Professional Documents
Culture Documents
by
MARIAM PAUL
MASTER IN ENGINEERING
in
in the
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
of the
MARCH 1998
Abstract
Open-wire telecommunications were developed in the 19th and early 20th centuries
without any consideration of the deleterious effects of power lines; compatibility
problems were later caused by the proximity of power lines and telephone lines. The
coexistence of such systems requires careful planning in terms of energy coupled to the
telephone lines; this induction can cause interference, as well as dangerous
overvoltages in telephone circuits, and requires detailed studies of the effects of
coupling between high voltage lines and telephone systems to be done. In terms of
inductive co-ordination in South Africa, the minimum separation distances between
high voltage power lines and communication systems are calculated only for power
frequency and lower order harmonics (up to the 13th). The aim of the study was to
explore the agreement between theory and measurement for frequencies from 50 Hz to
the high order harmonic range of 4 kHz; this makes it possible to extend existing
methods for predicting compatible separations to cases where high order harmonics
(up to the 73rd) are present (balanced and unbalanced) on a 132 kV power line feeding
a large aluminium smelter plant.
Opsomming
Die ontwikkeling van oop-draad telekommunikasie netwerke gedurende die 19de en 20ste
eeu het plaasgevind sonder die nodige inagneming van potensiele kraglyn interaksies en
gevolglike steurings situasies het ontstaan onder sekere omstandigheede. Daar is besef dat
deeglike beplanning noodsaaklik is om aanpasbaarheid te verseker. Geinduseerde energie
kan steurings asook gevaarlike hoogspanningseffekte in telekommunikasie stelsels
veroorsaak wat gevorderde studie van elektromagnetiese koppeling tussen krag- en
telekommunikasie netwerk vereis. Om induksieverskynsels in Suid-Afrika te beheer, word
die minimum skeidingsafstande tussen hoogspannings- en kommunikasielyne bereken op
grond van drywingsfrekwensie en lae orde harmonieke (tot by die 13 de). Die doel van
hierdie studie was om die verwantskap tussen die teorie en praktyk te verken met
spesifieke verwysing na die 50 Hz tot 4 kHz harmoniekfrekwensie-band. Meer spesifiek,
die uitbreiding van voorspellingsmetodes vir minimum skeidingsafstande vir gevalle waar
hoe orde stroomharmonieke (tot die 73de), soos dit voorkom in 132kV kraglynvoer van
`n groot aluminium-verwerkingsaanleg.
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
cp Magnetic flux
?t,e Sensitivity Coefficient for Electrostatic Coupling
Sensitivity coefficient for electromagnetic induction
permeability of free space
p earth resistivity
conductivity of soil
co angular velocity
B Magnetic flux density
self capacitance
mutual (coupling) capacitance
Cn C-message weighting factor for the n:th harmonic
Di; distance between induced conductor and image of the inducing
conductor on the surface of the earth
di; actual distance between inducing and induced conductor
E - power line service voltage
EAs transverse electric field on the surface of the earth
EP common mode longitudinal emf
ep psophometric emf acting in a loop
f frequency
H magnetic intensity
If harmonic r.m.s component of the line current at frequency f
In line current of nth harmonic
IP psophometrically - weighted current or Equivalent disturbing current
'peg psophometric equivalent 800 Hz disturbing current
IO earth current
Is current in the shield wire
IR,Iw,IB - phase currents
IRO zero sequence current (red phase)
IR+ positive sequence current (red phase)
negative sequence current(red phase)
IRW
Iwg lo op currents
IBR
k screening factor
kf coupling function
kg„, ground wire shield factor
ksn cable shield factor
kT Telephone Harmonic Form Factor
inductance
M mutual inductance between inducing line and induced line
M12 mutual inductance between the inducing line and induced line
n14 coupling function
4
mean value of the coupling function n14
Pf psophometric weighting factor at frequency f
Pi; self potential coefficient
mutual potential coefficient
Q charge per unit length
R DC resistance
TIE Telephone Influence Factor
Uf harmonic r.m.s component of the line voltage at frequency f.
Up Psophometrically weighted voltage
Upeq Equivalent Disturbing Voltage
Vcn common mode voltage
zu Self impedance of a conductor
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1
2.2.3 Frequency 22
4.1 Introduction 40
REFERENCES 56
INT. ODUCTION
1
Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) is a fast developing field. Studies in
Telephone noise interference caused by power line currents and voltages are
done under EMC in power systems environment. Few examples are
Mr.M.Kuussaani's studies about interference voltages in subscriber cables in
rural areas of Finland [12], Mr.Arne V. Johansson and Mr.Ake Ekstrom (both
from Sweden) studies in Telephone interference criteria for HVDC
transmission lines [7], WEE working group on power system harmonics [13]
etc. In all these studies people tried to find the methods to reduce the induced
voltage in the telephone line by improving the telephone circuit balance or by
reducing harmonic components of the voltage and currents in power line.
2
General procedure for controlling effects caused by power lines on
telecommunication lines are illustrated in the flowchart below.
START
V
Identify power and telecommunication
facilities involved
Stipulate
protective measures
END
For the calculation of the induction level, there are three distinct coupling
mechanisms to be considered, namely electrostatic, electromagnetic and
conductive coupling. For each of these there are two types of applicable limits.
The first one considers induced dangerous extraneous voltages and currents to
flow in the telecommunication installations due to abnormal conditions on the
power line (e.g. cable breaks, accidental short circuit, earth fault etc.). The
second one considers the level of interference which could result in degradation
of speech quality, or signal to noise ratio of the telephone circuit, and is
3
normally associated with normal (balanced) conditions on the power line.
Limits regarding danger are normally associated with longitudinal or common
mode voltages, and limits regarding interference with transverse or differential
mode voltage. Longitudinal e.m.f is the electromotive force arising from
induction by current in a power line into the circuit formed by the conductors
of the telecommunication line and earth. Metallic circuit component or
differential mode is the difference in longitudinal component at the two
conductors of the communication line due to system unbalance and the
separation distance between them. The Postmaster General's Requirements of
1978 stipulate the following limits for induction from power or railway lines:
Interference:
2mV maximum psophometrically weighted transverse emf on any wire
pair, which is equivalent to 1 mV potential difference measured with a
psophometer.
Danger:
60 V rms maximum longitudinal induced voltage during normal
operating conditions of the power line.
150 V rms maximum longitudinal voltage in "special cases" during
normal operating conditions.
650 V rms maximum longitudinal voltage during fault conditions on the
power supply system.
The 150 V limit applies to conditions of particular difficulty and is subject to
special precautions being taken such as
the marking of any part of the installation that could be raised to this
potential, and
the issue of special instructions to personnel likely to have access to
this exposed section.
4
conditions Telkom currently uses a graphical procedure based loosely on the
1963 Directives as well as work produced by Pollaczek in 1926. This
procedure is outlined in their in-house Technical Instruction TI3009 [4]. There
are some limits for this method, especially the case for short exposures, for
which the "infinite line" approximations used in the TI3009 are invalid.
Another problem is that the damage to exchange equipment due to lightning.
For these reasons Eskom tried to establish a mutually (Eskom and Telkom)
accepted computer programme that could incorporate the latest theory and
numerical techniques available, as a general tool for interference problems [11].
Interference due to harmonic currents and voltages on the power line to the
open wire telephone line is a major issue for Eskom in the rural areas.
Harmonics up to 71st and 73rd are present on power lines which are injected
from smelter plant. The aim of this project is to find out the effect of higher
order harmonic voltages and currents on the induced voltage on the
telecommunication line and thus establish recommended guidelines and
techniques for ensuring power system/ telephone system compatibility. The
results will in particular show whether the present separation criteria
(Postmaster General's Directive on separation between power and telephone
lines) needs revision or not.
5
Chapter 2
6
2.1 ELECTR I MAGNETIC COUPLING
7
Consider a single phase power circuit, fig 2.1(a). G is the single phase power
source, P 1 and are the go and return conductors. I is the current flowing
P2
G F
I P2
(b)
Figure 2.1 Schematic diagram illustrating magnetic induction from a power
circuit on a communication circuit.
Elementary section
Equi-potential fields
8
2.1.1.1 Loop Currents
Consider a three phase system carrying currents of IR, Iw and IB. If the system
is balanced then:
IR +4 =0 (A) (2.7.1)
For an unbalanced system:
IR +4 ±IB = IO (A) (2.7.2)
Where Ico is the return current.
