 (0.7) 45.2 (0.7) 43.2 (0.7)
0.9 (0.0) 0.2 (0.0) 54.0 (0.8) 42.2 (0.7) 45.3 (0.8)
1.1 (0.0) 0.2 (0.0) 44.6 (0.6) 33.3 (0.6) 40.0 (0.7)
1.0 (0.0) 0.2 (0.0) 59.5 (0.7) 34.3 (0.8) 40.7 (0.7)
1.6 (0.0) 0.6 (0.0) 53.4 (0.6) 27.5 (0.6) 28.4 (0.6)
0.6 (0.0) 0.2 (0.0) 46.8 (0.9) 56.6 (0.8) 51.6 (0.9)
1.9 (0.0) 0.6 (0.0) 62.9 (0.8) 18.2 (0.7) 18.9 (0.7)
1.6 (0.0) 0.4 (0.0) 52.2 (0.7) 33.7 (0.7) 33.6 (0.7)
2.1 (0.0) 0.3 (0.0) 58.0 (0.7) 20.3 (0.6) 23.6 (0.7)
1.0 (0.0) 0.2 (0.0) 39.5 (0.7) 40.5 (0.8) 44.7 (0.9)
1.3 (0.0) 0.2 (0.0) 30.5 (0.7) 32.1 (0.7) 38.0 (0.8)
1.1 (0.0) 0.2 (0.0) 44.6 (0.8) 40.7 (0.8) 39.0 (0.9)
1.0 (0.0) 0.2 (0.0) 56.8 (0.7) 25.8 (0.6) 33.5 (0.7)
1.5 (0.0) 0.5 (0.0) 43.0 (0.4) 35.8 (0.4) 41.3 (0.3)
1.9 (0.0) 0.4 (0.0) 56.9 (0.8) 24.5 (0.7) 32.2 (0.8)
1.6 (0.0) 0.4 (0.0) 53.3 (0.9) 25.9 (0.7) 26.7 (0.8)
0.7 (0.0) 0.1 (0.0) 24.0 (0.7) 64.3 (0.7) 63.1 (0.7)
2.0 (0.0) 0.7 (0.0) 54.2 (0.7) 27.4 (0.7) 30.5 (0.7)
1.6 (0.0) 0.5 (0.0) 54.9 (0.8) 33.0 (0.8) 40.0 (0.9)
1.4 (0.0) 0.3 (0.0) 49.1 (0.1) 33.7 (0.1) 36.6 (0.1)
0.7 (0.0) 0.3 (0.0) 38.9 (0.7) 76.8 (0.6) 76.4 (0.6)
0.7 (0.0) 0.2 (0.0) 61.8 (0.6) 40.0 (0.7) 37.7 (0.8)
0.7 (0.0) 0.2 (0.0) 52.8 (0.7) 68.8 (0.7) 63.1 (0.8)
0.8 (0.0) 0.2 (0.0) 45.9 (0.9) 47.0 (1.0) 55.2 (1.0)
0.7 (0.0) 0.2 (0.0) 51.9 (0.9) 34.4 (0.9) 41.3 (0.9)
0.5 (0.0) 0.1 (0.0) 24.3 (0.5) 47.0 (0.6) 48.4 (0.6)
1.4 (0.0) 0.3 (0.0) 59.2 (0.6) 56.7 (0.6) 46.1 (0.6)
0.7 (0.0) 0.3 (0.0) 11.9 (0.6) 83.1 (0.6) 75.7 (0.6)
1.1 (0.0) 0.4 (0.0) 46.6 (1.0) 48.2 (0.9) 47.6 (1.0)
0.6 (0.0) 0.2 (0.0) 57.4 (1.0) 42.0 (0.8) 39.0 (0.8)
0.9 (0.0) 0.1 (0.0) 57.3 (0.8) 22.6 (0.7) 29.1 (0.7)
1.7 (0.0) 0.4 (0.0) 54.2 (0.7) 23.3 (0.7) 35.1 (0.7)
0.6 (0.0) 0.3 (0.0) 48.8 (0.8) 61.9 (0.8) 58.7 (0.8)
0.7 (0.0) 0.2 (0.0) 38.1 (0.8) 61.0 (0.6) 64.2 (0.6)
1.2 (0.0) 0.2 (0.0) 46.1 (0.7) 59.3 (0.8) 48.6 (0.7)
0.3 (0.0) 0.1 (0.0) 31.8 (1.0) 73.7 (0.9) 69.7 (1.0)
1.0 (0.0) 0.2 (0.0) 26.1 (0.7) 66.4 (0.9) 58.8 (0.9)
1.0 (0.0) 0.3 (0.0) 18.6 (0.4) 74.4 (0.5) 61.9 (0.6)
0.8 (0.0) 0.4 (0.0) 42.0 (0.9) 74.8 (0.7) 73.2 (0.8)
1.2 (0.0) 0.5 (0.0) m m m m m m
1.2 (0.0) 0.2 (0.0) 46.7 (0.9) 56.8 (0.9) 45.9 (0.8)
0.6 (0.0) 0.2 (0.0) 31.8 (0.9) 62.5 (0.8) 52.6 (1.0)
1.8 (0.0) 0.4 (0.0) 45.7 (0.9) 38.7 (0.8) 38.2 (0.8)
0.6 (0.0) 0.2 (0.0) 40.6 (0.8) 47.0 (0.9) 50.8 (0.8)
0.9 (0.0) 0.4 (0.0) 42.9 (0.6) 39.7 (0.6) 47.2 (0.6)
0.6 (0.0) 0.2 (0.0) 30.4 (0.8) 61.0 (0.9) 56.6 (0.9)
0.8 (0.0) 0.2 (0.0) m m m m m m
0.8 (0.0) 0.3 (0.0) 53.2 (0.8) 57.2 (0.8) 51.2 (0.9)
0.5 (0.0) 0.2 (0.0) 44.6 (0.8) 62.9 (0.8) 60.1 (0.7)
0.4 (0.0) 0.4 (0.0) 63.1 (0.7) 72.9 (0.6) 67.2 (0.7)
2.4 (0.0) 0.5 (0.0) 46.7 (0.5) 54.4 (0.4) 51.2 (0.4)
0.9 (0.0) 0.2 (0.0) 53.1 (1.3) 43.3 (1.1) 44.3 (1.3)
1.1 (0.0) 0.4 (0.0) 33.4 (0.8) 50.3 (0.9) 53.2 (0.7)
1.5 (0.0) 0.3 (0.0) 47.7 (0.7) 60.0 (0.8) 54.0 (0.8)
0.7 (0.0) 0.2 (0.0) 50.8 (0.8) 34.2 (0.7) 41.9 (0.8)
1.4 (0.0) 0.3 (0.0) 45.7 (0.7) 48.9 (0.7) 41.1 (0.6)
1.1 (0.0) 0.2 (0.0) 49.7 (0.8) 60.2 (0.7) 53.3 (0.7)
0.5 (0.0) 0.1 (0.0) 55.2 (0.8) 66.7 (0.8) 54.5 (0.8)
0.9 (0.0) 0.2 (0.0) 26.7 (0.7) 43.9 (0.8) 55.0 (1.0)
1.9 (0.0) 0.6 (0.0) 48.2 (0.5) 60.8 (0.5) 60.0 (0.6)
0.7 (0.0) 0.1 (0.0) 36.6 (0.9) 44.7 (0.8) 39.7 (0.7)
0.3 (0.0) 0.1 (0.0) 25.6 (1.0) 72.5 (0.9) 50.3 (1.0)
mparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest
oded as "three" for the purposes of calculating averages.

nsidered to read for enjoyment if they did not respond "I do not read for enjoyment".
A technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).
ho agree or strongly agree that … Percentage of students who read the following several times a month o
alking about I read only to get

