Complex Vectors, Chapter 1 Maxwell's Equations, Chapter 2 Uniform Plane Waves, Chapter 3 Reflection and Transmission of Waves, Chapter 4 Waveguides and Resonators, ‘Transmission Lines, Chapter 5 Antennas, Chapter 7 Chapter 6 Electrostatic Fields, Chapter 9 ‘Topics in Waves, Chapter 8Reflection and Transmission RES ttit— = EM waves crosses boundary between two insulators = e.g., light (in air) hits a glass window a At the boundary, = E must be continuous = Hust be continuous = Use the relationship H == Continui fH b. € Does this look = Continuity o: ecomes familiar? Note sign!Reflection and Transmission REE tte = Problem reduced to H, +E, = Ey and = Similar to LC transmission lines 2 Fi = ith _ = Solution: ,-2-“£, H,-4°“4H, s, --(4 4) Ss, Z4+Z, Z+Z, Z+Z, 2Z, 2Z, AZZ. 7 +z! He ATA i “GtZy , = Determined by the impedance = Reflectivity R = how much power is reflected -(2 =A J Example: Zj, ~Zy=377Q Zc, ~ 2502 Z,+Z, BED Rei sctass = 0.04 About 4% reflectionReflection and Refraction LL =e = We did reflection and transmission last time = Found reflectivity = What if the light is at an angle? = You know the answerBoundary Conditions ES = To calculate the intensity and the polarization, we need to solve the boundary-condition problem = That is, we must find incoming/reflected/refracted waves that satisfy the continuity conditions at the boundary = We must do this for two possible polarizations = QI: What are the boundary conditions, anyway? et A af a | ARB Dy = Dy wy 8,Ey = 2,E> Ey] 2 BT B Hi! =a! By = ByPolarizations Ets = Must consider two cases _ | Vertical Horizontal = Let’s do the “vertical” E « “Horizontal” will be left for your exercise = Symmetry tells us that E, and E; must be vertical « Define Es and Bs accordingly = « Write down all boundary conditions « And try to solve them together...Boundary Conditions * El =E] Wm (E, +E,)c0s 6 = E, cos 8, mo Ey = oF; emp 5 (E,—E,)sind, =F, sin, B) =H =H Wm) Hy —H, = Hy = Bi =B; @ Nothing = What else do we know? = Connection between E and H Ey, fs 4, 2 Z, Z, Z, = Got 6 equations in total > Seems enough to me... H,=Fresnel Coefficients LS (EZ, + E,)cos6, =E;,cos@, 6,(£,—-E,)sin@, = 6,E; sind, = Solutions are = Simplify by introducing = £08 and pee 2m _ [Eth _ Zr cos, gsmA 4m Ven 2, a= 2 B a a, < [| Fresnel coefficients at+pHorizontal Polarization LS = =——th = The other polarization can be solved similarly =e EEE, "SEL = SE Em Nothing = By = By Ba (B—B,)sind, = B, sind, = Solutions are Problem Set © ap-l _ apa! T R E, “OptFresnel Coefficients EE tttit—ts Vertical polarization Horizontal polarization EX a-p EY 2 EX ap-1 EX 2 EY at+B EY at+B EF apt+1 EF aB+l For air > glass, B= 1.5 EE f 4 | ad | / | No reflection at this angleReflectivity and Transmittivity SS = Intensity is Ss =E°/Z = Reflectivity R is simply 2-(2) = Transmittivity is a little more subtle = Consider the power going through unit area on the boundary surface ne - menace le)Reflectivity and Transmittivity Vertical polarization Horizontal polarization _(@-B) pr 408 pe _(@B-1) px __ 408 at+B (a+ py ~laptl ~ (ap+iy For air > glass, B= 1.5 = R+T=1 for both cases 2 04 O68 O08 2 02 04 06 OF 1 #12 14 that, thalaBrewster’s Angle LS —ete = At 6= 6,, vertically-polarized light does not reflect = Called Brewster’s angle Bergh oso! = Use Snell’s law to express @, in terms of @ and solve - n M1 > tan@, =— a = Light reflected at @= 6, is horizontally polarized = Polarized sunglasses cut