Three phase currents that induce voltages in communication circuits can be
classified as (1) positive- and negative-sequence components and (2) the zero-
sequence component. The first type is normally confined to the line conductors
(balanced load) and for the second type the line conductors constitute one side
of the circuit and neutral or ground wires, or earth the return (unbalanced
load). Obviously the coefficients of induction from power-system currents are
different for these two cases.
Considering a 3- phase power line with phase conductors marked Red, White
and Blue, it is possible from knowledge of the respective current vectors (IR
Iw , IB) to determine the loop currents (IRw, IwB, IBR) as well as the earth
current 10 using the concept of sequence components. This reduces any
unbalanced 3 -phase system into balanced positive, negative and zero sequence
components. The sequence components of the red phase current, for example,
are given by the vector [2] :
-IRO
T
A R+
1
1 1
1 a a2
1 41 (A) (2.8)
= 3
_ R- a a
a2
with a = -0.5 + j 43/2 = ei2n5
9
Introducing operator b = 43/2 + j/2 = ejni6 , the loop currents are easily shown
to be:
w b b-1 r
I al b ab-14R+1 (A) (2.10)
IR_
rBWB
I R_ ab a2b-1
The total earth current equals the sum of the zero sequence currents,
This return current will also produce some induced voltage in the telephone
conductors other than phase currents. In accordance to Lenz's law the flux
they create will be opposite to the flux due to phase currents. Therefore the
return current has a compensating effect on induced voltage and which enables
the neutral or ground wire to serve as electromagnetic screen.
For the transmission of power in South Africa the commonly available nominal
voltages are 400kV, 275kV, 132kV, 88kV, 66kV, 44kV, 22kV, and 11 kV. For
a three phase over head power line mainly there are three types of
configurations available, horizontal, vertical and triangular. Number of
conductors per phase will be one or two. There will be one or two shield or
earth wires at the top of transmission line support. They are usually connected
galvanically. These wires have triple function:
to give protection against lighting ;
to interconnect the support earths;
to reduce fault currents circulating in the earth and thus reduce the induced
voltages and rise in potential of supports and station.
10
22kV 400 V
Auto transformer
Trans- Local
mission exchange
subscriber
equipment
nn
Surge p otec ion devices
In two way telecommunication each end of the links comprise a transmitter and
a receiver, and bi-directional propagation is effected via the physical medium.
The temporary links between different telecommunications users are
established by means of switches. Each terminal installation is attached to a
local switching centre by one or more subscriber lines.
11
2.1.2.1.1 Composition of Transmission Supports
12
Height of shield conductors from ground level 26.6 m
Separation distance between the shield conductors 6.55 m
Scale model
1.Height of phase conductors from ground level 3.5 m
Scale constant 5.5
Separation distance between the phase conductors 1.35 m
Number of earth or shield conductors 2
Height of shield conductors from ground level 4.4 m
Separation distance between the shield conductors 1.2 m
Total length of the line 100 m
Two wire open line is used for scale model. Scale constant is same as the one
used for transmission line.
Original config: Scale model
Height of conductors from ground level 6.5 m 1.2 m
Separation distance between conductors 15-20 cm 5 cm
Total length of telephone line 80 m
13
2.1.4 MODELLING OF THE SYSTEM
e ttCfa-b)+c 311-ja2
u2- [ lug
f
j• a 2 u]du} (2.13)
o
Mx, ln—
D+ j[Vu 2 +i – ] e- ua(b+c) cos(a a u) du (2.14)
- 2,r d r 0
Where a - horizontal distance between inducing conductor and
induced conductor, m
b - height of the inducing conductor above surface of earth, m.
14
c - height of induced conductor above surface of earth, m. (in the
buried conductor c<O)
D - distance between induced conductor and image of the
inducing conductor on the surface of the earth, m.
d - actual distance between inducing and induced conductor, m.
a - conductivity of soil, mho/m.
f - frequency; w = 27r f
110 - 4 it x 10 -7 permeability of free space, H/m.
a, - a co
Equation for the transverse electric field on the surface of the earth are of the
form,
co
E AS = a ) . 119- .1[ 1177-
2 Fj eb a u ec a PT cos(a a u) du (V/m)
0
(2.15)
where I is the inducing current. This simple equation is valid if both lines are
overhead. In the case of stratified soil, the conductivity of the different layers
can effectively be represented by homogeneous soil with an intermediate value
of a.
The mutual inductance M14 can be obtained from the relation:
= EAs (2.16)
M14 (Wm)
27r f I
The solution to the integral relation for EAs as provided by Pollaczek yields the
following results for M14 a function of separation parameter aa. [2]
15
- if aa < 0.5 :
7r 2 15
M14 = 42
[21n
gad
+ 1 – j — + — (1+ j) a (b + c)] (H/m)
2 3
(2.17)
Where d -actual distance between the conductors, = Va 2 + (b– c) 2
g -1.7811.. is the complex of Euler's constant.
- if aa >= 0.5 :
,u 0 kei aa – jker' aa j
4414 (H/m) (2.18)
7ras (aa)2 -I
where ker' and kei' are real and imaginary part of the first derivative of the
modified Bessel function (second kind, order zero)
- if as > 10 :
Po (Him) (2.19)
M14 = 7r (aa) 2
16
2.1.4.1 Solution for a Multi-conductor System (Three-phase system)
B
b O T2
In the above figure R,W and B represents three phase conductors and T1 and
T2 represents two telephone conductors. Mutual inductance(MRT1) between the
red phase conductor and the first conductor of the telephone line is:
The induced voltage on the first conductor of the telephone line due three loop
currents and earth current (unbalanced load) is:
17
VT1 [ZR1PT1 ZWBTI
IRO
[ZRWTI ZW73T1 ZBRT11 [Iwo 4
IBO _
(V) (2.25)
For a balanced load the second part of the above equation will be zero.
Similarly we can calculate the induced voltage on the second conductor of the
telephone line (VT2). The differential mode voltage Vd is:
Vd = VT1 - VT2 (V) (2.26)
Po 2a 2 (b — c) ri
M12/4 [ da +[ + a (1+ j) ]db ] gym)
4n- d2 d2 3
(2.27)
for a loop with horizontal projection da and vertical projection db.
2.1.5.1 Psophometer
The psophometer is an instrument which has been introduced for measuring the
value of the parasitic voltages produced in telephone circuits by nearby power
lines, from the point of view of the interference which the noises due to these
voltages can cause to the normal use of the circuits[10]. It was developed with
a view to making measurements at the ends of long-distance circuits. It has a
very high input impedance, and can be used in the same circumstances as a
18
voltmeter; it consists essentially of an a.c. measuring instrument, associated
with a weighting network.
2
VT = AAVTfiin) + (VT1)2 + (VT2 )2 (VT02 (V/m) (2.30)
Where VITun, VT1, VT2 VT„ are the induced voltages at fundamental, first
second and nth harmonics respectively.
Vrfun = Zfun x 1 x ipueun (V/m) (2.31)
1 ( 50) 2 (2.32)
PS (A)
Pecliun
= 800 i502 800)
19
VT' Zi X1Xl peg] IM) (2.33)
Vd = VT x A. m (Wm) (2.34)
where is the sensitivity coefficient of electromagnetic coupling.
Sensitivity coefficient of electromagnetic coupling(t) is defined as the ratio
between the psophometric emf acting in a loop ep and the common mode
longitudinal emf Ep caused by magnetic induction.
ep
= (2.35)
Ep
Measurement can be done using exiting induction, or for a more systematic
approach, artificial induction can be used. These techniques are
comprehensively detailed in the Directives [10]. Measured values for 2 m
typically range from 0.001 to 0.05 for open wire circuits, while for cables
values are normally much lower.
20
voltage will also double if there is no change in the other parameters of the
lines.
45
21
45
2.2.3 FREQUENCY
22
45
The configuration of the power route conductors, i.e. whether they are
arranged in vertical, horizontal or triangular formation, is of importance in that
it determines the relative phase of the induced voltage in the phone line from
each of the phase conductors and consequently, the net longitudinal voltage in
each wire of the telephone line.
