Advantages of statistical Quality Control:

1. Improvement in product quality

2. Reduction of scrap and Re-work.

3. Product quality is uniformly maintained.

4. Time and cost of inspection is reduced.

5. Product design can be improved.

6. SQC decides the correct method of inspection.

7. Develops quality consciousness.

8. It satisfy production department and customer.

Types of control charts

The following are the types of control charts.

1. X Chart

2. R Chart

3. P Chart(Percent defective chart)

4. C chart(Number of defects chart)

Control Limits

Control limits are used in the chart to find the variations in product quality. A control chart will have

the following horizontal lines.

a) Centre line representing mean of the various measured,

b) Line representing UCL(Upper control limit)

c) Line representing LCL(Lower control limit)

The control limits may be 1σ, 2σ, 3σ. It depends on the level confidence level is 68.3%, 95.5%, or

99.7%. Normally

3σ limits are taken for control limits.

X And R Charts

These are control chart for variables. It means these can be used when the inspection is done by

method of variables. For example, the parts are measured by micrometer a venire caliper.

Construction of and R Charts

A number of sample pieces from production line are collected at random at difference interval time.

Then they are measured. Suppose, the diameter is measured.

First, the mean value and range are found out for every sample.
For sample, if the selected sample contains 4 pieces whose diameter are d1, d2, d3 and d4. Then the

sample average, X = d1+d2+d3+d4

Range = (Maximum diameter – Minimum diameter)

A number of samples are collected at random. Then the average value and range and calculated.
Then

the average is noted as X and range noted as R.

The following example gives the procedure to construct X and R Chart.

Let,

A Sample size = 4 items

Periodic interval = every 20 minutes = 5 times a day.

Description of measurement = diameter.

Let us assume in the present example and tabulated as shown below:

X=

Σx

50.5

= 10.1 R =

ΣR

2.7