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-Atharva Veda
ARC
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Foreword 01
Introduction 03
How to use this guide 06
Foreword
Introduction
Everything in the universe belongs This has been the tradition for thousands of
to the Lord. Therefore take only years in Hinduism, and yet today, at this time
of global ecological crisis, the natural world is
what you need, that is set aside for suffering in ways we have never experienced
you. Do not take anything else, for before. In India we see it dramatically. Where
you know to whom it belongs. nature was once bountiful, we now see bare
-Isa Upanishad hillsides, polluted rivers, piles of untreated
waste, the receding of wild places and the
subsequent loss of wildlife. All of these bring
The Isa Upanishad reminds us that God pervades
problems for human communities including lack
everything on Earth. There is nowhere, no being,
of clean water, air and other natural resources,
whom He does not pervade.
and unforeseen natural disasters such as floods
and landslides.
Yet although God is everywhere, Hindus believe
that God’s presence and energy is particularly
The environment in many holy places and
focused in shrines and temples, the devasthana,
pilgrimage centres is also being adversely
where the Divine is honoured. Temples strive
affected by large influxes of visitors. These
to maintain a clean and pure, or sattvic,
impacts typically include stress on basic services
atmosphere, to ensure prayers and offerings are
such as water and sanitation, accumulation
accepted. Environmental deterioration within
of huge quantities of solid waste, high levels
any devasthanam’s boundaries would surely be
of pollution due to increased traffic, open-
displeasing to the deity, and would be taken as a
defecation, clearing of land and forests for
sign of waning Divine powers.
temporary accommodation facilities for pilgrims,
and disturbance to wildlife and habitat by
crowds of people straying into national parks.
04
Generally, there is a very low level of awareness impact of your temple and to create a vision
among visitors to temples and holy sites and action plan that will enable your temple
about keeping sacred sites and the broader to manage energy and water resources more
environment clean. As Hindus we have a duty to efficiently, protect animals and wild places,
care for wild areas that are home to innumerable integrate environmental themes into prayers
animals, birds, and plants as well as to many and celebrations, and to raise the environmental
groups of indigenous peoples - and this care consciousness of pilgrims and community
extends into our own backyards in towns and members. By taking part in this initiative, your
cities and to our temples and holy places. As temple will join hundreds of others across India
responsible temple leaders, we have a duty to in a national network, linked to an international
ensure the sattvic consciousness created in the network of places of worship that are aligning
temple extends beyond the temple gates, into their practices with the beliefs and values of
the towns and communities we serve. their spiritual traditions.
The temple is a place to be humble in the It is expected that the Green Temples Initiative
presence of the Divine, and to meditate on will:
how to live as a devout believer. If, when we 1. Create a network of sustainable and earth-
go to temples, we encounter a space that has friendly temples across India
taken care to be a blessing and not a burden 2. Join existing networks of international “green”
to the Earth, it can inspire us to bring a little places of worship
bit of that blessing home to our communities,
3. Encourage the sharing of best practice
schools, houses and businesses, and to change
between temple sites in India, and with those
our relationship with the Earth for the better. Let around the world
our temples, as guardians of our Hindu religion,
4. Create a theological basis for environmental
reflect the Divine by transforming into green,
action
healthy spaces that support and honour the
sanctity of life. 5. Encourage Hindu temples to work with
government agencies, NGOs and private
companies to make their holy places more
The Green Temple Initiative environmentally friendly
6. Create practical action plans for promoting
The Green Temple Initiative was launched sustainability and care for the Earth
by ARC, GPN and the Bhumi Project in 2014 7. Share stories, wisdom and traditions
to develop a network of environmentally
8. Ask pilgrims and visitors to walk lightly and
conscious temples across India. Thirty temples
travel responsibly in the spirit of their religion
were consulted when developing the Green
Temples Guide, which will be updated regularly
and provided as an online resource. This guide
has been developed to inspire you as temple
authorities to assess the current environmental
05
Our vision is that all Hindu temples and The second section is the toolkit gives examples
ashrams act responsibly towards the natural of tried and tested methods used in other
environment, in line with their tradition temples and religious places to improve their
and beliefs, and that they inspire pilgrims, sustainability. You can use this section to help
visitors and the public to do the same. make your Green Temple action plan.
For more information on the Green Temples The third section is a list of resources that can
Initiative please contact: Jayshree Balachander provide more information and ideas to help
j.balachander@hotmail.com your temple become more environmentally
conscious. This includes a faith statement on
the environment written by three distinguished
How to use this guide Hindu theologians, and issued in 1995 when ARC
was launched by HRH The Duke of Edinburgh
The guide is designed to help you and your and in the presence of religious leaders from all
temple community understand the relationship the major faiths, and a checklist for carrying out
between Hindu traditions and the need for green an environmental assessment at your temple.
action to respect the Deity by preserving nature. Please explore this guide and may it inspire
your temple community to express its
The first section looks at the way you might reverence for nature and all life in line with the
come together as a community to understand beliefs and principles enshrined in our myriad
what needs to be done and make a plan of action Hindu traditions.
to achieve it.
06
temples in your area to meet regularly and share What does it mean for us to be a green
best practice. temple?
What do we want to have achieved in the
Step 2. An environmental assessment
next five years or by the next generation?
