KC OXFORD 78h NEW SYLLABUS EDITION MATHEMATICS PY ai-? PREFACE oxronn, New Syllabus Mathematics (NSM} 19 a series of textbooks specially designed 1 provige valuable learning experiences to engage the tearts and minds of students sitting for the GCE 0 level examination in Mathematics, Included in the textbooks are investigation, Class Discussion, Thinking Time, Journal Writing, Performance Task and Problems in Real-World Contexts to support the teacting and learing of Mathematics, Every chapter begins with a chapter opener which motivates Students in learning the topic. Interesting stovies about ‘Mathematicians, es-le examples and applications are used to arouse students’ interest and curlosty eo tha they can appreciate the beauty of Mathematics in thet surrxnaings. ‘The use of ICT helps students to visualise and nanipulate ‘mathematical objects more easily, thus making the learning of Mathematics more interactive, Ready-to-use interactive ICT templates are avaliable at htipv/wrww shinglen.com.sa/ ‘StudentResouces!(CHAPTER OPENER cn chapter bein with a chapter opener o wouse students ies and cszeyn eng ne oe LEARNING OBJECTIVES Lorie bjs hp stent be are aware of wa heya abou osu 0 ta hey can ante own progess, RECAP WORKED EXAMPLE chal. suitable heading cided in trachasodetnguah between te cferent Woes Exo. PRACTISE NOW ‘SIMILAR QUESTIONS EXERCISE Te qustons re aii eee ves fit — Bese, tomate ond Advanced. SUMMARY REVIEW EXERCISE “Tiss nce the dc eben caper tort conse ofan of ences CHALLENGE YOURSELF rate port REVISION EXERCISE “This nck ced ater evr few cnaters op stsesesess nr brag. exon, Preave ~taming experiences heve been infused into Investigation, Class Discussion, Thinking Time, urnal Writing and Perfonrance Task or vestigation rs i Aetna ncued 1 guide Class ‘se tose tnd dco Thee ie Discussion ‘en enoweye meargy nonooge, tok material ard onhance ‘har ease ard orl corimu:aion sis i ‘Thinking Time Journal Writing ey ne te ace 2 jscamtnsmes ‘enter Seon nee ekg Performance Task 5] Mn: projects ara sesioned to velop researc an prseition SReouces * a have leant prev, bout Mathematics as ‘eresing nine games°2°? Contents aa Direct and Inverse Proportions 4.1 Diest Proportion 02 4.2. Algebraic and Graphical 008 Representations of Dect Proportion 4.8 Other Farms of Dect Proportion O12 4.4 Inverse Proportion org 445 Algebraic and Graphical 2s Representations of Inverse Proporton 4.6 OtherFornsof hversePropenicn 029 Summary 034. Review Exarcise 1 036, ER Expansion and Factorisation of 089 ‘Quadratic Expressions 3.1 Quadratic Expressions 09 3.2 Expansion and Simpiication ct O97 (Quadratic Exoressions 8.3. Factorisaion of Quadratic 105 Expressions Summary 1 Rleviw Exercise 2 a linear Graphs and Simu Lincar Equations 2A Gradent of astraight tne 22. Further Applications of Linear Grapns in Real-World Contexts 28 Horzonta and Vertical Lines 24 Graphs ofLinearEquatonsin the formay-+he=k 28. Solving Smutaneous Linear 062 Equations Using Geaptical Method 26 SovingSmuttaneous Linear 0687 Equetons sng Algeorae Methods 2.7 Appications of Simultaneous 077 Eautionsin Real Wold Contents Summary 083 Review Exercise 2 084 Further Expansionand Factorisation 113, of Algebraic Expressions 41 Expansion and Factonsation 15 Algebraic Expressions 42. Expansion Using Special in Algebraic Idenities 43 Factorsation Using Special 1 igre denies 4 Factorsation by Grouping 128 Sumnay 132 Review Exercise 4 133 Revision Exercise A 189— TER 5 Quadratic Equations and Graphs 137 BAA Solving Quadratic Equations 1391 by Factoristion 5.2 Applications of Quadratic Equatonsin Rea! World Contexts 53 Gravis of Ouauratic Functions 147 ‘Summary 158 Review Exercise 5 159 Relations and Functions 181 7A Relations 183 7.2 Functions 18 ‘Summary 189, Roview Exercise 7 199 TER 2 Geometrical Transformation BA election 82 Rotation 93° Translation Summary Review Exercise 9 251 Revision Exercise B 253 bf a AGETER SG Algebraic Fractions and Formulae 164 ‘Algebra Fractions 63 Mutipication and Dwision of 165, Algebraic Fractions 63 Adcstion and Subtractonot 168 Algebraic Fractions 6.4 Manpuaton ot Agobroic Formulae 171 Summary 78 Review Exercise 6 178 — CHAPTER S__ Congruence and Similarity 191 BA Congtuent Figures 193 82 Simier Figures 203 83. Simlaity, Enlargement andScale 213 Drawings ‘Summary 228 Review Exercise ® 220 Pythagoras’ Theorem 257 40.1 Pythagoras! Theorem 259 10.2 Apotcations of Pytnagoras’ 269, Theorem in Real-World Contexts 10.8 Conese ofPythageras' Theorem 276 Summary 278 Review Exercise 10 278ae Trigonometric Ratios 4141 Tegonometiic Ratos 283 11.2. Applications of Trigonometiic 289 Ratios to Find Unknown Sides of RightAngled Teangles Applications of Tigonometric 296 Ratios to Find Unknown Angles a Right-Angled Trangles 13 14.4 Appications of Trigonometric 302 Patios in Real-World Contexts rnmary 310 Review Exerc an Symmetry 355 134 Line Symmetry 357 132. Potational Symmetry in 368 ane Figues 133. Symmetry in Triangles are (Qvadriateras and Polygons 134. Symmetry in Tree Dimensions 379 ‘Summary 384 Review Exercise 13 384 Revision Exercise 387 Volume and Surface Area of, Pyramids, Cones and Spheres 424 Volume and Surtace Aes cof Pyramids Volume and Surtace Area of Cones 4123 Vokime and Surtace Area of Spheres. 124 Vourne and Surface Area of Composite Sol 122 Summary Review Exercise 12 Sets 44.4 Introduction to Set Notations 442 Venn Diagrams, Universal Set ‘and Complement of a Set 4143 intersection of Two Sets 144 Union of Two Sets 145 Combining Universal Set Complement of a Set. Subset Intersection and Union of Seis, ‘Surmary Review Exercise 14 317 328 338 399 399 406 408, 409 416 a7Probability of 419 8.1 Intioduction to Probabity 22 15.2 Sampe Soace 422 15.2 Probabilty of Single Events 425, 15.4. Further Evamples on Probabiity 435, (of Single Events ‘Summary Review Exercise 15 440 eZ Averages of Statistical Data 489 ATA Mean 494 47.2 Median 501 173. Mooe $08 174. Mean, Median and Mode 508 Summary 817 Roview Exercise 17 518 Revision Fxercise D Problems in Real-World Contexts Practise Now Answers 29 Answers 95 onto Statst Dot Diagrams Scatter Diagrams ‘Stemand-Leat Diageams 446 408, Histograms for Ungrouped Data 465, 166 Histograms (or Grouped Data 469 Summary Review Exercise 16 484 485Investigation Direct Proportion In Singapore, f we books fram a pulic Wyary and ae late in returning the books, we wil efned 15 cents per dy foreach overdue, Table 11 shows the fines for an verde book Nemberofdane) 12 [3 | 4 | s | w TFneceenty 1s 45 | 75) wos [0 | tas Is Table 1 tbe numberof daysa books verduetnc raze wlth line inceaweor decrease! 2, the numberof days book s overdue it double, how wil the fine change? Huot Compare the fines wien a book s overdue fr 3 days and fr 6 dys 3 the numberof days hook verde’ ipl, what il happen to he fine? 44. the uber of dys 2 book is overdue is haled, how wil the fine change? ‘Hin Compare the ines when 3 faoks overdue for 10 days and foe $day. 5. hear of dys a nok oer ede oe oil mune ‘vat happen tthe ine? Frere the insestigtion, we notice that the numberof days, a book is overdhae irons the ine. x cents, sncreasesproetionaly, be Hobie ten» Ipedbled 8 wiped, then sil be pled Sinlay, a6 the numer of days, 2 book is overdue decreases, the tine, yr eents, decreases proportionally, ke. isis halved, then + ill be halved ifsisraucdn trig ale hen wrest Lose alae “Tic elatonship i known 35 ect propartion. We say tha the fine,» ents. ec proper the numer fda. book eter eo 1 oxron.Class Discussion [Real-Life Example of Quanities in Diret Proportion Workin pais. 1. Give a few more reat ie amples of quantities ha ane in cect portion, 2. Explain why hey ate directly propotomal 0 ea Complete Table 12. [rani] i TI pw 1 | __} 1 4 —t city was | | Be msm ate: a | | i i | | | Table 2 What can we aisere about the ate #7 \Wwhat docs represen? What docs the Contant“ ma inthis cates? dec proportion the ate 6.3 constant. this ease = 1S Let te numberof days 3 bak semen be « neds Then the coresponding fine is Let the numberof days 2 book is owerdue be x, = 6, Then the cores fine From Tale 1.2 Sand toe Weis wz. ° Bee Bes (conta, e.theworates and Sa ual oes romp 98 2, ey fede when i doe ‘ 28-2. Le. + tebe when si dol nd are equal his can aloe ain by " “earanging the equation , nk cn, 954) To conclude, we have ‘ ecmpsrna beo His creety proportionalta x tens = 8 orWorked Wot otis ct cle cst of of Example tise “ Solution: rn me ath cs fs haus cy peor othe a he Sheu ete: Ui Method mn Sagol tics co Et Vege cons 2 vag fsa con SP _Methed 2: Proportion Method Lat the cost of 13 kg of isis be Se wees =s5450 Atenatiely, 4 gta Re: Baar sss “12 kgf hiscuits cost $4.2. (2) 150g of sweets com $210, find the costo 30 of wees, ving your amawer eye IAs 2 ‘comet othe nearest cons (0) eva meta toes mao! She. What mst Zot epic of feat eeAlgebr. Graphical 1 D Representations of il Direct Proportion Navssansennerivesssessesinesran vine mieeeieeememmennsilim 18, which and Inthe example on cverdue hooks in Section 11, we have found oe epresent this constant by & thon =k or y= ky where & #0, Hence, we have | whores constant and #0 oe) Thinking 4 Time Hve substitute £0 into x=, what can we say about the reltonsip between + andy @ Investigation raphe Repesnaton of ret Proportion sider he example on vet books in Seton Table 1.3 shows the face ents frre rater dyn ok Sve wh f= Ison se ‘at does.= 1 Stmeanin this conto? Oy; 15) 304 6 15 9 WS 10 HS 150 Table 131, Plot the pooh oy aginst sin Fig, 11 Frets cents) spc 1} wet _1_} |} “108 +—t + 7 | | 15 -e bast ae ot—}++— wt} | | l [7 12s 9 1p Namba otdaysio) 2. What isthe shape ofthe graph? 2. Doss the graph pss ough the ongine “To-concade, wo hve: 1. fy isdvety proportional sextet proportional to? Explain your answer. 2. Suppose vis recth noponinaal to. ve pl the graph against x, will we seta sail line tha paseo through the eign? Bxpaia your answer. 