For me, reading is a Fiction (novels,
s with other information that I Magazines Comic books
waste of time narratives, stories)
people need
x % S.E. x % S.E. x % S.E. x % S.E. x % S.E.
31.5 (0.5) 53.1 (0.5) 10.8 (0.3) 9.9 (0.3) 31.4 (0.5)
35.1 (0.7) 53.5 (0.8) 26.4 (0.6) 10.7 (0.4) 27.0 (0.7)
42.2 (0.8) 54.8 (0.7) 19.9 (0.5) 15.3 (0.5) 18.1 (0.6)
26.5 (0.5) 47.0 (0.6) 9.4 (0.3) 12.8 (0.4) 33.3 (0.6)
19.8 (0.6) 58.4 (0.8) 13.6 (0.5) 22.3 (0.6) 32.8 (0.8)
12.5 (0.5) 46.1 (0.8) 28.0 (0.9) 24.8 (0.8) 41.5 (0.8)
38.4 (0.8) 46.1 (0.8) 21.2 (0.5) 12.4 (0.5) 22.0 (0.6)
31.0 (0.7) 54.3 (0.9) 17.7 (0.6) 6.3 (0.4) 28.0 (0.7)
27.0 (0.7) 46.5 (0.7) 23.7 (0.7) 9.2 (0.4) 27.1 (0.6)
37.7 (0.9) 51.9 (0.9) 15.8 (0.5) 20.3 (0.6) 16.8 (0.6)
31.6 (0.7) 48.0 (0.9) 23.6 (0.7) 22.0 (0.6) 25.2 (0.7)
34.2 (0.8) 54.5 (0.9) 18.9 (0.6) 10.9 (0.6) 26.6 (0.8)
16.1 (0.7) 37.2 (0.8) 12.9 (0.4) 12.7 (0.5) 24.1 (0.6)
30.0 (1.0) 48.7 (0.9) 22.1 (0.6) 12.9 (0.5) 23.9 (0.7)
30.6 (0.7) 51.0 (0.7) 11.4 (0.5) 10.1 (0.5) 28.2 (0.9)
26.8 (0.8) 52.0 (0.9) 11.8 (0.5) 5.9 (0.3) 26.7 (0.7)
27.0 (0.6) 49.0 (0.9) 25.4 (0.7) 17.7 (0.6) 35.9 (0.8)
26.1 (0.8) 47.6 (0.7) 12.5 (0.5) 10.4 (0.5) 30.5 (0.7)
15.6 (0.5) 28.0 (0.5) 30.8 (0.7) 54.9 (0.7) 42.2 (0.9)
15.5 (0.5) 34.6 (0.7) 11.5 (0.4) 46.1 (0.7) 46.4 (0.7)
27.1 (0.6) 51.5 (0.8) 16.9 (0.5) 8.3 (0.4) 29.5 (0.6)
34.4 (0.7) 58.7 (0.7) 23.8 (0.7) 11.2 (0.4) 31.2 (0.8)
33.6 (0.7) 49.5 (0.6) 22.0 (0.5) 15.2 (0.5) 27.2 (0.6)
12.9 (0.5) 53.6 (1.0) 19.5 (0.7) 29.8 (0.7) 41.1 (0.8)
42.5 (0.8) 59.3 (0.9) 18.5 (0.7) 13.0 (0.7) 18.5 (0.9)
27.8 (0.7) 51.9 (0.7) 10.8 (0.5) 11.0 (0.5) 31.8 (0.7)
40.5 (0.8) 61.7 (0.7) 11.6 (0.5) 9.1 (0.5) 19.3 (0.5)
25.0 (0.7) 45.3 (0.8) 19.3 (0.5) 9.7 (0.4) 24.3 (0.7)
21.7 (0.6) 46.5 (0.8) 24.1 (0.7) 10.0 (0.5) 27.7 (0.7)
28.0 (0.8) 46.9 (1.0) 26.5 (0.7) 11.6 (0.5) 25.8 (0.7)
36.7 (0.7) 53.1 (0.7) 22.7 (0.7) 8.1 (0.4) 18.8 (0.6)
22.5 (0.4) 45.3 (0.4) 16.3 (0.3) 11.8 (0.3) 30.3 (0.4)
37.7 (0.8) 57.0 (0.9) 18.4 (0.6) 7.4 (0.5) 23.8 (0.9)
35.5 (0.9) 52.5 (0.9) 25.8 (0.7) 15.3 (0.6) 22.8 (0.7)
12.2 (0.6) 33.6 (0.7) 21.1 (0.6) 18.0 (0.6) 53.3 (0.9)
30.8 (0.7) 56.8 (0.7) 9.5 (0.4) 7.8 (0.4) 28.9 (0.7)
28.0 (0.8) 53.5 (0.9) 11.0 (0.5) 12.2 (0.5) 32.3 (0.8)
28.4 (0.1) 49.7 (0.1) 18.5 (0.1) 15.1 (0.1) 29.0 (0.1)
13.6 (0.6) 45.2 (0.8) 29.9 (0.6) 40.4 (0.8) 53.9 (0.8)
20.8 (0.5) 64.2 (0.8) 14.8 (0.6) 16.0 (0.4) 34.1 (0.6)
19.9 (0.6) 52.8 (0.7) 20.8 (0.5) 34.3 (0.7) 47.5 (0.6)
13.9 (0.5) 55.0 (0.9) 29.9 (0.8) 24.1 (0.6) 57.3 (1.0)
29.0 (0.8) 56.3 (0.7) 18.8 (0.6) 12.1 (0.4) 29.5 (0.9)
10.2 (0.4) 51.7 (0.5) 16.2 (0.4) 25.7 (0.6) 34.1 (0.6)
12.9 (0.4) 65.0 (0.5) 16.5 (0.4) 29.3 (0.6) 50.3 (0.5)
5.3 (0.3) 27.4 (0.7) 37.5 (0.9) 39.4 (0.8) 65.5 (0.8)
24.0 (0.9) 54.1 (1.0) 23.8 (0.7) 15.5 (0.5) 37.2 (0.9)
18.6 (0.7) 55.6 (1.0) 14.4 (0.5) 17.0 (0.6) 34.5 (0.8)
38.3 (0.8) 58.4 (0.7) 18.0 (0.5) 11.0 (0.4) 21.8 (0.6)
30.7 (0.6) 55.1 (0.7) 15.5 (0.5) 12.8 (0.5) 20.1 (0.5)
15.2 (0.6) 54.5 (0.8) 36.6 (0.9) 24.9 (0.8) 52.3 (0.9)
17.5 (0.6) 57.7 (0.9) 15.9 (0.6) 23.2 (0.7) 50.0 (0.8)
21.2 (0.6) 46.6 (0.7) 15.4 (0.6) 33.4 (0.7) 48.3 (0.7)
14.2 (0.8) 55.6 (1.0) 28.6 (0.7) 45.1 (0.9) 56.5 (1.1)
23.7 (0.8) 56.4 (0.6) 16.7 (0.5) 30.1 (0.7) 36.6 (0.7)
11.5 (0.3) 54.6 (0.6) 41.1 (0.6) 32.8 (0.6) 61.7 (0.5)
12.5 (0.5) 44.8 (0.9) 27.7 (0.7) 18.8 (0.6) 47.1 (0.8)
m m m m m m m m m m
18.4 (0.6) 50.4 (0.9) 18.9 (0.6) 35.8 (0.7) 45.6 (0.9)
9.9 (0.6) 67.0 (0.9) 28.9 (0.8) 41.9 (0.6) 51.3 (0.8)
26.6 (0.7) 49.4 (0.9) 14.4 (0.7) 13.3 (0.6) 36.6 (0.9)
21.2 (0.7) 59.3 (0.8) 21.8 (0.7) 14.1 (0.6) 50.8 (0.8)
21.6 (0.5) 49.8 (0.7) 25.9 (0.5) 18.6 (0.5) 44.3 (0.6)
13.1 (0.6) 55.3 (0.8) 18.9 (0.5) 17.3 (0.6) 42.2 (0.7)
m m m m m m m m m m
15.4 (0.6) 56.4 (0.9) 28.1 (0.9) 26.8 (0.7) 45.1 (0.9)
8.7 (0.4) 46.7 (0.7) 32.3 (0.8) 39.9 (0.7) 54.4 (0.7)
24.4 (0.8) 62.4 (0.7) 26.8 (0.5) 39.1 (0.7) 53.6 (0.8)
26.9 (0.3) 52.1 (0.5) 16.7 (0.3) 28.2 (0.4) 41.8 (0.4)
27.5 (1.0) 60.9 (1.3) 25.0 (0.7) 12.5 (0.5) 39.6 (1.0)
18.1 (0.6) 52.6 (0.8) 22.8 (0.6) 21.0 (0.5) 56.5 (0.8)
23.1 (0.7) 59.4 (0.7) 16.5 (0.6) 27.4 (0.7) 46.9 (0.8)
29.5 (0.8) 57.0 (0.7) 20.7 (0.6) 13.3 (0.5) 23.2 (0.6)
22.0 (0.4) 47.8 (0.6) 13.2 (0.4) 18.7 (0.6) 44.3 (0.6)
22.6 (0.7) 48.3 (0.7) 26.8 (0.7) 34.0 (0.6) 42.3 (0.7)
24.5 (0.9) 58.3 (0.8) 24.7 (0.7) 53.6 (0.7) 52.7 (0.9)
16.0 (0.6) 59.6 (0.8) 21.4 (0.7) 16.9 (0.4) 56.1 (1.1)
25.2 (0.4) 52.3 (0.5) 23.9 (0.4) 24.9 (0.4) 45.0 (0.5)
15.5 (0.6) 47.3 (0.9) 17.4 (0.6) 16.4 (0.6) 38.1 (0.7)
7.7 (0.5) 46.2 (1.0) 33.8 (0.8) 48.9 (1.0) 55.9 (0.9)
several times a month or more because they want to: Percentage of students who engaged
Percentage of
students who read
