One Dimensional Finite

Element Analysis
1) Problem
P bl to be
b analyzed
l d
2) Mesh generation & finite element
model
Global node numbers
 Target
g

⎡ k11 k12 k12 ⎤ ⎧ d1 ⎫ ⎧ F1 ⎫

⎢k ⎥ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎢ 21 k 22 k23 ⎥ ⎨d 2 ⎬ = ⎨ F2 ⎬
⎢⎣ k31 k32 ⎥ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
k33 ⎦ ⎩ d3 ⎭ ⎩ F3 ⎭ ⎪
3) Element equation
local node numbers
 Nodal
Nodal
N d l displacement
force vectors vectors

⎧⎪ fˆ1 ⎫⎪ ⎡ k11 k12 ⎤ ⎧⎪ dˆ1 ⎫⎪

⎨ ⎬=⎢ ⎥ ⎨ ⎬
ˆ
⎪⎩ 2 ⎭⎪ ⎣ k21
f k22 ⎦ ⎩⎪dˆ2 ⎭⎪

Element
Stiffness
matrix
 Linear spring element

u ( x) d2
d1
d1 k d2
1̂ 2̂
x
4)) Element stiffness matrix

Hooke’s law
T = k (dˆ2 − dˆ1 )
 at node #2
at node #1

fˆ1 = −T fˆ2 = T
T = k (dˆ2 − dˆ1 )
fˆ2 = k (dˆ2 − dˆ1 )
− fˆ1 = k (dˆ2 − dˆ1 )

⎧⎪ fˆ1 ⎫⎪ ⎡ k − k ⎤ ⎧⎪ dˆ1 ⎫⎪
⎨ ⎬=⎢ ⎥ ⎨ ⎬
⎪⎩ 2 ⎭⎪ ⎣ − k
ˆ
f k ⎦ ⎩⎪dˆ2 ⎭⎪
Element stiffness matrix

⎡k −k ⎤
⎢ −k ⎥
⎣ k ⎦

is

Singular and Symmetric.

5)) Unique
q nodal displacement
p vector
 element #1
element #2

⎧ (1) ⎫ ⎧ (2) ⎫
⎪ f 1 ⎪ ⎡ k1 − k1 ⎤ ⎧ d1 ⎫ ⎪ f 3 ⎪ ⎡ k2 − k2 ⎤ ⎧ d3 ⎫
⎨ (1) ⎬ = ⎢ ⎥ ⎨ ⎬ ⎨(2) ⎬ = ⎢ ⎥ ⎨ ⎬
⎪ f ⎪ ⎣ − k1 k1 ⎦ ⎩ d3 ⎭ ⎪ f ⎪ ⎣ − k2 k2 ⎦ ⎩d 2 ⎭
⎩ 3⎭ ⎩ 2⎭

{ f }(1) = [ k ](1) {d }(1) { f }((2)) = [ k ](2)

( )
{d }((2))
 6)) Assembly
y
Nodal vector should be placed in the increasing order

element
l t #2
⎧ (2) ⎫
⎪ f 3 ⎪ ⎡ k2 − k2 ⎤ ⎧ d3 ⎫
⎨(2) ⎬ = ⎢ ⎥ ⎨ ⎬
⎪ f ⎪ ⎣ − k2 k2 ⎦ ⎩d 2 ⎭
⎩ 2⎭
row rotation column rotation

⎧ ⎫
(2) ⎧(2) ⎫
⎪ f 2 ⎪ ⎡ − k2 k2 ⎤ ⎧ d3 ⎫ ⎪ f 2 ⎪ ⎡ k2 − k2 ⎤ ⎧d 2 ⎫
⎨ (2) ⎬ = ⎢ ⎨ ⎬ ⎨ (2) ⎬ = ⎢ ⎥ ⎨ ⎬
⎪ f ⎪ ⎣ k2 − k2 ⎥⎦ ⎩ d 2 ⎭ ⎪ f ⎪ ⎣ − k2 k2 ⎦ ⎩ d3 ⎭
⎩ 3⎭ ⎩ 3⎭
7) Global equation
Target
⎡ k11 k12 k12 ⎤ ⎧ d1 ⎫ ⎧ F1 ⎫
⎢k ⎥ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎢ 21 k22 k23 ⎥ ⎨d 2 ⎬ = ⎨ F2 ⎬
⎢⎣ k31 k32 k33 ⎥⎦ ⎩⎪ d3 ⎭⎪ ⎩⎪ F3 ⎭⎪ {d } = [ d1 d3 ]
T
d2

