RADIATION LOSSES IN BENT WAVEGUIDES

FOR SURFACE WAVES

V. V. Shevchenko UDC 538.56

A n a p p r o x i m a t e m e t h o d i s e x p o u n d e d f o r c a l c u l a t i n g the r a d i a t i o n l o s s e s in b e n t s u r f a c e -
w a v e w a v e g u i d e s . The m e t h o d i s a p p l i c a b l e i n c a l c u l a t i n g the l o s s e s of w a v e s h a v i n g a
s m a l l d e l a y in s l i g h t l y b e n t (a s m a l l c u r v a t u r e of the bend) w a v e g u i d e s i n the c a s e w h e n
t h e r u n n i n g (over a wavelength} r a d i a t i o n l o s s e s a r e s m a l l . T h i s m e t h o d i s u s e d to c a l -
c u l a t e the l o s s e s of a s y m m e t r i c a l and n o n s y m m e t r i c a l (dipole) wave in a bent o n e - c o n -
d u c t o r l i n e and in a b e n t d i e l e c t r i c w a v e g u i d e .

I. At present two approaches to calculating the radiation losses of surface waves in bent guiding
systems are known. One of them, which is used in the case of guiding surfaces (a cylindrical bent surface
[1-4] or a spherically bent surface [5, 6]) consists in the fact that the field of the wave is sought as the
solution of a boundary value problem in cylindrical or spherical coordinate systems, respectively. Under
these conditions the imaginary portion of the longitudinal wave number, which determines the radiation
losses, can be calculated in finite form only for slightly bent surfaces by using the asymptotic behavior
of cylindrical functions. The direct development of such an approach from the point of view of using it
to calculate bent surface-wave lines involves great engineering difficulties which are associated with the
necessity of going over to toroidal coordinates.
The other approach, which has been expounded in [7], is based on the fact that the surface wave in
certain cases (for example, a symmetrical wave in a one-conductor line) may be treated as the wave of a
moving space charge (an electron stream). Using the results of the solution of the problem of the radiation
from a charge moving along a circle, Vainshtein [7] calculated the radiation losses of a symmetrical sur-
face wave that propagates along a bent thin conductor.
The method of calculating the radiation losses in bent surface-wave lines (a one-conductor metallic
line coated by a dielectric film; a dielectric waveguide, etc.) which is proposed in the present paper is
based on the following two propositions. The first resides in the fact that, as will be shown below, at
least for weakly retarded waves there is no need to go over to toroidal coordinates because the problem
of a bent line can be reduced to the problem of a surface bent into a cylindrical shape having a guided-wave
field that is spatially modulated in the cross section. The second proposition, which is very valuable from
the point of view of practical calculations, resides in the fact that for an approximate calculation of the
radiation losses in bent systems one can introduce a simple but sufficiently universal calculation rule. The
consideration of the radiation of surface waves from a cylindrically bent surface which we conducted by a
method other than by solving the boundary value problem has prompted this rule. Under these conditions
it turned out that in order to perform the calculation it is sufficient to know just the properties of the sur-
face wave of the straight waveguide.
2. Let us write the function for the field of the surface wave (this may be one of the coordinate func-
tions E~, Hp, etc.) in the form
f(% p, z, l) = (I)(,% p) exp {i(~.t-- hz)}, (1)

w h e r e ~ i s the f i e l d f r e q u e n c y ; h i s the l o n g i t u d i n a l w a v e n u m b e r . The f u n c t i o n ~ ( ~ , p) t h a t e x p r e s s e s the

d e p e n d e n c e on t h e t r a n s v e r s e c o o r d i n a t e s i s a c r o s s - s e c t i o n f u n c t i o n - f o r l a r g e p, a s i s w e l l known, it

Institute of Radioengineering and Electronics, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from
Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 14, No. 5, pp. 768-777, May, 1971. Original
article submitted August 6, 1970.

9 1973 Consultants Bureau, a division of Plenum Publishing Corporation, 227 West. 17th Street, New York,
N. Y. 10011. All rights reserved. This article cannot be reproduced for any purpose whatsoever without
permission of the publisher. A copy of this article is available from the publisher for $15.00.

607
m a y be r e p r e s e n t e d i n the f o r m
1
cp(~, 9 ) = q~o(~)~l/~-~ exp(--pg), (2)

where p = vr~- k2; k2 = c02eo/~o; Go and Po a r e the p a r a m e t e r s of the m e d i u m into which the line has b e e n
placed.