on (novels, for enjoyment2
Non-fiction books Newspapers Reading e-mails Chatting on line
ives, stories)
x % S.E. x % S.E. x % S.E. x % S.E. x % S.E.
20.5 (0.4) 16.3 (0.4) 55.4 (0.5) 83.9 (0.5) 90.2 (0.3)
20.0 (0.5) 41.5 (0.9) 51.6 (0.9) 63.5 (0.9) 94.1 (0.4)
16.2 (0.4) 24.5 (0.5) 47.9 (0.8) 64.7 (0.7) 96.7 (0.2)
19.9 (0.5) 15.4 (0.4) 59.6 (0.7) 68.8 (0.6) 88.5 (0.3)
24.2 (0.6) 16.3 (0.5) 57.9 (0.8) 43.7 (0.9) 94.9 (0.4)
33.5 (0.7) 34.7 (1.4) 70.5 (0.8) 54.7 (0.9) 92.1 (0.5)
16.4 (0.5) 22.6 (0.6) 55.5 (1.0) 73.1 (0.7) 94.7 (0.3)
23.3 (0.6) 19.2 (0.6) 53.1 (0.8) 78.0 (0.7) 96.4 (0.3)
30.5 (0.7) 29.2 (0.7) 61.4 (0.7) 77.6 (0.6) 92.9 (0.4)
16.4 (0.5) 38.0 (0.8) 56.7 (0.8) 77.5 (0.6) 97.1 (0.3)
17.8 (0.6) 20.4 (0.7) 54.8 (0.9) 55.8 (0.8) 90.0 (0.5)
17.7 (0.6) 28.8 (0.8) 51.0 (0.9) 65.0 (0.8) 97.8 (0.2)
21.4 (0.7) 12.1 (0.5) 76.9 (0.6) 62.8 (0.7) 92.6 (0.5)
19.4 (0.6) 31.2 (0.7) 65.0 (0.9) 75.1 (0.7) 87.4 (0.6)
13.3 (0.6) 23.6 (0.8) 53.1 (0.8) 67.1 (0.8) 95.3 (0.4)
15.1 (0.5) 24.9 (0.8) 52.3 (0.9) 68.3 (0.8) 97.1 (0.3)
23.2 (0.8) 52.7 (0.8) 60.1 (0.8) 63.6 (1.1) 91.2 (0.6)
16.0 (0.5) 22.7 (0.6) 64.8 (0.8) 48.7 (1.1) 96.2 (0.3)
12.2 (0.5) 21.5 (0.8) 54.6 (0.7) 42.0 (0.8) 94.6 (0.7)
23.6 (0.8) 21.8 (0.8) 62.0 (0.7) 43.5 (0.7) 93.8 (0.4)
22.5 (0.6) 22.2 (0.6) 66.3 (0.7) 69.5 (0.6) 94.2 (0.3)
36.3 (0.7) 19.5 (0.6) 57.0 (0.8) 77.5 (0.6) 82.5 (0.5)
14.8 (0.5) 30.3 (0.5) 50.7 (0.6) 62.9 (0.7) 93.7 (0.3)
34.5 (0.8) 28.2 (0.9) 77.6 (0.9) 54.6 (0.8) 93.3 (0.5)
13.7 (0.7) 19.3 (0.7) 46.6 (0.8) 83.8 (0.8) 98.2 (0.3)
18.8 (0.5) 22.2 (0.6) 57.4 (0.7) 79.7 (0.6) 94.5 (0.3)
13.9 (0.4) 32.1 (0.9) 49.7 (0.8) 62.3 (0.7) 94.4 (0.3)
21.4 (0.6) 29.1 (0.6) 64.7 (0.8) 70.0 (0.8) 95.6 (0.3)
15.8 (0.5) 26.4 (0.6) 62.6 (0.8) 61.3 (0.8) 91.7 (0.4)
21.1 (0.6) 29.4 (0.8) 59.8 (0.9) 71.5 (0.6) 85.8 (0.6)
13.5 (0.6) 21.4 (0.6) 50.1 (0.8) 68.2 (0.7) 92.7 (0.4)
18.6 (0.4) 20.0 (0.3) 56.0 (0.4) 62.2 (0.5) 96.4 (0.1)
24.3 (0.8) 23.0 (0.7) 50.0 (0.9) 67.3 (0.9) 92.4 (0.5)
17.8 (0.7) 37.4 (0.8) 48.9 (1.0) 75.7 (0.7) 96.4 (0.3)
35.6 (0.7) 31.4 (0.7) 75.9 (0.7) 45.9 (0.9) 89.2 (0.7)
20.3 (0.6) 17.4 (0.6) 51.3 (0.8) 77.4 (0.6) 96.0 (0.3)
21.2 (0.7) 13.0 (0.8) 56.4 (0.8) 72.6 (1.1) 83.9 (0.6)
20.7 (0.1) 25.4 (0.1) 58.0 (0.1) 65.9 (0.1) 93.1 (0.1)
45.3 (0.7) 28.3 (0.7) 88.6 (0.5) 73.2 (0.8) 89.2 (0.6)
22.9 (0.6) 18.5 (0.7) 53.1 (0.6) 34.4 (0.7) 93.0 (0.4)
48.9 (0.7) 19.0 (0.5) 68.2 (0.7) 52.6 (0.8) 83.2 (0.6)
49.8 (0.9) 25.9 (1.0) 76.2 (0.8) 73.4 (0.7) 92.0 (0.4)
29.1 (0.7) 20.8 (0.6) 68.1 (0.8) 49.7 (0.9) 93.0 (0.4)
22.2 (0.5) 17.9 (0.5) 70.8 (0.6) 43.7 (0.8) 89.8 (0.4)
29.1 (0.6) 31.9 (0.5) 80.1 (0.4) 58.2 (0.5) 95.1 (0.2)
34.2 (0.7) 27.0 (0.9) 95.0 (0.3) 47.5 (0.7) 95.9 (0.3)
31.1 (0.7) 17.4 (0.7) 71.9 (0.8) 61.9 (0.8) 87.8 (0.7)
21.3 (0.7) 22.3 (0.7) 54.1 (1.0) 37.9 (1.1) 94.6 (0.4)
25.8 (0.6) 23.7 (0.5) 59.6 (0.7) 62.2 (0.7) 97.0 (0.3)
19.6 (0.5) 11.7 (0.5) 65.1 (0.6) 78.1 (0.7) 92.0 (0.3)
41.1 (0.8) 43.2 (1.2) 71.0 (0.8) 54.4 (0.9) 88.6 (0.7)
38.7 (0.7) 13.8 (0.7) 83.1 (0.6) 52.1 (0.8) 85.3 (0.6)
27.3 (0.6) 42.0 (1.2) 83.3 (0.6) 73.6 (0.8) 96.5 (0.2)
41.1 (1.2) 35.8 (1.2) 84.4 (0.7) 49.7 (0.9) 87.7 (0.7)
31.8 (0.6) 26.0 (0.7) 74.6 (0.8) 53.0 (0.9) 84.1 (0.7)
53.2 (0.5) 38.5 (0.6) 88.6 (0.3) 68.1 (0.6) 90.8 (0.3)
39.7 (0.7) 26.6 (0.7) 90.0 (0.5) 53.8 (0.7) 88.2 (0.6)
m m m m m m m m m m
28.5 (0.7) 34.8 (0.7) 80.9 (0.6) 58.2 (0.8) 92.8 (0.4)
35.5 (0.8) 55.3 (0.9) 84.2 (0.5) 59.9 (0.8) 94.2 (0.5)
24.1 (0.7) 17.9 (0.7) 61.1 (0.9) 79.9 (0.6) 95.3 (0.4)
50.8 (0.8) 16.0 (0.7) 79.9 (0.6) 59.3 (0.9) 82.4 (0.7)
34.0 (0.6) 22.4 (0.5) 73.3 (0.5) 55.9 (0.6) 83.3 (0.5)
28.3 (0.6) 22.3 (0.7) 76.3 (0.5) 68.6 (1.0) 79.0 (1.0)
m m m m m m m m m m
31.6 (0.7) 46.4 (1.2) 68.3 (0.8) 40.7 (0.9) 90.1 (0.6)
42.0 (0.8) 56.8 (0.9) 83.3 (0.6) 41.0 (0.8) 85.9 (0.6)
37.8 (0.7) 32.8 (0.8) 89.7 (0.4) 59.6 (0.8) 89.5 (0.6)
30.2 (0.4) 27.7 (0.4) 72.9 (0.4) 68.1 (0.4) 86.7 (0.3)
32.1 (0.9) 12.6 (0.7) 70.8 (1.1) 58.9 (0.8) 86.9 (0.8)
44.8 (0.9) 21.2 (0.8) 79.8 (0.6) 68.3 (0.8) 83.1 (0.6)
33.4 (0.6) 26.0 (0.6) 70.9 (0.7) 52.9 (0.8) 86.0 (0.7)
27.3 (0.6) 28.2 (0.6) 64.0 (0.8) 51.7 (0.8) 90.2 (0.7)
28.2 (0.6) 39.1 (0.6) 71.3 (0.6) 68.4 (0.5) 97.9 (0.2)
27.1 (0.7) 27.5 (0.7) 78.4 (0.6) 59.1 (0.7) 94.3 (0.3)
43.2 (0.8) 24.0 (0.8) 85.8 (0.5) 63.3 (0.7) 94.8 (0.4)
35.8 (0.8) 22.3 (0.9) 76.0 (0.8) 69.2 (0.7) 83.9 (0.6)
33.3 (0.5) 34.2 (0.8) 76.9 (0.4) 69.4 (0.4) 89.0 (0.3)
28.1 (0.7) 13.1 (0.6) 58.9 (0.8) 33.6 (0.7) 94.3 (0.4)
40.1 (1.1) 40.5 (1.2) 85.0 (0.8) 55.2 (1.2) 93.2 (0.4)
of students who engaged in the following activities several times a month or more:
Searching for Taking part in Searching for