Doing an assessment of your temple practices
Who will help us? Local organisations?
gives you a clear idea of what the temple is
Environmental NGOs? Philanthropists?
already doing for the environment, and which
major environmental issues can be addressed What are the next steps? Who will be in
most readily. Use the template in Section III to charge of managing activities? How will
conduct a quick assessment of your temple’s they be financed?
current environmental practices.
This guidebook has many suggestions on actions
Step 3: A strategic plan to green your temple - perhaps your community
could begin by choosing just three things to do
Without a clear plan, many great ideas come to this year (and telling everyone about what you
very little. Use the toolbox section (Section II) of have done and why it is Hindu). Here are some
this guidebook to inspire you with ideas of what suggestions:
other temples have been doing, and what your
temple could do. Start by asking the following
questions:
Getting Started
10
Tirumala temple South Indian city of Tirupathi, Community kitchen using solar
Andhra Pradesh energy, afforestation, wind energy
Shirdi Sai Baba Temple Shirdi town, Maharashtra Solar power to cook meals for
devotees and light up the premises
Lotus Temple of Bahai New Delhi Use of solar systems for lighting
and cooling
Brahma Kumari Spiritual Trust Mount Abu, Rajasthan Solar systems for cooking prasadam
food offerings for devotees
02. Toolkit
1.
Green pujas, worship & celebrations
Parmarth Niketan
lead free colouring in 2011; LED lamps have in Puri they had seven days of action, including
replaced other less energy-efficient lights. The planting trees and cleaning the temple grounds
organisers aim to use the pujas as a tool to of litter. Students at Benares Hindu University
inspire communities to engage in green practices held events each day including a cycle rally (to
throughout the year. raise awareness) and cleaning the famous Kashi
Viswanath temple and bathing spots.
In February 2014 Hindus in the UK and India
held the first ever Hindu Environment Week. It Some pilgrims come on pilgrimage to visit,
was initiated by the Bhumi Project and brought pray and then make their way back home, but
together Hindus from across the world, from others would like to stay longer and do seva.
different traditions, in a common cause in Be prepared with ideas for green seva and
unprecedented numbers, with about 4,000 advertise these opportunities, especially among
people participating. At the Jagannath temple young people.
Toolkit
14
Generally, there is very low level of awareness 3. Give teachings about nature in sermons,
among temple visitors about keeping sacred talks, celebrations and at darshan
sites clean. This may be partly due to the 4. Work with environmental organizations to
belief that the deities or Mother Ganga will understand the local environmental issues
take care of all the problems in these sites. and develop joint messages for visitors to
There is an important role for the temple in the temple on how they can help
raising awareness amongst religious visitors
and communities about personal responsibility 5. Establish and support programmes to train
based on Hindu principles and beliefs regarding religious teachers and future religious
safeguarding of the natural environment. leaders on environmental issues
Vision: That each temple complex has at least We worship trees as Vriksha Devata (tree gods),
50% of its area under green cover, using native forests as Vana Devatas, mountains as Giri
species where possible. That all temple gardens Devatas, rivers as Goddesses, cow and cattle for
are water-efficient and use non-chemical their agrarian utility.
fertilizers for their plants, fruits and vegetables.
Planting trees and greenery in and around the their tap roots can break through hard layers to
temple grounds provides shaded outdoor areas, improve the water holding capacity and nutrient
and when near buildings, has a cooling effect level of the soil.
inside, reducing energy costs.
Pipal tree: Many Hindu sadhus meditate under
Planting native species ensures adaptability to
pipal trees. The whole tree is considered sacred.
local conditions, improved pest resistance and
The roots are said to be Lord Brahma, the bark
reduced need for water.
Lord Vishnu, and the branches Lord Shiva. It is
Sacred groves often contain species of plants considered to be a great sin to cut down a pipal
and animals that no longer exist in the surrounding tree, and great benefits are said to come to those
areas or that are being collected in unsustainable who plant one. The Mahabharata (6.126) says
amounts. one must worship a pipal tree after bathing in the
morning. The Atharva Veda (V. 4.3) notes that the
pipal tree is the eternal residence of the gods.
3. Use non-toxic pesticides (including chilli The forests of India play a central role in
and garlic) around temple premises, with
many important Hindu stories
notices informing visitors about what you
are doing and why
When Lord Rama and Mata Sita were sent into
4. Choose areas along roads or rivers near exile they spent fourteen years living in a great
your temple that can be made greener, and forest. Later, when Sita was kidnapped by the
begin a tree planting and care programme demon Ravana, it was only with the help of the
forest animals, especially the monkeys that Rama
5. Use ceremonial tree planting to encourage
succeeded in rescuing her. Lord Krishna grew up
benefactors to make donations for the
in the twelve forests of Vrindavan on the banks
purchase and planting of sacred native
of the Yamuna River. One day, there was a great
trees such as neem, peepal, bel, amla and
forest fire that threatened all of the animals and
ashoka
people of Vrindavan. The people prayed to Lord
6. Encourage use of native vegetation to cut Krishna to save them, and with great compassion
down on over-watering he devoured the fire and saved the forests and
7. Plant shade trees around the temple to the inhabitants of his town.
reduce heating and cooling costs
8. Experiment with “living walls” and roofs
in which plants are enabled to grow on Case Study:
various surfaces
Tirumala Temple, Tirupati, South India
about 50,000 saplings with the help of pilgrims, The temple sells the emission reduction credits
and distributes plants as sacred gifts to devotees to a Swiss green technology enterprise, Good
in religious rituals. Energies Inc. It all makes sound economic sense:
with the government subsidizing up to 50%
The temple’s community kitchen feeds of the costs of installing green technology,
over 25,000 visitors daily. In 2001 Tirumala temples like Tirumala can make steady returns
adopted solar cooking technology, allowing it selling the resulting carbon credits. The temple
to dramatically cut down on fuel. Solar dishes is developing green cover and restoring the
on the temple roof rotate automatically to reserve forests around the temple to become
capture the sun’s energy. This is then used carbon sinks - a carbon sink is anything that
to convert water into high pressure steam, absorbs more carbon that it releases.
