‘ABOUT THE AUTHOR ‘Bom Sect 1942 Cap Subramaniam vas educated jot Lawrence Schoo} {Casal one aft bet shoo Inn He pasa out of aE, Buen 1860 ‘aang aver’ przea nena Rumer for he Proidons ‘GouWvedal Hachenservedatsna ntvAug 68 nen he ook {Washing athe LBS, Nae! & Engg Csoge, Bombay Dos ‘ead hetook overcharge tie Priel off ame colepe ‘Nor 80%, ho was vata o comma the TS. Roordm ‘hen eonautad tyeeyeur 8.80 (Ntleal Stereee) depres ouses under Bombay’ Unvray, fo" poston cosets, uly 5802, dé st et eur monn n command sha bak erie ‘fom india toapan. Ausland ackte prove a hee ats Prats what te iaciow. Avy TODS, Re was Meher oe ‘raster of arin fom 8, ion now shor oases ‘saute acacayealed 78 Chana Haig oaelannd rest he aga ovreure ain rae hs Coegny e birnesonaed' 8. Coleg fAdvanednia Stes & Rear ‘eae tus boon assoc wih al our etna! Wana ton In nan story “ne was a cadet on 1.8 Dutra, hs at Capan Suermanden! oft ‘Rajra'a. ho ft aptan Suporhtordan of TS, Chana and Pineal of LBS Celog. 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Commitee govamniig Bo" Inin Iaite of Por Nanagomertatlai: + Charmanal the Hertam Acegemle Coun of Got fii forte Inepecton of rrantnatahninginst es + TlsotPrcpa Emer of 8S Cologe on ramen {Mar oft oar Award! n 2001 by Sele Tay magne forh Cencopten and mmperranatoner Nee ‘Lei Acioverien’Avarin 200289 Marne Word mapnze; ‘Uta Dsneten Ava 2 Narex Bln 200) tire conto avartime aig Aare by GlobalMtin 2007 “naa inavaten ears2007 by Salor Ted Magezratrtemannarn whieh candies nda fs fortis Gulefor Sear + Charman ofheNautos insu ne (Wes Bran 1 chanmanatthe Company ttierKaris lng ‘Auhor of eight tat Eooks on te eperlon of machen spe: His quafoans ‘doereesaraidavotan’seacinganeberiniapuleahoublastinaNahel Ashe ‘bockan hashes S3ign- PRACTICAL NAVIGATION, NARINE METEOROLOGY, SHIPGORNE RADA 8 ARER SHIP STABILITY | ran NAUTICAL WATCH KEEPING SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY navebotnpreatbuceb NUTSHELL SERIES BOOK 5 BY CAPT. H. SUBRAMANIAM VIJAYA PUBLICATIONSPREPACE Like all the other books in the wutshel? Series, this book is intended to enable Officers to study whilst at sea Phe subject has been divided into thre: pa ‘Ship Stability I, Tt and Trt’ (watshe1l Series Books 4, 5 and 6) such that all theee cover the syllabus for Master F.G, parts I & Ii for ¥irst Mate F-G, and part I for Second Nate P.G and Navigational. Watchkeeping officer. The three parts ave in continuation with no repetition of any portions. In the second edition, minor changes have been made, especially in chapter 22 ourve of Statical Stability. Bombay, lst August 1986 ~(H. SUBRAMANIAM) 19 20 a 22 23 24 25 26 27 SHIP SPABILITY 11 coNnTents calculation of BM & KM; KM curves. Exercise 15. Simpson's Rules. Exercises 16, 17 and 18. Angle of loll; calculation; remedial action. Exercise 19. curve of statical stability. crose curves of stability. Exercise 20. KN curves. Exercise 21. Longitudinal stability: piten: trim: GML; KML; CoP. ‘rim problems - type Ay Exercise 22. neim problems ~ type By Exercise 23. ao 38 43 50 58 66 3 8s28 29 30 aa 32 ‘veim problema - type C. Exercise 24, combined list and trin. Exercise 25. Draft increase due to List. Exercise 26. Drydocking and grounding. Exercise 27. Bilging of amidships compartments Exercises 28, 29 and 30. ANSWERS . Appendix 1 seeeeevewee Hydrostatic’ particulars of mv. VISAY. ABpendin/ ED panahmris siepidamsl Hydrostatic particulars Of mv. VICTORY. -o00- 109 132 136 aaa 168 1e7 aon isa CHAPTER 19 CALCULATION OP BH AND Kit; KM CURVES The transverse BM, also referred to as uur, isthe vertical distance between the COs and the transverse metacentre, or Mi, and is calculated by the formul: buat ¥ Where I is the moment of inertia, or the second monent, of the water~ plane area about the centre line bf the ship, expressed inn’. v is the vol of displacement in m° BM 0 obtained, would be in metres. Rectangular water-planea: ‘The moment of inertia of a rectangle about its. centre line. (I or I*cl) is Given by the formula: I= LB) +12. So for a rectangular water-plane: BM = I/V = uB*/12v Note: The vessel need NOT be box-shaped for its water-plane to be rectangular. Por a box-shaped vessel, V=L xB x a. BM = t/v = 1B9/12V = La?