23
45
10 —
•
5—
dl
V Inducing line
24
where d =Ic11.712 and length "I" equal to the projection of the segment
contained in the zone of 10 meters around the power line. Outside the 10 m
boundary the exposure is treated as a normal oblique exposure.
The mutual inductance increases with increased values of earth resistivity since
the earth currents will flow at greater depths ( 659 frri), thus increasing the
magnetic effect of the current. Soil conductivity (a = f ) can vary from 0.1
to 0.0001 mho/m, depending on the type and age of the formation. Wenner 4-
electrode method for finding earth resistivity is explained in Appendix C. If the
local composition of the soil is known, a fair estimate for a may be obtained
from table C-1 in Appendix C. In the absence of measured values or adequate
knowledge of the soil composition, fig.C-1 in Appendix C can be used.
The spacing of the wires of the telephone pair will affect the relative distance of
the two wires from the power route. This difference in distance will produce a
different longitudinal voltage in each conductor and will, therefore, influence
the value of the transverse voltage.
25
Chapter 3
The voltage induced on a communication circuit can be the result of its position
in the electric field or electrostatic field produced by the line voltages of the
power line. Electrostatic or capacitive coupling expresses the relation between
the potential of the inducing electric line and the induced charging current, per
unit length occurring on the telecommunication circuit. Conductive coupling is
the phenomena where part of the earth potential (due to power line earth
currents) will transfer to the telecommunication circuit through its earth
electrodes. In this chapter general theory of electrostatic and conductive
coupling, modelling of system for these and factors influencing them are
discussed.
26
3.1 ELECTROSTATIC COUPLING
(a)
27
180-
160-
140--
120-
100-
80 _
60 -
40 -
20
M N
20- .................................................
....... ........
60 -
•. .
80 -
100 -
120 - „.•
*-- ... .. . . • ''
......... ••"..
160 _
......... ..•
180 -
(b)
Figure 3.1 Schematic Diagram Illustrating Electric Induction From a Single
phase Ground-return Power Circuit on a Communication
Circuit Conductor.
Elementary section.
Equi-potential fields.
The effect of electrostatic coupling is important only if induction from an open
power line to open wire telephone line or suspended cables without a metal
sheath are considered.
When calculating the effect of a poly-phase line the phase-to-earth voltages are
replaced by their symmetrical components. The expressions for the induction
effects due to zero-phase sequence voltage U o of an balanced system and to the
balanced voltage U1 , i.e. positive-phase sequence, differ greatly and will be
studied separately. In the case of a three-phase line the service voltage U is the
28
line-to-line voltage. For a balanced three-phase system the modulus of the
positive sequence component Ui is equal to U/'13 and Uo is zero. If one of the
phase conductors of a three-phase system with insulated neutral is accidentally
earthed then the modulus of the zero sequence voltage Uo is equal to U/43.
D1
Consider two thin infinite conductors 1 and 4, of radius r 11 and r44 , with charge
per unit length Q 1 and Q4 parallel to each other and placed horizontally above
the earth, the line potentials can be written as
= Pn + P4 Q4 (V) (3.1)
U4 = P41 Q1 + P44 Q4 (V) (3.2)
29
Where
, 2b
= ln r:11 = ko (m/F)
a2 1-(1).+c) 2
14 = k0 1n R4
P d = ko In
14 a2 + 0-02
Coupling function
14 = In D14 (3.5)
1
k0 = 18x109 (mIF) (3.8)
27rso
Similarly for a system of 'n' parallel conductors we have a system of 'n'
equations:
= 1
ko[a 1 1 -F Q2 P2i +....------ -F Q.P.i ] (V) (3.9)
C14 = C41
P14 (F/m) (3.11)
111 1'44
30
Self capacitance
1
CI I (F/m) (3.12)
1
C44 (F/m) (3.13)
P44
Under normal conditions the telephone lines are closely spaced, and potentials
therefore almost equal. The open circuit voltage of one line is not affected by
others. It is therefore normally only necessary to consider a single induced line,
for calculation of the potentials and for the open circuit voltage of the complete
exposure.
To calculate the discharge current to earth where a person come into contact
with one or two of the telephone line(s), we can treat those line(s) as earth
wire(s) [U4 = 0] and compute the charge present on the line(s). The current is
then obtained by differentiation of this charge for frequency f.
1
Q4 = P44 UA„ pi 1 4' U,• (coulomb) (3.16)
P44
when U4 = 0
j w Poi rT (A/m) (3.18)
ja = u1
P„ P
P44
44
31
3.1.2.1 Psophometrically Weighted Voltage (Up)
2
Upeq 81 VEQ f
Pf ) (V) (3.20)
P800
where k, — f
— and it represents the increased influence of higher frequency
—80 0
term due to the capacitive coupling effect.
'l e is defined, for a specific telephone pair, as twice the ratio of the differential
voltage uf (line-to line) to the common-mode voltage U r (line-to-ground)
appearing on the wires when the line is subject to electrostatic induction. For a
mixture of frequencies, this coefficient is described as twice the ratio of the
psophometric voltage up to the psophometric voltage Up of the lines with
respect to earth.
2uP
= (3.21)
Up
32
respect to nearby wires. The usual means of improving balance and hence the
sensitivity coefficient is regular transpositions of the telephone line, which also
has the benefit of reducing cross-talk. For twisted pairs, the unbalance is
practically zero.
Also simply termed the Telephone Form Factor, kr is defined as the ratio
between Up and the power line service voltage E. For calculation purpose, the
measured value of kr has to be increased by 50 % to allow for the most
unfavourable :working conditions. In the absence of measurements, the
Directive suggest the following values [10]:
E < 80 kV E >= 80 kV
Table 3.1 Suggested Working Values for the Telephone Form Factor
3.1.3.2 The Line Voltage and Operating Conditions of the Power Line.
Like power system currents, power system voltages which produce induction
effects in communication circuits can be classified as (1) positive- and negative-
sequence components (balanced load) (2) zero-sequence component
33
(unbalanced load). Balanced conditions will produce significantly less effects
than unbalanced condition. The induced voltage depends on the magnitude of
the line voltage.
1s7i
Alk
iii
NAM
When a phase to earth fault occurs the fault current will have two paths to
choose, earth or shield. Most of the fault current will flow through earth and
that will cause a potential rise at the earthmat or electrode closer to the point
where fault happens. Currents flowing in the ground in the case of a short-
circuit to earth in an electric system will cause a potential difference between
the electrode and remote earth. This happens in the regions where current
enters or leaves the ground. The potential difference is referred to as electrode
ground potential rise (GPR). The area surrounding a high voltage earth
electrode that is raised in potential is referred to as zone of GPR.
34
electrodes. The phenomenon described above is, the effect of conductive
coupling.
The magnitude of conductive coupling between the electrode e and the point p
can, in a general manner, be expressed by the transfer resistance which is
defined as
v(p)
Re(p) = (ohm) (3.22)
Ie
where R. (p) is the transfer resistance between the electrode e and the point
I);
V(p) is the potential to remote earth of the point p due to current
injected in the ground by electrode e;
1e is the total current injected in the ground by electrode e.
The idea of transfer resistance can be used to obtain the potential at a given
point in the zone of GPR due to an earth electrode and can be expressed as
V(p) = R e (p). (V) (3.23)
35
ks is a factor expressing the reduction in the current; due to tower
footing resistance and earth wires;
Re is the earth resistance of the electrode.
One of the simplest form of electrode is the driven rod. Suppose this rod is a
part of an infinite conductor of uniform resistivity and a unit current enters to
it. This current will flow away radially from the point of entry and at a distance
`r.' from the point of entry the current density will be 1/4 it ?. This follows
from the fact that at a radius r, the current will be uniformly distributed over a
sphere of radius r and hence of area 4 it r2. From these assumptions we can
prove that the earth electrode resistance of that is,(the resistance of a
hemisphere on the surface of homogeneous soil) [10]:
2 ,r re
(n) (3.25)
2 7i. re
Electrode
Potential rise
x
Zone of Influence Netural Zone
!<1
36
When a current I is injected into the ground, then potential of electrode is:
V = P I (volt) (3.26)
2n-re
and GPR Vx around the electrode is:
V = (volt) (3.27)
27rX/
Where I is the injected current;
x is the distance from the axis of hemisphere (x bigger than r e);
If we combine the formulas (3.24) and (3.25) then the GPR:
Vz = V re (volt) (3.28)
The equivalent hemisphere of a real electrode is defined in such a way that the
resistance of the hemisphere electrode and the real ones should be equal to
each other:
Re = P (CI) (3.29)
2 7r re
From this, the radius of the equivalent hemisphere is given by:
re = (m) (3.30)
22rRe
The formulas of resistance R e and equivalent radius re are given in the table
below for three common electrode shapes [10]
37
Electrode Earth resistance Radius of equivalent
hemisphere
/
Driven 1 d P 11n81 — 11
27z-li_ d j 8/
ln- —1
d
rod
Ring of C=Z5 r h
p 4D
In ,—
7r2D Vd h
7rD
21n 4D
frrh
wire O
p 2 '—
Earth Area of the plate ,M =0.35921171
4A 71-.11 7r
plate A
38
Chapter 4
EXPERIMENTAL MEASUREMENTS
In this chapter the results of experimental work done on the practical (scale
model) set-up is compared with the calculated/ predicted values.