making cooking faster and cheaper saving Rs
20 lakh (more than $3,000) a year, and reducing Tirumala temple has also banned plastic bottles
carbon dioxide emissions by 1.2 tonnes per inside the temple, as a step toward making
day. Half the project cost of Rs.1.1 crore (about Tirupati Hills a plastic-free zone. It has set up
$175,000) was borne by the Tirumala Tirupati a recycling plant near the temple complex to
Devasthanams trust, and the rest by a subsidy crush 150kg of plastic bottles daily, making
from the Ministry of Renewable Energy Sources. them into pipes that are sold to farmers at
In addition wind turbines – donated by believers subsidized pricing for micro irrigation. It has
and sited on the hills surrounding the temple – also set up small dams to help recharge the
are generating about 7.5 megawatts of power aquifer in the hills.
every day (offsetting 19,500 tonnes of CO2).
Toolkit
20
day. Half the project cost of Rs.1.1 crore (about by its 5,000 daily visitors. The Golden Temple
$175,000) was borne by the Tirumala Tirupati combines tranquillity, greenery and peace
Devasthanam Board, and the rest by a subsidy with its terracotta-tiled ceiling providing ample
from the Ministry of Renewable Energy Sources. natural light and ventilation. The temple has
On the hills that surround the Tirupati temple, a zero waste management policy that includes
the temple management is using donated wind a biogas plant and Waste Processing Facility.
turbines to harness wind energy, which generate Compost is used as fertiliser on temple grounds
about 7.5 megawatts of power every day. or sold with recyclables for Rs. 1 lakh per month
(about US$16,000). The temple has installed
The Sai Baba Ashram at Shirdi in Maharashtra
rainwater harvesting and residents have
uses one of the world’s largest solar cooking
created a small organic farming area as well as
systems to cook for 50,000 devotees every day.
herbal gardens, organic paddy fields and tree
The energy from 73 parabolic dishes installed
plantations. They have covered hill and campus
on the rooftop generates 3,600 kg of steam
with forest and trees and harnessed solar energy.
daily and saves nearly 100,000 kg of cooking
A ghoshala (cow-shed) maintained by the temple
gas annually. It cost Rs. 1.3 crore (just over
management generates three tonnes of cow
$200,000) including a subsidy of Rs. 58 lakh
dung, the raw material for its biogas plant, which
(around $95,000) from the central government’s
produces 50 kgs of biogas daily, and is used for
Non-Renewable Energy Ministry. With an
cooking. Biogas, generated from a mixture of
automated sun tracking system, the dishes rotate
cow dung and waste food is used at the temple’s
continuously along with the sun’s movement,
accommodations, hospital and community
harnessing the solar rays.
kitchens. Solar heaters generate hot water for
Muni Seva Ashram, in Gujarat, which combines the kitchens, reducing the need for conventional
spiritual practice with social activism, is working fuel by 80 per cent.
to make its premises entirely green by using
solar, wind and biogas energy. A residential
school for 400 students run by the ashram is
running exclusively on green energy.
5.
Conserving water resources
Two Hindu reasons oxide chromium and lead, which can be potential
causes of cancer.
Water is essential to all forms of life. Pure and
uncontaminated water commands a high value in
Indian culture. The Manusmriti and Padma Purana
Nine things your temple can do to conserve
both emphasise the need to keep water clean.
water resources
Indian religious traditions regard all rivers as
1. Commission a team to do an audit, to
sacred. The Rig Veda and other ancient Veda
understand how much water the temple
collections lavish praise on such holy rivers as
uses for different purposes including
the Yamuna, the Saraswati, the Indus, and the
drinking, washing, irrigation etc. What is
Ganges. No ceremony, from birth to death, is
the daily withdrawal of groundwater and
seen by Hindus as complete and perfect without
surface water?