/1atpa = 87/124.2 For a triangular shaped veasel ¥ epa/2 am = 1/v = up'/i2(uea/2) = B*/6a. Note: Though the vessel is triangular shaped, the water-plane is a rectangle. Bois the breadth of the vater-plane. Shipshapes The moment of inertia of the water- plane area of a ship about its centre line can be calculated by using Simpson's Rules \as illustrated in the ext chapter, The I, thus calculated, divided by V would give the aM or BM’. Example 1 Pind the GH of a box-shaped vessel 20 x 6x5e, if draft = 3 mand XG= 1.8 a. KB = drate/2 = 3/2 21.59 aus s/iza = (6's 6)'F 11003) = Loe XH = KB + BM ‘ Tm GH = KN KG = 2.5 - 1.6 = 0.7 m answer. Example 2 A vessel has the form of a triangular priam of length 40 m, breadth 10. and Gepth 7m. Find the KM at 5.6 m draft. Let the half breadth of the vater-plane =X metres. With reference to the figure fon the next page and considering similar triangles: X/3.6 = "5/7. X= 4.0 notros. 3 ka = draft x 2/3 = 5.6 x 2/3 = 3.733 BN = B2/6d = (8 x 6)/(6 x 5.6) = 1.905 Ku = KB + om 1 = 32638 a Bxample 2 A veasel 50 m long has a uniform trans~ Verse cross-section throughout, consist ing of a cectangle above a triangle. The rectangle is 10 ® broad & 5m high. The triangle is apex downwards, 10 m broad at the top and 6 m deep. Calculate the RN at 3 m draft. To find the KB, take moments of area about K. (See figure on next page). KD = (Arca 29K x KC) + (Area PORS x KD. Total area PRORS = lox 6 x 12s + U0 x 27 = 5.20 Coxe x t/2) + (0x2)4 Volume of digplacenent = Area PKORS x & = 50 x 50 = 2500 23. ‘6 & J—5n—» al, P 2 Q ¢ 6a x Since water-plane is rectangular, Tet = uB!/12 = 50 x 103/12 = 4166.67 mt N= I/V = 4166.667/2500 = 1.667 metres. KN = KB + BM = 5.200 + 1.667 = 6.867 m. Example 4 A box-shaped vessel is 32 m long and 6 m broad. Construct the KM curve’ between the drafts of 1m ¢ 4m. From the curve, find the KM at 1.75 m draft. KM = KB + BM = 4/2 + BP/1za = 4/2 + 3/4. For the various drafts, KB and BM are calculated and tabulated on page 6.Draft KBoo+ BM = RW Toe 0.5 0 30m 3.5m 1s" 0175 210 2175 2001.0 ils 25 asf 1.35 il 2145 slo 15: iio 25 ais Lis o1ss7 2.607 40200 0275, 275 A graph should be constructed, to Suitable scale, with draft on one axis & KH on the other, as shown on page 5. Prom the curve, KM at 1.75 draft = 2.6 m Example 5 A barge 60 m long is in the form of a triangular prism 12 @ broad at the top and 10m deep. Construct the KM curve Upto Sm draft and from it, find the KN at 4.6m draft. ba By the principle of similar triangles, 2/8 = 6/10 so x= 0.6d and B= 1,24. KM arate Le 4m Kp + am KN on 0.907 31628 7 2a/3 + (1.24 )¥6a Graft kM on 2m Sm Leoia 4.535 0.9074 Srafe KK om 2.721 5.442 3m 6ma Exercise 15 calculation of BME fi 2 KM curves A box-shaped barge is 40 x 25 x 10 m. Draft = 6m. KG= 8m. Pind KM 6 GH. A box-shaped vessel 45 m x 8m x 6 my @isplaces 1476 t.. Find the KM in SW. A box-shaped barge is 52 x 20 x 12m, SW draft 7.922 m. Find KM in RD 1.015 A box-shaped vessel 180 x 24 m floats at 8m SW draft. Find KM in SW & PW. Pind the GM of a box-shaped _vesse1 120m x 18 m when afloat at 10m sii draft. KG is 6.9m & FSM is 2000 tn. calculate the list when 30 t of cargo is shifted 10 = tranaversely on a box shaped vessel 100 x 16m, SW draft 7 mi; KG 5.5 m; FSM 4800 tm. Draw the KM curve for a box-shaped yeosel 90 x 12 m between an draft & 7’. Prom the curve, find the minimum KM and the draft at which it occurs. A barge is shaped like a triangular prism, 20 m broad at the top and 10 m deep. Tt is 45 m long and displaces 2952 t. Find the KM in aalt water. ‘The underwater portion of a barge is in the shape of a prism, apex down~ wards, 1d mwide at the top, 8 = deep and 40m long. Draw the Km curve upto Gm draft and from the curve find the Kuat (a) 2.5 and (b) 4.75 a 10 u 2 13 a4 1s A ship of W 10250 t, KB 5.6 m KG 8.3 floats in SW. Tf (cL is 45000 m+, FSW is 2050 tm, find the Gm fluid. A barge 45m long hag a uniform transverse cross-section throughout, consisting of a rectangle above a triangle, The rectangle is 8 m broad and 5m high. the teiangle is apex Gownwards, 8 m broad and 3m deep. Tf wis 1620't, “Eind tho KH when in PH. A barge 50m long has a uniform transverse cross-section throughout, consisting of a rectangle above a Semi-cirele. the rectangle is 10. m broad & 4 mhigh. The semi-circle has a diameter of 10 m and its geometric Centre is 3 m above the heel. Find the KM at 6 m deate (Mf- 22/7). ‘Two barges, each $2 m long and 9 m broad at the waterline, float upright at 3m oven keel draft, KG= 3m. One barge ig rectangular while the other isa triangular prism floating apex Gownvards. Compare their GM. wo box-shaped barges each 100 m long float at 4.m draft £ have KG = 3.5 m. One barge is 10 m broad and the other is 12m. Compare their initial GN, A homogenous log of square crosa~ section has RD = 0.72. Pave, by calculation, whether it’ can float With “one side (of the square) Parallel to the waterline. 