Let us introduce an auxiliary Cartesian coordinate system in the manner shown in Fig. I. For sim-
plicity we shall perform the further analysis for a line having a circular cross section; however , the re-
sults (this will be clear from the analysis) will be valid for a line having a more general cross-section
shape. From Fig. 1 it is evident that x = p sin q~, y = p cos q~ - a, where a is the radius of the line. Let us
consider the function (2) in a certain cross section y = Y0 = const. In this cross section it falls off when
I xl increases. We shall be interested in the case when the field has time to decrease substantially at dis-
tances Ix[ << P0 = a + Y0, or, in other words, for

~=lx__L= Ixl <<1. (3)

Oo a + Yo
But u n d e r t h e s e c o n d i t i o n s the r a t e of field f a l l - o f f i n the w a v e l e n g t h s c a l e m u s t be s m a l l (i.e., the field
i n the g i v e n c r o s s s e c t i o n m u s t change l i t t l e for c h a n g e s w i t h i n the l i m i t s of a w a v e l e n g t h ~ = 2~r/k). As
w i l l be shown below, i n this c a s e the field of the s u r f a c e wave i n the c r o s s s e c t i o n y = Y0 can be t r e a t e d
a p p r o x i m a t e l y a s the field of a wave that i s guided by a f l a t s u r f a c e s i t u a t e d i n the y = 0 plane. T h i s field
w i l l be m e r e l y a s l o w l y v a r y i n g f u n c t i o n that is m o d u l a t e d a l o n g the x a x i s . We s h a l l find the c o n d i t i o n s
which m u s t be s a t i s f i e d by the q u a n t i t i e s p and Y0 i n o r d e r for s u c h a c a s e to be r e a l i z e d .

I n the r a n g e of s m a l l v a l u e s of r the f u n c t i o n ~ ( ~ , p) c a n be r e p r e s e n t e d i n the f o r m

__1
cp($, 9) = r e x p --PPo--P (4)
V pp~
The d i s t a n c e a t which the field has d e c r e a s e d s u b s t a n t i a l l y r e l a t i v e to i t s v a l u e at x = 0 c a n be e s t i m a t e d
f r o m the c o n d i t i o n s px20/2P0 = 1, w h e n c e we o b t a i n

Xo = V 29o/p . (5)
Since the q u a n t i t y x 0 m u s t s a t i s f y the c o n d i t i o n (3) i n t h e s e c i r c u m s t a n c e s , we have the f o l l o w i n g e q u a t i o n
as a result:

- 1 pP0 = 1 P(a + Y0) )~ 1. (6)

On the o t h e r hand, we d e s i r e that x 0 >> ;t. T h i s c o n d i t i o n , with a l l o w a n c e for (5), y i e l d s

or on the b a s i s of (6),

1 >,p .= ~ 2_ <. 1, (8)

2 k
The p h y s i c a l m e a n i n g of c o n d i t i o n s (6) and (8) i s the following. The f i e l d w i l l fail off s u b s t a n t i a l l y i n
the r a n g e of s m a l l a n g l e s q) << 1 i n the c a s e w h e n P0 = a + Y0 i s m u c h g r e a t e r t h a n the e f f e c t i v e e x t e n t of
the s u r f a c e - w a v e field i n the c r o s s s e c t i o n d = 1 / p . U n d e r t h e s e c o n d i t i o n s the field w i l l d e c r e a s e s l o w l y
(it d e c r e a s e s l i t t l e w i t h i n the l i m i t s of 29 if a wave with s m a l l r e t a r d a t i o n i s c o n s i d e r e d . A c t u a l l y , f o r the
c o n d i t i o n (8) the r e t a r d a t i o n i s /3 = h / k = (1 + p 2 / k 2 ) l / 2 ~ l .
3. F o r our f u r t h e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n we i n t r o d u c e a plane g u i d i n g c o m p a r i s o n s u r f a c e i n the plane y = 0,
w h i c h is s u c h that the c r o s s - s e c t i o n f u n c t i o n ~C(X, y) of the wave guided b y its s u r f a c e c o i n c i d e s with the
function (4) of the i n v e s t i g a t e d wave f o r y = Y0 and n e a r Y0. U n d e r t h e s e c o n d i t i o n s the f u n c t i o n i t s e l f will
h a v e the form

CPc(x, y)=CPo(O ) 1 exp(--pa--PX---~2-- )

V~- 2~o py , (9)

w h e r e , j u s t a s i n (4), P 0 - - a +y0.