Reading online
ting on line information online online discussion practical
news
on a particular topic groups or forums information on line
x % S.E. x % S.E. x % S.E. x % S.E. x
72.3 (0.5) 91.3 (0.3) 53.4 (0.5) 84.1 (0.4)

80.2 (0.6) 90.4 (0.4) 21.2 (0.6) 86.2 (0.5)
77.4 (0.5) 87.1 (0.5) 18.4 (0.5) 84.0 (0.6)
73.5 (0.5) 87.7 (0.3) 42.8 (0.5) 82.0 (0.4)
67.7 (0.7) 92.2 (0.5) 37.7 (0.7) 76.3 (0.9)
72.5 (0.8) 84.2 (0.7) 29.1 (0.9) 71.1 (0.8)
87.0 (0.5) 89.9 (0.5) 37.5 (0.7) 90.3 (0.5)
87.0 (0.6) 92.0 (0.5) 27.7 (0.8) 87.6 (0.5)
86.6 (0.5) 94.9 (0.3) 31.9 (0.7) 92.2 (0.4)
83.0 (0.6) 90.1 (0.5) 30.3 (0.6) 85.9 (0.5)
82.8 (0.5) 84.4 (0.5) 16.9 (0.5) 88.6 (0.4)
81.9 (0.5) 91.8 (0.4) 20.3 (0.7) 86.6 (0.5)
81.2 (0.6) 93.9 (0.4) 32.1 (0.7) 84.9 (0.5)
85.8 (0.5) 89.8 (0.5) 79.9 (0.6) 93.1 (0.4)
83.2 (0.6) 92.3 (0.5) 61.5 (0.7) 84.9 (0.6)
84.6 (0.4) 91.2 (0.5) 41.9 (0.7) 82.8 (0.5)
74.4 (0.7) 86.3 (0.6) 36.5 (0.7) 80.3 (0.7)
88.5 (0.4) 92.2 (0.4) 24.1 (0.6) 86.0 (0.5)
87.8 (0.5) 94.7 (0.3) 11.0 (0.5) 74.8 (0.6)
80.4 (0.7) 87.8 (0.6) 23.7 (0.6) 84.0 (0.6)
84.2 (0.6) 89.3 (0.4) 47.6 (0.8) 81.6 (0.5)
83.7 (0.6) 94.0 (0.3) 55.3 (0.7) 87.7 (0.5)
85.2 (0.5) 88.7 (0.5) 31.5 (0.7) 82.6 (0.6)
78.1 (0.8) 92.3 (0.5) 41.4 (0.7) 76.5 (0.7)
77.8 (0.8) 92.4 (0.5) 22.3 (0.8) 78.3 (0.8)
74.7 (0.6) 91.9 (0.4) 57.0 (0.8) 83.9 (0.6)
76.9 (0.6) 84.4 (0.5) 36.6 (0.7) 85.7 (0.6)
93.5 (0.3) 96.8 (0.3) 58.4 (0.8) 91.7 (0.4)
76.5 (0.7) 90.4 (0.5) 32.7 (0.7) 82.3 (0.7)
53.5 (0.7) 86.6 (0.6) 43.9 (0.8) 83.3 (0.7)
72.8 (0.7) 86.6 (0.6) 31.8 (0.7) 89.8 (0.5)
82.3 (0.3) 84.5 (0.4) 27.8 (0.4) 83.3 (0.4)
73.9 (0.6) 91.7 (0.5) 38.2 (0.8) 81.9 (0.7)
83.3 (0.6) 89.3 (0.5) 20.7 (0.7) 88.5 (0.5)
80.8 (0.7) 93.8 (0.5) 51.7 (0.8) 76.6 (0.7)
81.3 (0.6) 93.2 (0.4) 47.5 (0.7) 84.4 (0.5)
72.5 (0.8) 91.4 (0.5) 49.4 (0.9) 85.9 (0.5)
79.7 (0.1) 90.3 (0.1) 37.1 (0.1) 84.1 (0.1)
84.4 (0.5) 91.7 (0.4) 66.1 (0.7) 84.8 (0.6)

68.1 (0.6) 84.4 (0.5) 29.8 (0.7) 67.3 (0.7)
77.8 (0.7) 84.5 (0.6) 62.0 (0.7) 67.0 (0.7)
91.0 (0.4) 97.0 (0.2) 57.0 (0.8) 91.1 (0.3)
74.8 (0.7) 85.1 (0.6) 42.4 (0.8) 76.0 (0.6)
75.5 (0.6) 83.3 (0.5) 33.7 (0.6) 73.2 (0.6)
78.1 (0.5) 87.9 (0.4) 61.1 (0.6) 81.7 (0.4)
90.6 (0.5) 92.7 (0.4) 60.1 (0.8) 84.5 (0.6)
77.4 (0.9) 85.9 (0.8) 48.3 (0.8) 77.9 (0.9)
65.8 (1.0) 80.7 (0.7) 17.2 (0.6) 67.1 (0.8)
80.6 (0.5) 94.2 (0.3) 29.5 (0.7) 86.2 (0.6)
77.8 (0.6) 90.0 (0.5) 52.7 (0.6) 80.0 (0.6)
78.3 (0.7) 87.6 (0.5) 53.3 (0.8) 74.5 (0.7)
81.0 (0.7) 85.7 (0.6) 49.7 (0.9) 72.2 (0.7)
83.2 (0.5) 85.7 (0.6) 51.8 (0.7) 84.5 (0.5)
83.2 (0.8) 83.0 (0.9) 58.9 (0.9) 79.3 (1.0)
78.9 (0.6) 86.5 (0.5) 51.6 (0.8) 75.5 (0.7)
89.3 (0.3) 91.3 (0.3) 60.2 (0.5) 84.0 (0.4)
74.4 (0.8) 82.8 (0.6) 59.8 (0.9) 72.3 (0.8)
m m m m m m m m
81.5 (0.7) 77.0 (0.7) 49.8 (0.8) 84.6 (0.6)
82.8 (0.6) 90.7 (0.5) 69.8 (0.7) 84.6 (0.5)
81.6 (0.6) 90.3 (0.6) 54.6 (0.9) 85.2 (0.6)
76.4 (0.8) 93.0 (0.4) 72.1 (0.8) 84.5 (0.6)
60.7 (0.7) 82.0 (0.5) 49.5 (0.7) 71.6 (0.6)
73.7 (0.8) 82.1 (0.8) 58.1 (1.0) 70.6 (0.9)
m m m m m m m m
74.5 (0.7) 90.9 (0.5) 38.5 (0.8) 74.9 (0.8)
79.7 (0.6) 89.4 (0.5) 34.3 (0.8) 67.9 (0.8)
80.9 (0.6) 85.5 (0.7) 73.2 (0.8) 81.1 (0.7)
78.6 (0.4) 87.1 (0.3) 52.9 (0.4) 77.5 (0.3)
70.0 (0.8) 89.5 (0.7) 64.0 (0.7) 77.6 (1.0)
86.1 (0.6) 90.0 (0.4) 46.6 (0.6) 84.6 (0.7)
78.8 (0.6) 86.4 (0.6) 57.8 (0.6) 70.3 (0.7)
68.6 (0.7) 89.0 (0.7) 47.9 (0.7) 80.7 (0.8)
85.5 (0.4) 93.7 (0.3) 55.5 (0.6) 88.6 (0.4)
85.2 (0.5) 82.3 (0.5) 46.9 (0.8) 85.8 (0.4)
87.7 (0.6) 88.2 (0.5) 78.9 (0.6) 87.9 (0.5)
80.8 (0.6) 95.3 (0.4) 58.6 (0.7) 87.2 (0.6)
80.4 (0.4) 90.0 (0.3) 63.0 (0.4) 83.4 (0.4)
75.9 (0.7) 91.0 (0.6) 38.5 (0.8) 76.4 (0.7)
82.7 (0.9) 91.9 (0.5) 43.0 (1.1) 76.6 (1.0)

Table I.B1.59
Changes in students' reading habits and attitudes towards reading (2009 to 2018)
Number of the following devices at home:

Percentage of
students who have
% dif. S.E. x Dif. S.E. x Dif. S.E. x Dif. S.E.