000-io cuaprer 20 SIMPSON'S RULES Simpson's Rules are very popular among mariners and naval architects because of their simplicity. they may be used to calculate the area, volume and geometric centre of the space enclosed by a straight line and a curve. calculation of areas Equidictant points are chosen along the straight line, also called the axis, and the distance between then is called the conmon interval or 'h'. From each of these points, the perpendicular distance to the curve is measured off and called the ordinate or 'y'. Each ordinate is multiplied by a different number choson fron 2 series of numbers called Simpson's Multipliers and the product Is ‘obtained. the area contained between the axis, the curve and the end ordinates 1s calculated by the formula: Area = Kh (eum of products) where K is a constant. There are three Simpson's Rules & for each, there are different multipliers. The ‘value of the constant 'K' alao is different for different rules. If y and hare in metres, the area obtained would be in square metres. n Simpson's Firet Rule area = (h/3) x (aum of products) Here, K = 1/3 and Simpson's Multipliers are 141 Sf thero are three ordinates, 14241 if there are five orginates, 1424241 if the ordinates are seven 142424241 for nine ordinates, 1424. ce:2 4.1 “for any further 044 number OE ordinates. This rule is usable wherever the number of ordinates chosen i an odd number and it ‘gives accurate reaulte if the curve is a parabola of the second order (vers where the equation of the curve ia y ex’ + bx +c, in which ay band care constants). This rule gives good resulta for ship-shapes and is hence used exten— sively by shipyards, Illustration of this rule is as follove: Ordinate x Simpsons multiplier = Product i foey ag pte w ser tees Sum of products = la + ab 4 20 + ad + Te Area = (h/3) x (la + 4b 4 2c 444 + le).a2 Simpaon's Second Rule area = (3n/8) x (sum of products) Here, K = 3/8 and Simpson's Multipliers are 13.31 if there are four ordinates, 2°3.3.2331 .....for seven ordinates, 13323323931 ..for ten ordinates, etc. This rule is usable wherever the hunber of ordinates chosen is 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22, 25, etc. This rule gives accurate reeulte if the curve is = parabola of the third order (i.e, where fhe equation of the curve is y= ax) + betes +a, where a, by cand d are constants) + Tllustration of the Second Rule: st Product T Ta 3 3b 3 Be 2 23 3 3e 3 1 3f ag Sun = la + 3b + 3c + 24+ 30 4 36 + Ig Area = (3h/8) (sum of products as above) a3 Simpson's Third Rule This rule ig also called the five-eight~ minua-one rule. If three consecutive ordinates are known, the area between any two of then can be calculated by this rule. Here K = 1/12 and st are 5, 8 and “1. The wee of this rule may be illustrated as follows: Area x = (h/12) (Sa + 8b ~ ©) area ¥ = (n/12) (5c + 8 = a) The trapezoidal Rule TE the value of the common interval 'h’ is made very small, part of the curve between any two’ oFdinates may be considered to be straight. The shape now gets divided into several trapezoids. Since “the area of a trapezoid is the product of half the sum of the parallel Sides and the perpendicular distance between then, the area of the given shape may be obtained by plane geometry Without the application. of simpson Rules. This ie illustrated below:aa area P= h (a +b)/2 = h (0.5a + 0.5b) Brea Qsereeeeeeeees = h (0.5b + 0.5¢) Area R Ilo =n (olse + 0:54) Area Golispsssscsss =f (O.Sa + 0150) Reena’ oeie = h (0152 + 0:58) otal =h (0.5a+b+e+d+e+0.5t) avea = h (sum of all intermediate ordin~ ates and half eum of end ordinates) to obtain accurate results by this rule, the value of 'h' would have to be very small. ‘thie means ore physical vork in measuring out so. many ordinates. Simpson's Rules are widely used by ship~ yards, in preference to the trapezoidal Tole, as good accuracy can be obtained by using fewer ordinates. Example 1 A ship's water-plane is 120 m long. the half-beeadths, measured at equal inter vals from aft, are: 0.1 4.6 7.5 7.6 7.6 3.7 & Om Find the vater-plane area. est 5 ls od 7 Note 1: Tf haif-breadths are put through Simpson's Rules, the area obtained vould be half the water-plane area. Double sos xg = See 15 this value vould be the full area of the Water-plane. If, instead, full breadth are used, the area obtained would direc- tly be that of the full water-plane. Th this question, half-breadths are given. Hence it would be simpler to use them as they are, the half-breadths then being called halt-ordinates or semi-ordinates. Note 2: Seven semi-ordinates means six equal intervals. Soh = 120/6 = 20 m. (2 x 81 1 Product, on 18.4 isle 3014 1512 lala ‘020 of products 33-3 6 5 6 6 7 ° Halt acea = (20/3) (93.9) Pull area = 626 x 2 626 n?. = 1252 m2) Example 2 Example 1 had seven ordinates and could have been worked using Simpson's Second Rule as follows: x I Product, on asia 2215 13i2 2218 a of products16 Halt area = (20 x 3/8)(85.5) = 641.25 m? PULL area = 641.25 "2. 