Psophometrically weighted induced voltage is calculated for different harmonic
components of the inducing current. Curve showing the minimum separation
distance vs. exposure length is done for an original 132 kV line.
39
4.1 INTRODUCTION
The aim of the experimental work was to explore the agreement between
theory and measurement of induced voltage for frequencies from 50 Hz to the
high order harmonic range of 4 kHz. This makes it possible to extend the
existing methods for predicting compatible separations to cases where high
order harmonics are present on power lines.
For experimental purposes, a scale model of a three phase power line and an
open wire telephone line was constructed at the Rand Afrikaans University
campus. Scaling was done purely on the basis of area available; the total length
of the power line is 100 m length and the attachment height of the phase
conductors was arbitrarily chosen as 3.5 m. A 275 kV horizontal configuration
light suspension tower was used for the basic scaling of the transmission line.
The open-wire telephone was scaled from standard Telkom designs.
40
2. Unbalanced three phase condition, ground return (the magnitude of three
phase currents are not equal and the return current flows through true earth)
Common mode induced voltage
Differential mode induced voltage
3. Single Wire Earth Return
Electrostatic Coupling:
1. Balanced three phase condition (three phase voltages are equal in magnitude,
65V)
For all these conditions the induced voltage is calculated using the equations
from C.C.I.T.T. Directives [5] and HRJ Klewe's book [2]. The calculation
procedure is given in Appendix F. Experimental work proved that these
equations are valid even at high order harmonic frequencies (4 kHz). To find
the effect of these high order harmonic frequencies on induced voltage (limit of
1 mV) psophometrically weighted induced voltage is calculated for different
harmonic components of the inducing current. The maximum exposure length
for different separation distances are then calculated. This is done for a 132 kV
transmission line (not for test line).
41
- - - - SHUNT
LEM 101
Source
132 V/ 22 A
Like as showed in the circuit diagram the star point of the load is not connected
to earth or shield wires to make sure that there were no return current.
2
1.8 —
1.6 —
Common mode voltage (V)
1.4 —
1.2 — 0
—o—Calculated value (V)
1- o Measured value (V)
0.8 —
0.6 —
0.4 —
0.2 —
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000
Frequency (Hz)
42
Common mode voltage
This is the voltage induced on each conductor of the telephone line and which
is measured with respect to earth. Narrow band measurement was performed
to make sure that the values measured were accurate. The reasons for the
deviation between the measured and the calculated values could be the
following:
The equation used to find the mutual impedance between the inducing loop
and the induced loop is a partial derivative equation. This itself can cause an
error in the calculation.
The equation is more accurate if the separation distance between the
inducing loop and the induced loop is much bigger than the separation distance
43
between the conductors of the inducing loop. For the scale model these two
separation distances are almost same. This also influence the calculated value.
3. The input impedance of the selective voltmeter, which was used to measure
the common mode voltage has relatively low input impedance (in the order of
10 kn).
Rt/2 Re Re
eas
In the above figure Veal is the calculated common mode voltage and V.I. is the
measured common mode voltage. Rt /2 =300 n which is half of the terminating
resistance of the telephone line. R e=150 n which is the earth electrode
resistance and Rin=10 ica which is the input impedance of the selective
voltmeter. Using \I'm,as at each frequency V ea l is found by circuit analysis and
given in Table 4.1 as corrected calculated voltage. At higher frequencies (from
650 Hz) error drops down significantly if this corrected voltage is used. But at
the same time it has a negative impact on the lower frequency range. The
reason for this can be the variation of the input impedance of the selective
voltmeter with frequency.
4. The magnitude of current at each phase at each frequency was taken as 10 A
for calculation. But in the experimental measurement there could be a slight
variation in this value and that makes a small error.
44
4.2.1.2 Differential Mode Voltage vs. Frequency
45
40
Differe ntial mo de voltage (mV)
35
30
25 —x—Calculated value (mV)
20 o Measured value (mV)
15
10
5
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000
Frequency (Hz)
The differential mode induced voltage was measured between the two
conductors of the telephone line (the other end of the telephone line was
earthed). Measurement was performed by tuning the frequency (the required
value) to get accurate readings especially at lower frequencies. Result of this
measurement is given in Table E.1 of Appendix E. From the result it is quite
clear that there is a good agreement between the predicted and measured
values (max. error is 9%). The reason for this small deviation can be the
following:
1. The experimental set-up and the ideal set-up for calculation will have
variations in the physical modelling. This will influence the differential mode
voltage. Moreover the errors at the common mode voltage will also have an
influence on the differential mode voltage.
45
Figure 4.5 Circuit Diagram for Unbalanced Three-phase Condition
(Return current through true earth)
The star point of the load is connected to earth to allow the return current to
flow through true earth.
300
250 —
Common mode voltage (my)
200 —
Calculated (mV)
150 — A Measured (mV)
100 —
50 —
0 1 2 3 4
Frequency (kHz)
The' common mode induced voltage on each conductor of the telephone line
was measured between the conductor and true earth. Voltage induced on the
earth electrodes of the telephone line due to conductive coupling influenced the
46
measured common mode voltage. Detailed study was done on this matter
(measurement of earth electrode potential with respect to remote earth). More
details are given under discussion section. Result of this measurement is given
in Table E.2 of Appendix E.
The differential mode induced voltage was measured between the two
conductors of the telephone line (the other end of the telephone line was
earthed). Readings were taken by tuning the frequency (the required value) to
get accurate values especially at lower frequencies. Result of this measurement
is given in Table E.2 of Appendix E. The reason for the small deviation can be
the following:
1. The experimental set-up and the ideal set-up for calculation will have
variations in the physical modelling. This will influence the differential mode
voltage. Moreover the errors at the common mode voltage will also have an
influence on the differential mode voltage.
47
Unbalanced three phase (return current through shield wires) and Single Wire
Earth Return (SWER) conditions were also performed. Results of these
measurements are given in Table E.3 and Table E.4 in Appendix E.
VR Vw -= VB -= 65 V
V
B 100 m
0
Source
132V/ 22A 1.2m
80 m
48
160
120
100
—x— Calculated value
(micro volt)
80 ❑ Measured value
(micro volt)
60
40
20
The deviation between measured and calculated value can be due to the
resolution of the measuring instrument at these very low values (in the micro
volt range). The physical set-up of the experimental line will also have an
influence on the deviation.
The power line (6.6 kV to 765 kV) separation distance versus exposure to
parallel communication lines are given in NRS 041 of 1995. But these curves
were done by considering only upto 11th harmonics. Very high order, 71st and
73rd, harmonic components are now present on certain 132 kV power lines
supplying a large smelter plant.. So it is necessary to find the compatible
separations between power and telephone lines for this type of situation.
Experimental work on test line revealed that the method described in C.C.I.T.T
Directives and HRJ. Klewe's book could be used for calculating induced
voltage even at high frequencies (4 kHz). To calculate compatible separation
between a 132 kV line and an open wire telephone line the following
informations of both lines are used.
49
132 kV power line
Rating : 800 MVA (three lines)
Line voltage : 132 kV
Phase current : 50 A
Percentage of different harmonic currents (split busbar at hill side)
100
90
80
Separation (m)
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Exposure (m)
50
Chapter 5
51
5.1 DISCUSSION
The main objective of this project was to explore the agreement between
theory and measurement for frequencies from 50 Hz to the higher order
harmonic range of 4 kHz. This make it possible to extend the existing methods
for predicting compatible separations to cases where high order harmonics (up
to the 73rd) are present. During the experimental work more importance was
given to electromagnetic coupling compared to electrostatic coupling. This is
due to the fact that current harmonics are more common and severe than
voltage harmonics. Another fact is if the telephone lines are properly balanced
the effect of electrostatic coupling can be eliminated.