3. yislictty poostional to, then the opt ov gant «passes trou the ‘ig, the graph fv agains doesnot pass tough the eign is x ietly roportinnal 0.47 Explain your ans. 4, Asx increases, abe ines, Cw we conclude that ely propio to. Explain your answce Oo : coeWorked Example) icqaumomeim nts ti th wth s tons Solution: G Since visit peporindt The = where constn. Wher 2 fas GH Wher x=, fedek Alternatively when ea 9 chub y=2s 12 nahn is a oH {Suter 21 n= sre 1. liye dec proportional sand v= 10 when 4 an gation connecting andy 4 tne valawoty when =H the vale of «hon = ei Quam 2. his dretly peportiona iv and y= when « 1 find he value f x hen 4. Given tha eich preponionl tn, copy and cumple the abe (eS | oxsonp a oo ®Worked be soa ae epee Sk ofa tea pany ne dy poptonal Example terres, presen When thee ag Moss reso atthe poy, exposes incurred 3 $210 {Fava equation cement ) Cale expermes incre tn there goes present atthe tea party Draw the rapt against Solution: zw. 4) Sie be clirectly proportional 0% {Wed ample Lc an We Yona esa scion N when N=, bet = The expenses incur ate $540 Seiiatrcapte “Thecont SC. ftansporing gens rey proponents datancecawercd dh. ese UN Cvatns “The cos of tangpoting gods ose a disance of hm i S100. {i Fir an equation connecting © 30d {Fd he cont of trap ood oer a distance ol 5 kn, the cost of wonsprting goons is $120, calculate the dsnce emer (6) Draw the yaph of Copan a oxronp,Worked a Exmpl ‘The taal ently cages, SC fora mobie plan ens xample ‘of fx amet of S20 a 2 vie ont which lope the wage, For every minut ace, $120 charg. (He duration of usages 120 mites. ale ate the total monthly changes or the mabe plan. Ge et ont cages forthe bie plan are 80 il he duration of sage iy Write deowe a fxmula connecting Cant, hace n Isthe numer sinter wee (Ge) Daw he gaph of Capa. 6 ety gina ‘w Use your graph to explaia your answer, Solution: {Tal ey ones rhe mi an = S30 35030 ioe se Darin vgn 8 150 mines (6) Varn enna = 05020 si20 Tosa monthly changes = viable amount + fel amt C-02n4 20 2020420 62 02n+20 When 0, ¢ #20 Whom §, 023 isnot arectly propor the ogi, al to hecause the line doce not pas trough The total monly cost, SC, of running kindergarten consists of «fixer amount 2 SS00 and a variable amount which depend onthe evant, every hl “orl te monthly coat ners hy SH 1) We ane i 200, irl the total monly costo tanning the kindergarten, {6 ue bral mommy cos oF nny the kindergarten $20 SH. cole the ume oF chiles enallet nthe Kinder {Wie deem a formula cannes Can, shut w isthe numer of eile ‘nwa the kindergarten 3) Dra tery aC apt I dey prions Us your gaph2 (ty Exercise 1A OR idea ok we 3 sss. ADK Fre the mss of 150 such os, 1) the mero sac wks that have 3 mass Ina hols, 6 otc hs sup eh ‘of Lamon a shal Find {0 the length acca by 50 sech books on ash i) thenunberas such bunks nea comple ‘cap 3 sh ha ie hone nic 45 whee Hes dietly penpontona $23 fi {an rqation connecting «ae» GG) evaluced y when = 6 Gi) thevalea chen 10 & directly propotional 1 Pand @: expres @ in temsofF {iy td the wala af @ when P= 8 (iy cseule the vale of Poon Q= 82 Find the est | 49) 10 kg off Haves hen 3g of te leaves cont 8, 18) kyo sar whon bg spar cos Se 5 oa pie of mal Bas 2 mas 7, What fremassof of he pict met? HF cheat proportional 0 «and fn the vals of rwhen = 1 Wi dicey report to A aie ft 8 wher A= I fin the value of whe A= 24 wo. 1. 2 18 Foreach a healing. 8 dectly proportion! to. Cope anceps the ables Giger ee =a) {= tt ts Wi iinet proton tc analy = 20 whe {find an equation consecting x and {cha the raph agaist 1 iv aiecty proportion to vane == AK when {© finan quation connecting Yad s do the raphe =n The nts, Fetes, ned to push a lock longa horzontlsutace is directly proportional to the mass kg, of the block, When m= 5, Tied anespation connecting # a {@) find the value ot F when m =H iy Calle the vale a when {6 Draw the graph ot Pagans The press, P pascal, of gis in a container iediecty pepoetinal os tomperature, Thelin Whos =, #25 G) Fine ancquation connecting Pana 7 Fil hee Peden T= 28 i) Cateaae the val oF T whe | Gv) Dra the yap agai ‘The amount of voltage, vols, ned to send aise amount of corte the gh awe, sec Proportions ois ealtance, Resim When = 6, © Find an equation connecting Vand (Find the wa of V sen R= 18 Oy Caleakve te vu oF R sen VS (9) Draw the soph Vagainsttl months ons, $s wha which depots on the he sels For each fee he sel fra pict month 6 $1680, caleate the mbes tyes be els ia that moth, (i) Wate down a formela caonectng Bal h the sles ov 8 P aecty ao Use yar pop expla 16, Amachine hich mani preci. Given that 2nenncs of ean pole ‘when the machine rans foal an hou in he + Some values. andthe comtespondlng vals of and are given in Tale 1"Fig 2 dos the graph ov gat Je dvetly roponiona to Explain your answer. 2 Non at a pt the go 29 Sore als ol the crespondng aust and ae qhen in Table 15. aia 96 nae Table 13 oxtonpPlot the papal guns in Fig, 1.3, The fist thee points hove been pated for you. Fig tt Is ydvetypropotional 0 Explain youranswe onal x because rom the ivesigation, when y= 30 is nt dict prope =) — 34s mot aconstn, Howes, vi day proprio to x beeaae $= oxoun conn @Worked Example 9 jecuhotbetwingeysons eee wee Solution: (ay Since v= 80, ie, 3, = Sis. constant, then ety proptional (6) Since’ =VE. i. J = Lie Contant then i proportional wo A For each of the falling equations, state the tw ropa to each other and explain your arses abs which are directly fo) 36° tn Work! Example 4, we have foul thatthe formula connecting Cand ns {C=002n-+ 20 a hat € knot eet proportional tow, Howes is cay Proportional oa varia, Whats this variable? 2. the equiion = 1 =, state two variables which are ret propotinnal teach other anel expan your answer Worked sot Uinta Example Ws dct pop oy =20.shen = 2 {0 ed aneqnten connecting van, Gi cakulte neal of when = find the also hn 125, Gh) cet parody apt oxronn‘Solution: Sines » eer prpetonal then Wher 22, eke? se When 9=3, is i) Whe 9 = 128, Lasse 2S 2205 (6) Since vs lity propetions then the line that pases han the eisin pl gina 69 righ When s=0, When e= tres Hvis dectyproertional and (find an equation connecting xan fod the value eh Upeattae the vues os when 9 when Gv daw he graph of» agin. is nats propntianal 6° and y= 21 when = 2, find the wave of when Give that «i dicey proportional to e, whee». postive rot manor op ad compte the ae y 5625 a ‘ONFORP ~*~Worked The volume, Vem, of a solid is cir thy peaportional Example theca tsa ren Who the an tel Solution: 4) Sime Vi irety propoaional to thea V#Ge where isa costa When r=6, V-= 905, (When = ve MSc 16 4189 n co the sl sa 2 en he vom ofthe sds at89 22 “The long, fem. oa ape elm ctl peopstiona othe squeeoits_—_ Hhente H peviod time token to coniplteone ction). secood A penlum wha feng (12205 im hoe peo a (© Fin sn expintion connctiog Fane. Fi the length 2 pentlum whit hos peta oS ‘Whats he peridot a peudlam which has Feng of 098 n? @ vx oxtounF Exgiaise ra V.xis iecty pepprtiona ad r= 32 9h eon {ified an expation connecting «aly, A fire the vac sehen v= 6, (i) caestse the vale oy hen «= 108, {Ge dra the raph of eins 12s dvety proportional tow a (i) ind an equation connecting wan (find the values of: whan w= 1 i) calculate te salve ow chen 225, (6 sew the gph agai {tis given tht vs rly prope ‘Write dwn the val when ym isthe aren ofasquare of leh, (cm isthe setume ofa coe of length cn. (re 4 For each othe wing estos, state the ts) ‘variables which ae dicey proportions 0 ch ther and spin your ans (a) seas ) saNE fo Sese @ pee 12 Fs irc proportional to sand ¢ «8 when S24, find the values of when «=, Hi gis death jropurtional to Wp = 19 and = 20 shen = 3 fine aes p when y= 8 ‘Given that vis rectly propotional copy and ‘complete the ale l a.a o » 5 sk) 109 OxroRD 8. Given tha he mss. ag, oa pene is tet ‘reporions tothe cube ut sas, rem, copy dnd compte hs able ean ats] _] ors 11468 ” 02s 9. During censinpered in thetic of nesters, ts Fegth, Lem. 6 dvecily proportional tothe scunee rot of where 6 the numb of oars afters ich. Ons hour ater an eau sen, is tengh 2S, Fire an equiton coneecting Lat N. By Fine! he lent an enters ater itsbinh, i) Hoong wii take or anearthwoemto grow toa lngthef Sem? 1 Fs rectly prpoiona toa he iorence in the values of y whan «= 1 and # = 346 2, find the value of when = 2 11. Fs tcetly peopotional tos! and y =a for a Daricular value of Find an expression ory eos aoe this value otis die 12, The braking distance uf a vehicle is directly proportional to the square at ie sped, Wher the speud othe vec fs # vs, is aking dance | d'm. I the pece of the vehicle i inurenced by 2001, find the percentage increase nH raking distance,& Investigation Inverse Proportion Table 1.oshows the tne taken for a cart taeda dsance of 120 km tient spots Speedixkwny aw wD Timetaken(vhous) 126 4 M2 ABEE we ve, Fog Tale 1.6 1. fhe spend the er dzeases wil th time ken increase decrease? 2. the spesof the ati de, how wil he te taken change? int Compe he time taken whan the speeds theca are 20k andl a0 ki 3. the soe ofthe ca spl, what wil appen tothe me taken? 4. tf the poet othe cae halved, bow wil the time ten Frnt: Compare the tine ake hen the spec of ther are kas ad okmh, 5. ti thespatal the aris saced 4 rg ped wh il pnt the tine tah? 1 tho spo of he car hh nce, he ai hadled hen sl be alee time taker yo dees propo Sinilvy os the speed of eca, ska, dectenses. time take, ves, eases ropontyei-75 aed then b dbl i reac Cea ten rp is known os inverse proportion. We Ws protean, shot he speed of theca.Class. 4 Discussion Real-Life Examples of Quantities lavere Proportion Wha in pa 1 Ghosts meeralticaamsotquaittshatawinnvene poption, SEED 2. pin hy they are inversely proportional Complete Table 7 Speed M . we wow ee, 0 ” 0 Tene taker iv * 4 a]. hour) - 2 Product eee xR ‘hat ean we observe al the pron? inverse propo. dhe product. isa constant In hissy © 20 ef the speed of he car he 3,» 20, Then the carespontng tne taken the speed ofthe car he =. Thon the comespentng tne ake sy 3 om Table 17.48 coranging ‘camel, e hve lisisimene preprints, then 2Worked ’ Example to wnt taps ca fill» ak ia hows. Cae the time taken or ac 3p to le same tank Solution: Fit, we noe that te ton taken il the anki inversely propotena the umber of aps use becaase a the number tap acest the ime taken to il resi ncoee Math: Unity Method = 10 psn fil he tak in Bours a tbbeabaaas {ap ex fl he takin (1089 ove se ps ee ie taps can ill the tank in EE yagi ho = Sos, _Mshod 2: Proportion thd Let hetine taken for Sp Then ee We tein ein 1 taps can he tank in Shs Four decal ps can flank in 0 mis Fr ta tnetaken oe fs aps mse usin 5.20 fo 6 te ome taWorked ; 3 men ean pant 2 entcal houses in 8 dys. ASsuning Example that all he men wewk atthe some One fo pit ¥ such anes? Solution: Thothwe Fina, ws hep the mumbo of houses cman. Number ofmen Number othowses Number of dass iahles are numberof met, mbar of houses and ume days 0 Neat we keep the numer of men constant Nambecof mn Number of house; Number days 10. williake 6 days to paint # owes 2) amen can dig 2 dential trenches in Shoes, Asoming tht al the men work Hes a atthe same ate how Tang wl take Sin a dg 7 such robes? 