glare from water = Polarized photo filters remove reflection on windowsWhat We Did Last Time = Studied reflection and refraction = Derived Snell’s law three times sin@, _ m% = Using Huygens’ principle sin@, 7m, = Using Fermat’s principle = Light “chooses” the fastest path between two points = Solving boundary-condition problem «= Fresnel coefficients > intensities of reflected/refracted light w (EB) oe loa) at 7 = Brewster’s angle > Reflection is polarizedReflectivity and Transmittivity SS Vertical polarization Horizontal polarization a8) 7-408 wr (Baty pr 408 a+B (a+ By ap+l (ap+ly = R+T=1 for both cases For air > glass, B= 1.5 ug Og: o4 Brewster's angle 02 SZ 2 0¢ O68 08 1 12 14 oT? 0 08 o8 7 12 14 thats thataSlow > Fast Transition EEE ttt = What ifn, > n,? For glass > air. B= 1/1.5 Total internal Total internal reflection \ reflection iors de Tipe) 0 OD OP Os oe Te T theta than =s R= 1, T=0 beyond the critical angleTotal Internal Reflection RES lttete = Angle of refraction is determined by the difference between wavelengths = Wavelength along the surface satisfy = What if we choose @, so that A, =A,/sinO, is shorter than 2,? = Can’t match the wavefronts no matter what @, we use = No EM waves above waterBoundary Condition = Examine boundary conditions = No EM Field above water + E=EL mE +F Jeo =0 + 56 =a. m ol; —Fy)sind=0 + Hl = He) H,-Hy=0 + BP= BE em Nothing san No waves anywhere = Only solution is E,=E,=0 = Something went wrong...Imaginary Waves LSS = There must be EM field above water = Boundary conditions cannot be satisfied without it = But it cannot be usual EM waves either + Solution: ESE") Eee*ahove wate 2 42) = Wave equation V7E = ae => Pate! c Or = Wavelength along the surface A= 2a/k is linked toImaginary Waves LS =e = EM “waves” above water E=E,e“e'*™ satisfies wave equation and boundary conditions «= It shrinks as e@* > Not traveling waves = “Range” of the imaginary waves is | = Comparable to = Total internal reflection creates “leakage field” that extends a few wavelengths = You can detect it by having two boundaries close enough to each other P|Rayleigh Scattering LS Sete = Sunlight passing through the air makes air molecules oscillate = Incoming light has a broad spectrum = All frequencies are more or less equal = Molecules radiate power according to a. rom : = More power is absorbed and re-emitted at higher frequencies eo = This is why the sky looks blueSunrise/Sunset SSS tte = Air scatters blue light = Sunlight loses blue as it traverses atmosphere = It tums redPolarization = Sunlight contains two polarizations fe ty ‘pm > right = Only one causes radiation that reaches the observer = Scattered light (what you see in the “blue” sky) is polarized « Photographers use polarizing filters to “deepen” the color of the skyPlasma SSS ee = Imagine a space filled with free electrons = We neutralize the “electron gas” by adding posilive ious = The ions are heavy — Ignore their movements = Such a mixture is called a “plasma” = You can make them by heating stuff up really hot = It’s rather easy to analyze = Each electron’s equation of motion is i= gB= Be ea x= Le * Current density aPlasma Frequency = Wave Equation is mo | ve=8(-2e)-8(-2) qn = 2, © is called the plasma frequency En = Plasma is a dispersive medium: hea = @, is a cut-off frequency = For o< @,, k becomes imaginary > Waves disappearPhase and Group Velocities SS ete t oar @=ck LZ c a. k a Q, = c, 1s greater than c, but c, remains less than c = I hope you remember this from Lecture #12Ionosphere = Sunlight ionizes air in the upper atmosphere = Ionosphere has free electron density 17, ~ 10!?