{F } = [ F1 F3 ]
T
F2
[ K ] {d } = { F }
⎡ k11 k12 k12 ⎤
⎢k k23 ⎥⎥
[ ] ⎢ 21 k22
K =
⎢⎣ k31 k32 k33 ⎥⎦
Usingg dummy
y equation
q & gglobal displacement
p vector

⎧ (1) ⎫
⎪ f 1 ⎪ ⎡ k1 − k1 ⎤ ⎧ d1 ⎫
For element #1
⎨ (1) ⎬ = ⎢ ⎥ ⎨ ⎬
⎪ f ⎪ ⎣ − k1 k1 ⎦ ⎩d3 ⎭
⎩ 3⎭
⎧ (1) ⎫
⎪ f1 ⎪ ⎡ k1 0 − k1 ⎤ ⎧ d1 ⎫
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎥ ⎪ ⎪
⎨ 0 ⎬ = ⎢ 0 0 0 ⎥ ⎨d 2 ⎬
⎪ (1) ⎪ ⎢ − k 0 k ⎥ ⎪ d ⎪
⎪⎩ f 3 ⎪⎭ ⎣ 1 1 ⎦⎩ 3⎭
Using dummy equation & global displacement vector

⎧(2) ⎫
For element #2
⎪ f 2 ⎪ ⎡ k2 − k2 ⎤ ⎧d 2 ⎫
⎨ ((2)) ⎬ = ⎢ ⎨ ⎬
⎪ f ⎪ ⎣ − k2 k2 ⎦⎥ ⎩ d 3 ⎭
⎩ 3⎭

⎧0⎫
⎪ (2) ⎪ ⎡0 0 0 ⎤ ⎧ d1 ⎫
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎥ ⎪ ⎪
⎨ f 2 ⎬ = ⎢0 k2 − k2 ⎥ ⎨d 2 ⎬
⎪ (2) ⎪ ⎢0 − k k2 ⎥⎦ ⎩⎪ d3 ⎭⎪
⎪⎩ f3 ⎪⎭ ⎣ 2
 ⎧ (1) ⎫
⎪ f1 ⎪ ⎡ k1 0 − k1 ⎤ ⎧ d1 ⎫
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎥ ⎪d ⎪
⎨ ⎬ ⎢
0 = 0 0 0 ⎥⎨ 2⎬
⎪ (1) ⎪ ⎢ − k 0 k ⎥ ⎪ d ⎪
⎪⎩ f3 ⎪⎭ ⎣ 1 1 ⎦⎩ 3⎭

{ f }(1) = [ k ](1) {d } ⎧0⎫

⎪ (2) ⎪ ⎡ 0 0 0 ⎤ ⎧ d1 ⎫
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎪ ⎪
{ f }(2) = [ k ](2) {d } ⎨ f 2 ⎬ = ⎢0 k2 − k2 ⎥⎥ ⎨d 2 ⎬
⎪ (2) ⎪ ⎢ 0 − k k2 ⎥⎦ ⎩⎪ d3 ⎭⎪
⎪⎩ f3 ⎪⎭ ⎣ 2

{ f }(1) + { f }(2) = ([ k ](1) + [ k ](2) ) {d }

⎧ (1) ⎫
⎪ f1 ⎪ ⎡ k1 0 −k1 ⎤ ⎧ d1 ⎫
⎪ (2) ⎪ ⎢ ⎪ ⎪
⎨ f2 ⎬ = ⎢ 0 k2 −k2 ⎥⎥ ⎨d 2 ⎬
⎪ (1) (2) ⎪ ⎢ −k −k k1 + k2 ⎥⎦ ⎪⎩ d3 ⎭⎪
⎪ f3 + f3 ⎪ ⎣ 1 2

⎩ ⎭
8) Non-unique nodal force vector

Force equilibrium of a common node

(1) (2) (1) (2)

f3 ≠ f3 f 3 + f 3 = F3

Nodal force is the externally applied force.

