Regina May C.

Juan
BSCE - 5A

Sovereign Immunity
- Sovereign Immunity is a legal doctrine that states that the sovereign is immune from civil suit or
criminal prosecution.

Judge-made-Law
- A law that was made when a judge in interpreting an existing law may need to make a decision
with no settled precedent.

Act
- a formal written record of transactions, proceedings, etc.

Regulations
- a rule or directive made and maintained by an authority.

Civil Law
- the system of law concerned with private relations between members of a community rather than
criminal, military, or religious affairs.

Contract Law
- it is an exchange of promises by two or more persons resulting in an obligation to do or refrain
from doing a particular act, which obligation is recognized and enforced by law.

Rule of Law
- the restriction of the arbitrary exercise of power by subordinating it to well-defined and
established laws.

Contract Agreement
- the restriction of the arbitrary exercise of power by subordinating it to well-defined and
established laws.

Adversary System of Justice

- a legal system used in the common law countries where two advocates represent their parties'
case or position before an impartial person or group of people, usually a judge or jury, who
attempt to determine the truth and pass judgment accordingly.

Statute of Limitation
- a law that sets the maximum amount of time that parties involved in a dispute have to initiate
legal proceedings from the date of an alleged offense, whether civil or criminal.

Republic Act 544

- is an act to regulate the practice of Civil Engineering in the Philippines. This Act shall be known
as the “Civil Engineering Law.”
Regular Courts
- Its duty is to settle actual controversies involving rights which are legally demandable and
enforceable

Special Courts
- exist for both civil and criminal disputes. Cases tried in special, limited-jurisdiction criminal
courts, such as traffic court or misdemeanor court, may be reheard in a general-jurisdiction trial
court without an appeal upon the request of the parties.

Quasi-Courts/Quasi-Judicial Agencies
- a term which applies to the action, discretion, etc. of public administrative officers or bodies, who
are required to investigate facts, or ascertain the existence of facts, hold hearings, and draw
conclusions from them, as a basis for their official action and to exercise discretion of a judicial
nature.

Executive Branch
- The executive is the branch of government exercising authority in and holding responsibility for
the governance of a state. The executive executes and enforces law.

Legislative Branch
- enacts legislation, confirms or rejects Presidential appointments, and has the authority to declare
war. This branch includes Congress (the Senate and House of Representatives) and several
agencies that provide support services to Congress.

Judicial Branch
- the branch of government charged with the interpretation of laws and the administration of
justice; the judiciary.

Constitution Laws
- a body of law which defines the role, powers, and structure of different entities within a state,
namely, the executive, the parliament or legislature, and the judiciary; as well as the basic rights
of citizens and, in federal countries.

Ordinances
- is an official rule or order.

Statute
- is a formal written enactment of a legislative authority that governs the legal entities of a city,
state, or country by way of consent. Typically, statutes command or prohibit something, or declare
policy.

Criminal Law
- the body of law that relates to crime. It prescribes conduct perceived as threatening, harmful, or
otherwise endangering the property, health, safety, and moral welfare of people inclusive of one's
self.
Negotiation
- a dialogue between two or more people or parties intended to reach a beneficial outcome over one
or more issues where a conflict exists with respect to at least one of these issues.

Litigation
- an action brought in court to enforce a particular right. The act or process of bringing a lawsuit in
and of itself; a judicial contest; any dispute.

Mediation
- a private process where a neutral third person called a mediator helps the parties discuss and try to
resolve the dispute.

Arbitration
- a way of settling dispute(s) between parties who agree to submit such dispute(s) for resolution by
their chosen judges or arbitrators. Arbitration is a simple, speedy and less expensive alternative to
court action.

Bid bond
- deposit or guarantee issued by a surety company to ensure the bidder will accept and perform the
work under the Contract terms, including attempting to withdraw or otherwise not fulfill the
Contract.

Guarantee bond
- a debt security that offers a secondary guarantee that interest and principal payments will be made
by a third party, should the issuer default due to reasons such as insolvency or bankruptcy.

Retention
- the right which the possessor of a movable has, of holding the same until he shall be satisfied for
his claim either against such movable or the owner of it; a lien. The right of retention is of two
kinds, namely, special or general.

RA 4566
- an act creating the philippine licensing board for contractors, prescribing its powers, duties and
functions, providing funds therefor, and for other purposes.

RA 9184
- otherwise known as the “Government Procurement Reform Act,” for the purpose of prescribing
the necessary rules and regulations for the modernization, standardization, and regulation of the
procurement activities of the Government of the Philippines (GoP).

Liquidated damages
- are presented in certain legal contracts as an estimate of otherwise intangible or hard-to-define
losses to one of the parties. It is a provision that allows for the payment of a specified sum should
one of the parties be in breach of contract.
RA 1080
- provides that those who passed the Bar Examinations and the Board Examinations are
automatically considered as civil service eligibles.

RA 544
- this act shall embrace services in the form of consultation, design, preparation of plans,
specifications, estimates, erection, installation and supervision of the construction of streets,
bridges, highways, railroads, airports and hangars, port works, canals, river and shore
improvements, lighthouses, and dry docks; buildings, fixed structures for irrigation, flood
protection, drainage, water supply and sewerage works; demolition of permanent structures; and
tunnels. The enumeration of any work in this section shall not be construed as excluding any
other work requiring civil engineering knowledge and application.

PD 1594
- No bidding and/or award of contract for a construction project shall be made unless the detailed
engineering investigations, surveys, and designs for the project have been sufficiently carried out
in accordance with the standards and specifications to be established under the rules and
regulations to be promulgated pursuant to Section 12 of this Decree

RA 545
- an act to regulate the practice of architecture in the philippines, and for other purposes.

RA 4566
- an act creating the philippine licensing board for contractors, prescribing its powers, duties and
functions, providing funds therefor, and for other purposes.