/m?* = Varies with sunspots, season, day/night, latitude, ete oO, =5.6x10' rad/s mp v, =? =9x10°Hz Pn «= Visible light (v~ 10!4 Hz) passes through easily = Shortwave radio (v~ 5 MHz) is reflected = You can hear BBC, Deutsche Welle, Voice of Russia...Insulators LSS ee = Unlike in plasma or in metal, electrons in insulators are bound to the molecules Kx «= Binding force is similar toa spring gE -e-@ m = Rest of the molecule much heavier > Ignore the movement = Equation of motion = Forced oscillation — We know the solution Bang ap aay =the = = Current density is k, — [As = mDispersion Relation LL = Wave Equation a 2. VE= orth o- PE = Dispersion relation is : 2 =IOG'Ny pp ict J=qnv =—— # m(a@; -@°) 2 ca Mo My Ng Op m a -@ 2 2. 2 eae [+ GN fe 2 2 2 c Eqill(@) —@°) = It’s dispersive again a oO Cc SG en transmission line P 2 2 2 K+ po} |(@ - 0°) discussed in Lecture #12 n=Jl+ po |(@ -o°) Identical to the LCExample: Air = Air is a mixture of N,, O,, H,O, Ar, etc = Many resonances exist in UV and shorter wavelengths gn pk, 's = Things are simpler in visible light = At STP, 7 = 1.0003 > p= 0.0006 p= = pis proportional to density 79 = Using the ideal gas formula PV =n,,,,RT Pe Index of refraction of air for low-freq. EM wavesMirage LS #837» = Ina hot day, air temperature is higher 1 coo! near the ground —> slow n=1+0.000322- Pam) T(R) 1 — fast hot = Light travels faster FC Tr = Refraction makes light bend upward = You may see the ground reflect light as if there is a patch of water SS —~_ eeThin-Film Interference RS te = We studied reflection at boundary between insulators = Continuity of E and H gave us 2n, E, E,= , nm, +N, nm, +n, 2 Ral mot T= Ann, . nm +g (n, +n,) = Used » instead of Z assuming 4, = /5 = What if we had 2 (or more) boundaries in series? = Fora pane of glass window, I said a4 = Things can get more interesting than that... MN, Eg= E,Two Boundaries LS ete = Consider transitions through two boundaries Exponentials appear because E, (2,1) =, E,(z,t) = BE,” = We can solve them... a.) =EyTwo Boundaries EEE tlt = Solutions are 7 Reflectivity is (this)? ytd) Ee, _ 2 ‘1 2. = Transmittivity is (this)? 4Z,Z,e%4 a Ze _ mA +Z. nye —ikyd =A -Z,y eet} 2Z,(Z,+Z,)e™" i FP (Z, +Z se ik a -Z,yem I _ 2Z,(Z, ~Z,)e™" E Ct ee eee = OK, so what did we learn?Reflectivity = Look at the reflectivity Air > glass > air « Reflectivity oscillates 2, =377Q, Z, = 2502 as a function of k,d = Reflection vanishes at kyd = mz! a What’s happening?Path Lengths = What’s k,d, anyway? = Wavelength is medium 2 is kA, att = yd =n 2a =n = R hits zero when 2d is integer times the wavelength — = Consider two paths of reflection &> M4 Bato = Lengths differ by 2¢ = Path B goes through extra = Phase changes by 2h,d = Reflections from A and B meet with the same phase if A = But then, shouldn’t they add up and increase R?Hard and Soft Boundaries EEE tts = Remember at a simple boundary fu fh ny —N, Ep= R m+n, £, = Direction of £, is = Same as £,if m, >, i.e. slow > fast transition = Call it a soft boundary = Opposite to Z, if m slow transition = Call it a hard boundary = Reflection on a hard boundary flips the polarity of E = Or, the phase of the reflected waves is off by z = This is important when you are considering interference