gangajal, or water of the River Ganges. A number
of annual Hindu religious bathing fairs and 2. Investigate whether your water is
festivals are held on the banks of the Ganges, discharged into rivers or lakes without
including Somwati Amavasya, Kartik Poornima, decentralized treatment or whether it
Shravan Poornima and Ganga Dussehra. is treated
3. Eliminate plastic water bottles and provide
clean, drinkable water in the ashram,
Three environmental reasons temple and associated health centres,
Clean water is essential to maintaining life, schools, offices etc
be it for drinking or for bathing or growing 4. Consider harvesting rainwater to provide
crops. Without clean water disease will spread for some of your water needs
and crops will languish. India’s groundwater
resources are being depleted and her rivers 5. Use recycled, non-potable water (eg. grey
and water bodies polluted with sewage and water waste from showers) for irrigating
agricultural runoff. gardens and reserve potable water for
consumption
People throw many sacred or ritual objects
(including havan samagri and decoration 6. Use bio-toilets
materials such as cloth, polish, paint, cosmetic 7. Plant native tree and plant species around
items, flowers, garlands, oily substances and the temple, as they use less water than
polythene bags and other plastic items) into exotics
rivers, which is very hazardous. The chemicals
8. Ensure taps are turned off and fix drips
and non-degradable substances affect various
and leaks promptly
species living in water, which can contaminate
food consumed by humans. 9. Put up notices to ask people to save water
while showering, cleaning their teeth and
The chemical colours used to dye the idols
explain why this is a Hindu thing to do
frequently submerged in rivers contain
poisonous elements, including mercury, zinc
Good examples 6.
At the Golden Temple of Sripuram, canals and Waste management
ponds have been specially created within the
temple complex to help recharge groundwater. “Do not disturb the sky and do not
The temple generates water for its own needs pollute the atmosphere.”
and also supplies some for public use when
rainfall is insufficient.
-Yajur Veda, 5:43
The Art of Living, Bangalore, has been
undertaking water management on a large
“It brings great sin if fire is not
scale, especially in nearby villages. The initiative offered purifying material (havan);
includes educating farmers about judicious if trees are cut down on auspicious
usage of water, and teaching them to construct days, if human waste and spit and
small dams to store rainwater for use in the non- phlegm etc. are dropped in water.”
rainy seasons
-Shanti Parva
Auroville in Pondicherry has constructed
wetlands for wastewater treatment
Parmarth Niketan ashram in Rishikesh is Vision: That disposal of all waste in Hindu
experimenting with biodigester toilets that use temples is done in an environmentally friendly
bacteria to break down faecal matter, releasing manner with proper waste segregation and
water and methane that can be used as an recycling.
energy source and for irrigation
The Taj Mahal, one of the most famous religious
buildings in the world, uses waterless urinals
that use biodegradable liquid sealants to trap
gases and odours, saving water and money
(from http://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/Contexts/Enviro-imprints/Looking-Closer/Measuring-biodegradability)
Toolkit
28
Twenty-one things your temple can do to 12. Ensure there are enough toilets for
improve waste management pilgrims, and that they are cleaned
regularly, using eco-friendly products
1. Do an audit of the temple’s current
system of collecting and disposing waste. 13. Educate pilgrims on the need to keep the
pilgrim town clean and green
2. Organise a meeting to see how this can
be improved and make sure the majority 14. Form partnerships with NGOs and
of people are on board. Set targets for concerned citizens to reduce litter
the short term and medium term. and waste
3. Put up signs to encourage pilgrims to not 15. Switch to steel cutlery and give up
drop their litter Styrofoam. Work out a schedule for doing
this over an agreed amount of time.
4. Develop a system for segregating
different types of wastes in different 16. Use leaf plates, bowls, clay kulhads,
coloured, bins (labelled in Hindi and bagasse plates, compostable paper
local language as well as English, with plates, areca nut plates as alternatives to
pictures to make it clear): One should be plastic, Styrofoam or paper plates
for the organic compostable food wastes
17. Use cow dung to fuel kitchens or langar/
and another for recyclable items such as
kitchen and garden waste
plastics and papers. Also make a place for
disposing of batteries, tin cans, glass etc. 18. Use non-toxic low polluting chemical
products instead of detergents for
5. Recycle worship flowers through
kitchen cleaning. For cleaning puja
compost areas or as incense (see box).
utensils and brass items use a mixture
6. Compost kitchen and garden waste to of tamarind and lime juice with ash
enrich soil from havankunds (ritual fire pits) using
coconut coir. These natural cleaning
7. Explore if there is any recycling of
techniques have been used for hundreds
solid and organic wastes in the broader
of years in temples.
community that you could participate in
19. Develop recycling on temple grounds
8. Make the temple grounds a plastic-free
or share recycling capacity with other
zone
temples
9. Work with local businesses to stop them
20. Work with volunteers to organise a
using plastic bags; sell biodegradable
clean-up in the streets around the temple.
bags for use in temple premises
Actively engage local people, youth
10. Carry reusable water bottles with you and students in order to deepen their
that you can refill knowledge about environmental issues
11. Install water fountains around the temple and to create interests in clean-up efforts.
21. Create a temple cleaning endowment worship. Now marigolds are recycled to make
fund through donations and grants that incense sticks, roses are distilled into rosewater
can be used for cleaning roads and and other flowers are made into herbal products.
ghats (banks) adjacent to the temple, The project has been running for four years,
for supplies such as bags and gloves giving the mostly female workers the option to
and donations of rubbish bins to stall- sell the products in bulk in wholesale markets or
holders. sell directly from their own shops.
Golden Temple of Sripuram: The Golden Temple
of Sripuram in Tamil Nadu state attracts over
Good examples
5,000 visitors daily, which translates into two
Inside the Sivananda Ashram in Rishikesh there tonnes of waste. The temple authorities have set
is a system for segregating the different types up a processing facility employing 70 workers
of wastes through different coloured bins; also which converts the bio-degradable waste into
there is a proper disposal of worshipped flowers organic manure through aerobic composting
and garlands. Flowers are put in a separate pit, as and vermicomposting while recyclables are
they are regarded as sacred. The compost is used segregated into 48 categories, packed and sold
in gardening. Inorganic waste is collected by on, creating an average income of Rs.1 lakh (US
Clean Himalaya Society and further segregated $2,500) per month. Wastewater is recycled and
for recycling. used to irrigate the grass and plantations.