1282/50 mn? Note: Given the sane particular, tho answers obtained by Simpson's Firat Rule & by Simpson's Second Role are slightly Sifteront (lesa than 2-58 in this case)y This is mentioned hece to illustrate Ehae the results obtained using. Simpsons ules are only very good apprestnat ions of the correct ateaa. ‘the accuracy improves “as the number of ordinates is increased ive., the smaller the common inteeval, the greater the accuracy. Example 3 The breadths of part of a ship's deck, at 5m intervals are 13, 14 and 14.5 m. Find ‘the area between ‘the first’ two — | «x py fe oles Area X = (h/l2) (5a + 8b ~ e) = (5/12)(65 + 122 - 14.5) = 67.708 a? Bxample 4 The half-breadths of a ship's wat ship's watecplane 100 m long, at equal intervals trom are: 5.0 5.88 6.75 6.63 4.0 & 0.0 m. Find the water-plane area and TPC in SW. uy Note 1: Since the given number of semi- ordinates is eix, none of Simpsons Rules is directly applicable to all of them as a whole. Part of the area can be calcul~ lated using one rule and the other part by another rule. The sum of the two part areas would give the area of the semi- Water-plane. Double this value vould be the area of the whole water-plane. Hlere are some possibilities: (a) Avea between the first and the third seni-ordinate by the first rule and the femaining area by the second rule. (b) Area between the first and the fourth semi-ordinate by the second rule & the remaining area by the first rule. (c) Avea between the first and the fifth seni-ordinate by the first rule and the remaining area by the third rule. (a) Area between the first and the second semi-ordinate by the third rule @ the remaining area by the first rule. Note 2: The results obtained by ditt. erent methods may differ slightly but, would be within reasonable limits. Note 3: The semi-ordinate which happens to be the boundary between the areas calculated separately is. called. the Sividing semi-ordinate. It will be used twice — once in each calculation of part area, In this example, the third is the Sividing semi-ordinate.1s Ew k= hea X ole res Yl y/2 SW Product | y/2_ SM Product 5.00 1 5.00 6.751 "6.78 5s 423.52 6.63 3 19.89 6.75 1 6.75 4:00 3 12,00 i 0:00 1 0:00 som = 35.397 sun = 38-64 Area x Area ¥ = (20/3)(35.27) | = (20)(3/8) (38.64) =°235,133'n?. = 259.800 n!, Seni-area = x + ¥ = 524.933 mn’, Pull area = 2 (524.933) = 1049,066 mn’. TPC = 1,0252/100 = 1.025 (1049.866]/100 pe = 10.761 Exercise 16 Areas by Simpson's Rules Y Pind the area of a boat cover 10 m dong if breadths at equal intervals from fwd are 0, 2.25, 3, 2.25 6 0 me 204 small coaster's deck is 50 m long. Malf-breadths at equal intervals from aft are 0.78, 2.89, 4.06, 2.34 & 0-31 metres. Calculate the deck areas 19. Find the area of a collision bulkhead 12'm high ‘The half-breadths at oqual intervals from top are. 7) 4.8) 2.95, 2, 1.65, 1-3 and Om Find the area of a transverse bulk~ head 10'm high whose half-breadths, at equal vertical intervals, are: 10, 9.3, 8.3, 7.1, 5-7 and 3.8 metres A ship's water-plane is 150 = long. Haig-preadths at gual intervals from aft are: 2.97, 6.15, 7.84, 8.48, 8.06 7.21, 5.72, 3.66 0 m respectively. Pind: (a) The water-plane area. (b) the area coefficient. (c) The TPC in salt water: Find the area of a tanktop 21 m long. Equidietant breadths aro: 19.2, 18.0, Led, 16.2, 14.4, 12.0, 9.3 €'6.0°m, The holf-breadths of a water-tight bulkhead, at 2m intervals from the bottom, are l, 2.9, 4.2, 5-1 6 5.7 m. Find (i) The area between the bottom two semi-ordigates (ii) the quantity of paint required to coat the entire Bulkhead once, if the paint covers 10 square metres per litre. A chip's water-plane is 90 m long. Half-breadthe at equal intervals fron forward are: 0.0) 2.5, 4.5) 6.5) 7.5, 8.5, 8.5, 8; Gand 0m reapectively. Pind (a)'sw TPC (b) Area coefficient. | ee ee20 9 the breadthe of a ship's water-plane 120 m Jong, at equal intervals from aft, are! 1.2, 9.6, 13.2; 15.0, 15.3, 15.6, 15.6, 14.7, 12.9, 9 & 0 metre: Pind'(a) The water-plane area. (b) BWA if W= 6811 tonnes. 