Overall View of FEM for

Structural Analysis
1) Problem to be analyzed
2) Mesh generation & finite
element model
3) Global & local node numbers
 4) Nodal displacement vectors

⎧ (1) ⎫ ⎧ (2) ⎫
⎪ d1x ⎪ ⎪ d1x ⎪
⎪ (1) ⎪ ⎪ (2) ⎪
⎪ d1 y ⎪ ⎪ d1 y ⎪
{d }(1) = ⎨ ⎬ {d }(2) = ⎨ ⎬
⎪ : ⎪ ⎪ : ⎪
⎪ (1) ⎪ ⎪ (2) ⎪
⎪⎩d 4 y ⎪⎭ ⎪⎩d3 y ⎪⎭
5) Unique displacement at common
nodes

(1) (2)
d 4 x = d1x ≡ d14 x
(1) (2)
d 4 y = d1 y ≡ d14 y
 6)) Nodal force vectors
⎧ (1) ⎫ ⎧ (2) ⎫
⎪ f1x ⎪ ⎪ f1x ⎪
⎪ (1) ⎪ ⎪ (2) ⎪
⎪ f1 y ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
{ f }(1) =⎨ ⎬ { f }(2) = ⎨ f1 y ⎬
⎪ : ⎪ ⎪ : ⎪
⎪ (1) ⎪ ⎪ (2) ⎪
⎪⎩ f 4 y ⎪⎭ ⎪⎩ f3 y ⎪⎭
* Non-unique nodal force vector

(1) (2) (3) (4)

f 4 x ≠ f1x ≠ f3 x ≠ f1x
(1) (2) (3) (4)
f 4 y ≠ f1 y ≠ f3 y ≠ f1 y
7) Construction of element stiffness
matrix by F.E.M
Element equation for element #1

[ k ](1) {d }(1) = { f }(1)

Element equation for element #2

[ k ](2) {d }(2) = { f }(2)

8) Connection of discretized springs
p g
Global nodal displacement vectors Global nodal force vectors

⎧ d1x ⎫
⎪d ⎪ ⎧ F1x ⎫
⎪ 1y ⎪ ⎪F ⎪
⎪ . ⎪ ⎪ 1y ⎪
⎪ . ⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎨ . ⎬ ⎨ . ⎬
⎪ . ⎪ ⎪ . ⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎪ d 29 x ⎪ ⎪ F29 x ⎪
⎪d ⎪ ⎪F ⎪
⎩ 29 y ⎭ ⎩ 29 y ⎭
 Global stiffness matrix
⎧ d1x ⎫
⎪d ⎪ ⎧ F1x ⎫
⎪ 1y ⎪ ⎪F ⎪
⎪ . ⎪ ⎪ 1y ⎪
⎪ . ⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎨ . ⎬ ⎨ . ⎬
⎪ . ⎪ ⎪ . ⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎪ d 29 x ⎪ ⎪ F29 x ⎪
⎪d ⎪ ⎪F ⎪
⎩ 29 y ⎭ Global equation [ K ] {d } = { F } ⎩ 29 y ⎭
Assemblyy of global
g stiffness matrix

[K ] [ k ](1) [ k ]( nel )
[ k ]((3))
[ k ](2)
 Assembly of global displacement vector

⎧ d1x ⎫ ⎧ (1) ⎫
⎪d ⎪ ⎪ d1x ⎪
⎪ 1y ⎪ ⎪ (1) ⎪
⎪ d1 y ⎪
⎪ . ⎪ {d }(1) =⎨ ⎬
⎪ : ⎪
⎪ ⎪
[d ] = ⎨ . ⎬ ⎪ (1) ⎪
⎪⎩d 4 y ⎪⎭ ⎧ (2) ⎫
⎪ . ⎪ ⎪ d1x ⎪
⎪ (2) ⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎪ d 29 x ⎪ {d }(2) = ⎨ d1 y ⎬
⎪ : ⎪
⎪d ⎪ ⎪ (2) ⎪
⎩ 29 y ⎭ ⎩⎪d3 y ⎭⎪
 Assembly of global force vector