In the case of electromagnetic coupling the two main cases studied are induced
voltage on the telephone line during balanced and unbalanced operating
conditions of the power line from 50 Hz to 4 kHz. From the results it is clear
that for balanced condition the agreement between the predicted and measured
value (common mode induced voltage) is in the limit of <15%. Deviation is
higher at higher frequencies. The reasons for this are:
The three-phase power source used couldn't give properly balanced output
at higher frequencies. Therefore the assumption of balanced current on three
phases is not accurate at higher frequencies (±2%).
At higher frequencies the reactance of the power line and the load increases
and to get 10 A at these higher frequencies the line voltage has to be increased
in step. This also causes an error in keeping phase current at exactly 10 A.
The magnitude of the induced voltage measured was in the range of 0 to 30
mV. The accuracy of the selective voltmeter used to measure the induced
voltage also got an influence on the reading.
The geometry of the test line will also have an effect on measured value.
When we are looking at small separations like this (less than 3m), the height of
the conductors (power and telephone) will also have an effect. The real test line
geometry (experimental set-up) is not that accurate if we compare the values
with the scale model. Line sag (power and telephone conductors) will also have
an effect on induced voltage.
52
For an unbalanced three-phase condition all the above reasons are valid. But
the most important reason for the variation in induced common mode voltage is
conductive coupling. During unbalanced condition the return current was
allowed to flow through true earth. This causes a ground potential rise at the
earth electrodes of the power line. For the test line (the experimental set-up)
the earth electrodes of the telephone line are also very close to the earth
electrodes of the power line and they are in the zone of area of GPR. The
magnitude of induced voltage measured was higher than predicted values.
Potential on the earth electrode of the telephone line was measured and it is
found that this voltage is adding in quadrature to the induced common mode
voltage due to the power line current. To reduce this effect measurement is
done with respect to a remote earth. The problem faced at that point is the
induced voltage on the voltmeter leads. That means accuracy of the
measurement is under question.
In the case of SWER condition lot of time was spent on finding out the reason
for very high induced common mode voltage compared to the predicted value.
This leads to the fact that the induced voltage sitting at the earth electrodes of
the telephone line due to conductive coupling is adding in quadrature to the
real common mode induced voltage due to the current flowing through the
SWER line.
At 500 Hz: the voltage at the earth electrode of the telephone line due to
conductive coupling (measured profile), V3 = 0.905 V
Common mode induced voltage measured, V2 = 1.004 V
Common mode induced voltage calculated, V1 = 0.058 V
From this we can conclude that,
V(Vi2 + V32 ) = V22 (V) (5.1)
In the case of capacitive coupling measurement was done only for differential
mode induced voltage. This is due to the unavailability of proper measuring
instrument.
53
Calculation of compatible separation between the power and the
telecommunication line is done for a 132 kV, horizontal configuration with I =
50 A and earth resistivity of 1000 ohm-m. Harmonics up to 73 rd were
considered. Comparison of this criteria with compatible separations specified in
"Code of Practice for Overhead Power Lines for Conditions Prevailing in
South Africa" NRS 041 shows that the exposure length for a specific
separation distance is only 1/280 th. This means for a 100 m separation,
according to NRS 041, the exposure length can be 28 km. But this new criteria
will give only 100 m of exposure length for 100 m of separation. Due to this
very high difference in these two values calculation was done for the same
power line configuration considering only harmonics up to the 11th.
Comparison between this result and NRS 041 showed that for a 100 m
separation instead of 28 km (NRS 041) the new calculated value was 9 km.
The reasons for this can be the following:
The curves for power line separation distance versus exposure to parallel
communication lines were considered the effect of frequencies in the band of
800-1400 Hz other than the power frequency. This makes a big difference.
Instead of considering the effect of each harmonic frequency in that band the
spectrum was considered as a whole and form factor was used. Value of this
form factor was given by Eskom and it is not specified any where.
The conditions used for this curves are also not specified clearly. For
example the magnitude of current in the 132 kV line. This factor has got a big
influence on exposure length.
Moreover all these calculations were done 30 years ago and it is too difficult
to get hold of more details required to verify these curves against the new
criteria.
5.2 CONCLUSION
54
requirement for minimum separation and exposure length it is obvious that it
needs revision to accommodate the effect of higher order harmonic
frequencies.
55
REFERENCES
56
C.C.I.T.T "Directives concerning the protection of telecommunication lines
against harmful effects from electric power and electrified railway lines",
International Telecommunication Union, Geneva, 1963.
Bart Druif, " The Theory and Calculations of Coupling Parameters Between
High Voltage AC Power Systems and Metallic Telephone Circuits," thesis
presented for degree of Master of Engineering Science at the University of
Stellenbosch, September 1994.
IEEE Working Group on Power System Harmonics, " Power Line Harmonic
Effects on Communication Line Interference," IEEE Trans. on Power
Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS- 104, No. 9, pp. 2578-2587 September 1985.
57
Appendix A
JD
SOPHOMETRIC WEIGHTS
58
A.1 PSOPHOMETER
The psophometer is an instrument which has been introduced for measuring the
value of the parasitic voltages produced in telephone circuits by nearby
interferance sources eg. power lines. It was developed with a view to make
measurements at the end of long-distance circuits. It has a very high input
impedance, and thus can be used as a voltmeter without disturbing the circuit.
59
Weights
Frequenc'y
Numerical The square of Values
c/s the numerical Values
values in decibels in nencra
values
60
Weights
Frequency •
The square of
Numerical the numerical Values Values
cis values values in decibels in nepers
61
Appendix
62
In South Africa the research work in the co-ordination of power and communication
systems was undertaken by the Power and Communication Systems Co-ordinating
Committee, appointed by the SAIEE, in the period 1938-1957. Their conclusions were
reflected in the "Code of Practice for Overhead Power Lines" produced by SAIEE in
1966. In terms of legislation, interference limits are stipulated in Electricity
Transmission and Distribution- Code of Practice for Overhead Power Lines for
Conditions Prevailing in South Africa (NRS 042:1995) [15]. Eskom is bound to this
legislation for the new power routes have to be approved by Telkom before
construction can start.
Under normal circumstances, route approval of a power line will be preceded by the
calculation by Telkom for the anticipated induction levels (fault and steady state) in
any nearby cabled or open wire telephone circuits, and these levels are then compared
to the CCITT limits stipulated. The horizontal separation between the power line and
the telephone line should be in accordance with figures B.1, B.2, B.3 and B.4. This
separation distance shall grant the level of immunity required in the "Postmaster
General Requirements", for communication systems without reference to the power-
frequency carrier operator. These limits require that induced power-frequency voltages
shall not exceed:
50 V r.m.s. in steady state;
430 V r.m.s. on power lines where an earth fault is cleared in more than 0.5 s;
1000 V r.m.s. on power lines where an earth fault is cleared in 0.35 s to 0.5 s; or
1200 V r.m.s. on power lines where an earth fault is cleared in less than 0.35 s.
The curves are based on the recommendations of the CCITT, viz. that the noise
induced in a communication circuit should not exceed 2 mV e.m.f when measured
with a psophometer fitted with the CCITT telephone weighting network. The 2 mV
e.m.f is equivalent to 1 mV potential difference, as measured on the psophometer. For
power line voltages up to and including 33 kV, a TIF (Telephone Influence Factor) of
10 % has been used. For lines of higher voltage, a TIF of 5 % has been adopted, since
it is likely that interfering factors (such as phase balance, wave form etc.) are more
closely controlled on such routes.
63
34
32
30
28
26
24
22
65"
20
E
C
18 .O
CJ
a)
16 cn
14
12
10 AAK
6 211pP91111111/-
4
Exposure (km)
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
64
130
120
A
4b1 id li
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Exposure (km)
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
65
1 400
1 300
1 200
1 100
1 000
900
'&7
800 fa..
C)
E
C
700 -2
C3
D.