10 Find the area of a ship's deck 99 9 long whose half-breadths at equal intervals. from forvard are 0.45,_2.10 3075) 5.25, 6645) 7-35, 7-80, 7.20, 185 and’ 3.00 metres reapectively- =000- calculation of volumes Ht cross-sectional areas are. put through’ Simpeon's Rules, the voiune.o an enclosed space having curved bound atice “can be calculated, ‘These cross Sectional” areas nuet be equally spaced (most nave 2 common interval) and may be Sither trangverse (1ike areas of inagin= ary water-tight. bulkheads) or horizontal (lke water-plane areas at equal inter vale of draft). ‘he application of Simpson's Rules is the same for calculation of volumes as for calculation of areas. If semi-areas are put through the Rules, the result Obtained would be the semi-volume. Example 5 Pind the volume of displacement of a barge 48m long whose under water trans~ verse cross-sectional areas are: 15.6, 25, 17-5; 13 and 0 square metres. aa Area x sm = Product 19.6 me 1 19.6 25 4 10070 17.5 2 35.0 13 4 52:0 ° 1 0:0 Sum of products 206-6 Vol = (SoP)h/3 = (206.6)12/3 = 826.4 m3. Example 6 The water-plane areas of a ship, at one etre intervals from keel upwaeds, ar. 1730, 1925, 2030, 2100 and 2150 m%. Find the Wand the TPC in SW at 4m draft. Deatt WP area SH Product 4 2s0 nm} 2150 3 2100 4 8400 2 2030 2 4060 1 1925 4 7700 0 1730 a 1730 Sun of products = 24040 Vol = (S0P)b/3 = (24040)1/3 = 2013.33 a Sw W = 8013.333 x 1.025 = 6213.7 tonnes. TPC at 4m draft = 1.025a/100 = 1.025(2150)/100 = 22,038. Example 7 Given the following information, find the displacement at 6 m draft in SW: Draft 65) Ml GM Saincia Hom TPC 61.5 61.7 61.8 61.8 61.7 57.4 51.322 Alternative 2 ‘The given values of TPC can be converted into water-plane areas by the formul: Tec = 1.025a/100. The water-plane areas, Put through Simpson's Rules, would give the volume of displacenent. | This volume x 1,025 = SW displacenent at 6 m draft. Alternative 2 PC = 1,0254/100 or A = (TPC)100/1.025 Let X= 100/1.025 so A= PC (x) Draft WP area SM Product é else 1 1. 5x 5 el7x 4 26 .ax 4 618k 2 123.6% 3 ellex 4 247 .2x 2 el.7x 2 123.4x 5 574k 4 229.6K ° 5ii3x 1 513K Sun of products = i083.4x Yol = (SoP)h/3 = 1083.4%/3 = 35232.52 mi Wat 6 m= 35232.52 (1,025) = 36113.3 t. Note: This problem may be solved using Simpson's Second Rule. W would then work out to 36157.5 t. (Difference « 0.158). Exercise 17 Volumes by Simpson's Rules 1 Given the following information, find the volume of displacement and the approximate mean TPC between the @ratts of 8 mand 9 m 23 Drage (metres) 7 8 9 WP area’ inm? 2240 22952355 2 Find the volume of a lover hold 20 0 Long whose transverse cross-sectional areas at equal intervals from forvard are 120, 116, 101 & 80 square metres. 3 Find the displacement at 5 m sy draft Lf the water-plane areas, in m?, are: bratt 6 5 4 3 2 2 of Area 2550 2010 1320 1580 1300 920 780 4 Pind the quantity of coal (sP 4 at!) that a. coal bunker can hold if its cross-sectional areas, at 5 m inter~ vals are 9, 11.3, 12.6, 12.4 & 11.2 5 Find We TPC at 6 mrw draft, if the water-plane areas, in m, are: a6 5 4 3 2 1 of 1 5855 5875 S893 5895 5900 Saas 5850 appendages Appendages are those parts of a curved boundary where the curvature changes considerably. In calculations of vater~ plane areas, appendages may occur near the ends.24 In calculations of under water volumes, appendages occur in the region of the Gouble bottom tanks as the curvature of the shell plating changes sharply at the bilges. Nain body Areas/volumes of appendages are usually calculated separately and then added to the area/volume of the main body. Intermediate ordinates ‘The geeater the number of ordinates used, the greater the accuracy of the result, obtained by Simpson's Rules. Where the change of curvature ie not too. severe, calculation of the area/volune of the appendage and of the main body can be Gone aga single calculation, First, the ordinates in the appendage are spaced at, the same common interval as in the main body. Next, intermediate ordinates (also called half stations) are inserted in the appendage midvay between the regular ordinates, as illusteated in the figure fon the next page wherein’ ‘a' to 'g' are regular ordinates while 'x' and ‘'y! are intermediate ordinates or half stations. The calculation is then as follows: i ! Zz as Area of main body = (sun of products)h/3 (a + 4p + 20 + 4a + Je) (n/3) Appendage area =(aum of products)(h/2)/3 (le + 4x + 26 + ay + 19)(0.5n0/3, = (e/2 + 2« 4 1E + 2y + 9/2) (h/3) Total area = Main body + appendage = [latdbt2erdde(1.5e)r2xtit+2yeg/2](n/3) Note: Simpson's Multipliers in the half station zone are halved except at the Connon ordinate for which the SM is 1.5. This holds good for half stations even where Simpson's Second Rule is used. If, desired, the area/volune of the main body and of the appendage may be calculated separately and the results added together. Geometric centres The position of the geometric centre can be found by the principle of moments. A basic illustration is as follows:26 In the following figure, x is the geon- atric. centre of area P’ and y, that of area Q. Ax and Ay are the perpendicular Gistances of the geometric centres from axis A. Kx and Ky are the perpendicular Gistances from the axis K.. Required to Find the position of z, the geonetric centre of the whole figure (ie, required to find Kz and Az). ‘aking moments about axis K, Area P(Kx) + area Q(xy) = Area (P+0)(Kz) Kz, being the only unknown factor in the equation, can be obtained by calculation. Taking oments about axis Ar Area P(Ax) + area (Ay) = Area (P#Q)(Az) Az, being the only unknown factor in the equation, can be obtained by calculation. Fa Geometric centres by Simpeon's Rules Calculation of the position of the geon- tric centre of a space by Simpson's Rules also is based on the principle of moments. The geometric centre, of a water-plane is the centre of flotation (cor) at that draft and AP ia ite dist ance from the after perpendicular of the ship. The geonetric centre of the under water volume of a ship ie its centre of buoyancy (COB) whose position is indie ated by KS and AB. The calculation of the position of the geometric centre, by Sinpson's Rules, is illustrated by the worked examples that follow. Example € A ship's water-plane is 120 m long. Half beoadths, at equal intervals from’ aft, are: 0.1, 4.6, 7.5, 7.6; 766) 3.7 6 0 me Calculate the position of ite cor. Let A be the after end of the waterplane h = 120/6 = 20 netres. y/2 SM Product for Lever Product for (n) semi-area’ abt A semi-noment Ol a “00.2 ‘On 00.0h a6 4 ala dh 18.4n 75 2 15:0 2h 30:0n 76 4 © 304 3h a1:2n Te 2 1512 an 60:ah 3:74 0 qala Sh 7420h 00 1 oo.0 6h 00:0h sop = "93:9 sop = 274-ah AP = 274.4n/93.9 = 58.445 metres.28 Note 1: Lever about A ia the distance of the seni-ordinate from the after end, in multiples of h. It may, if desired, be Gnserted directly in metres. Note 2: Explanation of the final calcul- ation of AF is as follow: ae nom abt_A = (SoP for mon abt_A)h/3 Yorsl area (SOP for full areayh/3 = soP_for semi-nowent) SOP for seni - area Example 9 The transverse cross-sectional areas, of the under vater portion of a barge, at 12m intervals from forward, are: 0, 13, 17.5, 25 and 19,6 square metres: The last ordinate is the after perpendicular of the barge. Calculate AB. Area SN Product = Lever Product im?) for vol abt A for mom 00.0 1 ‘00.0 4h (00-08, 13.04 52.0 3h 156/08 fies, 2 35.0 2h 70.0h 25:0 4 100.0 in 100!0n igi6 1 19.6 on (00:08, Sop = 0826 sop = 326-08 AB = 326.0h/206.6 = 18.935 netres. Bxample 10 The water-plane areas of a ship are:~ pratt 5 4 3 2 2 om Area 2150 2100 2030 1925 1730 és 29 Between the keel and 1m draft, there is fan “appendage of 800 m? volume whose geonetric centre is 0.7 m above. the Keel. Find the displacement and the KS of the ship at 5m draft in salt yater- @ MP SH Product Lever Product for (m) area for vol abt K mom about & 5 2150 1 2150” Sh 10750 4 2100 4 8400 ah 33600n, 3 2030 2 4060 © 3h i2iaon 2 1925. 4 7700 2h 15400n 117301 1730 Ih Az30n Sop = 24040 sop = 736608 KB of main body = 73660h/24040 = 3.064 m Vol of main body (n/3)(S0P for volume) = 8013.33 m? aking moments about the keel, [Wain body]*Lappendage] = [total volume] 8013.333(3.064)+800(0.7) = (813.333) KB KB of ship = 2.849 metres. Win SH = 8813.333(1.025) = 9033.7 t. Example 11 Half-breadths of a ship's water-plane, at equal intervals from aft, ar 5) 5.88, 6.75, 6.63, 4, 2.38 & 0 metres. The common interval between the iret five “semi-ordinates is 20 m and between the last three is 10 m, The total length30 of the vater-plane is 100 m. Pind tho area of the water-plane and the position of its cor. y/2 8M Product for Lever Product for (mn) semi-area abt A semi-moment 5100 1 5.00 Oh '00.00h Slga 4 23152 dn 23.52h 6:75 2 13.50 2h 27-008 6163 4 26.52 3h 79. 