 ⎧ (1) ⎫
⎪ f1 ⎪ ⎡ k1 0 −k1 ⎤ ⎧ d1 ⎫
⎪ (2) ⎪ ⎢ ⎥ ⎪ ⎪
⎨ f2 ⎬ = ⎢ 0 k2 − k2 ⎥ ⎨ d 2 ⎬
⎪ (1) (2) ⎪ ⎢ −k −k k1 + k2 ⎥⎦ ⎩⎪ d3 ⎭⎪
⎪ f3 + f3 ⎪ ⎣ 1 2

⎩ ⎭

Force equilibrium of node #1 ⎧ F1 ⎫ ⎡ k1 0 −k1 ⎤ ⎧ d1 ⎫

⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎥ ⎪ ⎪
Force equilibrium of node #2
⎨ F2 ⎬ = ⎢ 0 k2 − k2 ⎥ ⎨ d 2 ⎬
⎪ F ⎪ ⎢ −k −k k1 + k2 ⎦⎥ ⎩⎪ d3 ⎭⎪
Force equilibrium of node #3
⎩ 3⎭ ⎣ 1 2

External Force = Internal Force

from Strain
 Numerical values 1
k1 = 3 N / mm k2 = 6 N / mm

⎧ F1 ⎫ ⎡ k1 0 −k1 ⎤ ⎧ d1 ⎫
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎪ ⎪
⎨ F2 ⎬ = ⎢ 0 k2 − k2 ⎥⎥ ⎨d 2 ⎬
⎪ F ⎪ ⎢ −k −k k1 + k2 ⎦⎥ ⎩⎪ d3 ⎭⎪
⎩ 3⎭ ⎣ 1 2

Target
⎡ 3 0 −3⎤ ⎧ d1 ⎫ ⎧ F1 ⎫
⎢ 0 6 −6 ⎥ ⎪d ⎪ = ⎪ F ⎪
⎢ ⎥⎨ 2⎬ ⎨ 2⎬
[ K ] {d } = { F }
⎢⎣ −3 −6 9 ⎥⎦ ⎩⎪ d3 ⎭⎪ ⎩⎪ F3 ⎭⎪
 Force Boundary Conditions

⎡ 3 0 −3⎤ ⎧ d1 ⎫ ⎧ F1 ⎫
⎢ 0 6 −6 ⎥ ⎪d ⎪ = ⎪ F ⎪
⎢ ⎥⎨ 2⎬ ⎨ 2⎬
⎢⎣ −3 −6 9 ⎥⎦ ⎩⎪ d3 ⎭⎪ ⎩⎪ F3 ⎭⎪

⎡ 3 0 −3⎤ ⎧ d1 ⎫ ⎧−3⎫ Solutions

⎢ 0 6 −6 ⎥ ⎪d ⎪ = ⎪ 3 ⎪
⎢ ⎥⎨ 2⎬ ⎨ ⎬
⎢⎣ −3 −6 9 ⎥⎦ ⎩⎪ d3 ⎭⎪ ⎩⎪ 0 ⎭⎪
⎧ d1 ⎫ ⎧2 ⎫ ⎧1 ⎫ ⎧0 ⎫ ⎧−1⎫
⎪ ⎪ ⎪7 ⎪ ⎪5⎪ ⎪3⎪ ⎪ 1 ⎪
⎨d 2 ⎬ = ⎨ 2 ⎬ , ⎨ 2 ⎬ , ⎨ 2 ⎬ , ⎨ 2 ⎬ ...
⎪ d ⎪ ⎪ 3 ⎪ ⎪ 2 ⎪ ⎪1 ⎪ ⎪ 0 ⎪
⎩ 3⎭ ⎩ ⎭ ⎩ ⎭ ⎩ ⎭ ⎩ ⎭
 Node # 1 3 2