OECD
Australia 1.9 (0.3) -0.2 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0) m m
Austria 2.6 (0.4) -0.2 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0) m m
Belgium 2.6 (0.3) -0.1 (0.0) -0.1 (0.0) m m
Canada 1.6 (0.2) -0.2 (0.0) 0.4 (0.0) m m
Chile 32.9 (1.6) 0.1 (0.0) -0.1 (0.0) m m
Colombia 35.7 (2.0) 0.1 (0.0) -0.2 (0.0) m m
Czech Republic 6.7 (0.5) -0.1 (0.0) -0.1 (0.0) m m
Denmark 0.8 (0.2) -0.3 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0) m m
Estonia 3.2 (0.4) -0.1 (0.0) -0.1 (0.0) m m
Finland 0.7 (0.2) -0.2 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0) m m
France 6.3 (0.6) -0.2 (0.0) -0.1 (0.0) m m
Germany 2.2 (0.4) -0.1 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0) m m
Greece 24.3 (1.1) -0.2 (0.0) -0.1 (0.0) m m
Hungary 12.8 (0.9) -0.1 (0.0) -0.1 (0.0) m m
Iceland 0.8 (0.2) -0.3 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0) m m
Ireland 6.0 (0.5) -0.3 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0) m m
Israel 10.6 (1.0) 0.1 (0.0) 0.1 (0.0) m m
Italy 9.7 (0.4) -0.1 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0) m m
Japan 13.8 (0.9) -0.3 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0) m m
Korea 0.5 (0.4) -0.2 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0) m m
Latvia 17.6 (1.1) -0.1 (0.0) -0.1 (0.0) m m
Lithuania 12.9 (0.7) 0.0 (0.0) -0.2 (0.0) m m
Luxembourg -0.6 (0.3) -0.2 (0.0) -0.1 (0.0) m m
Mexico 32.5 (1.8) -0.1 (0.0) 0.2 (0.0) m m
Netherlands* -0.2 (0.2) -0.2 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0) m m
New Zealand 5.7 (0.5) -0.3 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0) m m
Norway 0.3 (0.2) -0.1 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0) m m
Poland 14.0 (0.8) 0.0 (0.0) -0.1 (0.0) m m
Portugal* 7.2 (0.7) -0.2 (0.0) -0.1 (0.0) m m
Slovak Republic 12.5 (0.9) 0.0 (0.0) -0.2 (0.0) m m
Slovenia 2.8 (0.3) -0.2 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0) m m
Spain 13.1 (0.8) 0.0 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0) m m
Sweden 0.5 (0.3) -0.3 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0) m m
Switzerland 0.7 (0.3) -0.1 (0.0) -0.1 (0.0) m m
Turkey 23.6 (1.7) -0.1 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0) m m
United Kingdom 2.0 (0.3) -0.3 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0) m m
United States* 7.1 (0.8) -0.1 (0.0) 0.1 (0.0) m m
OECD average 8.8 (0.1) -0.1 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0) m m
Partners
Albania 52.7 (1.6) 0.1 (0.0) -0.3 (0.0) m m
Argentina 32.5 (2.1) 0.2 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0) m m
Baku (Azerbaijan) m m m m m m m m
Belarus m m m m m m m m
Bosnia and Herzegovina m m m m m m m m
Brazil 32.5 (1.2) 0.0 (0.0) 0.2 (0.0) m m
Brunei Darussalam m m m m m m m m
B-S-J-Z (China) m m m m m m m m
Bulgaria 11.9 (1.2) 0.0 (0.0) -0.1 (0.0) m m
Costa Rica 42.7 (1.6) 0.1 (0.0) 0.8 (0.0) m m
Croatia 12.3 (0.7) -0.1 (0.0) -0.1 (0.0) m m
Cyprus m m m m m m m m
Dominican Republic m m m m m m m m
Georgia 42.9 (1.4) 0.0 (0.0) -0.1 (0.0) m m
Hong Kong (China)* -0.4 (0.3) -0.3 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0) m m
Indonesia 38.5 (1.7) 0.2 (0.0) 0.1 (0.1) m m
Jordan 53.6 (1.3) 0.5 (0.0) -0.4 (0.0) m m
Kazakhstan 53.8 (1.6) 0.0 (0.0) -0.8 (0.0) m m
Kosovo m m m m m m m m
Lebanon m m m m m m m m
Macao (China) 1.7 (0.3) -0.2 (0.0) 0.1 (0.0) m m
Malaysia 31.7 (1.9) -0.1 (0.0) 0.3 (0.0) m m
Malta -0.4 (0.4) 0.0 (0.0) 0.1 (0.0) m m
Moldova 42.7 (1.2) 0.0 (0.0) -0.1 (0.0) m m
Montenegro 25.6 (0.7) 0.0 (0.0) -0.2 (0.0) m m
Morocco m m m m m m m m
North Macedonia m m m m m m m m
Panama 30.2 (3.2) 0.0 (0.1) -0.1 (0.1) m m
Peru 31.9 (1.9) 0.1 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0) m m
Philippines m m m m m m m m
Qatar 5.5 (0.4) -0.1 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0) m m
Romania 26.5 (1.6) 0.2 (0.0) -0.1 (0.0) m m
Russia 42.3 (1.5) 0.2 (0.0) -0.1 (0.0) m m
Saudi Arabia m m m m m m m m
Serbia 33.8 (1.1) 0.0 (0.0) -0.1 (0.0) m m
Singapore 2.9 (0.3) -0.4 (0.0) 0.0 (0.0) m m
Chinese Taipei 2.7 (0.5) -0.1 (0.0) -0.1 (0.0) m m
Thailand 46.5 (1.5) 0.1 (0.0) 0.1 (0.0) m m
Ukraine m m m m m m m m
United Arab Emirates 4.5 (0.5) 0.3 (0.0) 0.2 (0.0) m m
Uruguay 27.0 (1.1) 0.0 (0.0) -0.2 (0.0) m m
Viet Nam m m m m m m m m
Notes: Values
Information that arethe
regarding statistically
proportion significant are indicated
of the sample coveredinisbold (see
shown Annex
next A3).
to the standard error. No symbol means at least 75%
50% was covered. For comparisons across cycles, the coverage information corresponds to the cycle with the lowest sample c
1. Students were allowed to respond "none", "one", "two" or "three or more". The latter option was recoded as "three" for the pu
2. Students were asked how long they read for enjoyment per day. Students who responded were considered to read for enjoy
owing devices at home:1 Percentage of students who agree or strongly agre
uters (desktop Reading is one of I like talking about

uter, portable Tablet computers E-Book readers my favourite books with other
to
p, notebook) hobbies people
x Dif. S.E. x Dif. S.E. x % dif. S.E. x % dif. S.E. x % dif. S.E.
m m m m 12.9 (0.8) -2.3 (0.9) -4.7 (0.9)

m m m m 3.5 (1.2) 1.2 (1.1) -0.5 (1.2)
m m m m 13.3 (1.0) -2.6 (0.8) -3.4 (0.9)
m m m m 10.7 (0.8) -2.1 (0.7) -3.9 (0.8)
m m m m 26.4 (1.1) 5.9 (0.9) -5.0 (1.1)
m m m m 5.7 (1.3) 10.5 (1.4) 8.5 (1.4)
m m m m 8.6 (1.1) 3.4 (1.1) 3.9 (1.2)
m m m m 11.6 (1.3) -7.4 (0.9) -7.6 (1.2)
m m m m -0.9 (1.2) 2.6 (1.0) 4.3 (1.2)
m m m m 16.0 (1.2) -8.6 (1.1) -3.4 (1.2)
m m m m 9.1 (1.2) -0.6 (1.2) -7.2 (1.6)
m m m m 11.2 (1.1) -6.1 (1.1) -8.2 (1.1)
m m m m 5.0 (1.4) 6.6 (1.1) 0.4 (1.3)
m m m m 8.0 (1.4) 0.0 (1.4) -3.7 (1.4)
m m m m 8.8 (1.2) -0.3 (1.0) 2.2 (1.1)
m m m m 12.4 (1.4) -1.0 (1.1) -1.3 (1.3)
m m m m 5.4 (1.3) 1.1 (1.3) -1.2 (1.3)
m m m m 9.6 (1.0) -0.6 (0.9) -3.5 (0.9)
m m m m -8.2 (1.1) 3.2 (1.1) -0.3 (1.1)
m m m m -0.8 (1.2) 3.1 (1.1) 6.8 (1.2)
m m m m 1.9 (1.2) 3.9 (1.1) 1.1 (1.3)
m m m m 9.8 (1.2) -4.9 (1.1) -0.8 (1.1)
m m m m 5.7 (1.0) 1.3 (1.0) 2.8 (1.0)
m m m m 5.7 (1.0) 7.3 (0.9) 3.4 (0.9)
m m m m 10.1 (1.6) -0.9 (1.2) 0.1 (1.1)
m m m m 14.2 (1.0) -3.8 (1.1) -9.1 (1.1)
m m m m 13.6 (1.1) -1.7 (0.9) -4.6 (1.1)
m m m m -4.6 (1.1) 3.5 (1.2) 5.8 (1.2)
m m m m 8.5 (0.9) -3.5 (1.1) -10.6 (1.2)
m m m m 3.0 (1.2) 7.6 (1.2) 8.3 (1.2)
m m m m 4.0 (1.1) 2.7 (0.9) -1.0 (1.1)
m m m m -0.7 (0.8) 2.1 (0.6) -1.1 (0.8)
m m m m 17.5 (1.1) -2.7 (1.0) -1.3 (1.2)
m m m m 9.9 (1.3) -3.6 (0.9) -4.5 (1.1)
m m m m 2.9 (1.0) -1.2 (1.1) -4.3 (1.2)
m m m m 12.4 (1.1) 0.3 (0.9) -4.5 (1.2)
m m m m 5.2 (1.3) 2.5 (1.4) -0.8 (1.3)
m m m m 7.8 (0.2) 0.4 (0.2) -1.3 (0.2)
m m m m 2.4 (1.3) 9.1 (1.1) 3.7 (1.0)

m m m m 4.1 (1.2) 7.8 (1.1) -1.0 (1.3)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m 8.7 (0.7) -1.1 (1.0) -2.9 (0.9)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m -1.1 (1.6) 11.9 (1.5) 11.3 (1.7)
m m m m 3.7 (1.4) 13.3 (1.2) 12.3 (1.1)
m m m m 11.0 (1.2) 0.9 (1.0) -4.6 (1.2)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m -2.1 (1.2) 5.9 (1.1) 9.8 (1.0)
m m m m 3.2 (1.1) -5.6 (1.2) -12.0 (1.1)
m m m m -0.6 (1.4) -3.6 (1.2) -3.8 (1.3)
m m m m 0.9 (1.1) -0.8 (1.2) 0.8 (1.2)
m m m m -0.6 (0.9) -4.0 (1.0) -6.8 (1.2)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m -3.2 (1.1) 7.2 (1.1) -5.0 (1.1)
m m m m 13.1 (1.2) -15.9 (1.1) -6.3 (1.4)
m m m m 6.5 (1.2) -0.9 (1.2) 0.8 (1.2)
m m m m 15.3 (1.1) -6.0 (1.3) -2.3 (1.2)
m m m m 5.3 (1.0) -0.5 (1.1) -8.7 (1.1)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m 9.9 (1.5) 3.9 (1.3) 0.6 (1.7)
m m m m 4.1 (1.1) 0.7 (1.2) -3.9 (1.1)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m 3.9 (0.7) -3.2 (0.7) 2.4 (0.8)
m m m m 21.4 (1.7) 3.1 (1.5) -3.4 (1.6)
m m m m -4.6 (1.2) 12.4 (1.3) 11.8 (1.2)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m 5.6 (1.2) 4.8 (1.1) 0.4 (1.2)
m m m m 10.4 (0.9) -4.7 (1.0) -6.9 (0.9)
m m m m -1.0 (1.3) -3.8 (1.1) -11.8 (1.1)
m m m m 30.8 (1.1) -15.4 (1.0) -12.4 (1.0)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m 2.3 (0.9) 4.1 (0.8) 5.7 (0.9)
m m m m -13.1 (1.3) 12.8 (1.1) 6.9 (1.2)
m m m m m m m m m m
mbol means at least 75% of the population was covered; one dagger (†) means at least 50% but less than 75%; and one double-dagger (‡
with the lowest sample coverage.
oded as "three" for the purposes of calculating averages.
nsidered to read for enjoyment if they did not respond "I do not read for enjoyment".
A technical standards but were accepted as largely comparable (see Annexes A2 and A4).
Change between 2009 and 2018 in the …
ho agree or strongly agree that … Percentage of students who read the following several times a month o
alking about I read only to get