15) 7 identical taps ca lic tanks in 45 minutes. How eng wi it ofthe taps oil one of the tanks? exonAl ebraic Graphical Representations of 4 tant by & then sy eo =, whe io cast, He eect tis Pasting Time = 8 achat can wwe say about the rclationship between Investigation Graphical Representation ofavene Proportion mie be sane hearin Satin 4 ale 8 he oe en Speed em) Teta! | ss | sas] 2 [iefis}ea| ie} u] Ltphows m2 - Tale 18 expon1. thwe plot the raph of again what ype af graph would we obtain? 2. Plot the graph oy ago in Fig. 1 Tie taken shouts Sect ee ee ee ee Feta 3h ve of bd owl he lc haga? use isith an example nin appoint on be gph you hacen inf What fw lee raph of vag 1? How woul he gpk ke? Ler x= 1 Scmesles of ante cep vals of and re gen n Tahle19. Complete tile (chev) imp [p> 22 )s[e[~ le = /w)w | fe {n || ae Ts fotze i) afl oxtosp4. Plo the graph of agaist in Fig. 1.5. O01 002 Of3 04 ONS OD ODT ODE oD9 0.4 ig 5 ‘Deseribe the yaph obtained What can we say about the relationship tween sand x? ‘Athough.s inversely proportional what isthe relationship between and x Write down an equation connecting. and X, What does itll you shout the telationship hewean and X? In general, iy is verse proportional to then i fo ayshoeye ssa cons and #0 2 teapot ond of equaion »=# sa hyperlse i 14) + the gaph of agit isa sight fine oe Fg 1.5) © owesThink ‘isisinversely roprtioma tis inversely propraional a Explain your answer Example sea find @ the alacor ewhens = 8, Ai an equation connecting ¥en (eho value of when ¢= 48 Solution: © When 8, 1 1 uli Aematindy Wi eyyory1. ify isinversty pronotiomal 4 andy 28 when = the vlueoty when, Aneypnion connecting, 20d Gipthese of hen s= 1 fin baa 2. iy iwesely potato sae 9 she 22, Find the ale oy when 3: Giventhoty is averse proportional os, cps al complete the ale Example mas yas at constant temperature i intl ppropotiooal tis pressure, P pastas (Pad. Te press of To 3 gos a aici cating” $2, Assuming athe temperature inthe container is console the volame ofthe gas when ts presuref 1250 Ps Solution: Since Vi inversely proptianal we P, thon Vr comin when Pan, Ve When P= 1250, ve ‘The vue ofthe gos 024 dn “The cure, # amperes, fing through a wie is iosersey proportional ty is Fre ssn HL enitance Ron) Given tht he curent lowing trough wire wih aesitance Of05 512A. find the cutent lowing the the wire wien is esistane is 38, {the resistance ofthe wire when the current awing though it. @ vw ostortExercise = (Which of he falling antes a ene ropomin Slatethe ssumponsmade i each ese G@) The umber of pencils FoAan ays the {ofa cost othe pene ‘The numberof tps filling tank ad he time take il he tank, The numberof men aying rt andthe tine taken to ish Laying theron 1) The numer cate oe el andthe ammunt of fore The numberof eatle toe fd ad the tne ‘taken to fins certain aunt the ae. ® © © ght men cam bl bidet 12 ays Fi the time taken or me to bud the sae rage, Stale "he assumption made Ics inversely prpontiona ane = 40 when £5. find {the value vwheny=25, Aidan equation cnneting vals, Gi) the valves whens =e, 1 Qisinvessely pepewtionalto Had Q=1.28When 6) express Ginter off, {i find the vals of Q when i calculate ova of Posen @=02 8 workorsarcenpioytl to complete aconsructon ojctin toys Bee projects. eee fof the company i ol that he aes to complete the pojectin Hcy. Assn taal he weaker, wore athe soni ns many meteors des he nod empl in ort camp the projet oxyorp consigment of cde E912 cate foe 50 days: Gisen that all he cattle consis the Fodder athe some rte, fn © the number of cate an equ coosigament of Socks can fed to 75 dy, (the nar of days a0 equal consent of fodder can lst ts us fc 1575 cate [AL a specs camp, there is slfcent fod for 72 auhletesto ast 6 dys, FEW athletes ne abet rom the eamp, haw many more cys can he tt ast forthe ther athletes? State the assumption made H1= is tversely propomional to x ane X27. fled the value of hen <= 70. = Shen Wis inverselypropontiona and 422. fed the vals of B when A= E Far exchofhefiloing sisters propria to Copy and complete the aes @ ri z Pats ‘The frequency, filer (KHL) a oo wave © inserstypropotioal os wavelength, 2m, The frequency of a radio wave that Aas 3 wavelength oft i Ta Aa Fit (0 the fequeney of 2 radio wave that has a wavelength f S, the wavelets of ea wae that ae regency of 900 He on)12, The de, « hours eed 40 complete a jo i inversely. proportional to N-sehere A i6 the number ol en emplyed or the je. 3 men C0 Compt the jb 8 hous, {@) Find an equation connecting # aN (i) Final the mer hours de by 6 me to compte the jb Gay wine ns nbc in 3 or mony en need the employed? 13, 12 glashlowers can make 12 idomtca) ase in eminutes. Assoming that al the glasblowers svark at the same rte, bow long will take 14. 8 comsigorent of fle ean fe 108 sheep Sr 2 lay: Aout tht ll he shsgp consume he Sera he same te, bow ab consigemnens| odie ares ond $0 she or 0 NSE fay A takes 6 eines fil a tank and Tap takes? mines fil fhe same ark, Pipe Can fam the tank in 1S mines, Hove hn, wil fake to fil up the tank the pipe isin ase when th tps ane tunel on? 16.8 contractor ages 4 Fay 3 mal 308m in 30 days for § hours per day. Alter 20 working days, he ins that oly 1200 mf the eon! competed. He ‘many mote men des fe nes empl inorder tofinish the pot on time eich man now works orhours a day? me are empl al they ork We have lee that fs inversely proportional 10, than where ie constan and k 20 where & 6 constant and & #0, coxtnnn,‘ariales hit ae vere proportional 1 eal other ane ein your answer ord wed ‘olution: Sincey= 2, je.c'y= 2 i¢ constant thon trey protons a ) Since v= i.e. yF=3 fea costal thea vi nvescy ropa 10 JF seach of thf equations athe ne arabs which ae aecey Fi) ane ‘portional to each ther ant explain your answee red or ond = Norked 13 cca, aera '@) cakeulae he value y when v= 16, tly tan 2 Heme 4) find an equation connecting x and aiieos ated He Ai find the aloe af «when: =e rte a olution: When (2 162454 6 i tins 2 -3. Since vere praia fF then 9 a, whee & isa cmt 1. vis inversely propaninal ta an Find an equation conpecing x and» (ycaksate te sales of en v= % 2. isinverelypropertional io JF an so38 sven 24, neni Quon fin he salve of ywhen seen 9, find the value of ewhen 3. Giventhat ee imsersly peopontonal to VF. capv and compete the leota 14 “ % ks wah conti iis ours. 1 ound thatthe ammount ot Instore units, inser pu (1-2) hor, name sk there let ater Shes, Cau thea inthe othr ak af 7 Solution: Since vis inverly proportional r= thon k ca constank ‘The amount of bactena let the other flask ater 7 huss 36 ans The force, F newtnns 9, between fw particles i inversely proportional ta the square ofthe distance, dim, essexn them. Whoa the panies ate 2 apt the force between thant 6 1N, Fine 6 the force bewcen the pts sv ty ae 4 ithe stance between the patil When the are betwen then is 25 8~ Exercise 1D Hs foversly prop x2, (©, fg the vale of whan y= fin am equation connecting «ad (Gcalculse the stor a y when = 32. shen inversely prapotonl to and (0. nd an equation connecting w a= (i fi the value of= when w= 16, Gi ca ulate the value of when pos 3. For exch ofthe following equations, sae the tao variables which are inversely proportional to teach other ad explain your answer. 4A. i sisinveeey proportional to YE and = when 1 26 find the vale of = when x= 216 5. WePisinversely prpostionalto pe Sand g=S hen 122; ind te values of q when p= 17 {6 Given tat isinverstly proportionate copy and ‘compte the table pz ps ] he om [oa ‘Thefoxceafrepulion, Fpewtors IN between te paricles is n-exsly proportions tothe square of ‘he distance, om, betwen the prices, (Wit down 3 oreula connecting Fad (i) When he pits ara certain dance apart the once of repulsion #20 N. Find the foece wn the distance shale Fora fixed volume, the height, em, of a cone i insersly proportonal to the square of the ase rads, rm. Cone A has a hase radius of 6 em and a height of Sem, The hoes rac of Cone 8 is em an the height of Cone € 16 125 em, fall the comes have the same volume, fin (the height of Cone 8, (lh she ase aus of Cone C % If is inversely propotional to 2e+ 1 and the dierence he valves of when «20.5 and <=2 1509, Sin the yale a y een 4 =D, 1 inversely proportional to and y= B for 2 particular value of. Had an expression in ams of bor vv ths value of 5 ple. The force of aration Hwee 10 magnets is inversely proportional to the square of the dsiance hereen them. When the Magnes Fem apart the force of aration between ther TF mens (SI he distance between the Imogaets + increased! by 400%, the force oF Stenctin benacen them Focomes & N.Find the aloe oxorpcinch property + Laker sto then 1, where is a constant and �, 1 the graph of v gaint xis 2 taigh line that pases through the origin 2 Wyis meres propa ory + the geaphoty agains 2 hyperbols, a vt then 3 A where 9 constant and k #9, + the aph ofr asin is sag ine that sas roth gn oxrorn |Review... 