Volunteers at Amma’s Embracing the World Where municipal waste collection and disposal
charitable organizations are using non-recyclable is ineffective, temples can create a network for
plastic to weave bed bases for foldaway beds for waste management activities in the surrounding
disaster survivors. area. One outstanding example is the Clean
Himalaya Society, which collects waste in
Vrindavan is considered the land of Krishna and
Rishikesh and processes it at a sorting shed for
his cows. Recently, a law was passed stopping
recycling and composting. (See case study in
shopkeepers from giving plastic bags to
Section III for more information)
customers following an increase in the number
of cows that have died or suffered from eating
plastic bags. They now hand out cloth bags.
Similar laws have been passed in other towns
and cities across India.
At Mankameshwar temple in Lucknow,
flowers are converted into incense sticks
using indigenous methods. Under the Mission
Sakshama project initiated by the Lucknow-
based Central Institute of Medicinal and
Aromatic Plants laboratory (CSIR-CIMAP), workers
are trained to find uses for the huge quantities of
flowers that were previously thrown away after
Toolkit
30
Step by Step Composting for Sacred Waste 4. Every 15 days add about 20kg (44 lbs)
gobar (cow-dung) from the gausala (cow-
– Flower Offerings
shelter) to accelerate compositing. The
cow-dung is regarded as sacred, and it
1. Make a special “puja-flower compost
will make the compost nutrient-rich.
yard” on the ground with brick walls
of 11 cm on all the four sides (length: 5. The compost pile should be moist, but
1.8 metres, width: 1.2 m; height: 1.2 m) not too wet. Add water periodically.
within the temple complex, or in any
6. Turn the pile after every 15 days with a
corner of a garden.
bamboo, shovel or a pitchfork. After six
2. Put a lid on the top with a wire mesh
months, a rich and crumbling compost
that can be opened and closed from the
will be prepared with the organic matter
top. This is done to avoid the entry of
and nutrients your plants need to thrive.
animals, and allow sunlight and oxygen
(air) in the compost pit. 7. Distribute this compost as Prasad within
the community, or use in the temple
3. Keep on adding all the flowers and
garden.
leaves such as tulsi or bel patra in this
pit every day.
7.
Protecting animals
and wild places
Vision: That religious activities do not harm the banyan and pipal, view some mountains
animals or degrade the wild places where they
(including the whole Himalayan range) as
live. And that instead they encourage visitors,
sacred, and immerse ourselves in holy rivers
pilgrims and the temple community to honour
like Mother Ganga.
and sustain all life.
Every step of the pilgrimage journey is a time
to honour God in all its forms. We can help
Three Hindu reasons reduce the pressures that threaten rare wildlife
and their habitats by directing our compassion
Hindu tradition is founded on principles of
non-violence, care for those that cannot defend towards them and by increasing the awareness
themselves, and a sense that all elements of in our communities about the connection
creation are holy and interdependent, be they in between our faith and nature protection.
the form of a person, a tree or a tiger. The Hindu
community therefore has an important role to
ensure the immortality of India’s creatures and Two environmental reasons
their forest homes. Wildlife and their habitats are in crisis from
Many Hindu stories feature animals. In the poaching, illegal land clearing, pollution,
Puranas, animals are the vahanas, or vehicles, development and habitat encroachment. As wild
and therefore the representatives of the gods. natural places become more accessible with
The bull is the vahana of Lord Shiva, the cow is improved infrastructure, millions of people are
the vahana of Lord Krishna, the tiger of Goddess now visiting these once remote, fragile areas,
Durga, the elephant of Lord Indra, the peacock putting increasing pressure on India’s natural
of Lord Kartikeya. We worship certain trees like landscapes and their wildlife. The temple can
Toolkit
32
play an important role in maintaining India’s 5. Remind all pilgrims that when we step
globally important natural areas and animals. into a nature reserve during pilgrimage,
we are in a sacred place. If pilgrimage
Religious pilgrimage is having a significantly
occurs in or near a forest, ensure that
negative effect on India’s wildlife parks. Many
pilgrims stick to designated pathways
temples and holy sites are located inside or near
and do not infringe upon the homes and
some of India’s most important tiger reserves.
pathways needed to protect animals.