600 u)
500
400
300
200
100
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
66
3 600
3 400
'1c3 ‘41
3 200
3 000
2 900
2 500
—sepa rat ion (me tres}—{
2 400
2 200
2 000
1 800
1 600
1 400
1 200
1 000
800
600
400
200 i
Exposure (km) I
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
• 67
Appendix C
68
C.1 SOIL. CONDUCTIVITY
Soil conductivities can vary from 0.1 to 0.0001 1/S/ m, depending on the type
and age of the formation. For the calculation of electromagnetic induction
effects, measurement methods are required that penetrate into the deep layers
of the soil, such as Wenner (4-electrode) method [14]. If the local composition
of the soil is known, a fair estimate for a may be obtained from Table C.1. In
the absence of measured values or adequate knowledge of the soil composition,
Figure C.2 can be used.
a a a
C1 P1 P2 C2
69
Separation distance- Meggar reading, R (0) Soil resistivity
adjacent electodes, a (m) p = 2iraR (ohm- m)
1 49.8 312.9
2 9.64 121.14
4 5.36 134.71
6 5.16 194.53
8 4.85 243.79
10 4.03 253.21
12 3.49 263.14
14 3.16 277.96
16 2.72 273.44
18 2.22 251.08
70
Condition relating to the climate _ Rainfall readings
1 2 3 4 5
0.001 to 0
Slate, fossils, 0.0005
schists, gneiss,
igneous rocks .
Table C.2 Earth Conductivities (mhos per meter) for Different Soil
Compositions [10]
71
•
o p t i on
° •
mr fun 1...“
0 ilk 44ar.s.ttisr.
I II 61.1.A
if It 4.4) A.11' LAIIIIC
•
Cut‘'( ) (1108tV11
A ILE A
PP4 IC 4511.
A
II/ATA
r1d.V1111 A ;.;••
1.1 1
.0!it SI. rims
•
1,Its-;••• •I ■
:.--- •
.• I WA Lt:: I • AA
C
,....-PI•orkT nit- air)
lulvil
LA I • l' 4 4
1)
72
Ap endix D
T WE GEOMETRY
73
,•
ci
•
/ \ •
G•L
TYP E A
7. SS q.
74
The "433 A" Light Suspension Tower Type is mainly used for 275 kV power lines.
Conductors are arranged in flat horizontal configuration. This "433 A" tower is used
for the Athene- Smelter 132 kV lines as well. The phase conductors of these 132 kV
lines are of 'ZEBRA' ACSR (Aluminium Conductor Steel Reinforced) type.
2.4 m
14
es2
1.35 m 1.57 m
T2
GL
75
Appendix E
76
E.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS
E.1.1.1Balanced three-phase
IR =Iw =IB = 10 A
- - - - SHUNT
LEM 101
Source
132 V/ 22 A
Source
80 m
132V/ 22A
V 600ohm 600 ohm
Vcm
77
shield wire
1k
- - - SHUNT
LEM 101
Source 1.2m
132 V/ 22 A
80 m
1.74 600ohm
h 600 ohm
I = 0.22 A
E.1.2.1Balanced Three-phase
VR Vw VB = 65 V
78
100 m
0
Source
132V/ 22A 1.2m
80 m
E.2 RESULTS
E.2.1.1Balanced Three-phase
IR = Iw =IB = 10 A
79
Common mode voltage Differential mode voltage
Frequency Induced Induced Induced Induced
(kHz) voltage: voltage: voltage: voltage:
Calculated Measured (V) Calculated Measured
(V) (mV) (mV)
0.06 0.028 0.0256 0.624 0.72
0.15 0.072 0.07 1.2 0.8
0.25 0.12 0.116 2.6 2.24
0.35 0.168 0.18 3.64 3.2
0.5 0.242 0.26 5.2 3.54
0.65 0.316 0.293 6.76 - 5.4
80
Common mode voltage Differential mode voltage
Frequency Induced Induced Induced Induced
(kHz) voltage: voltage: voltage: voltage:
Calculated Measured Calculated Measured
(mV) (mV1 (mV1 (mV)
0.06 7 7.25 0.103 0.3
0.15 16 27.5 0.259 0.4
0.25 25 32.9 0.431 0.62
0.35 33 37.5 0.603 0.7
0.5 45 42.3 0.862 0.76
0.65 56 61 1.12 0.84
1.0 79 81.8 1.72 1.4
1.5 111 121.9 2.59 2.9
2.0 140 161.25 3.45 3.8
2.5 168 207.12 4.31 5.6
3.0 194 218.2 5.2 5.85
3.5 220 307.41 6.03 6.8
4.0 244 360.5 6.9 8
81
E.2.1.3Unbalanced Three-phase (return current through shield wire)
At 500 Hz:
Voltage sitting at the earth electrode of the telephone line (conductive
coupling) V3 = 0.905V
4(1712 ± v3 2) = V2
82
E.2.2 Electrostatic Coupling
VR = Vw VB 65 V
83
E.1.3 Earth Potential Distribution
14
12 —
10 —
Earth potential (V)
8—
— a-- Earth pot:
measured(V)
• Earth pot:
6— calculated(V)
4—
2—
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Earth electrode distance (m)
Experimental work done on the scale model agreed well with the modelling.
Scaling was done for a 132 kV horizontal configuration. Final calculation for
minimum separation for different exposure lengths are done for a 132 kV line.
Information about different harmonic current contents were provided by
Eskom and calculation is done for the worst case. After calculating the
common mode voltage differential mode voltage is calculated for a balance
factor of 200. This information is provided by Telkom.
84
Frequency (Hz) Common mode voltage Differential mode voltage
(my) (mV)
50 0.939 0.00195
250 4.69 0.0099
350 6.57 0.014
550 10.3 0.022
650 12.21 0.026
850 16 0.034
950 17.83 0.038
1150 21.6 0.046
1250 23.5 0.05
1450 27.2 0.058
1550 29.11 0.062
3550 66.7 0.141
3650 69.5 0.145
85
Appendix F
CALCULATION METHODS
86
All the calculations were done by using Mathcad PLUS 6.0, Professional
Edition.
rad
a :=0.0038• f It 0 :=4.71.10_ 7 henry
(ohm .m) sec
a :=411.0.a.2.711 a =1.225-10 •M 1
g - Euler's constant'
aRT is the horizontal distance between the red phase conductor and the first conductor of the
telephone line
b is the height of the red phase conductor from thr ground level
c is the height of the telephone conductor from the ground level
g:=1.7811 a RT := b := 3.6.m c := 1.3.m
RT =1.923.10
Mu _ Mutual impedance between the red phase and the first conductor of the telephone line
AO 2 .42
MRT:=—. 2.1n 2 +1-i (1+i )•a•(b+c)
4•7t (g•a•d
henry
MRT =1.259909.10 6 - 1.565138.10-7 i
AO 2 ) .
M WT 2.11 +1 i • + (1+1 ) • a.(b+c)
4-a g.a.d 2 2 3
henry
M WT =1.202156.10 6 - 1.565138.10-7 i
m
a BT := 4.27.m d 3 := ja BT2 + (1)- c d 3 =4.85.m
11 0 2171 2 )
+1. +
2.12. .