608
 Now l e t u s c o n s i d e r the b e n d i n g of the l i n e with r e s p e c t to a c e r t a i n a x i s that is p a r a l l e l to the x
a x i s (Fig. 1). Let the b e n d i n g r a d i u s of the p o r t i o n of the s u r f a c e of the l i n e which i s t a n g e n t to the p l a n e
c o m p a r i s o n s u r f a c e that h a s b e e n i n t r o d u c e d be e q u a l to R. S i m u l t a n e o u s l y let us c o n s i d e r the b e n d i n g of
the c o m p a r i s o n s u r f a c e . It i s e v i d e n t that i t s b e n d i n g r a d i u s is l i k e w i s e e q u a l to R. The q u a l i t a t i v e p h y s i -
cal e x p l a n a t i o n of the p r o c e s s by w h i c h a s u r f a c e wave i s r a d i a t e d f r o m a plane s u r f a c e that has b e e n
s l i g h t l y b e n t into a c y l i n d r i c a l s u r f a c e was g i v e n by M i l l e r and T a l a n o v [1, 2]. It c o n s i s t s i n the following.
Since the phase f r o n t of the wave on the bend c o i n c i d e s with the p l a n e 0 = c o n s t (Fig. 2), while the d e -
p e n d e n c e on the c o o r d i n a t e 0 has the f o r m exp ( - i v 0 ) , w h e r e v = v ' + iv", [v"[ << v', it follows that b e -
g i n n i n g with a c e r t a i n d i s t a n c e f r o m the c e n t e r of the bend r = r 0 = v ' / k the wave f r o n t t u r n s out to be
m o v i n g m o r e r a p i d l y t h a n the p l a n e wave i n f r e e s p a c e . T h e r e f o r e , b e g i n n i n g with this d i s t a n c e the wave
i s n l u m i n e s c e d " into s p a c e . H e r e it i s i m p o r t a n t to e m p h a s i z e the fact t h a t the g i v e n i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of the
r a d i a t i o n p r o c e s s i n d i c a t e s i t s l o c a l i t y (i.e., the m a g n i t u d e of the r a d i a t i o n i s d e t e r m i n e d s o l e l y b y the
v a l u e of the field i n the r e g i o n n e a r r = r0). If b e f o r e the v a l u e of r 0 is r e a c h e d the field of the wave has
t i m e to d e c r e a s e s u b s t a n t i a l l y a s a c o n s e q u e n c e of e x p o n e n t i a l d e c a y f r o m the s u r f a c e , t h e n the r u n n i n g
r a d i a t i o n l o s s e s will be s m a l l . Below, i n S e c t i o n 4, this thought will be expanded i n g r e a t e r d e t a i l .

I n the c a s e of s m a l l r u n n i n g (per u n i t l e n g t h of the o r d e r of ~) l o s s e s the i m a g i n a r y p a r t of the wave

n u m b e r h i = h~ + ih~ (hI = v / R ) , w h i c h d e t e r m i n e s the l i n e a r l o s s e s , c a n be c a l c u l a t e d a c c o r d i n g to the
equation
Pc
h~" = 2p~ (lo)

w h e r e PC i s the r u n n i n g r a d i a t i o n power a l o n g the r a d i u s r ; PS i s the t o t a l power t r a n s f e r r e d b y the s u r -

f a c e wave t h r o u g h the c r o s s s e c t i o n 0 = c o n s t and i n the c a s e of s m a l l r u n n i n g l o s s e s it i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y
e q u a l to the power t r a n s f e r r e d by the s u r f a c e wave a l o n g a n u n b e n t (flat) s u r f a c e .

F o r m u l a (10) c a n a l s o be u s e d f o r the a p p r o x i m a t e c a l c u l a t i o n of l o s s e s i n the c a s e of a b e n t s u r -