Solutions
⎧ d1 ⎫ ⎧−1⎫
⎪ ⎪ ⎪1⎪
⎨d 2 ⎬ = ⎨ 2 ⎬
⎪d ⎪ ⎪ 0 ⎪
⎩ 3⎭ ⎩ ⎭
⎧ d1 ⎫ ⎧0 ⎫
⎪ ⎪ ⎪3⎪
⎨d 2 ⎬ = ⎨ 2 ⎬
⎪ d ⎪ ⎪1 ⎪
⎩ 3⎭ ⎩ ⎭
⎧ d1 ⎫ ⎧1 ⎫
⎪ ⎪ ⎪5⎪
⎨d 2 ⎬ = ⎨ 2 ⎬
⎪ d ⎪ ⎪2⎪
⎩ 3⎭ ⎩ ⎭
Two Many Solutions !!
 Singular Matrix
⎡ 3 0 −3⎤ ⎧ d1 ⎫ ⎧−3⎫
⎢ 0 6 −6 ⎥ ⎪d ⎪ = ⎪ 3 ⎪
⎢ ⎥⎨ 2⎬ ⎨ ⎬
⎢⎣ −3 −6 9 ⎥⎦ ⎩⎪ d3 ⎭⎪ ⎩⎪ 0 ⎭⎪

3 0 −3
0 6 −6 = 0
−3 −6 9 One unknown variable should
be assigned a value.
Two Independent Equations
with Three Unknowns ⎧ d1 ⎫ ⎧2 ⎫ ⎧1 ⎫ ⎧0 ⎫ ⎧−1⎫
⎪ ⎪ ⎪7 ⎪ ⎪5 ⎪ ⎪3⎪ ⎪ 1 ⎪
⎨d 2 ⎬ = ⎨ 2 ⎬ , ⎨ 2 ⎬ , ⎨ 2 ⎬ , ⎨ 2 ⎬ ...
⎪ d ⎪ ⎪ 3 ⎪ ⎪ 2 ⎪ ⎪1 ⎪ ⎪ 0 ⎪
⎩ 3⎭ ⎩ ⎭ ⎩ ⎭ ⎩ ⎭ ⎩ ⎭
 Force and Geometric B. C.’s
Node # 1 3 2

Solutions
⎡ 3 0 −3⎤ ⎧ d1 ⎫ ⎧−1⎫
⎢ 0 6 −6 ⎥ ⎪d ⎪ = ⎪ 3 ⎪
⎢ ⎥⎨ 2⎬ ⎨ ⎬
⎢⎣ −3 −6 9 ⎥⎦ ⎩⎪ d3 ⎭⎪ ⎩⎪ 0 ⎭⎪

⎡ 3 0 −3⎤ ⎧ 0 ⎫ ⎧0 ⎫
⎢ 0 6 −6 ⎥ ⎪d ⎪ = ⎪3⎪
⎢ ⎥⎨ 2⎬ ⎨ ⎬
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎣⎢ −3 −6 9 ⎦⎥ ⎩ d3 ⎭ ⎩0 ⎭
⎡ 3 0 −3⎤ ⎧ d1 ⎫ ⎧1 ⎫
⎢ 0 6 −6 ⎥ ⎪d ⎪ = ⎪3⎪
⎢ ⎥⎨ 2⎬ ⎨ ⎬
⎢⎣ −3 −6 9 ⎥⎦ ⎩⎪ d3 ⎭⎪ ⎩⎪0 ⎭⎪
 Numerical values 2
k = k1 = k2 = 3 N / mm
⎧ F1 ⎫ ⎡ k1 0 −k1 ⎤ ⎧ d1 ⎫
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎪ ⎪
⎨ F2 ⎬ = ⎢ 0 k2 − k2 ⎥⎥ ⎨d 2 ⎬
⎪ F ⎪ ⎢ −k −k k1 + k2 ⎦⎥ ⎩⎪ d3 ⎭⎪
⎩ 3⎭ ⎣ 1 2

Target
⎡ 3 0 −3⎤ ⎧ d1 ⎫ ⎧ F1 ⎫
⎢ 0 3 −3⎥ ⎪d ⎪ = ⎪ F ⎪
⎢ ⎥⎨ 2⎬ ⎨ 2⎬
[ K ] {d } = { F }
⎢⎣ −3 −3 6 ⎥⎦ ⎩⎪ d3 ⎭⎪ ⎩⎪ F3 ⎭⎪
 ⎡ 3 0 −3⎤ ⎧ d1 ⎫ ⎧ F1 ⎫
⎢ 0 3 −3⎥ ⎪d ⎪ = ⎪ F ⎪
⎢ ⎥⎨ 2⎬ ⎨ 2⎬
⎢⎣ −3 −3 6 ⎥⎦ ⎩⎪ d3 ⎭⎪ ⎩⎪ F3 ⎭⎪