•(1 +1 ).a.(b + c
M BT
ga. d 3 2 3
. henry
MBT =1.148944.10 6 - 1.565138.10-7 i
87
ZRT - mutual inductance between the red phase and the first conductor of the telephone line
a :=- 0.5 i . 5
2
IRO is the zero sequence of the red phase current
iRi is the positive sequence of the red phase current
IR2 is the negative sequence of the red phase current
I RO 1 11 IR IRO [0
IR1 := 1 1 a a2 1w R1 = 1.467-10 I .amp
3
IR2 1 a2 a IB IR2 10
i
2 2
IRw is the loop current between the red phase and the white phase
I RW b b-1 I RW
(5 - 2.886667i
(1 R1
IWB := -. a2.13 a.b- 1 I wB = 5.773333i •amp
4-3 R2 -5 - 2.886667i
I BR a•b a2.13-1 I BR
It - tota length of the telephone line
t := 40.m
ZRW is the loop impedance between the red phase and the white phase
5. •hm
o
ZRW:=ZRT-ZWT Z Rw = 1.814368.10
m
5. ohm
Z wB :=Z wr -ZBT ZwB =1.671698.10 •
m
5. o lun
Z BR :=Z BT Z RT Z BR =-3.486•10 •
m
VTI is the voltage induced on the first conductor of the telephone conductor
88
I RW
2
d RT2 := Ja RT22 + c d RT2 =2.813•m
0 2 + .7t +
M RT2 • 2.1n 2 (1+i )•a•(b+c)
"" n ga.dRT2 2 3
6 .henry
M RT2 = 1.258.10 — 1.565.10-7i
m
d•
WT2 = 3 .756•m
a WT2 := 2- 97•m d WT2 := Va WT2 2 ÷ (b c ) 2
ft 0 [ „, (
M WT2 '=• ‘. -111
4.7c
2
g- d WT2
+ - i
7c i.. 2.42 (1
2 3
( + )1
i ).a. 13 c
.henry
M WT2 = 1.200047-10 6 - 1.565138.10-7 i
m
:=110 2 ) 2
M BT2 .4'1" +1i + 5 .(1 + i )•ct•(b+c)1
4.7c g.a.dBT2 2 3
•henry
M BT2 1.147135.10 6 - 1.565138.10-7 1
ohm
Z i• — RT2 Z RT2 = 4.917026.10 5 +3.951725.10 4 i •
m
ohm
Z WT2 i WT2 Z WT2 =4.917026.10-5 +3.770058.10 4 i •
m
ohm
Z BT2 = 4.917026.10 5 +3.609515.10 4 i
Z BT2 := i .2.71-f*M BT •
5
Z z :=RT2
Z -WT2
Z Z R2w2 = 1.816669.10 i -° hm
m
89
VT2 IS the voltage induced on the second conductor of the telephone line
I RW
90
F.2 Calculation of induced voltage due to magnetic coupling
(unbalanced three phase condition,return current through true earth)
G := 0.0038•(ohinl rad
f '= 50-- g o :=4•m104 henry
sec m
a :=,ig 0.a-2.711 a= 1.225.10 g := 1.7811
aRT is the horizontal distance between the red phase conductor and the first conductor of the
telephone line
b is the height of the red phase conductor from thr ground level
c is the height of the telephone conductor from the ground level
a RT := 1.57.m b 3.6•m c := 1.3-m
•aRT =1.923.10-3
MRT is the mutual inductance between the red phase connductor and the telephone conductor
.henry
MRT =1.259909.10 6 - 1.565138.10-7 i
m
. henry
M WT =1.202156.10 6 - 1.565138.10-7 i
m
P- 0 ( 2 )
+1 . + (1 4-1 )••(b+c)
M BT 2111
gad 3 2 3
.henry
MBT =1.148944.10 6 - 1.565138.10-7i
m
ZR-r is the mutual impedance between the red phase conductor and the telephone conductor
ohm
Z RT ' 2.7141M RT ZRT =4.917026.10 5 +3.9581.21°10i
91
ohm
Z WT := .2.711M WT Z WT = 4.917026.10 5 +3.776684-10 4 i •
m
ohm
Z BT ZBT =4.917026.10 5 +3.609515-10 4 i
•
IR Is the red phase current
I R := (8.21 + i •0)•amp I w := (- 4.175 ÷ 7.234 )•amp IB :=(- 3.515 - 6.0884 )•amp
2
IRO Is the zero sequence of the red phase current
I RI is the positive sequence of the red phase current
IR2 is the negative sequence of the red phase current
b :=
43 II Rol =0.418 •amp
2 2
IRw is the loop current between the red phase and the white phase
ZRW is the loop impedance between the red phase and the white phase
Z BR :=Z BT Z RT Z=-
B 3.486.10 5 i •thni
/ WO :7-- I RO / BO :7- I RO
VT1 is the voltage induced on the first conductor of the telephone conductor
I RW I RO
92
V Ti =6.101.10 - 9.063.10 4 i •volt I V Ti I =6.168.1V •volt
aRT2 is the horizontal distance between the white phase conductor and the second conductor of the
telephone line
a RT2 := 1.62.m b :=3.6•m c := 1.3.m
M RT2
110 •
'P•11
, ,
4 .1"
g'cc'dRT2
+ 1 i
2
henry
+ 2.42
3
)..
ct
b
c )1
M RT2 =1.258.10 6 - 1.565.10-7 i
m
I+1 i•+
7 2 ,12- (1+i )•cqb+c)
---o ' 2411
M WT2 := 11 A2
4.a 2 3
(g' a. - WT)
henry
M wr2 = 1.200047.10 6 - 1.565138.10-7 i
m
[1 0 2 )
÷I i• 2 -I-
2-.13 (1+i )•cv(b+c)
A •
M BT2 — 4.1"
4.n BT2
• henry
M BT2 = 1.148944.10 6 - 1.565138.10-7 i
• ohm
Z RT2 :=i • 2 •71.1 MRT2 Z RT2 = 4.917026.10-'5 +3.951725.10 4 i
m
• ohm
Z WT2 := . 2. 7t. CM WT2 Z wT2 = 4.917026.10 5 +3.770058.10-4 i
m
• ohm
Z BT2 =4.917026-1
V +3.609515.10 4 1
Z BT2 :=i • 2 •71•fMBT m
VT2 is the voltage induced on the second conductor of the telephone line
93
I RW [ IRO
I BR - 'BO
94
F.3 Calculation of induced voltage due to magnetic coupling (Single
Wire Earth Return, SWER)
f :. 500
:=0.004•( 1 ) IL 0 :=4.71.10 7 henry
om.m
li sec
a :=4110.0.2.711 a=3.974.10 •m 1
aRT is the horizontal distance between the red phase conductor and the first conductor of the
telephone line
b is the height of the red phase conductor from the ground level
c is the height of the telephone conductor from the ground level
a. a RT1 =6.239.10
MRT1 Mutual impedance between the red phase and the first conductor of the telephone line
2 ÷ 1 i ÷ 243, +1 •
M RT1 nn )
4•n (g•c•:1 1 2 3
.henry
M RT1 = 1.025791.10 6 - 1.552438.10-7i
ZRT1 mutual inductance between the red phase and the first conductor of the telephone line
ohm
Z RT1 :=i .2. n• f:M RT1 ZRT1 -4.877.10 +3.223.10-3 i •
IR - red phase current
It - total length of the telephone line
VTR - voltage induced on the first conductor of the telephone line
IR := 0.22•amp 1 t :=80.m
c )
d RT2 := ja RT22 + (b - 2 d- RT2 =2.813.m
M RT2 :::-
11°
A [ • (2-111 ( ,21 ) + 1- i .-11 i.-2-±(1+i
" ).a.(b÷c)
'''n g a. " RT2 2 3
95
•henry
M RT2 1.024.10 6 — 1.552.10-7i
elm
Z RT2 :=i 2 nfMRT2 Z RT2 =4.877.10 4
+3.216.10-3i
m
V T2 :=IRl t Z RT2 V T2 =8.584.10 +0.057i •volt IV T21 =0.057253 •volt
96
F.4 Calculation of capacitive coupling for three phase balance
condition
Inducing line (power line)
Induced line (tele: line)
aRT1 is the horizontal distance between the red phase conductor and the first conductor of the
telephone line
b is the height of the red phase conductor from thr ground level