f a c e - w a v e l i n e if one c a n c a l c u l a t e the r u n n i n g r a d i a t i o n power f r o m the bend of the fine. It t u r n s out that
i t is p o s s i b l e to c a l c u I a t e this power i n the c a s e w h e n r 0 = R + Y0, w h e r e Y0 s a t i s f i e s the c o n d i t i o n (6) and
the c o n d i t i o n (8) i s a d d i t i o n a l l y s a t i s f i e d . T h e n the field i n the r e g i o n n e a r r = r 0 = R + Y0 i s the s a m e for
the l i n e a s it i s for the c o m p a r i s o n s u r f a c e that has b e e n i n t r o d u c e d . The p r e s e n c e of a s m a l l l o n g i t u d i n a l
c u r v a t u r e does not n e c e s s a r i l y l e a d to a s u b s t a n t i a l d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e s e f i e l d s , s i n c e n e a r r = r 0 the
c u r v a t u r e b a s i c a l l y a f f e c t s o n l y the m u l t i p l i e r h a v i n g the f o r m exp (py). Since, a s has a l r e a d y b e e n s a i d
a b o v e , the r a d i a t i o n p r o c e s s i s l o c a l (i.e., i t i s d e t e r m i n e d by the v a l u e of the field i n the r e g i o n r ~ r0) ,
i t i s s u f f i c i e n t to c a l c u l a t e the r u n n i n g r a d i a t i o n power f r o m the b e n t f l a t c o m p a r i s o n s u r f a c e i n s t e a d of
p e r f o r m i n g the d i r e c t c a l c u I a t i o n of the r u n n i n g r a d i a t i o n power f r o m the b e n t line. The power r a d i a t e d
f r o m the b e n t flat c o m p a r i s o n s u r f a c e i n the c a s e of a slow v a r i a t i o n of the field a l o n g the x a x i s (as we
know, u n d e r t h e s e c o n d i t i o n s l o c a l i t y of the r a d i a t i o n along the x c o o r d i n a t e l i k e w i s e holds) c a n be found i n
the f o l l o w i n g m a n n e r . C o n s i d e r i n g the d e p e n d e n c e on x to be a p a r a m e t r i c d e p e n d e n c e , l e t us d e t e r m i n e
the r a d i a t i o n power f o r a fixed v a l u e of x (i.e., we f i r s t s o l v e the t w o - d i m e n s i o n a l p r o b l e m of the r a d i a -
t i o n f r o m a flat s u r f a c e b e n t into a c y l i n d e r ) . T h e n the r e s u l t i s i n t e g r a t e d with r e s p e c t to the p a r a m e t e r
X.

4. T h u s , let u s c o n s i d e r the t w o - d i m e n s i o n a l p r o b l e m of the r a d i a t i o n f r o m the bend of a f l a t g u i d i n g

s u r f a c e , and l e t us c a l c u l a t e the r u n n i n g r a d i a t i o n - l o s s power of the s u r f a c e wave guided b y it. The field
f u n c t i o n on the bend shaI1 be sought i n the f o r m

.~ (0, r) = ~r (r) / --R-

7 ex p ( - - iv0). (11)

The f u n c t i o n ~ ( r ) m u s t s a t i s f y the following e q u a t i o n u n d e r t h e s e c o n d i t i o n s :

d~W
dr---~ + p~(r) W = 0, (12)

w h e r e p~(r) = (v2 - 1 / 4 ) / r 2 - k2. We a r e i n t e r e s t e d i n the c a s e ]v ] >> 1, and t h e r e f o r e p~ (r) ~ v2/r 2 - k2.

Let u s r e p r e s e n t v a s v = h j R . T h e n the d e p e n d e n c e on the l o n g i t u d i n a l c o o r d i n a t e c a n be w r i t t e n i n the
f o r m exp ( - i h l s ) , w h e r e s = R 0 . F o r R ~ ~ t h i s d e p e n d e n c e goes o v e r into exp ( - i h z ) , w h e r e h i s the
wave n u m b e r of the s u r f a c e wave on the u n c u r v e d (flat) s u r f a c e . In the c a s e of a s l i g h t l y c u r v e d s u r f a c e
(R i s l a r g e but finite) i t m a y be a s s u m e d that h 1 ~ h,

609
 :I_ \
_ . I I

Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig. 3

p~(r) = k ~ (r~/r 2 -- 1), (13)

where r 0 = hR/k.
H e r e it should be noted that by i n t r o d u c i n g s u c h a n a p p r o x i m a t i o n it would s e e m that we a r e losing
the v e r y quantity which we w i s h to c a l c u l a t e - n a m e l y h~. But, s i n c e we will c a l c u l a t e this quantity by
m e a n s of Eq. (10) r a t h e r than by m e a n s of the b o u n d a r y conditions f o r $ ( r ) on the guiding s u r f a c e , a s is
done in [1-6], it is quite sufficient to a s s u m e (as we shall s e e below) that h i ~ h~ ~ h in o r d e r to c a l c u l a t e
PC.
Let us go o v e r to a new v a r i a b l e y = r - R (Fig. 2), and we shall c o n s i d e r the c a s e when the running
r a d i a t i o n l o s s e s a r e s m a l l ; this holds f o r
1
Yo = ro - - R )~ d ----~- - , (14)
P
w h e r e p = (h2 - k2)i/z. In this c a s e the r a d i a t i o n t a k e s Place in that p o r t i o n of the wave field w h e r e the
magnitude of the field is negligible. We shall likewise a s s u m e that the wave is slightly r e t a r d e d (i.e., p2
<< k2 or h ~- k). Under t h e s e conditions the r e l a t i o n s h i p Yo << H holds. Actually,
. . . . : : .... __ . . . . . p 2
go ro____RR= h 1 ~ . . . . 4( I. (15)
R t9, k 2k z
Since we a r e i n t e r e s t e d in v a l u e s of y that a r e likewise equal to Y0 in o r d e r of magnitude, the condition
y << R will a l s o be satisfied. Taking all this into account, we r e p r e s e n t (13) in the f o r m

p ~ ( y ) ~ p 2 - - 2 h 2 Y ' l R ~ P ~ l ( ) 1 - - -y~ , , (16)

u n d e r t h e s e conditions Eq. (12) can be w r i t t e n as follows:

d'W ( -- Y---) (17)

dY 2 p~ 1 Yo ~ W = 0 .