1. Wy ctype wea (expres vintems oc {iy find the sale of ven = 1 seule the vale of «on = 2 GG caw the apo aginst 2. WA;sdvectly proper ane © thesaive awh () thevalue of when. a {set portional tan = 108 her {@ it a equation connecting a (fn the vale fy when v= 7, caine the vl ox when = 400, (0) daw the apo vans 4. rise proportional 9 sad what = 2.5, i {0 the vals of n when =, Gi the vakus of machen w= INI, 5. Ht isietly propatinal we fF aed = 126 find (the value of rvhen = {i the vale of hen 1 =2 ss iversely proportional oad when (expos cin terms of (@ fin the vac oy when = 6 Gy eaelae the wale a when 2. Wa isinversey proportional wp and y= 3 when 5. {0 anexpation connecting p ant g ) the vale of y hen p= 1, {Gy he sega value of p when = 8, sis iersely proportional + Land when = 8 fe 40) the val of shen 9, 1 the value oe when z= 24 9. ive that vis incre) propetion 2° apy and complete the tale, 10. Theol pny charges. Sora fed phoneine Consists oF ted ant of $9 wl wi fmmurt which pans om the espe. For every Print use, SOAS char (0 Hthe dation of usages 390 mutes, find the total mosh charges foe the fed phone ine (Ath otal monthly cages ore fse phone Fine re'S2.56, eeu the dation of usage {i Write afrmulaconnectingC and, where ‘nthe mumbo of mines of wage. Hence, State the two vaiables which are cect Propoianslwoach er 11, The grovitationl penal energy G joules 0, (of an object is iret propstins! tts height fe, show the surface of the Eath. When the fbject 6 at eight of 4m above the surface ft the Earth, ts gravitational potential energy 1 2200. Fd @ amexpaion connecting Gai {the yovitational porcataleney ofthe object cohen te ata height of 2m ahve the srt ‘the Eth, Gib the Height ofthe object above the surface of the Earth when i hoe a grvitationa potenti enengy of M28).12, ate makes dation hariubleeryisation 14, Seren ane hired ts comphtwa jb. Wane mone man ‘onamnibi bss Feral deen ciety ie he jon can be proportinaltoshesqureother mnfysvigs- It Asgaming that all te she saves SN an S1200 is fanvry aoe ebay fa respectively, her eanation sneresves by S88 ore bean emplte 8 ays caer Fanart Febnians Find thea nency she dlnatestothecnable gonna in wate he 13, Boy Law satesthar the press Pyne oF fice mossof asa censtontempetire inven Proportional 4 volun, dn The presse Wx ao a8 na aight maine 250 Pa Assuming thatthe temperature inthe eoetaine is eons, {@ the peesore ofthe gos aes volume is y the volume wf the as wher ss presse is Challenge, Yourself 1. Ais directlypropotanal 1 Cand is rectly peeprtionl tC, prone hat each of the follwing it diet proportional tC @ate ale van 2 tts given tat: isdecetly proportional tad merely propartiona toi {© Write down an equation connecting. y and: We +29, Sind the vale o when v= Sandy The time, T days, needed to paint some ltings is rectly propentional othe nu «oF viings, tha need 4 be patel and inversely proportional othe suber of painters empl. 18 paitrs can paint 3 uilelings in 20 days, (0 Find an equation connecting 7 a Ai Fi the name ys ec by 16 panes o pine useing. (Ga) 10 beings are we painted in 24 days, how many painters nett be employs? oxroK ores @eng ei sbatons pot sy tat end reatwes. When stoppNg or tif me doom cur git craoes two tars and we Nea how co me deterine te number ofeach item o buy?Chapter Two LEARNING OBJECTIVES [Althe enol his chapter, you shouldbe be to * tt he grant of ssn, + satatheimeroap o asa ine, + sate ne equation of ahorzoralin arto! 8 erica in, + cam gran of tear equations inte fo at +b =k + sovesrutangoistner equations two vrates using (a) tne apnea mod (©) te aminaton meta, (@) the sdsttaion meod * formate pr of inca equations in two variates to sve mathemati! arc e-e cdians.‘The equation ofa straight ine inthe form y= ses where mandi are constants Naw, we shal ake 3 lnk at hr changing te ale of mal ffl th ine © ee Investigation Equation of Staiga In this investigation. we shall explore how the graph ofa sagt ie in the orm y= me + changes when either Go to hittin shingles com sy/StudentResources! ant pen the spreadshet Equation ofa Staight Line’ 1, Change the vale of «fram —3 1 3 ia stops of 1 by clicking onthe scroll har, What happens to the Hine? Sate the coordinates of the point where the ine cuts he 2x 2. Change the vie of rom Ot in steps of. What apne ta the nat Change the vale of rato $n stops of 1. What happens the fine? 44. What isthe difrenceheiscen fine with 9 postive value form and line wih 2 negative vale fr © ven oxvounGradient of a Straight Line Look at tte roads around yer. Some roads are steeper than thers Te sep 9 ad isthe hard i ko walk th on. Gradient near ofbm seep spe From he inesitin on the reo pe fn + ohare the bah intercept Note:The rinterept eters to the xcoonate othe pint of intersection of the line with he yan The equation of 9 ait ei it for conan sth gradient ofthe ithe cons From the Investigation, we have dscanered tha the owen oa ine em be ether postive or gate Fig, 2.20) sha 9 prationt spas, + Fig. 2.2 she 9 fine that slopes fro the est 1 ght and adient isnt tine that spe ira the ett th ight al pnd bons en reer oro (2) Positive groin ) Regatvewaton Fig. 22 In real ie, can the wakes ofa slope he aegaive? From the investigation, we can alo sae hat a5 the able vale ee raion ‘ners the slepnessof the fine craves For example, Hine wih pati of 3 isstooper than ane wth a gat of? since 3> 2: ua line witha grace of Isako than fine with agit of? although -3 <2. How do we find the gradient ofa ne? ‘The grader ofa straight lines the messi ofthe rai of he veticl changer ise) to the horizontal change (ora. etal ehange se Geatiet = aralckangs ‘oMtORD &~»a nd heather ofeach of thong es on / \ Solution: @ oy “Take two poin' and B00 the line and daw dotted nes te he cgh angled Hang ABC Vertical change or rise) BC «St Hotizowal change (or un) AC =2-0 2 Since th ine stapes ups roan the et tothe right, its packet pose Graont = verical change oxtony @D cersTake two points P and @ where the line cuts the s-axis ad rans respectively Let 0 be the iin, 0) Verical change ior rc) OF = 6 Horizontal change or un} OQ = 2 Since the line slopes downwards fram the left to the igh ts gradient negative ration = HE Find the gradient uf wah othe following nes soe 24 Quin 24 we Lior Gaps ond Senta Une eutons Caner?‘oxroen,as Gradients of Staight Lines Work in pais Consider the points D3 and 12.8, 6) onthe Hin in Wenked Example (0 Find he aden of DE i) kaon’ of DF = yathen of AR? prence, we can choose any two points ona line to find its gratien becouse the graton ofa suaigh lie is ‘Altes learning howto find the gradient ofa straight ine, we need to have» sense of| ‘themagrite af the stenee of ne Class Discussion Gradients inthe Real World 1. How snp nd ih» ont of 17 2. ows ine wih nc of 1, Measure the angle of inclination betwen the andthe bot onl wz Fig.233 2. How stoop isa road witha gradient of 22 Make an accurate drawing of| 8 fine wih a grocent of 2 and, indicate the vertical change an horizontal ‘change clearly Measure the angle of inclination. 2. Ret gp 2 ora od ith pet of 4a yu cond wad wih nation! ft step or gel? Disc wth out lnm dese many asm Plan nes tot of 5. Dovou cols nadwiha panto | weep or ol Dic th jour loans where allen af mo vals in ian ae pte ta coress than a oes @§ Horizontal Line Investigation Gradient ofa Horizontal Line Inti Fig. 2.4 shows a horizontal ine. Fig. 2. “There ae points onthe line, The coordinates ofA and Cave given ite dawn the coordinates of B and of D. 2. In theline segment AC, ‘ise = andeun = 3. Inthe ne segment RD, tise —andvun =. 4. What can you conclude about he gradient of horizontal line? Liner a westigaton, we cal find aut what the gradient of a horizontal ine i zw OXFORDte Vertical Line Investigation Gradient of Vertical Line In this investigation, we shail find out what the gradiert of a vertical line Is Fig. 25 shows vet ine Hig 23 1. There a4 points onthe ne. The coordinates of and fate gen Wte down the coorinates & @ and ofS. wz, 2. inte ine segment PR, ‘ snd run 3. Inthelinesegment Qs, re actin als % and Sonia et 4 What can you conclude about the gradient of» vertical line? ese 24 Quet | t ewer @Line t pt | 2 | “Write down the grant of ech of the ve ines 2. Given that the exquation of the fine representing each of the following linear graphs is 49 the form vs find the gradient wan sate the intercept os oxtonnoxyonn3. The figure shows ive line segment. ln the figure, tine 1 15 parallel te the v-axis and Line 3 is parallel to the y-axis. Line Further Applications of Linear Graphs in Real-World Contexts tn this section, we wil eam haw to apply the concepts of aden and -inercept to sole near graphs use dlailystuations, oxzorp °Worked oy asses nem Example pee relate ee eles ta (0900 huts, his biyele he sullered a puncture ad the spent hall an fur epg i, He then continued bis journey al reach his estnation at 1130 hous (a) Han far di te eyes tavel ore his bicycle tyre sere a yume? (0) Find she gradinnt of each of the Following line sme, sat cat wha on iy aw sch gain ese Digance reveled tn) ‘Solution: 4a) 2040, 0) Gaaioar oa = ‘he eels traveled 20 kn a1 ou, be, is aerage sped sas 20 Ione his bye ye sues pnetore Gi) Goto of 820 Hsing cycling, i his average sped was Ze Graton of we= 2 18 “The average speeds th ts partons ene ws 1S Ranh Oo. SPORDA techician ia a Computer fm ewe fon his workshop t separa customer's “tomputer. On his wai ack be opp to eepair anther camer computer “The estance time grap shows nis ete gray, Dinance evaled ead | | a i LL PTPe ee ch compute? (8) How long dhe ke rei. {&) How for irom hs workshop was hist uate? 4) ied ho gyda of exch oft fling ne sees, sting clay what ‘each gradient presen 0% ae cn be ie 2H eatin 1iourmey be topped iat 1, The yep saws Kai jo td» cn in Fon. acing breaks at efter, after hich he coatinucd to drive to Town C Didance sscled km) ime hours) woo 10301190130 1200 {@) Atha time did he leave home? 1) How far did he teavel hefore he ached te entra? 4 Fin the grades of each ofthe follwing fine segments, stating clearly what each gradient represents. 08 an i acthan eyes rm home ta pot office. On his way back, he topped at hawker ceive to have is breaks, The distances raph shone his env journey. Distance ran home (em ‘9600 0700 0800 0900 1000 1300 1200 4) How far fom bis home was the pos office? 