56h 4100 1.5 an 24:00n 2i3a 2 4.5m 21242 0:00 0. Sh 90:00h sop = 79:30 Sop = 175-508 AP = 175,5n/79.3 = 44,262 netres. Semi-area = (SOP) h/3. = 528-6667 m2. Full area = 2(528.6667) = 1057.33 m? Example 12 ‘The vertical ordinates of the after bulkhead of the port slop tank of a tanker, measured from the horizontal Geckhoad downvards, spaced at equal athvartship intervals of 1m, ave: 0, 3.25, 4.4, 5.15, 5.65, 5.9 and 6.0 m. Pind the distance of the geonetric centre of the bulkhead from (a) the inner boundary and (b) the deckhead. (c) Find) the theast on this bulkhead when the tank is full of salt water. Note 1: The distance of the Gc from the inner boundary of the tank can be cal culated by taking levers, in multiples an of h or directly in metres, from the stbd side, as done in earlier examples. Note 2: the distance of the GC of each ordinate y, from the deckhead, is y/2. This is the lever to be used’ to culate the distance of the GC of the bulkhead from the deckhead, Note 3: In the calculation below, Coluhn 1 x column 2 = column 3 Column 3x colum 4 = column 5 Colunn 3x colunn 6 = column 7 )}Q) 0) Joa} sy | ord |3m Product] 1 |rroduct| % |product in for | & [tor mom| & | for nom (m) area | v| about | v | about z| stoa | e& | deck n| side | z_| heag 7.00 9-00 [6h [60.00h }5-000}00.000 3125 9.75 | sn |aa:75h [1 625|15:840 4240] 3] 13220 | an |52la0n |2% 200| 291040 T a 3 5:13] 2| 10:30 | 3n |30:90n |2:575| 26.523 5.65] 3] 16:95 | 2h |33:90n |21825|47-004 3 1 5190] 3| 17:70 |in |17:70n |2:950|52.215 6,00 lon |oo:00n_13:000|18:000 ‘Sop184.05n SoP__18 505 Ge from stbd = 184.05h/73.9 = 2.491 m. Ge to deckhead = 189.506/73.9 = 2.564 m. Area = (50P)3h/8 = 73.9(3/8) = 27.713 m? Theust = depth of Gc x density x area = 2.564(1,025)27.713 = 72.833 t32 Mote 4: To save time and effort during calculation, colusn 6 may be taken as full y' and then the sun of products of column 7 may be divided by 2. If desired column 6 may be y!/2 and put through SH to get column 7. Example 13 ‘The breadths of the forecastle of barge, at 2m intervals from aft, art 3.31,'2.6 0m. Calculate the area & the position of the geometric centre of the Space between the first two ordinates. ee Area x = (5a + @b ~ e)h/12 (16.55 + 16 - 0)2/12 = 5.425 mt Moment of area X about ‘a! = (3a + lop ~ y(n? /24)* = (9.93 + 20 ~ 0)4/24 = 4.988 m?. Gc of x from ‘at = 4,988/5.425 = 0.919 Note: The formula marked * is called the three-ten-minus-one rule for use in euch ~000~ 23 Exercise 18 Simpson's Rules Calculate the area and the position of the cor of a ship's water-plane whose half-breadths, at 10m. inter= Yals fron aft, are: 0, 6, 8, 8.5, 8.5 7.5, 6.5, 4.5, 2.5 and 0 metres. The breadths of a transverse water- tight bulkhead, at 2m intervals from the bottom, are: 2, 5.8, 8.4, 10.2 8 11am. Pind (a) its atea, ‘(b) the distance of its geometric centre from the top and (c) the thrust when it is pressed up with sw toa head of 6" Above the top. The half~breadths of a transverse W/? bulkhead, at 2m vertical intervals from the top, are: 10.6, 10, 9.3, 8.3, 7.1, 5.7 6 3.8 m Below the lowest semi-ordinate is a rectangular appendage 7.6 m broad and 1m high. Find the total area of the bulkhead” and the distance of its GC from the bottom of the appendage. Find KB and displacement at 4m draft in SW, if the water-plane areas are:~ Deft 5 4 3 2 1 0 w Ares 2010 1920 1580 1300 920 780 a? Deft 6 5 4 3 2 2 om TPC 22.6 22.2 21.6 20.9 19.7 17.8 14.6 Find Ww and KB at 6 m SW draft.10 34 Zhe haif-breadthe of a tank topy at m intervals from forward, rer ° 9, 4.65) 6, 7.2, 8.1, 8.55, 9 6 9.6 0 Pind the area and the distance of its geometric centre from forward. a (Suggestions Use tale tor the frat last four), See The water-plane areas of a ship axe:— pearelG i nignewe gis ge ee Area 2190 2150 2100 2040 1920 mt Find the Wand KB at $m draft in a given the water-plane areas as unders OES ae eee ae sn oreo r0 A 6380 6320 6225 6090 Saas 5740 5560 45, 4.3, 3:9; 313 ana doh et (Suggestion: Use Simpson's Rule 2 The half-breadths of a ship's plane 180 m long, reais at equal intervals 35 from aft, are: 2.8) 4, 5.2, 6, 6-4, 6.8, 6.6, 6, 4.2 and 0 metres. Midvay between the last two given figures, the half-breadth is 2.4 m. Find the area of the water-plane and the dist- ance of the COP from the after end. 11 The breadths of a ship's water-plane 144m longy at equal intervals from forward, are: 0, 9, 12.9, 14.7, 15.6, 15,8, 15.8, 15.6, 15.3) 15, 13:2, 9.6 ‘and 0m. ‘The intermediate ordinate beween the first two is 6 m & betueen the last two, is 6.6 m. Find the area of the water-plane and the distance Of the COP from amidships. 