For me, reading is a Fiction (novels,
s with other information that I Magazines Comic books
waste of time narratives, stories)
people need
x % dif. S.E. x % dif. S.E. x % dif. S.E. x % dif. S.E. x % dif. S.E.
5.6 (0.7) 10.8 (0.9) -39.1 (0.7) 0.9 (0.5) -6.9 (0.8)
0.0 (1.0) 0.8 (1.3) -39.9 (1.0) -3.0 (0.8) 0.1 (1.1)
7.5 (1.1) 7.6 (1.0) -45.9 (0.9) -16.4 (0.8) -4.4 (0.9)
4.4 (0.7) 8.3 (0.8) -38.7 (0.5) -1.6 (0.6) -8.7 (0.9)
2.0 (0.9) -6.4 (1.1) -36.0 (0.9) 1.4 (0.8) 2.2 (1.1)
3.7 (0.7) -2.7 (1.3) -26.0 (1.3) -18.4 (1.2) 3.9 (1.3)
5.9 (1.1) -5.7 (1.2) -47.1 (0.9) -3.0 (0.8) 4.5 (1.0)
5.1 (1.1) 6.8 (1.3) -47.8 (1.0) -14.3 (0.8) -2.6 (1.1)
4.3 (1.0) -5.5 (1.2) -48.6 (1.0) -4.1 (0.7) 3.1 (1.0)
10.4 (1.2) 15.6 (1.2) -49.1 (1.0) -39.9 (1.1) -9.3 (1.0)
5.8 (1.3) 4.5 (1.5) -38.9 (1.1) -8.4 (1.0) -3.7 (1.2)
4.7 (1.0) 9.9 (1.2) -35.9 (1.0) -0.5 (0.7) -6.2 (1.1)
3.0 (0.9) -1.9 (1.4) -47.6 (1.0) -12.0 (0.9) 2.6 (0.9)
7.7 (1.2) 1.3 (1.3) -38.6 (1.1) -13.7 (0.9) -7.6 (1.2)
5.6 (1.0) 9.4 (1.1) -46.7 (1.0) -20.8 (1.0) 0.9 (1.2)
2.8 (1.2) 7.0 (1.4) -45.3 (1.0) -1.6 (0.5) -3.6 (1.2)
3.4 (1.0) 2.0 (1.3) -13.4 (1.2) 0.2 (0.9) 6.2 (1.1)
4.5 (0.9) -0.2 (0.9) -36.3 (0.7) -6.9 (0.6) -4.5 (0.9)
0.4 (0.7) 3.8 (0.9) -33.8 (1.0) -17.5 (1.0) 0.2 (1.4)
6.0 (0.7) 3.6 (1.1) -9.7 (0.8) 5.6 (1.3) -0.3 (1.1)
0.5 (1.2) -3.1 (1.3) -54.2 (1.2) -1.2 (0.8) -3.2 (1.3)
11.0 (1.0) 3.2 (1.1) -51.7 (1.0) -8.3 (0.8) -7.4 (1.1)
0.2 (1.0) 0.4 (1.0) -46.7 (1.0) -5.0 (0.8) -1.6 (0.9)
0.7 (0.6) -1.8 (1.1) -27.5 (0.9) 2.7 (0.8) 3.2 (0.9)
8.6 (1.5) 9.9 (1.6) -38.7 (1.6) -10.1 (1.2) -3.0 (1.4)
9.7 (1.0) 12.2 (1.1) -42.3 (1.1) -0.6 (0.7) -12.4 (1.0)
10.6 (1.1) 11.4 (1.1) -49.0 (1.0) -33.1 (1.0) -7.1 (1.0)
-1.8 (1.0) -8.2 (1.1) -46.5 (0.9) -1.5 (0.7) 4.3 (1.0)
2.9 (0.8) 3.6 (1.2) -39.8 (1.0) -8.6 (0.7) -0.4 (0.9)
-1.7 (1.1) -9.5 (1.3) -53.4 (1.0) -1.7 (0.7) 8.0 (1.0)
3.3 (1.0) 0.0 (1.1) -50.0 (1.0) -6.7 (0.7) 3.4 (0.9)
4.8 (0.7) -0.9 (0.8) -35.0 (0.7) -0.3 (0.5) 0.2 (0.6)
10.0 (1.1) 15.4 (1.3) -39.8 (1.1) -15.1 (0.9) -8.7 (1.2)
4.2 (1.1) 6.7 (1.2) -41.0 (1.0) -8.9 (0.9) -7.4 (1.0)
4.5 (0.7) 2.1 (1.1) -27.3 (1.2) -4.8 (0.9) -2.7 (1.2)
7.4 (1.0) 8.6 (1.1) -50.1 (0.9) 0.0 (0.5) -2.7 (1.0)
2.2 (1.2) 6.4 (1.4) -35.8 (0.9) 1.9 (0.8) -4.3 (1.3)
4.6 (0.2) 3.4 (0.2) -40.4 (0.2) -7.4 (0.1) -2.0 (0.2)
7.2 (0.8) 7.8 (1.3) -14.7 (1.3) -3.3 (1.4) 0.2 (1.4)
1.2 (0.9) -2.2 (1.3) -37.7 (1.1) -13.3 (1.0) 7.1 (1.1)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
2.6 (0.5) 10.9 (1.0) -32.8 (0.8) -7.8 (0.9) -1.6 (0.8)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
2.4 (1.4) -2.7 (1.7) -38.0 (1.3) -2.2 (1.0) 2.9 (1.7)
4.1 (0.9) -4.4 (1.3) -26.9 (1.0) -24.1 (1.1) 5.4 (1.3)
11.8 (1.2) 0.5 (1.2) -53.1 (0.9) -7.6 (0.6) -0.3 (1.0)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
10.3 (0.8) 11.9 (1.2) -45.3 (1.0) 0.4 (1.0) 0.2 (1.0)
12.0 (0.7) 9.0 (1.1) -33.1 (1.0) 3.0 (1.1) -0.1 (1.1)
9.9 (0.9) 2.8 (1.4) -26.6 (1.4) -7.2 (1.2) -2.7 (1.5)
4.8 (1.0) -1.3 (1.2) -27.0 (0.8) -14.4 (1.1) 0.6 (1.0)
1.9 (0.5) 2.8 (1.0) -35.7 (1.0) -4.8 (1.2) -8.1 (1.0)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
4.8 (0.7) -6.7 (1.1) -29.3 (0.9) -1.4 (0.9) 13.6 (1.1)
3.7 (0.7) 7.9 (1.3) -28.8 (1.1) -3.5 (1.0) -4.2 (1.2)
7.2 (1.0) 6.7 (1.1) -38.7 (1.0) -5.3 (0.9) -1.6 (1.2)
5.1 (0.9) 7.1 (1.2) -30.6 (1.1) -5.3 (0.9) 6.5 (1.2)
7.4 (0.6) 0.2 (1.1) -47.8 (0.8) -8.3 (0.9) 10.2 (0.9)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
1.6 (1.2) 5.1 (1.7) -27.2 (1.5) -8.0 (1.5) 5.4 (1.6)
-1.0 (0.7) -3.4 (1.1) -15.6 (1.2) -8.7 (1.0) -1.0 (1.1)
m m m m m m m m m m
4.3 (0.6) 0.7 (0.7) -43.4 (0.6) -22.3 (0.6) 1.9 (0.6)
4.2 (1.3) 0.3 (1.8) -37.7 (1.2) 0.6 (0.7) 7.8 (1.4)
0.0 (0.9) -6.9 (1.2) -44.5 (1.1) 3.7 (1.0) -2.2 (1.3)
m m m m m m m m m m
8.8 (1.0) 3.5 (1.2) -52.4 (1.0) -4.5 (0.8) -5.2 (1.0)
8.8 (0.6) 7.0 (0.9) -40.7 (0.9) -14.2 (0.9) -3.9 (1.0)
12.3 (0.8) 3.5 (1.2) -19.9 (0.9) -6.3 (1.0) -5.5 (1.0)
15.2 (1.0) 25.0 (1.1) -28.4 (1.2) -18.5 (1.0) -12.5 (1.2)
m m m m m m m m m m
9.4 (0.7) -0.3 (0.8) -37.4 (0.8) -24.6 (0.7) 5.9 (0.8)
-3.0 (0.9) -9.1 (1.2) -33.1 (1.0) -8.3 (0.9) 10.6 (1.0)
m m m m m m m m m m
and one double-dagger (‡) means less than
several times a month or more because they want to: Percentage of students who engaged
Percentage of
students who read
on (novels, for enjoyment2