For days if not months at a time during holy
festivals, hundreds of thousands of people 6. Develop a cow care/ protection
throng through wildlife reserves, whose animals programme.
and habitats are already threatened. Over half
7. Develop green areas within the temple
the remaining wild tigers left in the world are
grounds that can be used by migratory
in India, for example, many in areas impacted
birds.
by pilgrims. The tiger is a symbol for all animals
and forests, and is India’s national animal, 8. Show compassion towards all animals,
symbolizing our natural heritage. refraining from hitting them or
overloading them, and making sure they
Ten things your temple can do to protect are well fed and looked after.
wildlife and wild places 9. Lead by example and encourage the
1. Make sure that there are systems in place religious community to actively respond
for trash disposal so that the forest is not to the wildlife crisis by advocating
littered with plastic and other waste. Put for greater protection, respect and
in place a ban on plastic bottles and bags compassion towards wildlife and the
in pilgrimage areas, especially those in natural world.
national parks. Create a sacred place for 10. Make wildlife part of your temple’s
puja waste. engagement with young people in
2. Take measures to limit the noise made in the community.
the forest during religious celebrations
so as not to disturb wildlife populations, Good examples
particularly at night. Sri Sailam, Andhra Pradesh, is the largest tiger
3. Include the theme of religion and wildlife reserve in India. It is also home to the famous
protection – especially of threatened Sri Bhramaramba Mallikarjuna Temple. Access
and protected species – in religious to the temple is via a road that cuts through the
teachings, sermons, blessings and reserve. Conservationists at the reserve have put
educational materials. up signs along the pilgrimage road encouraging
pilgrims not to drop litter. Using imagery and
4. Get your team to reach out to local
language that is easily understandable, the
conservation organizations about how
signs are an effective way of communicating
you can help with protection efforts in
an important message.
nature reserves and around your temple.
Annandana is the girt and giving of food: all slaughtered. Organic certified milk shows the
other ethical arrangements in society get looked animals have been treated more kindly and have
after if everyone is engaging in annandana on been fed with fewer drugs.
a daily basis: According to an ancient Indian
saying: “there is no dana (act of generosity) Seven things your temple can do
greater than the giving of food to the hungry 1. Buy food and milk consciously from producers
and water to the thirsty.” who do not use toxic pesticides
Hindus believe that what we eat determines 2. Support the growing of organic and
our mental as well as physical state. Eating sustainable produce
sattvic, or pure, food helps us to become sattvic
ourselves. If we eat food that in its very growing 3. Advertise your support of organic and
has harmed the environment, through fertilizers sustainably grown produce
that harm the earth, or pesticides that kill the 4. Organise discussions in the temple or ashram
bees, then there will be negative consequences. about food issues
The Yajur veda says: You must not use your God- 5. Plant organic vegetables and fruits on temple
given body for killing God’s creatures, whether grounds to supply some of your food needs
they are human, animal or whatever.”
6. Be kind to cows according to the principle of
ahimsa – ensure that the milk served in the
temple or ashram comes from cows treated
Three environmental reasons
well
Agriculture has a huge impact on the
7. Pure, clean food scraps and cooked food
environment, from the destruction of forests waste can be given to animals or composted
to plant crops or graze livestock; to loss of
biodiversity due to intensive, industrialised 8. Plan a celebration with a “green” theme,
farming; to the pollution of water courses from featuring locally and sustainably grown foods
pesticides and fertilisers.
How we treat livestock is also a moral issue, as Good Examples
is whether we pay farm workers a decent price
for their work and produce. Our choices of what, Food for Life in Vrindavan is a Hindu charity that
when and how we eat have a huge impact upon has distributed more than 3.5 million meals to
children, girls and women. It has an organic farm
the Earth, our fellow human beings and other
and nursery where it grows vegetables for the
living creatures.
local community, using cow dung as fertilizer
Increasingly in Europe and America and around and cow urine and neem leaves to protect
the world, milk is produced from animals that small plants from bugs and insects. They take
do not see fields, who live lives in sheds, whose thousands of saplings to poor communities
calves are taken away from them at birth, and in order to help feed them for generations to
who after a year or two are so full of antibiotics come. It also runs a goshala for 200 cows run
that they can no longer be productive and are on ahimsa principles.
The Hindu Bhaktivedanta Manor in the UK Timeline for Completion: Estimate how long it
practises cow protection, which means the animals will take to complete your objectives and target
are not killed; they are hand-milked; calves suckle dates for completing specific phases.
from their mothers and bulls are given work
such as ploughing and hauling. When an animal Assessing Your Resources: Consider what
becomes too old to work or give milk it is gently each project requires in terms of resources
retired and lives until the end of its natural life. and what you can realistically accomplish with
The 16 dairy cows produce about 50,000 litres of the resources currently available. How much
cruelty-free milk, feeding thousands in the temple time and energy would it take to carry out each
kitchens, and used for making the sweets, or project? What skills would be needed and does
prasad, offered to Krishna in rituals. anyone in the temple community already have
those skills? If not, could we learn the skills
Quick Framework for Developing a Green or bring in someone to help? What tools and
Temple Action Plan materials would be needed? How could we
obtain them? What costs would be involved?
After considering the themes above for greening How could we raise funds?
your temple, use this framework to develop a
plan of action. What are the next steps? Agree on next steps
with the committee and assign responsibilities
Vision: What does it mean for us to be a green for action.
temple?