⎧ (1) ⎫
⎧ F1x ⎫ ⎪ f1x ⎪
⎪F ⎪ ⎪ (1) ⎪
⎪ f1 y ⎪
⎪ 1y ⎪ { f }(1) =⎨ ⎬
⎪ . ⎪ ⎪ : ⎪
⎪ (1) ⎪
⎪ ⎪
{F } = ⎨ . ⎬ ⎩⎪ f 4 y ⎭⎪ ⎧ (2) ⎫
⎪ f1x ⎪
⎪ . ⎪ ⎪ (2) ⎪
⎪ ⎪ { f }(2) ⎪ ⎪
= ⎨ f1 y ⎬
⎪ F29 x ⎪ ⎪ : ⎪
⎪F ⎪ ⎪ (2) ⎪
⎩ 29 y ⎭ ⎩⎪ f3 y ⎭⎪
 Externally applied forces

F14 x , F14 y
 Force equilibrium at common nodes
Force equilibrium at node #14
((1)) ((2)) (3)
( ) ((4))
f 4 x + f1x + f 3 x + f1x = F14 x
(1) (2) (3) (4)
f 4 y + f1 y + f3 y + f1 y = F14 y

Force equilibrium at node #15

(2) (4) (2) (4)
f3 x + f 2 x = 0 f3 y + f 2 y = 0
9) Solving simultaneous linear equations

Global equation
q

[ K ] {d } = { F }
 10) Boundary conditions
Prescribed displacements

{}d%

A li d forces
Applied f

{F% }
 Matrix partitioning
p g

{ }
Singular
matrix ⎡ ⎤ ⎧⎪ d% ⎫⎪ ⎪⎧{ F }⎪⎫
⎢
⎢⎣
K ⎥⎨ ⎬= ⎨
{ }
⎥⎦ ⎪⎩{d }⎪⎭ ⎪⎩ F ⎪⎭
% ⎬

⎡[ K11 ] [ K12 ]⎤ ⎧⎪{d%}⎪⎫ = ⎪⎧{F }⎪⎫

⎢ ⎥⎨ ⎬ ⎨ % ⎬
⎣[ K12 ] [ K 22 ]⎦ ⎩⎪{d }⎭⎪ ⎪⎩{F }⎪⎭
⎡[ K11 ]
⎢
K ⎤{}
[ 12 ] ⎪ ⎫⎪ = ⎪⎧{F }⎪⎫
⎧ %
d
⎥⎨ ⎬ ⎨ % ⎬
⎣[ K12 ] { }
[ K 22 ]⎦ ⎩⎪{d }⎭⎪ ⎪⎩ F ⎪⎭

{}
[K 22 ]{d } = F − [K 21 ] d
~ ~
{}
11) Calculation of nodal displacement
by a solver
Non-singular

{} {}
matrix

[K 22 ]{d } = F − [K 21 ] d
~ ~
- Iteration method
- Elimination method

{d } = [ K 22 ]
−1
({ } { })
F% − [ K 21 ] d%
12) Deformed shape
13) Stress and strain calculation, etc.

Strain {d } → {u(x)} → {ε }

St
Stress {σ } = [ D ]{ε }
 14) Reaction forces
⎡[ K11 ]
⎢
K ⎤{}
[ 12 ] ⎪ ⎫⎪ = ⎪⎧{F }⎪⎫
⎧ %
d
⎥⎨ ⎬ ⎨ % ⎬
⎣[ K12 ] { }
[ K 22 ]⎦ ⎪⎩{d }⎪⎭ ⎪⎩ F ⎪⎭

{F } = ⎡⎣[ K11 ]
{}
⎧⎪ d% ⎫⎪
[ K 2 ]⎤⎦ ⎨ ⎬
⎪⎩{d }⎪⎭