Non-fiction books Newspapers Reading e-mails Chatting on line
ives, stories)
x % dif. S.E. x % dif. S.E. x % dif. S.E. x % dif. S.E. x % dif. S.E.
0.5 (0.5) -37.4 (0.8) -7.9 (0.8) -4.9 (0.6) 4.4 (0.5)
2.8 (0.9) -40.4 (1.2) 1.7 (1.3) -23.7 (1.1) 7.1 (0.7)
2.5 (0.7) -25.9 (1.1) -7.7 (1.1) -24.7 (0.8) 6.4 (0.5)
0.0 (0.7) -32.6 (0.9) -9.2 (0.8) -20.5 (0.6) 0.2 (0.5)
7.9 (0.9) -42.2 (1.1) -2.5 (1.1) -28.0 (1.3) 15.2 (1.1)
0.4 (1.4) -23.1 (2.1) 0.0 (1.3) -21.4 (1.7) 17.7 (1.7)
4.5 (0.7) -43.5 (1.0) -1.5 (1.3) -20.9 (0.8) 3.1 (0.6)
-3.8 (0.9) -32.5 (1.1) -13.3 (1.2) -13.6 (0.8) 3.2 (0.5)
-1.4 (1.2) -51.0 (1.0) 0.0 (1.3) -15.9 (0.8) -2.4 (0.6)
0.9 (0.7) -37.4 (1.1) -10.3 (1.1) -13.5 (0.7) 6.4 (0.5)
5.8 (0.8) -26.3 (1.3) -6.5 (1.3) -26.5 (1.0) 2.9 (0.7)
0.5 (1.0) -33.0 (1.3) -7.7 (1.3) -20.6 (1.0) 7.3 (0.5)
14.3 (0.8) -30.7 (1.0) -5.6 (1.0) -8.6 (1.2) 21.9 (1.2)
-15.5 (1.1) -40.6 (1.1) -9.5 (1.2) -18.4 (0.9) 1.1 (1.0)
-3.8 (0.9) -58.4 (1.0) -8.8 (1.1) -20.3 (1.0) 0.6 (0.5)
-0.9 (0.8) -42.6 (1.2) -5.8 (1.3) -3.6 (1.2) 21.2 (1.0)
-3.3 (1.3) -22.1 (1.1) -5.3 (1.3) -16.2 (1.4) 23.9 (1.1)
11.0 (0.5) -30.7 (0.8) -1.3 (1.0) -23.0 (1.2) 17.0 (0.5)
1.1 (0.7) -36.0 (1.2) -1.3 (1.2) -49.0 (1.0) 71.0 (0.9)
-6.4 (1.2) -23.2 (1.5) 0.5 (1.1) -11.3 (1.1) 24.4 (1.1)
-3.4 (1.0) -43.0 (1.1) -4.0 (1.1) -21.7 (0.8) 11.2 (0.9)
6.1 (1.0) -52.8 (1.0) -14.9 (1.1) -9.9 (0.9) -7.4 (0.8)
-4.4 (0.7) -40.3 (0.8) -1.1 (1.0) -23.5 (0.9) 3.9 (0.6)
15.8 (0.9) -19.6 (1.0) 1.4 (1.0) -8.8 (1.1) 28.4 (0.8)
1.1 (0.9) -29.1 (1.7) -4.8 (1.6) -13.0 (0.9) 3.4 (0.6)
-6.6 (0.9) -31.0 (1.1) -11.3 (1.1) -5.5 (0.8) 21.5 (0.8)
-13.3 (0.9) -41.3 (1.2) -10.2 (1.1) -24.8 (0.9) 0.3 (0.5)
0.6 (1.0) -50.0 (0.9) -3.2 (1.2) -13.8 (1.1) 10.2 (0.8)
1.6 (0.7) -25.1 (1.0) -2.2 (1.0) -25.9 (1.0) 0.6 (0.6)
1.2 (1.0) -43.0 (1.1) 0.7 (1.4) -16.9 (0.9) 1.3 (0.9)
-2.8 (0.9) -50.3 (1.0) -10.2 (1.1) -23.2 (0.8) 1.7 (0.6)
0.3 (0.5) -25.1 (0.8) -4.3 (0.8) -16.5 (0.7) 7.0 (0.4)
14.4 (1.0) -48.6 (1.1) -12.6 (1.3) -17.6 (1.1) -0.8 (0.7)
2.7 (0.9) -42.1 (1.1) -6.5 (1.3) -12.0 (0.9) 8.6 (0.5)
8.7 (1.0) -55.1 (0.9) -1.3 (1.0) -24.3 (1.4) 10.7 (1.2)
0.8 (0.8) -43.7 (1.0) -9.1 (1.2) -15.9 (0.7) 3.8 (0.5)
0.6 (1.1) -24.0 (1.3) -1.5 (1.3) -7.7 (1.3) 4.5 (1.0)
1.1 (0.1) -37.1 (0.2) -5.3 (0.2) -18.0 (0.2) 9.8 (0.1)
23.2 (1.1) -31.9 (1.4) -4.0 (0.7) 15.5 (1.6) 29.9 (1.5)
-5.6 (1.1) -30.6 (1.3) -5.2 (1.2) -29.1 (1.8) 21.9 (1.6)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
7.2 (0.6) -26.3 (1.0) -7.4 (0.8) -19.7 (1.1) 18.2 (1.0)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
1.5 (1.2) -39.8 (1.3) -0.1 (1.6) -16.1 (1.4) -3.6 (1.1)
2.1 (0.9) -47.6 (1.1) -1.0 (1.4) -25.7 (1.8) 32.2 (1.4)
9.8 (0.9) -64.7 (0.7) -13.1 (1.2) -16.2 (1.0) 17.3 (0.8)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
10.4 (1.0) -36.1 (1.1) -1.4 (0.8) 9.3 (1.4) 13.1 (1.2)
-7.7 (1.1) -42.1 (1.4) 2.8 (0.8) -13.9 (0.9) 3.2 (0.5)
5.0 (1.7) -29.6 (1.7) -3.5 (0.9) 7.5 (2.0) 60.7 (2.0)
5.5 (1.0) -32.2 (1.1) -2.6 (1.0) 8.0 (1.3) 40.3 (1.2)
0.6 (1.3) -46.6 (0.9) -4.2 (0.6) 16.1 (1.7) 47.3 (1.8)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
1.7 (1.0) -36.9 (0.9) 0.6 (0.8) -17.5 (1.0) -1.5 (0.5)
-9.5 (1.2) -31.3 (1.2) 2.4 (0.9) -5.9 (1.4) 38.8 (1.2)
0.4 (1.0) -27.2 (1.1) -3.6 (1.3) -11.8 (0.8) 2.4 (0.6)
29.5 (1.1) -39.3 (1.2) -5.0 (0.9) 3.0 (1.4) 24.2 (1.3)
8.1 (1.0) -49.1 (0.8) -6.0 (0.9) -12.7 (0.9) 15.9 (0.9)
m m m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m m m
11.3 (1.2) -20.4 (2.1) -3.5 (1.5) -15.4 (2.2) 23.7 (2.4)
2.1 (1.1) -17.2 (1.3) -3.0 (0.8) -22.9 (1.4) 20.3 (1.5)
m m m m m m m m m m
-3.0 (0.6) -40.2 (0.7) -6.5 (0.6) -13.2 (0.6) 6.5 (0.5)
9.3 (1.1) -37.7 (1.6) -4.9 (1.4) -12.3 (1.5) 12.3 (1.5)
18.5 (1.1) -42.9 (1.3) 1.2 (1.1) 13.8 (1.5) 15.5 (1.6)
m m m m m m m m m m
16.2 (0.9) -47.2 (0.9) -12.6 (1.1) -4.3 (1.3) 32.4 (1.2)
-4.9 (1.0) -44.4 (0.9) -6.3 (0.8) -20.1 (0.8) 6.4 (0.5)
-10.1 (1.0) -44.4 (1.0) -4.3 (0.9) -19.1 (0.9) 4.7 (0.5)
-7.4 (1.1) -47.9 (1.2) -5.0 (0.7) 5.1 (1.3) 43.4 (1.2)
m m m m m m m m m m
5.8 (0.9) -33.3 (1.0) 2.8 (0.7) -13.0 (0.7) 3.4 (0.6)
12.3 (0.9) -19.6 (1.1) -1.4 (1.2) -37.0 (1.0) 17.2 (0.8)
m m m m m m m m m m
of students who engaged in the following activities several times a month or more:
Searching for Taking part in Searching for