This is none o t h e r than the A i r y equation whose a s y m p t o t i c solution in a c c o r d a n c e with [8, 9] is given by
the following equation f o r our c a s e (for PY0 >> 1):

qr (y) 1 exp {-- ~(y)} + ~ exp [-- 2~:(yo) + zt(Y)} ] (Y < Yo),
(18)
1
(y) = ..... cxp {-- ~(yo) - i~ (y)} (v ~ y0),
VI P~ (y) I
where
y g

.:, (y) := pt(y) dy, x~(Yt')= -3- PYo, 2 z::(.q)= S [P:(Y) I dy.
0 Yo

F i g u r e 3 q u a l i t a t i v e l y d i s p l a y s the r e a l p a r t of the function q~(y). F o r c o m p a r i s o n the s a m e f i g u r e

d i s p l a y s the function
,F (y) = - = : 1- (-py), (19)
V?

610
w h i c h e x p r e s s e s the d e p e n d e n c e of the w a v e f i e l d in the c r o s s s e c t i o n f o r a n u n b e n t (flat) g u i d i n g s u r -
face.

F r o m F i g . 3 and Eq. (18) it f o l l o w s t h a t f o r y > Y0 the f i e l d in the c r o s s s e c t i o n h a s the f o r m of a

t r a v e l i n g w a v e a l o n g t h e y a x i s . The p o w e r f u l flux r a d i a t e d u n d e r t h e s e c o n d i t i o n s f o r TM w a v e s (Hx = ~(y),
Hy = H z = 0), f o r e x a m p l e , i s e q u a l to

dy

w h e r e A = Z 0 / 2 k , Z 0 = (p0/a0)l/2.
A s h a s a l r e a d y b e e n noted a b o v e , the t o t a l p o w e r f l u x t r a n s f e r r e d b y the s u r f a c e w a v e a l o n g the
s l i g h t l y b e n t s u r f a c e i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y e q u a l to the p o w e r f l u x of the s u r f a c e w a v e a I o n g a f l a t (uncurved)
s u r f a c e . T h i s flux i s e q u a l to
A__hh (21)
Ps = m h ~ [ q~(y)1"-dg =
J0 2/,'
Now, u s i n g (10), i t i s not d i f f i c u l t to o b t a i n

w h e r e on t h e b a s i s of (15) we h a v e

y0 _P'_R. (23)
2k ~
F o r h ~ k Eq. (22) i s i n a g r e e m e n t w i t h t h e r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d in [2, 3].
T h e d e r i v a t i o n of Eq. (22) w a s c a r r i e d out s p e c i f i c a l l y i n o r d e r to f o c u s a t t e n t i o n on t h e f o l l o w i n g
c i r c u m s t a n c e s . The r i g h t s i d e of (22) c o n t a i n s o n l y the r a d i u s of c u r v a t u r e of the bend and the p a r a m -
e t e r s of t h e s u r f a c e w a v e of the u n b e n t ( s t r a i g h t ) g u i d i n g s u r f a c e . F u r t h e r , we c a l c u l a t e the t r a n s v e r s e
f l u x o f t h e o s c i l l a t i n g [10] p o w e r b y a n a l o g y with (20) in a c e r t a i n c r o s s s e c t i o n y = e o n s t f o r the unbent s u r -
f a c e . U s i n g (19), w e find

Po(g) .... i A 'F (V) dtF = - - i A exp ( - - 2py). (24)

clv
F r o m (20) and (24) i t i s e v i d e n t t h a t t h e s e e x p r e s s i o n s c a n be c o u p l e d b y the f o r m a l r e l a t i o n s h i p

U s i n g (25), one c a n f o r m u l a t e the f o l I o w i n g s i m p l e c a l c u l a t i o n r u l e f o r h~. In o r d e r to c a l c u l a t e h lyvf o r a

s l i g h t l y r e t a r d e d (h ~ k) s u r f a c e w a v e of a s l i g h t l y b e n t (paR/2k2 = PY0 >> 1) g u i d i n g s y s t e m i t i s s u f f i c i e n t
to c a l c u l a t e the I o n g i t u d i n a l p o w e r flux of the s u r f a c e w a v e of the unbent s y s t e m , t h e t r a n s v e r s e flux of o s -
e i l I a t i n g p o w e r i n the c r o s s s e c t i o n y = e o n s t of s u c h a s y s t e m , and then, p l a c i n g y = 2Y0/3 in the e x p o n e n t
a n d t a k i n g the m o d u l u s of the l a t t e r , to a p p l y Eq. (10).