18) Find the ttl time he stayed 3 the poser and atthe hawker conta ©) Find he gratin of each ofthe follwing ine segments, stating clearly what each gant represents. aan 4c iy De) Horizontal and ertical Lines tn section 2. we have lero thal the equation of staght line is inthe form se here he const efine afd he cst +t Consider the quition ofthe sai line y "20-1 Foreach value there isa comesponingvaluc of When {ewe plot hee points on a sheet oprah paper, we otal a te the teb sd, Hoon he the cons se pre sa he ‘Does the point (10 ie onthe Hine with esis We replace shy-4and ry 10 in the equation y= 24 1 ts RH: Since the coortnates of 4, 10) do ot sty the equation fat le the ie ‘What arethe equations ofa horizontal line and a vertical tine? Investigation “Equation of Horizontal Fine Fig. 24 show a horizon y AaB 60.8) © cour one.1. What isthe graiot of the honzontl ine? 2. There are 4 point on the line. The coordinates of A and of € ave given, Write dow the coordinates of and oD. 3. What do you notice about the y-coordinates ofall he four points on the horizontal ine? 4. What do you think the equation ofthe horizontal ne is From the investigation, since the gradient m of horizontal ine 0, the equation of| | horizontal ines a = = Teun 2st 4 fel: | 2 ta —h +. Line 2 =. 19 Write don the equation each othe given hoizontal ines. 2) Inthe grap, craw each fhe le eth the allowing equations. ee fs20 cone area et OpInvestigation Equaonofa Vera Line fig 27 shows aver re Fig. 27 What the gradient ofthe vertical ine? 2. There ae 4 points on the fine. The coordinates of # and of R are given write don the coordinate of @ and ofS. 3. What do you ootice shout the secoordinates ofall he four poets om the veil line? 44, What do you think he equation ofthe vertical ne? From the investigation, cince the gradient m of @ vertical ine # undeined wer cannes seit thee Tine im the form = me + ¢ Uns the verwslinnteso all e pointcn venience to hese coma alae the exation ofa vert na 3 ve(a) Wate down the equation of ech of the given vertical lines. (6) tothe graph. caw each of he lines with he flowing equations. Describe the tines, Graphs of Linear Equations in the O A where Tinea equations in th ‘ot liswer euatons Inthe form y= mx #6 Section, we shal take 3 look atthe paps of im ae + bk where wba ate conanInvestigation, Graphs ofax by 1, Consider the equation 2+ y=. Using» geaphing sotteare, daw the graph of 4 y= 3. the points A, 1 and 2, 5) leon the graphin Do theconnnates ofeach ofthe point sai the equation 2:4 Explain your answers (6%) The pnt (1, ) esc the graph in). Determine the vale ofp Gs) The pit (7 Fes on the raph in @). Determine the value of (9) On the same aes in (0, craw te graph ot r= -2¢+ 3. What do you notcee Hence. shaw algically hat s=—2e+3 can be obtained from 24 =3. 22. Consider te equation 3. Using graphing software, dw the graph of 3¢—48=6. The pein @ Hes onthe graph in @, Determine the value of. (Gi) The pein; -15) les onthe graph in @). Determine the value of. (Gv) Site the coordinates of tv other points that sais the equation &x—4y=6, What do you notice? (0) Onshe same aes ia. deaw the yrphofr= 3-3 Hence hoagie tha = 33 on eosin fom == 6, Worked eng Chonan The variables «and comes y te ation Example 2e= y= 2 Some vakes of an! the coxesponding vale of are ye ne ae fa feted » ei? () Caeulte the vale op (0) On a sheet of graph paper, sing a sale of 1 em torepresnt | unto te vaxisand 2em to represent unit an the y-axis, kaw the graph of 2¢~— 3y-= 2 for-ere. (0 The point, 9) Hes the opin Find the value ofa 14) G@ On thesame axesio tb, cow th raph of {Sate the soins of the point onthe raph (of 243692 that asa cooninate 1 &~» extORD:Solution: 6 Wan x8, mesh yes pt LI Seger tune ‘The variables andy are connected by the equation ax + += E, Some values of» and the corresponding values are given i the tale. (a) Find he vale of. (@) Ona sheet of graph paper using a sca fem to represent nit on the exis and [em to epeesent f uniton the jas, dae the graph af 3's y= 1 for 2a 182, (©) The point (1, Hes on the raph inh. Find the vai of 4) On the same anes de the graph os = 0.5, Ste the eonaliate ofthe point an the graph 3s + Scoorinate nf ‘hat has Feed Quin cove @line 1 (a) We dane the equation ofeach ofthe piven horizontal tes, (by Inthe graph, cave each ofthe lines ith he folowing equations. Ore esr ths ins (a) wee down the equation ofeach ofthe given weil ins. (4 1 the graph, craw each ofthe Hines with the folowing equations o Describe the lines2. The vatiahles x and y are connected by the equation =¥ 4 2y = 4. Some values of «and ‘hecorespunding voles of xare ven inthe ble {) Find the vate of» and of 4 (6) On a sheer of raph paper, asing a sale of 1 emo represent! union the vais and 2m te repesent unit on the ani, daw the Bophol-=20=4 lor Snes. {© The point (0.5) lies on the graph in (b Find the value of (@ (On the same axes in), draw the graph eed i Sta the coordinate ofthe pot om the sph of c+ y= hal has ance = E We ave fear a graphs of 9-922 v= Simultaneous Linear quations Using Memod 48, Consider the equation -2c 49 =-3, (a) Copy and comple the tle =] 4/0 1b) On a sheet of raph paper, asin a scale of 44cm to represent 1 unit on the xls and 2em to represent | untonthe van aw the aph of-20 + r=-3 for 2 (©) On the same axes in (h),daw the graph i) Find the are ofthe tapeiam bounded by the ines -2r-45"*-3, 9-1, and the sand what che elaianship between the graphs af two nea equations when we cea theme the same anes? What she connection hetwoen the connate ofthe pint ff tect af the ho raps al the ir values of and that ssa othTe sovenigation J ‘Solving Simultaneous Linear Equations Graphically 1. Consider the ear equations 2e+ 368 and 34- ¥=2 om he 6 Usinga gyaphing sottware, daw the graphs 24 +36 Sand (What are the coordinates ofthe point of intersection of thew graphs? {iy Five pais of values of «ans are given in Table 2.1 able 241 Determine the pair of values of and that sates beth the equations 2c 25 and Sey 22. What do you notice? 2. Consider the linear equations 3¢—4y= 1 ad S43. (© Using graphing stare, draw he graphs of the same axe, (hat are the coorlinate ofthe pont of intersection ofthe tw graphs? (i) Hence, sate the por of values of «and that sais both the equations Bi-ay= Wand Se 7823, ‘what can we conchdle about the coordinates ofthe point of irtersction ofthe ‘wo graphs and the par of values of «and « that satisfies bot the equations? Explain your answer (snd 546 7¢=30n In the investigation, the graphs of 20-+ = 5 and Bu — #2 inteset a the point (1, 1).«2 1 and y= 1 satisfies the nwo linear equations simultaneously. We say thaties Vand y= 1 is the soln of the simltanea linear equations 204 3y28 and 3x ¥=2, ‘Can we say the same fr the linear equations SeChoice of Appropriate Scales for Graphs Beforowe proceedto daw arp, wechaveta conse 9 stale scale. The filling _uldolines may be vf + Usea camenient == se tree Taear= 13 @ Ae5e07 we Sye8 2. Using the elimination method, solve the simultaneous equatensIci somesinns wecossiryf© manipulate One of the equations before we can ‘eliminate a variable iy akon ox subtraction. Worked ; ae Example Using the elimination med, salve the simultaneous ssp ieo2ves Solution: Bes Ipetent zw. ainyn?-—o goth si. an V tonsa ze e082 SNC at tn ral Subsite c= 2 to: $2) ‘The solution sx = 2and y= Using the elimination mod, solve each of the following pies of simultaneous ewe een 208 ‘equations (a) 2ee3e= 08 Wb) deepen aes Resde=7 11 is sometimes necessary 10 manipulate hath the equations before we can eliminate a variable Worked Example Using the etlinaton met, sve the smutanens equations reree Yeas Solution: Det abe raya Sesotho pest ' #0 GU" N+ Ble + Bea eS ane 122 Sib 2) NED = 20InWorked Example 7 ft easier ciminae first Explain your anserby showing thaw Came elimina Using the etinnation method, sake each of the following pais of simancous Fn 6 ‘equations. haven O42) ) 8-45-17 Bowen he Wore Tliniston wet Example OF ange einrotcn ah soe he atau ts Solution: Method 1 Subtle y= Rint: = 2 “The ction kim Pandy = 18Method 2: 9xitis6e =O Gia sSE— rat? Subtae x= 12 oe 4 sats ‘The solunior is v= Land» Using the clinination method, solve the simultaneous equations 2 Caton Fa pve 2 Feat sae Solving Simultaneous Li Substitution Method ‘sav, salt ook at how wen sa of smukancous eons ‘Sg te ustinion mead ‘nis met fe ronan co oon ns on eines slineher ra, ee we tes epreson ter aon SS ebtanan eqaten in clyon mie ear Equations Using Worked ‘ Example Using the suitution method solve the simulans see Ia -2ye 21, peers Solution: From, y=57~4¥ » rearange 2 eens en Sobetiole nwo 175-2087 replace n #1 wth expresso it . ones} vohethoogaen en zy Subsite y= io 3.925749) sue Hessian vm the epesion leninQn inking & Time en prin F CN Bal Using the ubstition method sole the simulans erations 1 a Feampte 10 Solution: Bete) from Subsite ita ave EAE 96447 30) dee BN 126 Salta = ita ‘the sation f= Dandy = Using the sustain tod sole the sinlaens epations lyre on at We deeShe i thivay Betyeb mil what sas rong Explain yur ans. Worked : ations Solution: From tues Deve From 2.Me=2vay-t Boyes Sebtiute ino: Substitute = Sinie 219266) The slong = 5 aa oxtorD1. Using the dimination method, sol each af the Using the elimination method, solve each ofthe follenting pir of sinshonenus equations following pats of simultaneous exutions, fy cosele ves Raat UW) dvedea gs ‘- ora ten 3s Bro 2vead wire a reser @ Seedvell Srste=o frases o sme Sroare23 does ee Using the substitution method, solve each ofthe @ 32s @ 5-429 folonsng pas of simultaneous equations th 50-9 deameT ese? mh te yeah o 3 toes ae Hagel 2s HS Reread Bea 2ee29 5 ination mated solve each ofthe @) SHIVA ACHES IO following pairs of simultaneous equations deere ste? Ted IT) loresra to @ ee (hy Seedee3 Maden? e331 Senta s-42 6 fests @ Kove aeSye7 aed | We O ose? Roped Beye 10 | Using the elimination method, solve each of the folowing pose malian equations. cye0s th 2 s0e=8 85d) Ges Aras 1S Sear @ cows oxroRP,Using the liminatian metho, solve each ofthe folosng pas of smutamnsoue equations. a ee7=0 hy Teoh 3=0 WeR-U=0 Synz 1750 Fo See-200 dy Santee =O eeSr-6: Te=6y-20=0 (@2e3-He0— ueSee8e0 edo M=0 tee By 2 0 7. Using the elimination method, salve each ofthe following pies of smtaneous uations, Using the sbtiution method, salve each of the folowing paws of simultaneous enuations @reSe12 dy ara sn2s ede fea 8=9 owener vanes fe sees Taira fo 2-Se225 se? Aeetred homes 9. Using the substitution method Solve each of he foeeing pai of smutaneoue sitions @ feye2e0 te oxroun 10. Using liber the climiaation «the substation method, solve each of the following pairs of simultaneous equations aes 1 isthe solton ofthe simatancous Swreqve dh find the value ofp and og 12. liy=-Landy=Sis the soln the silanes equations pes acon find the value pate q 13. A computer animation shows 3 ea! vig in a Saige. ts height, "mete, above the sound. Js given hy 8s ~ 3h =-9, shove wis the te i seconds ater tans mevingInthesaneanination. | mouse sbrtsto move atthe sme ow asthe eat ded ite movernent is given hy "29 1dh = 16, Find the height shove the ground and the ine When the cat meets the mouseApplications of Simultaneous Equations in Method 1 Soe ee sem PRRA--« Teams of calee pieces astWe shall nn ike ume we can Sle the pan hy wig he aga mobo Method Let the castor 1 cap ofcece he Sal th ont pie the Dyed = NG Sule v= Hin 2 St) +4) = 86 arenes Cost oft eup ofc Cost of I piece of eas = 00 Werke LD. sreserreo mes li nen Example 3-Fin theo ube Solution: Let these ner athe peter sumbr he (ye 2ea=0 as ino ite 64 38697 Subst ‘The two nanbor ate 32 al 38 ap Ts « yu sve orkel Example 12 by using aly ome variables?