Reading online
ting on line information online online discussion practical
news
on a particular topic groups or forums information on line
x % dif. S.E. x % dif. S.E. x % dif. S.E. x % dif. S.E. x
14.1 (0.8) 1.2 (0.5) 21.4 (0.8) 10.6 (0.7)

2.8 (1.0) 0.2 (0.7) -3.2 (1.0) 8.8 (1.0)
24.8 (0.9) 7.3 (0.8) -8.7 (0.8) 14.9 (0.9)
13.8 (0.8) 1.2 (0.5) 13.8 (0.7) 8.0 (0.6)
21.2 (1.2) 2.2 (0.8) 11.4 (1.1) 19.1 (1.4)
19.0 (1.5) 2.3 (1.3) 6.2 (1.3) 15.4 (1.3)
2.5 (0.8) -4.9 (0.6) -18.3 (1.0) 0.5 (0.7)
14.2 (1.0) -2.4 (0.6) -1.1 (1.1) 9.5 (0.9)
-1.0 (0.8) 1.1 (0.7) -22.0 (1.1) 2.8 (0.8)
22.0 (1.1) 11.2 (0.8) -16.9 (1.0) 9.8 (0.9)
16.5 (0.9) 3.6 (0.9) -1.7 (0.8) 7.4 (0.9)
3.5 (1.0) 0.5 (0.7) -7.9 (1.1) 7.9 (0.9)
23.6 (1.3) 6.5 (0.9) -2.5 (1.0) 12.4 (1.2)
10.2 (1.0) 2.0 (0.8) 16.4 (1.1) 6.1 (0.8)
1.6 (0.8) 3.8 (0.7) 8.1 (1.1) 7.8 (0.9)
44.1 (1.1) 12.2 (1.0) 15.4 (1.1) 16.5 (1.0)
-0.9 (1.1) 1.8 (0.9) -3.1 (1.1) 8.0 (1.1)
11.5 (0.6) 7.7 (0.5) -7.4 (0.7) 22.8 (0.7)
26.4 (1.0) 17.6 (0.8) 4.9 (0.6) 26.9 (1.1)
-4.2 (0.9) 0.2 (0.9) 6.7 (0.9) 1.0 (0.9)
-0.4 (1.0) -0.2 (0.7) -16.5 (1.3) 3.1 (1.1)
4.0 (0.9) -0.6 (0.5) -14.1 (1.1) 10.6 (0.9)
8.4 (0.7) 1.2 (0.7) 0.4 (1.0) 13.6 (0.9)
30.1 (1.0) 7.3 (0.7) 22.1 (0.8) 28.1 (0.9)
13.2 (1.3) 3.9 (1.0) -4.9 (1.3) 15.0 (1.6)
23.0 (1.1) 2.9 (0.6) 26.1 (1.1) 13.6 (0.9)
6.2 (0.9) -4.1 (0.7) -3.2 (1.1) 7.5 (1.0)
3.3 (0.6) 2.3 (0.5) 10.1 (1.3) 9.0 (0.8)
6.7 (1.0) -4.6 (0.6) -1.7 (1.0) 10.2 (1.0)
-5.5 (1.1) -0.2 (0.8) -9.4 (1.2) 14.0 (1.1)
-9.3 (0.9) -4.5 (0.7) -20.3 (1.0) 11.7 (0.8)
26.5 (0.8) -1.8 (0.6) 5.8 (0.6) 18.1 (0.7)
9.8 (1.0) 1.5 (0.7) 2.8 (1.0) 5.3 (1.0)
12.5 (0.8) 1.7 (0.7) -3.6 (0.9) 6.3 (0.7)
6.5 (1.1) 1.2 (0.7) 9.4 (1.2) 18.3 (1.2)
10.3 (0.9) 4.1 (0.6) 10.6 (1.0) 10.1 (0.9)
9.8 (1.1) 7.5 (0.9) 21.7 (1.2) 13.5 (1.0)
11.4 (0.2) 2.5 (0.1) 1.3 (0.2) 11.5 (0.2)
40.9 (1.1) 13.4 (1.3) 21.3 (1.3) 18.8 (1.4)

19.9 (1.4) 11.4 (1.3) 8.7 (1.1) 14.4 (1.4)
m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m
16.7 (1.1) 15.1 (1.1) 13.6 (0.8) 20.0 (1.0)
m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m
2.6 (1.5) 1.5 (1.6) -11.0 (1.6) 5.1 (1.5)
30.7 (1.3) 8.0 (1.4) 4.4 (0.9) 15.2 (1.4)
5.3 (0.8) 3.0 (0.7) -11.4 (1.0) 16.6 (1.0)
m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m
11.3 (1.3) 14.0 (1.3) 10.9 (1.3) 24.1 (1.2)
-1.7 (0.8) -5.6 (0.8) -26.7 (1.0) -0.6 (0.7)
32.8 (2.3) 30.7 (2.5) 34.5 (1.7) 34.9 (2.2)
26.0 (1.3) 15.0 (1.2) 24.2 (1.1) 20.8 (1.3)
40.7 (1.6) 38.9 (1.6) 27.9 (1.5) 44.8 (1.6)
m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m
4.1 (0.8) 5.7 (0.9) -7.7 (1.1) 9.9 (0.8)
25.9 (1.1) 14.8 (1.0) 36.2 (1.1) 23.0 (1.2)
10.4 (1.0) 3.6 (0.8) 11.4 (1.3) 7.0 (1.0)
14.6 (1.1) 18.1 (1.0) 15.5 (1.2) 20.3 (1.1)
-11.3 (1.0) 3.3 (0.8) 4.2 (1.1) 15.3 (1.0)
m m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m
28.4 (2.2) 16.6 (1.9) 13.0 (1.7) 25.1 (2.2)
29.7 (1.3) 8.7 (1.2) 5.6 (1.1) 20.7 (1.3)
m m m m m m m m
2.8 (0.6) -1.2 (0.5) -10.7 (0.6) 2.4 (0.6)
16.1 (1.4) 8.2 (1.2) 4.5 (1.2) 7.7 (1.3)
33.2 (1.4) 29.8 (1.4) 14.2 (1.3) 40.6 (1.4)
m m m m m m m m
17.2 (1.2) 14.3 (1.1) 7.8 (1.1) 13.4 (1.2)
12.5 (0.7) 5.7 (0.6) 11.1 (1.0) 10.4 (0.7)
9.6 (0.9) 1.1 (0.8) 3.5 (1.0) 3.1 (0.8)
34.2 (1.1) 18.2 (1.0) 29.5 (1.1) 30.3 (1.1)
m m m m m m m m
8.7 (0.8) -1.0 (0.6) 9.1 (0.8) 7.0 (0.8)
16.8 (1.1) 4.1 (0.8) 9.1 (1.1) 28.2 (1.2)
m m m m m m m m

Edu 2019 4228 en t014

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PISA 2018 Results (Volume I) - © OECD 2019

Annex B1 Annex B1 Results for countries and economies

Annex B1 Annex B1 Results for countries and economies

TOC PISA 2018 Results - Volume I

Annex B1 Results for countries and economies

Table I.B1.1 Percentage of students at each proficiency level in reading

15-year-olds, 2009 through 2018

ugh 2018, adjusted for demographic changes

ata for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

Arithmetic mean across all OECD Member countries (and Colombia).

which resulted in the testing period for these

thuania, Slovenia and the United Kingdom.

Annex B1 Annex B1 Results for countries and economies

Viet Nam*** 0.0 (0.0) 0.1 (0.1) 1.1 (0.3)

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

Annex B1 Annex B1 Results for countries and economies

Viet Nam*** 3.1 (0.6) 12.6 (1.2) 27.3 (1.3)

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

25.6 (0.5) 18.2 (0.5) 8.0 (0.4) 2.5 (0.3)

19.3 (0.8) 7.5 (0.7) 2.0 (0.2) 0.3 (0.1)

31.4 (1.1) 18.8 (1.2) 5.7 (0.7) 1.1 (0.3)

Annex B1 Annex B1 Results for countries and economies

Viet Nam*** 0.0 (0.0) 0.3 (0.1) 3.6 (0.5)

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

Annex B1 Annex B1 Results for countries and economies

Mean score Standard deviation

Mean S.E. S.D. S.E. Score S.E.

Viet Nam*** 505 (3.6) 74 (1.7) 381 (4.9)

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

10th 25th Median (50th) 75th 90th

Annex B1 Annex B1 Results for countries and economies

Mean score Standard deviation

Mean S.E. S.D. S.E. Score S.E.

Viet Nam*** 496 (4.0) 75 (2.0) 373 (5.0)

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

10th 25th Median (50th) 75th 90th

Annex B1 Annex B1 Results for countries and economies

Mean score Standard deviation

Mean S.E. S.D. S.E. Score S.E.

Viet Nam*** 543 (3.3) 77 (1.7) 418 (4.5)

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

10th 25th Median (50th) 75th 90th

Annex B1 Annex B1 Results for countries and economies

Proficiency level in PISA 2009 Proficiency level in PISA 2012

Below Level 2 Level 5 or above Below Level 2

% S.E. % S.E. % S.E.

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

% S.E. % S.E. % S.E. % S.E. % S.E.

part of PISA 2009+.

Annex B1 Annex B1 Results for countries and economies

Proficiency level in PISA 2003 Proficiency level in PISA 2006

Below Level 2 Level 5 or above Below Level 2 Level 5 or above

% S.E. % S.E. % S.E. %

Information on data for Cyprus: https://oe.cd/cyprus-disclaimer

S.E. % S.E. % S.E. % S.E. % S.E. %

m 67.7 (1.9) 0.4 (0.2) 60.7 (1.0) 0.8 (0.2) 53.3

S.E. % S.E. % S.E. % S.E. % dif. S.E. % dif.

(1.9) 1.1 (0.2) 42.4 (1.4) 2.3 (0.3) m m m

m m m m m -25.4 (3.8) 1.9 (0.3) -18.3

Below Level 2 Level 5 or above Below Level 2 Level 5 or above

S.E. % dif. S.E. % dif. S.E. % dif. S.E.

(1.4) -4.3 (1.0) 0.5 (1.0) -0.9 (0.9)

(3.1) 1.5 (0.3) -10.9 (2.7) 1.2 (0.4)