3 0 −3
0 3 −3 = 0 Singular

−3 −3 6
 Global stiffness matrix
⎡ k1 0 − k1 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
[K ] = ⎢ 0 k2 − k2 ⎥
⎢⎣ − k1 − k2 k1 + k2 ⎥⎦
is
Singular and Symmetric.
 9) Applying boundary conditions

⎡ 3 0 −3⎤ ⎧ d1 ⎫ ⎧ F1 ⎫
⎢ 0 3 −3⎥ ⎪d ⎪ = ⎪ F ⎪
⎢ ⎥⎨ 2⎬ ⎨ 2⎬
⎢⎣ −3 −3 6 ⎥⎦ ⎩⎪ d3 ⎭⎪ ⎩⎪ F3 ⎭⎪

⎡ 3 0 −3⎤ ⎧ 0 ⎫ ⎧ F1 ⎫
⎢ 0 3 −3⎥ ⎪d ⎪ = ⎪ 3 ⎪
⎢ ⎥⎨ 2⎬ ⎨ ⎬
⎢⎣ −3 −3 6 ⎥⎦ ⎩⎪ 1 ⎭⎪ ⎩⎪ F3 ⎭⎪
10) Solution of the global equation

⎡ 3 0 −3⎤ ⎧ 0 ⎫ ⎧ F1 ⎫
⎢ 0 3 −3⎥ ⎪d ⎪ = ⎪ 3 ⎪
⎢ ⎥⎨ 2⎬ ⎨ ⎬
⎢⎣ −3 −3 6 ⎥⎦ ⎩⎪ 1 ⎭⎪ ⎩⎪ F3 ⎭⎪

3 equations with 3 unknowns

 Typical
yp linear equation
q
Non-singular Knowns
matrix

[ A]{ x} = {b}
Unknowns Solution method
- Iteration
- Gaussian elimination

{ x} = [ A] {b}
−1
We cannot use the Cramer’s rule !
We cannot use the linear equation solver

[ A]{ x} = {b}
{ x} = [ A] {b}
−1

⎡ 3 0 −3⎤ ⎧ 0 ⎫ ⎧ F1 ⎫
⎢ 0 3 −3⎥ ⎪d ⎪ = ⎪ 3 ⎪
⎢ ⎥⎨ 2⎬ ⎨ ⎬
⎢⎣ −3 −3 6 ⎥⎦ ⎩⎪ 1 ⎭⎪ ⎩⎪ F3 ⎭⎪
 Matrix partitioning
p g

At each node, either force or displacement must be known.

⎡ 3 0 −3⎤ ⎧ 0 ⎫ ⎧ F1 ⎫
⎢ 0 3 −3⎥ ⎪d ⎪ = ⎪ 3 ⎪
⎢ ⎥⎨ 2⎬ ⎨ ⎬
⎢⎣ −3 −3 6 ⎥⎦ ⎩⎪ 1 ⎭⎪ ⎩⎪ F3 ⎭⎪
 Target
g
⎡
⎢ K { }
⎤ ⎧⎪ d% ⎫⎪ ⎪⎧{ F }⎪⎫
⎥⎨ ⎬= ⎨ ⎬
⎢⎣ { }
⎥⎦ ⎪⎩{d }⎭⎪ ⎪⎩ F ⎪⎭
%

B
Boundary
d conditions
diti
Prescribed displacements pp
Applied forces

{d%} {F% }
 column rotation
⎡ 3 0 −3⎤ ⎧ 0 ⎫ ⎧ F1 ⎫
⎢ 0 3 −3⎥ ⎪d ⎪ = ⎪ 3 ⎪
⎢ ⎥ ⎨ 2 ⎬ ⎨ ⎬
⎢⎣ −3 −3 6 ⎥⎦ ⎩⎪ 1 ⎭⎪ ⎩⎪ F3 ⎭⎪

3• 0 + 0 • d2 + (−3) • 1 = F1
0•0 + 3 • d2 + (−3) • 1 = 3
(−3) • 0 + (−3) • d 2 + 6 • 1 = F3
 ⎡ 3 0 −3⎤ ⎧ 0 ⎫ ⎧ F1 ⎫
⎢ 0 3 −3⎥ ⎪d ⎪ = ⎪ 3 ⎪
⎢ ⎥ ⎨ 2 ⎬ ⎨ ⎬
⎢⎣ −3 −3 6 ⎥⎦ ⎩⎪ 1 ⎭⎪ ⎩⎪ F3 ⎭⎪