“The sum aftwo numbers Mand thee dfeence is 9 Fin the two numb. S02 2. One tied ofthe sum of to anghs is 60" and ne quater of thee flan 2. The figure shows a retangle with is lngth and breath as indiste. Find the pevimetr of he rectangle ceryr2 f S aren} ecr2en Or her Worked 3 evince ntip hese Example ofa faction, healucabcnedis 2.1 isubraced from 4s numerator and | from is denominator. the resulting value is Find the fraction. Solution: Lethe numerator ofthe fraction be x andl its denominator hey; let the faction be From), e+ 1)=20°42) Beda 20d seared 5 2 + the factionis 3. 1 sad the erator and he denominator a action the value obtained xr ton 1641S esac tom names om omit te ein values Find action @ owerExample “wo years ago, Jun W's mother was te ies a8 cold as un Wei Caleuste {8 Jun Wels presen 290 (the age of un Weis mosher when hewas bon, Solutio (6 Lettne present age of un Wer's maser be «yeas al tha Jun Wet be yeas. “Thon wo yous ago, Jan Wee's mtr sas (2) yeats ole a Jun Wei was (9-2) yeas ol. Poms Jun Weis present age = 16 years (8) Subaitte y= 16into t= 3(16)—4 Age of un We's masher wise he wagon == 16 = 28 years 1. tn five yea tine, Kate's thr wl be themes as ld as Kate. For years ago, Foe usin ber ater was sk times sold as et. Find he resent ages as 2. To vist heron consenateras t Garden by the fay, 11 ads ad eileen fave to pay $280 wheres I ads and 9 chen Rave to py SK Find het amount ay 2 ats and 3 len has to pay ovis the wo comsentoies : eT ome: @We ‘When the digits ofthe numer are reverse aad the number is subracted trom the original number, the west obtained is 18 Find the ial num Solutior {Let the tens digit oF the original number be and it ones iit he ‘Ther the original aumber i 105+ she number ohiained when the digs of the origial number ave roversed is y Shon et oe From (2, Wore y= ty = 18 Seng Oo tne O90 18 te ped yeu a 4-322 ive 9 tenet a etcer ne ti te ‘A wort number i soc thatthe sum of ts digit LL When the dis of eee ean the numer ate revert ad the number He stad for te eign mi, th esl bain 4 Fn! he exiginal number Exercise {In each of he following questions formulae a pair af linear equations in hwo vnables to soe the problem. 1, Thesumoftwmnumbersis 1 Wandthet dirence 3, Abeta a wallet cos $42.7 els an wallets 1 8, inl the te urs, Cont 213. Find the cont ofeach ie, 2, The difrence between two numbers is Wand 4. 8 Ag of potatoes and $ kp of carte cost $25 their sum is four tines the smaller number, whevens 2 ky of potatoes and 3 kp wf aero Hrd the te rambes ost 11.20. Find the cost of hy ot cach tam,Two umber are ach that 7 sade ote est hurmber. a number twice the second nusber i Dotaned W 20 is added 4 the second muster, trenumber obtain is four tines heist aarer Fi the nwo numbers 6. Thesumoitwonumbers isa tthe sller nner isene ith ofthe ner numb, find evo nae, 7. One fh of the sum of two angles i 2° ae hl thei dlerences 1A iad the two angles 18. The tigate shows am equilateral angle with it sido 35 indeatadFind the length of exch side of the triage, Day cere oem een 9, The figure shows a rectangle wit its length ane Ihre ae inated. Given that the perimeter of the rctnyl 13m, ind the aren the rte Grom (ex-3)em Gene 10, Thefigreshowsa rhombus wth is sides init. ind the perme the figure (eye Dem fs ea tem OxFOND 11.1014 stated om the suns a om the denominator aa Faction, he vale oan ie EH eared tots pret ad fo ts dlsminatr th esuing vale is 2. Fn tho 12, The giant pandas Kai Kai an Hi fia reside at the River Sf. The sam of thei apes when they firs arrived in Singapore in 2013 was M1 yoars {In 2022, Kai Kai will he the times a old 35 Jia Ja wasin 2013, Fined heir age ia 2014, 15.6 adults and 4 senior etzens have to pay S228 ‘while 13 adults and 7 senior citizens have to pay ‘ts9tovistan exon atthe AnScence Museu, Find the total amount 2 als ane senor tien hve to pay 0 vst the ex “14. Lixin intends to uy ether Gil A, hich ests $1, o-Git which cuss, as Crsmaspitsiorcach al her parents, 2 slings. 13 relatives ad 10 fond, Given that she intends 10 spend $23, find the numer of ach gt she shoul buy. 15, There are come chickens and goat an a form Given tht the animals have a tol of 8) heals and 140 legs, ow many mre chickens than pats ace thee! 16, Sat is vies enwoen Ethan and Michel such that one qunter of Ethos share is equal to Sith of Michael's share, Hone much das each of ‘ham receiser 17. Rai Feng cps wet of $25 in Bank A and Bank # atthe beyening of 2085. Bank A ane Bank B pay simple intrest 3 ates of OS sock 165% per annum respectively. He with al his money ftom the two hanks athe nd 20°3- {the amount of interest he eared rom ech hank isthe same, find the amount of money he deposited in each bank18, Two numfers aro such that when the lager number is alvct y the smalier number, th the qietien and the remainder ate ex 10 2 I tive tines the smaller number is divided by: the larger number, both the quotient and the reminder ae aso outta. Fedtho tw aves, [A tort sumer i: suc that the sum ofits Ags fof he umber. Whar the dg of the nomber ae reversed and the number is subtracted fom the original number, the sult ‘bvaine ie 4S Fin the egal number. 20, Raj has S10. he buys # pars al § mangos, Ihe wil be short of $1:10. he bas S peas ane 4 mangoes, he wil receive $1.75 in change Find the price of | pea and I mang (s ew) AL The equation of 2 straight line isi the form mu hee the conan ms the gradient cf the ln anl he comsant the yntereept. Summary 2. The gadiont ofa straight line ithe measure of the fat of the vertical change (or ese to the horizontal change or i, 1 Geis ~ Gonzont change run W sre andy=bsatiy each othe pvosienaltareous equations into varia, thon su and v= Bs Ito 3 pluton of he heaton. 4. A pir of simultaneous linear equations in we ‘arable cnn be sey = thogaphical method, + thealimination method, * tnosubsttution method 21. Muixian’s mother buys some shares of Company en Day 0. On Day 7. te shave price of Conny $400, be sell ll Ber shares fof Company and buys 2000 shares of Compaay'# an Day 7, she would receive $7400 (On Day 12, the shore price of Company A is $9180 andthe shave price of Company # Is SDS les than that oo Day 7-H she sllsall hoe shares ‘of Company A and buys 5000 shares of ‘Company 80a Oay 12, she wou haveto pay $800, Find (0 the umber of shires of Company A Muixan’s tthe hs (the share price of Conpany # 00 Day 12 5. Thesoldion of paiafsimulaneou linear eqations Iegivenby the conelintesothepoin ofinteetion ‘of the ras of he te equations, 6. Apr ofsimultaneous ines equatins has aniline rumba solutions ie rah ofthe we epaions selena 7. A paie af simullanaous linear equations has no ‘olan the graphsothehsoequstions areal 1, Focmathematical anal problems that vole “Simultaneous equations weformuhte spare nese ‘equtens in to variables before solving th ‘kaon in the probes oxtoanReview, ~~ the fom hf he fllosing ine graphs isn2 The flag down fe of tals $n The tox charges Se For each kilometers, Use dhe gph find he val fo 0 Charges(8) Distance aveled en) {Two mobile phone companies, and i, offer plans with alltime rate as shone in he ap. Charges s) a O wwe (How ech ds Company A ange for 20 minutes talk (How auch des Company 8 charge fo 30 minutes of talk ie? (jar We ves les than Sih minutes of atime per month, which company ‘would be able to offer hm A ete price? Explain your Gi) Which company has a eater tate of merense n charges? Explain your answer, (Michael was pay only fora tlk ime plan pr month, ‘which company shoul he chose? Explain your answer4. Consider the cation 204 (@) Copy arel complete the tbl ~ 4+]0]4 (©) OM 9 shetof raph paper, esng a scale 2 cm to represent 1 nit the rants and 1 em to eepeesent | unit om the sanis. dow the graph of erethederss (6) The poin (2) ison the graph in by. Find he vale ofp 1) dy Oninesame aes int), caw the graph of =-05 ) State the coordinates of the point of intersection of the graphs of 5. @) The varias sand yane conetel hy the equation Sr~3¢=2, Some valves ‘of andthe comesponiog values of y ae given in the abl LT [ate @) Fit ihe value of pal fg 6) On a shee of raph paper, using a scale oft cm 40 represent | unit com both aes, daw the graph of St Ave 2 -$ 89. (6) Consider te equation fs +t = 7, 46) Copy au complete thet, 1) On the same axes in ta, caw the graph of #427 fox -$-< <7, (6 Hence, soe the simultaneous equations Sx Av=2 and Ae+ v=, 5. Soe each ofthe follosing pie of nulls equations. (a) Yeo 26 = 10 ( Yerden28 S42 aro (© 26-5022? @)6r-F=16 deotee ls Betee tt oa 0 Semtyed "Tow numbers ave such that if 1 added tothe fist name, a numer tice these number i aba 20s added othe second number, the numer htnnod ses heft mur. Fade ems18. The igure shows a paralelogram with ts sles as indicated. Find the prime ofthe parallelogram, (eee em re / a Hem 9.161 wate fom the mamta 2 sai he demir 2 fc the vaso. 3 1 aed ois mart and 2 sumac fom ts desoinat, he rsing wal Fd he facto, 10, A tori number such thatthe sum oft digas is 12 andthe ones cg fs tie is tes dig. Find the number 1n four years’ time, Kata’ mother will he three tis as old as Khair ‘Six yer ao, his mother wns seven times a8 od as him. Fd &) Khai’ presen age, i tho age of Khas maser when hewas horn 42:1 Shire gives3 10 Py, hiya will veces much a Si. Paya gives 35 0 