12 The helf-breadths of a ship's vater~ plane, at 12 m intervals from aft are 0.0, 303 4.5) 4.8, 45, 3.6) 2.7 and 115'm." Phe hale-breadth, mid ween the first two from aft, AE the forward end is an appendage by way of a bulbous bow 4.5 m long. Tes Grea is 24m? and its Gc, 2m from the forward extremity. Find the area of the water-plane and the position of the cor. 13 the transverse cross-sectional areas of a lover hold. 21m long, at equal intervals fron forward, are 120, 116, 101 and 80 m?, Find the volume of the hold’ and the distance of its GC from the after bulkhead. 14 the transverse cross-sectional areas, of a ship's under-vater portion 90 m Tongs ave? 0.5, 22.9, 49, 73.5, 88.5, 83, 58.6, 31:8, 14.2, Bi and 4.5 me15 16 a7 18 36 The last given area is at the after Perpendicular of the ship. The spacing between the last.” three sections is half the common interval between the rest. Pind the displace- ment in SW and the Aas The after bulkhead of the atarboard slop tank of a tanker is 6m high. te is bounded on the top by a horizontal deck, towards amidships by a vertical fore-and~aft bulkhead, and on the the Starboard side by the shell plating. The breadths of this bulkhoad at equal vertical intervals are: 3, 3.15, 2.85, 2.1, 1,1 and 0 metres. Find’ the “area ot'this bulkhead and the distances. of ite GC. fron the bottom and from the inner boundary. ‘Three consecutive half-breadths of a bulkhead 6 m high, starting from the bottom, are: 5, 9 and 10m. Find the area and position of the Ge of the bottom three metres of this bulkhead. The cross-sectional areas of a coal bunker, at 4m intervals from forward are: 15, 42 and 45m’. Pind the mass of coal’ (Sr 4 mi/t) that could” be contained between the first two given cross-sectional areas § the distance of its Gc from the after bulkhead. Rework question 6 of this exercise, using Simpson's First Rale for the first seven ordinates and Simpson's Third “Rule for the last threes (Compare the area and COP obtained in both cases}. 1s 20 37 The half-breadths of a ship's water plane 150m long, from forward, are: 2.97) 6.15, 7.84, 8-48, 8,06, 7.21, 5172, 3.60 and 0 metres respectively. ind tho area using the trapezoid Tule. (Compare, your ansuer with that Et question S of’execcise 16). The breadths of the deck of a ship, fieasured at 15 metre intervals from forward, are 6.2) 13-8) 2169, 26.4) 22-4, 14.7 and 71a'netres respectively. Assuming that Simpson's First Rule is correct, find the 8 error that would be obtained by using: (a) The trapezoidal rule and (B) Simpson's Second Rule. ~o00-38 cuapTER 21 ANGLE OP LOLL ~ CALCULATION; REMEDIAL ACTION Unatable equilibrium and angle of loll were described in chapters 10 & 11 in ship Stability I. A vessel at the angle of loll is in an extremely precarious and dangerous situation ~ wrong. action or no action on the part the ship's staff may cause the ship to capsize. Even no action is dangerous because’ consumption of fuel and water from the double bottom tanks would cause increase of KG making the vessel more unstable, thereby increasing the angle of loll. The “angle of loll can be calculated by a simple forma derived from the wall-sided formula: Gu = sin @ (GM + Jam tanto) At the angle of loll, Gz = zero. so Sin © (GM + IBM tan’) = 0 So Sin@=0 or (cM + ism tan’o) = 0 At the angle of loll, @ #0 so sine #0 cu + IBM tan’e= 0 and tante = -2cM/am tan © = RGR where = angle of toll BH GM = The initial GH BM = BM when upright 39 Since this formula is derived from the Wall-aided formula, it can be applied Chily when the immersed wedge and the ‘emo tged wedge are identical in shape. Bxample M.V.VEJAY is afloat at 6 m draft. Find the angle of loll if KG = 8.424 metres. Refersing to appendix I of this book, 8.234 KM = 8.234 m KBo= 31205 m KG = 8.44 @ BN = 5:023_m GN = -0-200 ran o = [2308 TO.2) = 0.28203 ae [eae angle of loll = & 15.75" or 15* 45" Remedial action 1) Press up all slack tanks. 2) Run up SW into the DB tank which has the smallest moment of inertia about {ts centre line, If this tank is not fon the centre line of the ship, then on the Lower side firet, and after it is fully its counter part on the higher side. 3) Repeat action 2 with another tank and goon until the ship becomes stable. 4) Tf discharging or jettisioning deck cargo, do so from the higher side first, then from the lower side. If using ship's ovn gear, due allowance ust be made for the shift of COS, of each sling of cargo, from the UD to the derrick head during the operation.