3• 0 + 0 • d2 + (−3)) • 1 = F1
0•0 + 3 • d2 + (−3) • 1 = 3
(−3) • 0 + (−3) • d 2 + 6 • 1 = F3
⎡ 3 0 −3⎤ ⎧ 0 ⎫ ⎧ F1 ⎫ ⎡ 3 −3 0 ⎤ ⎧ 0 ⎫ ⎧ F1 ⎫
⎢ 0 3 −3⎥ ⎪d ⎪ = ⎪ 3 ⎪
⎢ ⎥⎨ 2⎬ ⎨ ⎬ ⎢ 0 −3 3 ⎥ ⎪ 1 ⎪ = ⎪ 3 ⎪
⎢⎣ −3 −3 6 ⎥⎦ ⎩⎪ 1 ⎭⎪ ⎩⎪ F3 ⎭⎪ ⎢ ⎥⎨ ⎬ ⎨ ⎬
⎢⎣ −3 6 −3⎥⎦ ⎩⎪d 2 ⎭⎪ ⎩⎪ F3 ⎭⎪
3• 0 + 0 • d2 + (−3) • 1 = F1
0•0 + 3 • d2 + (−3) • 1 = 3 3• 0 + (−3) • 1 + 0 • d2 = F1
(−3) • 0 + (−3) • d 2 + 6 • 1 = F3 0•0 + (−3) • 1 + 3 • d2 =3
(−3) • 0 + 6 •1 + (−3) • d 2 = F3

Reordering nodal displacements should be accompanied by column

rotation of the stiffness matrix.
 row rotation

⎡ 3 −3 0 ⎤ ⎧ 0 ⎫ ⎧ F1 ⎫
⎢ 0 −3 3 ⎥ ⎪ 1 ⎪ = ⎪ 3 ⎪
⎢ ⎥⎨ ⎬ ⎨ ⎬
⎢⎣ −3 6 −3⎥⎦ ⎩⎪d 2 ⎭⎪ ⎩⎪ F3 ⎭⎪

3• 0 + (−3) • 1 + 0 • d2 = F1
0•0 + (−3)) • 1 + 3 • d2 =3
(−3) • 0 + 6 •1 + (−3) • d 2 = F3
 ⎡ 3 −3 0 ⎤ ⎧ 0 ⎫ ⎧ F1 ⎫ ⎡ 3 −3 0 ⎤ ⎧ 0 ⎫ ⎧ F1 ⎫
⎢ 0 −3 3 ⎥ ⎪ 1 ⎪ = ⎪ 3 ⎪ ⎢ −3 6 −3⎥ ⎪ 1 ⎪ = ⎪ F ⎪
⎢ ⎥⎨ ⎬ ⎨ ⎬
⎢⎣ −3 6 −3⎥⎦ ⎪⎩d 2 ⎭⎪ ⎩⎪ F3 ⎭⎪ ⎢ ⎥⎨ ⎬ ⎨ 3⎬
⎢⎣ 0 −3 3 ⎥⎦ ⎪⎩d 2 ⎭⎪ ⎩⎪ 3 ⎭⎪
3• 0 + (−3) • 1 + 0 • d2 = F1
3• 0 + (−3) • 1 + 0 • d2 = F1
0•0 + (−3) • 1 + 3 • d2 =3
(−3) • 0 + 6 •1 + (−3) • d 2 = F3
(−3) • 0 + 6 •1 + (−3) • d 2 = F3
0•0 + (−3) • 1 + 3 • d2 =3