Shitey, Sle will have hice 98 much as Priya. Hew much cos cach ofthe hier 43, A vendor buys 36 smonphones and tlle computes for $28 68. Given that | sranphore coss $895 anda tablet computer cess él, find the number ‘of exch tem the vendor buys, 14, 5 cups of icecream milk tea and 4 cups of cttn fea cost 2630 whereas “ cupsof icecream nik andl Gcupsofcron te cost 3K Find tedileence betwen the cost of 1 up of caer mi ea and t cup of eivon te 15, Vishal mixes elce power that Coss $2.9 por kg with cofae ponder that ‘costs $8.50 per kg ven that he sold 20g ofthe mitre at $2.80 pe Such tht he does not make any peobit oc incur any bss, find the mass of ‘ech ype of cofle power hat he uses forthe mtr. 16, A motile company charges a fixed sate of « cents pee mite for the fst 0 minstescf talk ine and anther ateo cents per mt for ech additonal inate tale, Ethan paid S250 and $320 or 75 minutesand 210eninutes ‘ofa time on hwo diferent aecasionsrespectivel. Fd the amount he hast payit he oss la minutes of atime. ina Mathematics ts, the average score chained by Class 2A is 72 and the average soare ane by Close 2B i 75, The average core obtained by the two classes is 714X. Given tha there i 2 oa of 75 stadents iy the vo lates find he numbe students in each lass. oxroen3) Challenge, 1. Consider the simultaneous equations poses, R24 Determine the condtions that p and g mus satis the simultaneous xyutions have 40 an inte number of slutions, Ai) no solution, unique solution 0 only one soaton 2. Solve the simultaneous equations 3 Two positive numbers are such thatthe sum of 11 times the squste 0” the fest ourer and 13 times the cube of the second number is 395, #218 |s subtracted from 26 times the cube of the second numb, the number ‘htniners 121 mes the square ofthe fst number, Find he two mes 4 Some spiders, dragoniis and ouslis are kept in thre spent enclosures They have a total of 20 heads, 16 legs and 19 pits of wings. Given that 8 spider has 8 legs and © pais of wings, a dragonfly has 6 legs ant 2 pats ‘of wings. an a ously has 6 legs and I pao ngs, find (6) the numberof piers, {i the numbor of ago, (idthe numberof haus. 5. A rooster cous $8 andl a hen cose $3. Chicks are soldat 3 for SI. A fare bought 100 bir ofthese thee types fr $100, How many of each type of bid i he ay? int Tete ae three posible sets of answersExpansion and Factorisation of Quadratic Expressions Ateacror 28 stunts hears of rectangle (+ + Dh anaits thaw to factorse quacat expressions, you ibe ale to dear how the stud arr at is aneChapter ThreeRecap (Algebraic Expressions) tn Book 1, we hve lent that an algebraic exprein isan expression hat Ceisofalebeatermsapestony ais, )or track Ana xpress 0 equal ‘We have aso faut that the agree expression 3x3, shew ae: + tems 3-5 # Usain: + constant term -S “The coaicient of is 3 “The algebraic expression 3S isan exampleota linear expression of te foxm far P where x8 the only variable, anle-ane Bare const, ‘Now, we shall lea howto manipule quadratic expressions in one sarible “The general orm of a quadeatic expression none variables’ + be where Stethe vase, band eae Contant anda #0. Representation of Quadratic Expressions tn Beck. we ave ant tha an al ic 0 es from back ® a front back Simian, for an alga dise where oe sideshows the variable the othr side will how. 2 front bck To obtain the negative of, weflip she dis with # shown: Qa ayer ‘eae ‘To obtain the oegative of efi eo ae coop We put vo dlscs an! together, ne will get a ze pai: Ox Fre © cissers : fue Exe canon,ve use vee @ elses to represen OOO wervere We ie tee iss a represent “Ae WE Be KUEL oo To obtain the negative of 3.0. (4), we flip te three dies show: @@0 an oe ee Be) “To olain the negative of-2e be. (0, wept thee = asa shown eve MP OOO reyes ‘changes ‘What happens if we put thee ales and thee dss together? O- ® ae e-ae=0 Ow We wil get 20 as wecan abe use alge discs to represe quadkatic expressions Example:20 403 OQOVDD wey serereccnseneen Example:-20° 4-41 OP ae et tecerreascort ‘What isthe quadratic expression represeniedty Gi @) QQ a 1? # Addition and Subtraction of Quadratic Expressions ‘We will show how cat out ation and subtraction of quadaticenpresions ting algebra cs, ‘ramples 48 420° Q000 ao DOOOOO Thao 48262 oxtoxnramped? 4-20) @ ® 2 ® a @ O22 leo Same ie Ars Thera he = 20 = Example: 40=26- (0) 4442 2.0 fe ae 2@0 2@6 ) eo ~QN@0 = DED “AP 2430442 pa asst penned Ww, wins? Theron te 20 CWI] ee 2= BeBe 2 gu heres) he tr tome at Re re Secs np San Simpliy each of the following expressions by using algebra discs. Alematively you may visit hiip/kvww-shingle.com syStalentResources! to access the AlgeTonl sofware Co to aged siQuadatic Expeessions Activity 1) @ are ) aes i2e) (@ 40-28 ae f2e-3- 841 OSE HCN (2-4 @ owes 7 owsoesNegative of a Quadratic Expression |i Book 1, 6 have lent how ta fine the negative of in 66+ 2)=-4=2, sing ara ccs ooo" sexy Mee Similarly, 0 fd she megive of a quacatic expression, we ip al the dics. mative of aq bramples-26 +e 1) OF) ew ereen) Thertore 04 4 We can ao simplify qudtatic expressions invalving the negative ofa quate expression sing algebra lcs, Example: 2° 360 1-¢05-26-3) E82 82k et @ QE REED BE ACS a gD OE Therofoe, 2 c+ IGE =Te= Te 2 Ie 4 1-0 #204 3 ini a got nese a espresson! =P Aes 264 143 group tke tr a4 Simply each of the following expressions by using algebra diss, Atematve you may visit http:/iwwwshinglee.com.spStudentResaurces to access the ‘gen bare Got algedQuae xpressons/Acanty @ 26ers) © » (ores Be 45s 2) @ eae Te 3ty} Expansion and Simplification of Simple Quadratic Expressions In Book, we Rave leat hw a expand te Ua expression 2+ 3 y ‘pesos grup off 3 sing alpina ss ‘Therefore, 20743) = 246 ‘We can expand quadratic expressions of similar forms using alba dss example: 224 1)cambe represented by’? groups of Ok #1) BOSD eed _Wecan ako simpli quadatic expressions vol¥ngthe expansion ofa quadatic ‘expression using algebra dss. Examples -¥° <4 24.306 #.¢= D, where Me = 1) cam be represented y "a groupe of #41 Se ADH HN) pa DE IE Se ogg aL Therelore, et F4 24308 4x Wey 9 HD NG eH) 3 expan 2A 2-3 yyoup hike testExpand andlor sipliy cach ofthe following expressions by wing alge ses Alteratively. you may ws tp shingle com syStarntReenutce! access the AlgeTools™ software [Goto algedscrQuaatc Exesins Activity 1, @ 2H» () 30-2643) (AE FCMEED 8 EHS) Frcmpte A Epeintsiny ling cpoe 205047 2C46-¢ (0 SP ear -Ue see) =r) 42ae 9) Solution: WW 44a AE 8 4 her yp ite orn 24 be tres aa je 2e $04 TAN gd f2 DEAE Se4 2647 Bou ke tems aad EET $0 #644 14424 54-1 inp bys maps npeo 48 +6045 1 gmp hiker ae eke Ret "7 T= 248 9 rm Expand and simply ch a he fellewing apres Face Acnn 1 Ga) Ie de46e () -(3e) +84 6) 200-8044) (Ogee +1342) Ge HSM 660s nts oscins OomsExpansion and 2Q Simplification of Quadrati: ® roduct of Algebraic Terms in One Variable tn ok we ave earth 213 ca be eepeesese fea aoe lil sepa J Expansion and Simplification of Quadratic Expressions We cal a C sigan css ana mutpication frame. Thefolowsing examples seat Ihe attain process Example: 2(30 ‘We ply each sc in Bey 2 example: 2181-2) ‘We oily eh lic in Ay -2y 2 Theeeioee 2c 2021you may visit hrphwwseshinglee.com sq/StudentResqusces! to access Example:-20-2) ie multiply each isc in 31 — hy 2 before ch ¥ Thorefom. 28% Hye c-2nr9 4-2-2) red Example: 202-2) asi each sen c= 2 by 25 x |@OOID 9100088 @|G0COOo0 AY Thecoone 2434 example: 2908-2) ‘We matply each isc in 8-2 by 2 elore changing its sign ant These -248-Ih= Expand exch of th follwing eyressions by using algebra dsc. Alteraatiely 1) 201-2) AlgeTool sofware (Go ta algoisc'Quadate Eqwestone/Activity 2 fa) 30+ 1) i) 324-1) fo sets) () 240-3) oon —-)Roca om Bk {Hl his non asthe Distebutve Law. veut band icthesaneas a eupe FB! anda groans of Le, actin of aad aes Worked Example Expand cho the lang xen fa) 0-2) @) 28040) fo aves) -nG-40 Solution: ene » + ly DSabutie Fes edanta ce ve © 48+ 2 Diane @) ate 1) i (50218) ) 26-9) spiel and simpli each oe alowingespressionn. Te dw te ADA dae DG) Meshal nate Solution: : 9 2de0) 20 brat 264 10:Dsrbawetow: 2 yuupror dee aie ea 2-20-46 8 Wig ey dite ret daze 44 26 extn ° OXFORDFund al snp each ofthe allowing expressions (9) 5-362) ) 244 a) Su) urther Expansion and Simplification of Quadratic Expressions Nowe et us etn ow to expand quate expressions of ho form (a bxe + using algebra ses and a mutipicaton tome. The following ‘caampes illustra the multlication proces txample +2043) ply ech ds in. Sy Neat, we mulipy each disc in + by 2 ar Examples t+ 240-3) Fist ve multiply each sca e- Shy Next, we maliply each dsc ins 3 by2. Thorefow. cx + 240 w= 3) 20623) speewerer) roe extorn ° raptExamples te 2c Fra we mulipiy each disc in e+ Shy 6 [Nest se mull each dic ins 3 y 2 buiore changing a Thera, (© r+ 31226643) be=2e-6 Example: 1-248 —3) Fie, eo mpl each cin xy Nes we molipiy eh dsc in ¥~ Sy 2 tor hanging i si, Example: 26-3430 2) Fis we mut each deca 3642 hy 2s, ily each alc in 3+ 2 by Belov changing its sign ‘These, (2.343042) 22444 2)= 30842) seveervery s6=5e=6.Example: (204-2 Fis, vo multiply ech ds i 34-2 by Neat. we mutiply each dsc i xy Shee char When we espa padatic expression ofthe form as kb sigalg dc, we oblon a ectanglar aay, Notice thot hee ate four distin! eons athe retangulae ara. The top-left regan contains the vss, the bitoni rion canins the Flies andthe ata ts rons contain the ees, Class Discussion Expansion of Quadratic Expressions ofthe Form (a+ (+d) Workin pas 1. Expand each ol he following expressions by using alglea discs. Alkeativey, you may visit hip! Avnw shinglee.com.sq/StudentResources to access the [AlgeTools™ sotwave (Go wo algedsc Quadkaic Expression Actiity 2) ice seed th) (43M 6) Ws aKrs6 ) (34-6) (Gre era) @ arenes @ Br NO, fy ae ney 2, Expand t+ bye +a Fron the class lscussion. we have: (Ty ry | (ae bke abate se Me 4d) axtoryWorked " Expand sac of de alsin eprenans, Example fa) (#4 #5) Why (ve ae4 2H fo. BeeKise 9) Ge W9S-29 Solution: 4) Gedntsentebe a, HeSee dee A iNsbatne e490 m0 Tye a c2eabeet natty ME inate exproson nthe sven brow Sea fare dre6iittove ts sieve 4 8 nse oy 2B) EB yi sho easiness 21S Me sate MDC | Bist 7 EY, TD 8 (4 uns 20 248 Bo = RG = Bo li he expe sn he sso ety chert ete 220-44 166460 Dae Ln 220-2466 FRAC i {Expand exch o the foloing expressions Ga (42K) Ge -ause-6) (© 6 2%) @C-taite- a)Worked Example Espa an ply the exprssion (Shed) te Dart Solution: * de (24 924 cr 240 28h} —pk Hedy, multiply the expression in the second! brake by eae tam in the fist brackot hy ae include the sqeate Brackets for the spy ALA p20 01442 Dive ts sete mE Ge Sia Pe BOA FBC BIN og nto ke ten Expane! and simplify the expression (24~ Iiv+ 8)~Sut~4. Exercise 1. Expand andor simply each of the following 4 Expand and simply each ofthe along ‘expressions, cextressions. 