Of c o u r s e , t h e g i v e n r u l e d o e s not h a v e a n y p r a c t i c a l v a l u e f o r the t w o - d i m e n s i o n a l p r o b l e m c o n -
s i d e r e d , s i n c e i t w a s d e r i v e d a f t e r w e had a I r e a d y d e c i d e d t h a t i t t u r n e d out to be v e r y v a l u a b l e f o r t h r e e -
d i m e n s i o n a l p r o b l e m s . F o r s u c h p r o b l e m s t h e r u l e m u s t be r e f i n e d a s f o l l o w s . A f t e r c a l c u l a t i n g P0 (Y)
f o r a f i x e d v a l u e of x t h e s u b s t i t u t i o n y = 2 y 0 / 3 i s p e r f o r m e d ( h e r e , a c c o r d i n g to (9), the s u b s t i t u t i o n i s
m a d e o n l y in t h e e x p o n e n t i a l p o r t i o n of the e x p r e s s i o n h a v i n g the f o r m exp ( - p y ) ) ; i r i s n e c e s s a r y to s u b -
s t i t u t e y = Y0 into t h e o t h e r m u l t i p l i e r s . T h e n i n t e g r a t i o n with r e s p e c t to x i s p e r f o r m e d .
5. L e t us i l l u s t r a t e the e x p o u n d e d r u l e f o r e a I e u l a t i n g h~ u s i n g the e x a m p l e of c a l c u l a t i n g the l o s s e s
of s y m m e t r i c a l a n d n o n s y m m e t r i e a I (dipole) w a v e s of a b e n t o n e - c o n d u c t o r l i n e and a b e n t d i e l e c t r i c w a v e -
guide.

The c r o s s - s e c t i o n f u n c t i o n s of t h e f i e l d c o m p o n e n t s of a s y m m e t r i c a l s u r f a c e w a v e i n a o n e - c o n d u c t o r
l i n e a r e w r i t t e n i n the f o r m

H~ = - - t(,(pp), Eo = h Z o K , (Pg), Ez = i_p ZoKo (Pp), (26)

I?

611
w h e r e p = k~/3 2 - 1; /3 = h / k i s the r e t a r d a t i o n of t h e s u r f a c e w a v e ; Z 0 = (p0/80)l/2 i s the w a v e i m p e d a n c e
of the m e d i u m into w h i c h the line h a s b e e n p l a c e d . T h e l o n g i t u d i n a l p o w e r flux i s e q u a l to
2~ oa

p s = _ 21 EpH*d~pdp,. , : ~ [Ko(pa) K2(pa) -- K~(pa)]. (27)

U a

T h e t r a n s v e r s e flux of o s c i l l a t i n g p o w e r t h r o u g h t h e c r o s s s e c t i o n y = c o n s t c a n be r e p r e s e n t e d a s

1 : EzH ~ cos ~?dx

Po (Y) = -2- iPZo
k f K o ( P ~ ) ~ ( p p" ) c o s ~ d x . (28)

F o r the c o n d i t i o n t h a t y s a t i s f i e s Eq. (6) we h a v e c o s ~p ~ 1,

Ko(PP) ~ K~(pp) .-~

V- 2pp
= e-pP .~
V 7:
2p (a -+- y)
exp
{ - - p ( a + y)- fix'
2 (a + y)]
I,

and c o n s e q u e n t l y

Po(Y) -= i~Zo
2k (a + y) exp I(---2p(a + U) -- a2 :t"
" Y]I dx. (29)
0

In a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e r u l e g i v e n a b o v e the flux of the r a d i a t i n g r u n n i n g p o w e r on the bend i s e q u a l to

2k (a + Yo) a + Yo I 4 k p I/2 ( a + yo) 1/2

0

w h e r e Y0 i s s t i p u l a t e d b y Eq. (23).
F i n a l l y , f r o m Eq. (10) we o b t a i n t h e f o l l o w i n g e x p r e s s i o n f o r hi":

h'~ _-: _ ~1/2 exp ( - - 2p (a q- (2/3) Y0)) , (31)

