Сланбек Дамир МН-ЛТ-20-01

Part 1: The Writing Process

2. Developing Plans from Titles

2. The following terms are also commonly used in essay titles.
Match the terms to the definitions on the right.

Analyse Look at the various parts and their relationships

Describe Give a detailed account
Examine Divide into sections and discuss each critically
State Give a clear and simple account
Suggest Make a proposal and support it
Summarise Deal with a complex subject by giving the main
points

3. Almost all essays, reports and articles have the same basic pattern of organisation:

Introduction
Main body
Conclusion
The structure of the main body depends on what the title is asking you to do. In the case of a discuss type
essay, the main body is often divided into two parts, one looking at the advantages of the topic and the
other looking at the disadvantages. A plan for the first example might look like this:

Academic qualifications are of little practical benefit in the real world – Discuss.
Introduction variety of different qualifications
different methods of assessment
Benefits international standards for professions, e.g. doctors
students have chance to study latest theories
qualifications lead to better salaries and promotion
Drawbacks many successful people don’t have qualifications
many qualified people don’t have jobs
Conclusion qualifications are useful but not guarantees of success

4. Write a plan for one of the titles in (1).

title Information technology and its main areas of application in medicine

introduction The impact of the IT system on various fields of activity

main body Medical information Technologies-opportunities and prospects

conclusion The future of artificial intelligence in healthcare

5. Teachers often complain that students write essays that do not answer the question set.
They should contain:
1. An introduction
2. A main body
3. Each paragraph
4. Conclusion
6. Underline the key terms in the following titles and decide what you are being asked to do.
Example:
Relate the development of railways to the rise of nineteenth-century European nationalism.
Relate means to link one thing to another. The title is asking for links to be made between the growth of
railways in Europe in the nineteenth century and the political philosophy of nationalism. The writer must
decide if there was a connection or not.
a) Identify the main causes of rural poverty in China.
b) Calculate the likely change in coffee consumption that would result from a 10% fall in the price of
coffee beans.
c) Classify the desert regions of Asia and suggest possible approaches to halting their spread.

Nationalism in German railway cartography during the mid-nineteenth century.

The people residing in the central European German territories during the nineteenth century were
constantly in a state of confusion regarding their ever-changing borders. The thousand year old Holy
Roman Empire was dissolved in 1806 by Napoleon, who simultaneously amalgamated the hundreds of
small political fractures into 37 states. Although these states were recognized internationally in the
Vienna treaty of 1815, their process of internal integration was only beginning. At the same time, a
growing national German movement was calling for a more radical territorial reform through the
unification of all the German states. As a result, Germans were facing many contradicting spatial forces
pulling and pushing them towards different territorial orders: sub-state traditional regional affiliations,
state patriotism, also known as particularism, and German nationalism. Although similar periods of
deterritorialization were experienced in German history, the nineteenth century sense of disorientation
was intensified through the introduction of railway technology, which provided the means for mass
mobility and the shrinking of distances.
Railway systems had a paradoxical effect on the formation of territorial states. They were, on the
one hand, important factors in the development and consolidation of centralized modern states, and, on
the other hand, catalysts for the integration of international regions. i This was particularly true in the mid-
nineteenth century German world, in which the railway system has been seen by some as a cause for
particularist state development, for others as a source for sub-state regional integration or, in contrast, as
an inseparable part of the creation of German nationalism. ii It seems, therefore, that the train brings about
both the unification of a political territory, and its deterritorialization.
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ii