Reordering nodal forces should be accompanied by row rotation of the stiffness matrix
matrix.
Partitioned matrix
⎡ 3 −3 0 ⎤ ⎧ 0 ⎫ ⎧ F1 ⎫
⎢ −3 6 −3⎥ ⎪ 1 ⎪ = ⎪ F ⎪
⎢ ⎥⎨ ⎬ ⎨ 3⎬
⎢⎣ 0 −3 3 ⎥⎦ ⎩⎪d 2 ⎭⎪ ⎩⎪ 3 ⎭⎪
⎡[ K11 ]
⎢
K ⎤{}
[ 12 ] ⎪ ⎫⎪ = ⎪⎧{F }⎪⎫
⎧ %
d
⎥⎨ ⎬ ⎨ % ⎬
⎣[ K 21 ] { }
[ K 22 ]⎦ ⎪⎩{d }⎪⎭ ⎪⎩ F ⎪⎭
 ⎡[ K11 ]
⎢
K ⎤ ⎧ {}
[ 12 ] ⎪ ⎫⎪ = ⎪⎧{F }⎪⎫
%
d
⎥⎨ ⎬ ⎨ % ⎬
⎣[ K 21 ] [ K 22 ]⎦ ⎩⎪{d }⎭⎪ ⎪⎩ F ⎪⎭ { }
The 2nd matrix equation

{}
[K 22 ]{d } = F − [K 21 ] d
~ ~
{}
Non-singular
N i l
Solution method
matrix
- Iteration
We can use the Cramer’s rule ! - Gaussian elimination
We can use the linear equation solver

{d }2 = [K ] −1
22 (
F2 − [K ]21 d 1
~ ~
{ })
 ⎡ 3 −3 0 ⎤ ⎧ 0 ⎫ ⎧ F1 ⎫
⎢ −3 6 −3⎥ ⎪ 1 ⎪ = ⎪ F ⎪
⎢ ⎥⎨ ⎬ ⎨ 3⎬
⎢⎣ 0 −3 3 ⎥⎦ ⎩⎪d 2 ⎭⎪ ⎩⎪ 3 ⎭⎪
The 2nd matrix equation

⎧0 ⎫
[0 −3] ⎨1 ⎬ + [3]{d 2 } = {3}
⎩ ⎭
⎧0 ⎫
[3]{d 2 } = {3} − [0 −3] ⎨1 ⎬
⎩ ⎭

{d 2 } = {2}
11)) Deformed shape
p

⎧ d1 ⎫ ⎧0 ⎫
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎨ d 2 ⎬ = ⎨1 ⎬
⎪ d ⎪ ⎪2 ⎪
⎩ 3⎭ ⎩ ⎭

Unit of displacements ?
Deformed shape

⎧ d1 ⎫ ⎧0 ⎫
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎨ d 2 ⎬ = ⎨1 ⎬
⎪ d ⎪ ⎪2 ⎪
⎩ 3⎭ ⎩ ⎭
 12) Reaction forces and stresses
⎡ 3 −3 0 ⎤ ⎧ 0 ⎫ ⎧ F1 ⎫
⎢ −3 6 −3⎥ ⎪ 1 ⎪ = ⎪ F ⎪
⎢ ⎥⎨ ⎬ ⎨ 3⎬
⎢⎣ 0 −3 3 ⎥⎦ ⎩⎪d 2 ⎭⎪ ⎩⎪ 3 ⎭⎪ {d 2 } = {2}
The 1st matrix equation
q

⎧ F1 ⎫ ⎡ 3 −3⎤ ⎧0 ⎫ ⎧ 0 ⎫
⎨ ⎬=⎢ ⎥ ⎨ ⎬ + ⎨ ⎬ {d 2 }
⎩ F3 ⎭ ⎣ −3 6 ⎦ ⎩1 ⎭ ⎩−3⎭
⎧ F1 ⎫ ⎧−3⎫
⎨ ⎬=⎨ ⎬
⎩ F3 ⎭ ⎩ 0 ⎭
Reaction forces

⎧ F1 ⎫ ⎧−3⎫
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎨ F2 ⎬ = ⎨ 3 ⎬
⎪F ⎪ ⎪ 0 ⎪
⎩ 3⎭ ⎩ ⎭
 13) Miscellaneous quantities
Strain

{d } → {u(x)} → {ε }
⎧ d3 − d1 ⎫
{ε }
(1)
{
= ⎨ (1) ⎬ = 5 ×10
⎩ L ⎭
−3
} Element #1

⎧ d1 ⎫ ⎧0 ⎫
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎨ d 2 ⎬ = ⎨1 ⎬
⎪ d ⎪ ⎪2 ⎪
Stress ⎩ 3⎭ ⎩ ⎭

{ } {1 } {
σ (1)
= E ε (1)
= 1000 × 10 6
} L1 = 200mm
E1 = 200GPa