4ka2 pl/2 (a -~- yo)11~W1 (pa)
w h e r e Wl(Pa ) = K0(Pa)K2(Pa) - K~(pa) and the f a c t that h ~ k i s t a k e n into a c c o u n t . T h i s e q u a t i o n i s v a l i d ,
a c c o r d i n g to the e x p o u n d e d c a l c u l a t i o n p r o c e d u r e , f o r PYo = p3R/2k2 >> 1. M o r e o v e r , the r a d i u s of the bend
and the r a d i u s of the c o n d u c t o r m u s t s a t i s f y the r e l a t i o n s h i p R >> a, s i n c e only in t h i s c a s e c a n the p o w e r
f l u x PS f o r the b e n t c o n d u c t o r be a p p r o x i m a t e l y r e p l a c e d b y the p o w e r flux (27) f o r t h e s t r a i g h t c o n d u c -
tor.
F r o m Eq. (31) one c a n d e r i v e a s i m p l e r e q u a t i o n f o r the c a s e of a thin (pa << 1) c o n d u c t o r :

1 poxp(-(2:/3k'):) (32)
it'; = -- ~- (ln (21";ap) -- (l/2)) Vp/~ '

w h e r e T = 1.78, . . . . T h i s f o r m u l a c o i n c i d e s with an a c c u r a c y of up to a n u m e r i c a l m u l t i p l i e r with the

a n a l o g o u s f o r m u l a d e r i v e d b y V a i n s h t e i n [7] b y a n o t h e r m e t h o d (in c a l c u l a t i n g the n u m e r i c a l m u l t i p l i e r in
[7] a n e r r o r w a s i n t r o d u c e d ; a f t e r c o r r e c t i n g it the d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n the r e s u l t s i s the following: o u r
f o r m u l a e x c e e d s the r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d b y V a i n s h t e i n by a f a c t o r 4-2; i . e . , the d i f f e r e n c e i s not s u b s t a n t i a l ) .
E q u a t i o n (32) can a l s o be u s e d in c a l c u l a t i n g the l o s s e s of the s y m m e t r i c a l w a v e in a b e n t d i e l e c t r i c
w a v e g u i d e , s i n c e f o r pa << 1 the p o w e r t r a n s f e r r e d in the d i e l e c t r i c i s n e g l i g i b l y s m a l l i n c o m p a r i s o n with
the p o w e r p r o p a g a t i n g o u t s i d e the d i e l e c t r i c , and it m a y be n e g l e c t e d .
Now l e t us c o n s i d e r the n o n s y m m e t r i c a l (dipole) w a v e of a o n e - c o n d u c t o r line. The c r o s s - s e c t i o n
f u n c t i o n of the f i e l d c o m p o n e n t s of s u c h a w a v e in the c a s e of s m a l l r e t a r d a t i o n (/3 = h / k -~ 1) c a n be w r i t t e n
in t h e f o r m

E~ = ZoH ~ = ZoKo (pp) sin (~? - - ?o), P K , ( p p ) cos ( ~ - %),

t'.'~ = iZo --ff
(33)
Ep = - - Zott~ .-= ZoK o (p~) cos (~ - - %), It z = i P---K~(po) sin (~?- - % ) ,
It

612
w h e r e q~0 i s the o r i e n t a t i o n a n g l e of the v e c t o r E in the c r o s s s e c t i o n . The l o n g i t u d i n a l p o w e r flux i s e q u a l
to

2r~ oz 9

(34)
Ps = ~ (Z,~lt -- Er,H ) d?,~do = 2 [l(~(pa)--K~(pa)].
1t o a
. . . . 9

T h e t r a n s v e r s e f l u x of o s c i l l a t i n g p o w e r t h r o u g h t h e c r o s s s e c t i o n y = c o n s t i s o b t a i n e d i n the f o r m

p0(+J) = 2,l f (F.+m - ++u+) +os +a+ = __ +Zop%_ o(pP) K,(p+) +os (38)
0

i . e . , i t t u r n s out to be e x a c t l y e q u a l to the f l u x (28) of t h e s y m m e t r i c a l c a s e . C o n s e q u e n t l y , a s in the s y m -

m e t r i c a l c a s e , the f l u x of r u n n i n g r a d i a t i n g p o w e r i s g i v e n by Eq. (30), w h i l e h~ i s g i v e n b y Eq. (31) in
w h i c h i t i s o n l y n e c e s s a r y to r e p l a c e W l ( p a ) by W2 (pa) = K~ (pa) - K~(pa).
F o r a thin c o n d u c t o r (pa << 1) we h a v e