c is the height of the telephone conductor from the ground level
1 m
0 := 8.854.10-12. farad 1( 0 :- 1( 0 =1.798.10 10
2-m2 0 farad
r1 is radius of the power line conductor
r2 is radius of the telephone line conductor
r 1 := 0.892.10-3 .m r 2 := 0.691.10-3•m
pRR :=k 21)
P RR =1.612.1011 . m
(r ) farad
2c
PT1T1 PT1T1 =1.48.10 11 • m
r2 farad
97
D RT1 10 • m
P RTI • = k0.1n PRTI =1.124.10 P TIR :=P RT1
d RT I farad
UR
P RT I 13 farad
C RTI C RT I – 4.711.10 – •
P TIT1 m
1 12 . farad
2
D WTI WTI +" (b÷ D wn =5.618•m
• m
P TIT1 :=1( 0.111 (—
2r 2c P TITI 1.48.1011
farad
WTI
P :=k0 In P WT I =7.724-109 • m P TIW -1° WT1
dwr farad
98
CWrlP WT1
CWT1 =3.238.1013 farad
P WW P TIT1 m
4 . / ci. 1012 farad
C T1T1 C TITI 1 -11
m
T1T1
b :=3.5•m 1.3.m
a BTI :=4 .27 •m
D BT1)
P BT1 ::'0 .111 A PBTI -5.227.109 P T1B :=PBT1
. farad
farm
''BT1
P BT I
C
CBT1 CBTI - 2.191.1013 farad
I BB' T1T1 m
1
C T1T1 •-• C T1TI = 6.757.1012 farad
m
TI T1
C RTI
U RT1 '= UR
c T1T1 C RTI
C WT1
U WT1 Uw
T1T1 1-C WT1
C BT1
UBT1' r, UB
`-' T1T1 C BT1
99
UT1 := URT1+ U WT1+ U BT1
aRT2 is the horizontal distance between the white phase conductor and the second conductor of the
telephone line
aRT2 := 1.62.m b := 3.5•m c := 1.3.m
2
dRT2 RT22 + (b - dRT2 2.732• m
:=k0.1n(2.1
P WW P ww =1.612.1011 • m
farad
r1
, 2•c)
P T2T2 =1.48.10 11 • m
P T2T2 r2 farad
„( D RT2) m
P RT2 :=1` V" A P RT2 =1.11.10 1° • farad P T2R := P RT2
uRT2
1 . 10 12 .farad
C T2T2 CT2T2 6.757 m
T2T2
2
d WT2 = 3.696•m
d WT2 :-7'ja WT22 + (b
D WT2 := Ja WT22+ (b + c)
2 D WT2 =5.645•m
, 2 11
P ww :=K 0.m(—
•
Pww=1.612•10 11 ° m
r1 farad
PwT2 =7.611'109 • m
P WT2 :=k0.1nr P T2W WT2
d wr2 farad
100
P WT2 . farad
C WT2 ' „ C WT2 = 3.19.10-13 m
WW-s. T2T2
1 12 • farad
C T2T2 • C T2T2 = 6.757.10 m
T2T2
b :=3.5.m c := 1.3•m
a BT2 :=4.32•m
p k 111 (21
P BB =1.612.10 11 •
M
BB 0' farad
r1
2•c) 1.48• 10 11 • in
P T2T2 := '0'"±(---- P T2T2 farad
r2
(D BT2) 9 In
P BT2. ••=k 0.111 d P BT2 =5.154-10 °
farad P T2B :=P BT2
BT2
P BT2 farad
C BT2 • 1, C BT2 2.16.1013 m
BB'- T2T2
1
C T2T2 C T2T2 = 6.757.1012 •farad
P T2T2
C RT2
U RT2 • 0 UR
T2T2 C RT2
C w-r2
WT2 ' -
U'
C T2T2 C WT2 U w
C BT2
U BT2 •'- UB
T2T2 C BT2
101
U "-*U RT2 U WT2 + U BT2
U Tdl :=Z T
102
F.5 Calculation of electromagnetic coupling (balanced three
phase, no return current) for a 132kV line at the smelter plant
a - conductivity of the soil
f - frequency
116- permeability of free space
a :=410.0.2.n.f a = 6.283.10 4
g - Euler's constant
aRT is the horizontal distance between the red phase conductor and the first conductor of the
telephone line
b is the height of the red phase conductor from thr ground level
c is the height of thetelephone conductor from the ground level
g := 1.7811 aRT :=42.6.m b := 19.3.m c :=6.5•m
a.a RT =0.027
M RT _ Mutual impedance between the red phase and the first conductor of the telephone line
11 0 In 2 )
MRT +1 . n + 2 •(1+1. ).a.(b+c)
ill. g•a•d 2 3
. henry
M RT =8.401897.10-7 - 1.555513.10-7 i
m I M RTI =8.545.10-7 •kg•m•coul-2
11 0 2 ) 7( 2 • .
M wT :=2.1n + •(1+1 ).a.(b÷c)
g.a.d2 +1 . 2 3
.henry
M WT =8.104518.10-7 - 1.555513.10-7i
m
11 0 ,„( 2 )
+11•+
2.4-2 (1+i )•a•(b+c)
M BT := L.L"
g•a•d3 2 3
ZRT - mutual inductance between the red phase and the first conductor of the telephone line
103
.ohm
ZRT :=i •2•11•MRT ZRT =4.886788.10 5 +2.639534.104i
ohm
Z WT :=i • 2.n.f.M WT Z WT =4.886788.10 5 +2.546109.10 4 i
m
.olun
ZBT :7- '2.71.11\11BT Z BT =4.886788.10 5 +2.464084.104i
IR - red phase current
a :=- 0.5 +
2
IRO is the zero sequence of the red phase current
IRi is the positive sequence of the red phase current
IR2 is the negative sequence of the red phase current
I RO 1 1 1 IR I RO [0
1. 1
RI a a2 Iw IRI = 1.56-10 -amp
R2 3 [1 a2 a IB I R2 50
2 2
IRw is the loop current between the red phase and the white phase
b 1)-1 I RW 25 - 14.433667i
I RI
2 •b-1 I wB = (28.867333i amp
a •b
(I R2
a2•b-1 -25 - 14.433667i
I BR
l t :=1•m
ZRW is the loop impedance between the red phase and the white phase
6• ohm
Z RW :=Z RT Z WT Z Rw =9.342442.10
m
'BR
104
a RT2 42.75•m b := 19.3 .m c := 6.5 •m
) 242-
M RT2 := 2 • [ (2.1n 2 +1-1 72 + 3- (1+1 )a. (b+c)
A"1 g C'u RT2
•henry
M RT2 = 8.395- 10-7 - 1.556.10-7i m
wr22 c
d wT2 = 51.758• m
a wT2 := 50.15 • m d wT2
2 2 4-2
M WT2 := --(212.1n ( + 1 - i—
7+ (1 +i ). •(b+c)I
4.7 g•c•d WT2 2 3
henry
M wT2 = 8.098895. 10-7 - 1.555513 . 10-7 1
m
It 0 { , 2 ) . 242-
M BT2 *= 4.1" 1- 1 ( 1+ i) a•(b+c )
g••BT2 2 3
•henry
M BT2 = 7.83845 . 10-7 - 1.555513.10-71 m
Z RT2 :=5 .2.11.f"M RT2 Z RT2 = 4.886788. 10 5 +2.637508. 10 4 i ohm
m
ohm
Z WT2 wT2 Z wT2 = 4.886788 . 10 5 +2.544343 . 10 4 i
m
ohm
Z BT2 :=5 .2.711M BT Z BT2 = 4.886788. 10 5 +2.464084. 10 4 i •
m
Z R2W2 := Z RT2 Z WT2 Z R2W2 = 9.31649 . 10 6 i -Ohm
VT2 is the voltage induced on the second conductor of the telephone line
I Rw
I wB .1 t
V T2 := R2W2 Z W2B2 Z B2R2 ).
' BR
105
4 4•
V T2 —3.475.10 +6.665.10 •volt
IVT21
=7.516384.10 4 •volt
V Td
I V T1 1 V Td =3.801°103
200
106
e.
F.6 Calculation of psophometrically weighted induced differential
mode voltage (fundamental + harmonics) for 132kV line at the
smelter plant
Psophometric weighting factor for 50 Hz (k) = 0.0007079
for 250 Hz (f5)= 0.178
f5 :=0.178 f 25 := 0.977
f 29 := 0.881
f 7 := 0.376
f 11 :=0.733 f 31 := 0.842
f 13 :=0.851 f 71 :=0.355
f 17 := 0.966 1 73 := 0.313
f 1 9 :=0.902
i7 :=0.114 i 25 :=0.098
i 11 :=0.173 i 29 := 0.089
i 13 :=0.12 i 31 :=0.083
i 1 7 :=0.111 i 71 :=0.029
i 19 := 0.099 i 73 := 0.0305
V 11 :=0.022 V 25 :=0.05
V 13 := 0.026 V 29 := 0.058
107
Psophometrically weighted induced differential mode voltage Vpd
P800' 1
Psophometrically weighted signal at fundamental frequency Ufun
V pd TT
fun2-r
,
TT
5 +
2
V + +U
2
+U
LI 11 -I-
2
V 132 1-U 172 + u 192 ÷u 232 ±u 252 +u 292" 312" 712 +1
+U
I Al
P 800
V pd = 0.011165
Psophometrically weighted induced voltage is 0.011 mV/m
108