and concern for their health and welfare go Transporting non-recyclable garbage and
a long way in creating a positive atmosphere food waste to a temporary dump
and results in less supervision required
in the future as staff members feel the Placing public dustbins in key areas and
value of their work. As absenteeism among along the banks of the Ganga and organizing
sanitation workers can be high, bonuses for for them to be cleaned and emptied regularly
good attendance can make an importance Organising “education through action”
difference, especially as sanitation workers activities with volunteers and workers
are usually living below poverty level. cleaning roadsides, drains, ravines and
hillsides
Enabling well-wishers to “adopt” a section of
roadside, or a garbage dump, and finance its
Case Study 2:
regular cleaning
The Clean Himalaya Initiative, Rishikesh
And vitally: cooperating with the municipality
to encourage municipal and private
Members of the Sivananda Ashram launched the sweepers to stop dumping garbage into
initiative in 2000 to respond to the severe lack ravines and over hillsides
of action on solid waste by the municipality. They
began with two rag pickers collecting plastics The project covers around 25% of the Rishikesh
from local guesthouses. Now, in 2015, it is an area, so there is significant potential to expand
enterprise with 14 employees, generating regular the service and environmental benefits of the
income for at least families. They collect solid Clean Himalaya model. The concept is easy to
waste from homes, ashrams, shops and hotels understand and simple to implement, and so
all around Rishikesh and segregate them for is replicable by temples and ashrams in other
recycling and environmentally-sound disposal. regions, even on a large scale.
03. Resources
The vision for a green temple
1.
Key Hindu and environment
calendar dates
for_beginners.asp
42
Green Sermons, Prayers, Celebrations Sacred Plants of India, Nanditha Krishna &
M. Amirthalingam, Penguin Books, India, 2014:
Hindu Environment Week is held every third http://www.nandithakrishna.in/books.html
week in February: http://www.bhumiproject.org/
environmentweek/ Sacred Animals of India, Nanditha Krishna,
Penguin Books, India, 2014:
Environmental teachings and awareness http://www.nandithakrishna.in/books.html
raising activities at Parmarth Niketan ashram in
Rishikesh: www.parmarth.com
Create eco-themed sermons and celebrations:
http://greenfaith.org/resource-center/spirit/eco-
themed-worship-services
and every object to help them maintain their animals, therefore our contribution should be
interrelationship. The Upanishad says “tat sristva the biggest. But it is not. We are nullifying the
ta devanu pravisat”: (“after creating the universe benefits of the contributions made by other
He entered into every object created”). Therefore species of life. We are disturbing the balance
to contribute toward the maintenance of this because of our greed for material enjoyment
interrelationship becomes worship of God. and our craze for power. We do not allow
Hindus believe that there is soul in all plants and earthworms and bacteria to maintain the fertility
animals. One has to do penance even for killing of the soil by using chemical manures and
plants and animals for food. This daily penance insecticides that kill them. We destroy plants and
is called visva deva. Visva deva is nothing but an forests indiscriminately and come in the way of
offering of prepared food to the Creator, asking plants providing oxygen essential for the very
His pardon. existence of life.
The Hindu religion gives great importance to By destroying plants and forests we become
protecting cattle. At every Hindu house there is agents for increasing the deadly carbon
a cow and it is worshipped. The cow is a great dioxide in the atmosphere. We pollute the air
friend of humans. It nourishes us through its by burning oil for all sorts of machines. We
milk and provides manure to grow our food. produce unhealthy sounds through our various
This it does without any extra demand—it lives machineries and instruments which cause sound
on the fodder got while growing our food. pollution. By building towns and cities in the
Advanced countries have started to realize banks of rivers we pollutes the water. The Hindu
the harmful effects of consuming food grown religion holds all rivers as holy; polluting them is
with chemical manure. When we use chemical a big sin. Hinduism encourages the planting of
manure, the topsoil loses its fertility. This trees like Tulasi, Neem, Peepal which are rich in
generation has no right to use up all the fertility medicinal properties.
of the soil and leave behind an unproductive
land for future generations. Rishis gave the navel to Brahma, the creator,
and to the sustainer Vishnu they gave the heart
as His abode. The destroyer, Shiva, was given
control of the brain. By doing this they wanted us
Humanity’s contribution to know that the language of the heart only can
sustain us. When we start speaking through the
There is no life that is inferior. All lives enjoy language of the mind our destruction becomes
the same importance in the Universe and all play inevitable. Therefore, a thinking animal has to
their fixed roles. They are to function together be very careful while it uses its mental abilities:
and no link in the chain is to be lost. If some link these are to be applied only with spiritual
is lost, the whole ecological balance would be background. Mind is to act as our friend and not
disturbed. All kinds of life—insects, birds, and as our enemy. It is to function under our control;
animals—contribute toward the maintenance we should not succumb to its control. Mana eva
of ecological balance, but what is humanity’s manusyanam karanam bandha moksayoh: for
contribution toward this? Humans are intelligent human beings, mind is the cause of bondage and
mind is the cause of liberation (Amrita Bindhu showering of blessings on the universe, it
Upanishad 2). develops deep love for Him. To enjoy this
nectar of love, God created people. Only people
have a time-space conception. Therefore, only
humanity can see God, pervading time-space,
Why was humanity created? conserving the ecological balance which is the
greatest boon bestowed on the universe by God.
There should be a purpose for the creation
Though humans cannot contribute toward the
of humanity. What it might be! We could be the
conservation in the same way as other animals
sustainer of interrelationship among numerous
do, they can help all lives and other objects in
life species on Earth. We are ones who can
the universe to play their roles effectively by
see God, and all objects, as the controller and
persuading God through prayers of love to grant
sustainer of ecological balance. All other animals
them the required energy and directions. “Yavat
play their roles without knowing what they
bhumandalam datte samrigavana karnanam,
are doing, but humans do everything with full
tavat tisthati medhinyam santatih putra pautriki”:
consciousness. God created the human mind to
“so long as the Earth preserves her forests
see His own reflection as in a mirror. The human
and wildlife, man’s progeny will continue to
mind can meditate on God and know him more
exist.” This is the Hindu approach toward the
and more.
conservation of ecology.