1 ~/r~- p e x p ( - (2p"/3k2)pR)
(3S)
hi' = - V V Y 11 - (pa I~ 2/~pa)~i lZh-t~

T h i s e x p r e s s i o n i s a l s o s u i t a b l e f o r the c a l c u l a t i o n of the l o s s e s of a n o n s y m m e t r i c a t (dipole) wave i n the

c a s e of a b e n t d i e l e c t r i c w a v e g u i d e , s i n c e f o r pa << i the p o w e r flux i n s i d e the d i e l e c t r i c m a y be n e g l e c t e d .
H o w e v e r , if the d i e l e c t r i c w a v e g u i d e t u r n s out to be f a i r l y t h i c k (the c o n d i t i o n pa << 1 i s not s a t i s f i e d ) and
t h e p o w e r p r o p a g a t i n g in the d i e l e c t r i c c a n n o t be n e g l e c t e d , t h e n by a d d i n g the flux of t h i s p o w e r in the d e -
n o m i n a t o r we o b t a i n a n e x p r e s s i o n f o r h~ that d i f f e r s f r o m (31) in t h a t W 1 (pa) in the d e n o m i n a t o r w i l l b e r e -
placed by

W (pa, ~a) ==-~,, (pa)l- ~

g a
[g~(ga)'k J~(~a) I , (37)

w h e r e s i s the r e l a t i v e (with r e s p e c t to the e x t e r n a l m e d i u m ) p e r m i t t i v i t y of the w a v e g u i d e m a t e r i a l ; g is

t h e t r a n s v e r s e w a v e n u m b e r of the w a v e f i e l d i n s i d e the d i e l e c t r i c and i s c o u p l e d with t b y the r e l a t i o n s h i p
g2 + p2 = l~(s - 1 ) .

It is of i n t e r e s t to note t h a t t h e r a d i a t i o n l o s s e s do not d e p e n d on the a n g l e ~o0 (i.e., on the p o l a r i z a -

t i o n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of the w a v e r e l a t i v e to the b e n d i n g a x i s ) , w h i c h i s n a t u r a l f o r the c a s e of s m a l l r e -
tardation.

In p r a c t i c a l c a l c u l a t i o n s in the c a s e of a thin c o n d u c t o r and a d i e l e c t r i c w a v e g u i d e (pa << 1) it i s m o r e

c o n v e n i e n t to u s e the f o l l o w i n g s i m p l i f i e d e x p r e s s i o n s i n s t e a d of (32), (36):
p"-
~" = Ru; = 7Y~ oxp ( 2 ) (38)
41n(l/ap) -- 3 kW-" pt~',
f o r the s y m m e t r i c a l w a v e and
Vh~ !
2 p2 p R )
vt !
= Rh~ = exp ( - - (39)
2 3 ~- J
f o r the n o n s y m m e t r i c a l (dipole) w a v e . The a e e u r a c y of t h e s e e q u a t i o n s is p r a c t i c a l l y no d i f f e r e n t t h a n the
a c c u r a c y of (32), (36). F o r c o m p a r i s o n we w r i t e out the a n a l o g o u s e x p r e s s i o n f o r a b e n t f l a t g u i d i n g s u r -
face also:

v"~= Rh" = -- P'--~R ~ 2( k 3 p~k~PR ) .

" - exp (40)

F r o m a c o m p a r i s o n of (38)-(40) i t i s e v i d e n t t h a t f o r t h e s a m e r e t a r d a t i o n / 3 = (1 - p 2 / k 2 ) l / 2 the s y m m e -
t r i c a l w a v e of the line h a s the l o w e s t l o s s e s , w h i l e the t w o - d i m e n s i o n a l s u r f a c e w a v e of the f l a t bent s u r -
face has the greatest losses.

The a u t h o r t h a n k s B. Z. K a t s e n e l e n b a u m f o r his d i s c u s s i o n and c r i t i c a l c o m m e n t s .

613
 LITERATURE CITED
1. M . A . Miller, Zh. Tekh. Fiz., 25, No. 11, 1972 (1955).
2. M . A . Miller and V. I. Talanov, Zh. Tekh. Fiz., 2_66, No. 12, 2755 {]956).
3. P . R . Cherep, Author's Abstract of Candidate's Dissertation [in Russian], Kiev Polytechnic Institute
(1958).
4. H . M . Barlow, IRE Trans., AP-7, 147 (1959).
5. J . R . Wait, IRE Trans., AP-8, No. 4, 445 (1960).
6. N . A . Logan and K. S. Lee, IRE Trans., AP-10, No. 1, 103 (1962).
7. L . A . Vainshtein, Radiotekhnika i Eiektronika, 8, No. 10, 1698 (1963}.
8. V . A . Fock, Tables of Airy Functions [in Russian], NKET, Moscow (1946).
9. G . D . Yakovleva, Five-Digit Tables of Airy Functions [in Russian], Nauka, Moscow (1969).
10. L . A . Vainshtein, Electromagnetic Waves [in Russian], Sovetskoe Radio, Moscow (1957).

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