When humanity develops consciousness
of the presence of God and His continuous
48
Sacrifice
The Creator, in the beginning, created
humans together with sacrifice, and said,
Nonviolence
God’s creation is sacred. Humanity does not
have the right to destroy what it cannot create.
Humans have to realize the interconnectedness
of living entities and emphasize the idea of
Cow protection
Man has evolved from lower forms of life.
We are, therefore, related to the whole creation.
The principle of cow protection symbolizes
human responsibility to the subhuman world.
It also indicates reverence for all forms of life.
The cow serves humans throughout its life, and
even after death. The milk of the cow runs in
our blood. Its contributions to the welfare of the
family and the community are countless. Hindus
pray daily for the welfare of cows. When the
cows are cared for, the world at all levels will
find happiness and peace.
Earth as mother
Hindus revere the Earth as mother. She
feeds, shelters, and clothes us. Without her
we cannot survive. If we as children do not
take care of her we diminish her ability to take
care of us. Unfortunately the Earth herself is
now being undermined by our scientific and
industrial achievements.
50
“ Let there be peace in the The natural harmony that should exist in
heavens, the Earth, the the play of energies between humanity and
the natural world is now disrupted by the
atmosphere, the water, the herbs,
weakest player in the game: humanity. Although
the vegetation, among the divine it is the totality of this game that provides
beings and in Brahman, the our nourishment, through ignorance of our
absolute reality. Let everything be own natural limits we destroy this source of
at peace and in peace. Only then nourishment.
will we find peace.” This awareness of ecological play or playful
ecology is inseparable from awareness of the
need for friendship and play as the real basis
for human relationship. The family within which
these relationships are nourished is not limited
to its human members. Just as the human child
has to be nourished by Mother Nature, and the
human spirit has to be embraced and loved
by beautiful nature, so the human being who
has grown old or sick has to be supported by
caring nature. If humans distress the mother,
rape the beauty, and beat the caring nurse, what As it is through ignorance that we destroy
happens? The relationship collapses, and the our relationships in the family and within the
family is broken. environment, that ignorance becomes the root
cause of our suffering. The best way to get rid of
this ignorance is to unlearn what is wrong. This
unlearning is shaped not only in the school but
The environment as our home in the family and community, and it has to begin
The Sanskrit for family is parivara, and with the very young.
environment is paryavarana. If we think of the Traditional Hindu education covers all facets
environment as our home and all of its members of life—economic, political, cultural, and above
as our family it is clear that the key to conserving all religious. Whether we speak of Krishna, of
nature is devotion, love—giving and serving. Chaitanya, or of Gandhi, we see that they drew
Nature, prakriti, as the feminine can give and no clear division between the economic or
serve. But the role of humanity, purusha, is then political and the religious or cultural facets of
to protect. Nowadays purusha, humanity, is life. The body and mind are in the service of the
interested not in protecting but in exploiting, so heart. In the same way politics and economics
prakriti, nature, has to defend herself. This is why are rooted in and guided by religion and culture,
we see nature in her furious manifestation—in and ultimately by spiritual experience.
drought, floods, or hurricanes. If we rape the
mother’s womb she has convulsions, and we
blame her for devastating earthquakes. If we
denude her of her lush hair and beautiful skin,
she punishes us by withholding food and water.
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05. Checklist.
How green is your temple?
Please use the following checklist Green Pujas, Worship and Celebration
to understand the current
Does your temple integrate environmental
environmental impacts of your
temple and to begin the self-inquiry awareness into prayer and celebration?
into the kinds of practices the For example,
temple would like to initiate as part
sermon topics Y N
of its greening programme. It will
give you a way to document where music Y N
your temple is currently at in terms
of environmental impact, so that you meditations Y N
can plan where to go from here. This food Y N
is not an exhaustive checklist but is
meant to inspire your own process. waste management Y N
etc.
What other worship, celebrations or spiritual
practices could help deepen your temple
community’s relationship with nature?
Have you assessed what skills and experiences within your temple
community might contribute to furthering environmental activities? Y N
What were the key results of this assessment? Where is your temple
particularly strong and where can it bring in outside help? Y N
What are your energy consumption patterns? (Review utility bills from
recent months/ years.)
Please tick the practices that could help reduce your energy
consumption:
turning off lights and computers in empty rooms Y N
switching to LED and other energy-saving light bulbs Y N
using natural lighting and ventilation Y N
having notices to ask people to shut down their phone chargers Y N
organising car sharing Y N
encouraging visitors to use public transport Y N
walk or cycle Y N
Which practices are you following already and how could you
do better?
Waste Management
Do you have separate labelled bins for organic and non-organic waste?
Y N
How do you handle the recycling for your temple?
Y N
Is there an established recycling policy?
Chechlist
56
Chechlist
www.2bin1bag.in
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“Everything rests on me
as pearls are strung on
a thread. I am the original
fragrance of the earth.
I am the taste in water.
I am the heat in fire and
the sound in space. I am
the light of the sun and
moon and the life of all
that lives.”
–Bhagavad Gita 7.7-9
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Notes