66 + 19 96-9 (a He 3) 50) 0) 642-7 (113) -54~ (0) 965-2) 446-50) (O83) #20869) (Geen e20eed 50-4109 (ats 2484-2) (e) tae 490 2)030 42 41-99-86) 398 30 D 5. Expand each ofthe fllosing expressions IK) Ge EES 2 Fn each fh fot prods. nes ers (2) 20 xr a) 6 Expanct and simplify each of the fotleaviny, expressions 3. Expand each of the alkasng expretsions ae een ate ay Nace tan t}-a0 Ome @ tach aes ae fae ees (8230-5) (0 9-20 e481 (hud thy Sih ty w@ 230d ae)7. Expand each athe allowing expressions. AD Gs te-9—) th= 2447) a -Se-6) HSS 20 9. Expt a smi © p1F46) ham xpress, fa) tee bee 8. Expand aod simply eo othe lowing thy due) - 284 HT 0 express fe) (ay 34042) S189) fay sete D+ (i ce Ge -21-260-3)64 (b) Seer NED fo v4 240-9 2A (4) (6-35-46 HC tn Bk 1, we hve leant tht factorisation i the process of expressing an alysaic expression ata pidic ofr ot mie agra expressions. Factnsation the reverse of expanion. In Section 3.2. we have Kt howe expand the prot of te Hear factors to ‘lain a paatic expression ofthe krm ac ashe a, band are constans Sal 2 tn this section we sll eam ow to cary the reverse paces, Le actorisation of Quadratic Expressions Using Algebra Discs Recall hatin Sect 3.2. when we expan the producto the twine faces, 2 andl s+ 3, we atin the quadratic expression, «+ Se-+ 6. Recall 380 fons in the retangue aay. The tpt region rveght eon comin the sc tons the Ws, the bo the thee se eons contain the eisSince facuchoton isthe reverse o expansion, when we cise a ati ‘eogeesson wo wil ban feline factors. Hence, Mee) #266631 eee sik he use ictrise quadkatc eyes ons To tore anglar array with the da the topit This we hoes Hence, the two linear fctrs ne c+ 2 an #3 [Notice that in tis case, the constant term 6 is facts inky 2 = 3 and the five © cles 180) ave died ines twe ou 2 ane 49 complete the octane rampless D412 We hae to orm a rectangle withthe asc atthe top-ten and the velo 0 ass a the honam-ight rego, The posible factorations of 12 are 1 12, 2x band 3a Conder 1512 Weare ne aha vein tm rons to comet the vextangle CHQODOH SERB ono Consider 256. ate also not le to dvd 7” rt to props to cmmplte the “pppoe Paocoa soe oni ©Consider, Weare able tov 4 int 4? anl 4 to complete rectangle x x @ODOOO FOOD DR@EGO BODOHD _, DOOGHOD LOGO DOOOOO k WOODO D@OGOD ‘The factstoion €a be slnply strated using a mhipication ame zz. Therelore + Tee 2=¢e+ 3Kee A fxample: = 104 12 {Wer have to form rectal sith the @ disc atthe ope eplon and the weve @ dsc a the hoon eight eaginn. Then we divide "74 int = and tet Complete the eciane + SBOGD 1D 3 ewe ‘Therefore, #8 Tee 260 Hh Factors exch of the following expressions by sing algebra discs. Akmatively you may vist ps shinglee.com spStudeatResources! 0 access the AlgeTool software (Cot alge uadaic Expression! Activity 4 Weenies eo foas We eser @ ene © eyzoanFactorisation of Quadratic Expressions Using a Multiplication Frame \watnout using alga des, we can use a mukipicaton ame thelr wackatc expresions CConsir the expression #486412, z ee ee eee Bee or= ms Step 4 Step2 Step 3 Slep 1: White inthe tp-et comer al 12 the baton comes ofthe muliplcaton fame, ‘Step 2: Cooder thes oan 12, Wet the in the fist coburn ad the rst ro Steps Multiply thm to compete the lication ames al check Uwhather the result motches the given expression, Therein 948+ 12= 664204 6. Lous appv he above method to acre anatherexpresion = Se¢4, ome Comite teen of adhe w= es and V8 af: a * ee nla . 4 1 4 AES coves & mm Theelore 6 = Se 4-6 Deh Worked ee Facts cach ofthe follncing expressions comp =p Example ayeeneid | Orel Ores Oran venmena Solution: as x 10oreN x10) zp 6 Ie Wate BKe eB oro» BOE RE-20 a1) 20 2-10) 02) 10 Axor Pease anes) @ Sane Pec tdeeehx 12 2H CH1o1-2H6 Sax teor ore eters id) 8 xray,Worked Example Frcs each af the falling expressions completly Gace tees iver (aed Solution: fh Bete Bex Soreneca = Reeder need aad 2x (ROD (29454275 BEET 208 DAC) (eso Se beater eee Sesorti xc) a4 a Cae ba Ae Cig=te (xed 8) Beye! ee aetna 22c+ ka 2)Factors cach ofthe ialnving expressions cmp @ ashe (Seis © 2e emo asaya as Factorise each of the following expressions 3, Factorize each of the following expressions completely completely. rare ©) Heshers (he 4204 35 (by = + 0-25, () e-96 420 16d (aes ioe (@ 0° 45a + 600 L+H © fF 62-1 wry w (2a 15h -9 @ ew 6) 1-20-21 (Me Laka (by nS ~ 300 2 Factorise each oi the following expressions 4, The area of 9 rectangle is t+ +12) em’ te completely length of te ectangl i (c+ 6) em, shone that its @) ie +0047 aye sp0a brent is +2) em, (0 6e-14s12 dh acts fe 8425-15 O 66 19-9 (40-8021 fy nao actorise each of the fallewing expressions completly. deepest (067-04 128% 1. The general frm of 3 quadratic expression in one vaable sat! + m+ whores ithe variable, hand «are canslants anda 28 2. Expansion of Quadratic xpressions:(a + bx 4 = ited + e+ faced be hd © oxgone5. We can use a multiplication frame to factorsequacaticexesions. * «fe xJa 4 +e] or arpa % 2 x 2 aetow Sept Step: step3 Step 1: Write jn the tape commer and _¥ inthe atomsigh comer of the mulpican ome Stop 2 Consiter the acts of «and Write them in frst scold the Step 5: Molly thom to compte the multiplication fame and check whether the sul matches the prem espe, Fe eee to 20 1. Expand eich of the allowing expressions (a) 100220 7) (to 347-4» (tee 1H (= S¢4-4) 22 Expand al spy cach of the flowing expressions ay ya ans 2p (by 6 +(2h HD (0K R43) On eK) GSH Sd 5. Factors each othe following expressions completely. a+ La 36 139456 (e+ Mest @ eis 4. Factorze each ofthe flowing expressions completely. a 9 16 we 194— (ey te 4494421 thee 2904 18 5. Facorse the egression30'— We completely Challenge, Yourself ‘Determine the integer vals of fo which. oxzoRD 10 #45 isa prime numbFurther Expansion and Factorisation of Algebraic Expressions oxtonp.FourExpansion and Factorisation of § Product of Algebraic Terms in More Than One Variable Chane wehive kha oh we wily anal ery ar re mull separate. 2 xapqoen In genoa. shon we multiply an algevaic tm by another alga ter, the cotiints and he vaales are multiplied separate, eg Bx Sea (23) O94 Worked ning he ten ming Example soccuhurnes Find each ofthe follwing procs @ 4x79) 1b) 20 07 Solution: Ga deK Ts RCT Rho ries ae xn KKK ID (Ded x (OE) AOC HEFEN hy 24 Be 1. Fine each of he follwing pros @ Sixor 0 cx fo ecxy @ Creches 2. Find the produto aanAlgebraic Expressions In ok 1 and in Chepter we have leant he Diebutive Law ahs 8) = ab tae where a groups of band is the same as a oups of ard a groups of ig “atimes of and ‘a times of Worked Expand Example ile aaa hainents Solution: (ot Ebay titra tas groper iy a= Bh asta tina tn Expand each ofthe following expressions axa 30) 200639 Worked : Asha Example Expand al dnp each fhe flloming expressions. wage Solution: ay id} aids — oth ty 2h 94 30d Sy 2 #ay #66 99 i 526 $644 ayy 94ers ke toms Pr EE Expand and sinpify exch ofthe follwing expressions fa) iQ 53) - Qe 39 warped Expansion and Simplification of Simple Hay $=) AH) 25 +28) + B83) Ere «Ques 2 ‘net £4 Ou cont ®Further Expansion and Simplification of Algebraic Expressions 1 Chapter 3, we have leon hat larbyetayentesdh ete a | Father Worked Expat! ac te klwngexession. Example (ozs) RE NySe™ racket yea te te Bist nace Sey Ber IS atrtine Ln aye Fy Oty (0) (Qe IK80= 3) = 26(Se- HL BENTP py the exoression in the second racket yea tern thet wake = 1066 $443 Dissitve Las simply to gt negtve Expand! ach of he following expressions. ei A asi G9 912-9) (by (3x64 7) wns Worked Example Expand and simplify the expression Gente id de eyKien 9, Solution: tre nonandy (ace pan ates of 2nd aft ae dt lp the exes in tae sine ak teach tun i the fist racket eh nt te nck the square aches 2 2e gay nay 2 (1S = Bas Se 2 ESE = Ree4 FDO AE ny he 2 H1Re Her #26Expand and simplify the expression 248444} (4 she 4.89. ate (a Oven sn What do we gt when we expand a Det et? From th hiking in, we fe: [dehieodsonatedebehtedet Sie eae heh be Worked pang Algae ses of fa Example Expand each of he following expressions (a) rove dee 1) Geeakae #303) Solution: c > yey aay ©) B- nocd enerchedirh-weedeb S6e der Aydt Be yup km sess ated, foe 915+ Oe Re Be “RDAs Foe Se 86 Mn 126K rye oe Sis 76 Ea each a teflon expressing ewe ates 0-4 (ad (= Syme ty bd (64 900° THD oo oxtoen, -@i Factorisation of Algebraic Expressions Using a Multiplication Frame In Ope 3, we ve at 6 we 3 lit fame w faerse trate expansions bred tang? aks hw we ese he Worked obi Aleta Fxample following etpreione compo (7 Taye PERI OF ee Sanetetiyor 2a) 4 |e paw (Cen dove dee ee Der Ait ete me de th wean or Kos 9x50) 22ec ror 29x13) ee es (Aghe Ch) ter DE Tey #60 (Oe 39-208 sgh sane 10 1 Factosis each ofthe following expessions completely @ va Ih ore tives 2, Factrise the expression ~My + 15 completly @ vere1 Find each of the lowing produ fa) ouxe-20) @ tare be 2 Expard each ofthe fllowing expresses. a Rut ©) -buss-29 ve) 3426 70) 34s 109) Fe) ada +38) 20-50) HH) yon 27m) Gp +9470 TN) 3. Expand and simply each ofthe folowing expressions (a) 7436 ~ te) Ate ~26) (0) saad 59420 +7) 4. Expand each ofthe following expresions ie 46) (42K) Me Find each of te following prods @ WeKder Ory twa xcrery {6 Expand each of he following expressions @ Bote 29 Ub) axes Te) (Led) -SEHE— Ae 30) 7 Expand an simply each othe follwing (a) 3b 0) 2436 —b) (2447-5) Ad 2H) (6) 3k +m) = 3H 5) (2p 20) — Ain 29) 1 Expand each o the following expressions Gia 3H) th) Gee Whe 24) (© 3E-Sm1-4=7H (One + 29-4) oxFORD 9, Expand aa simplify ach ofthe olsing coxpresions (ad Se 694664 BHA) (hh 78 39K 49 4454-98929 40. Expand each of he following expressions rose +361 those Fee 11 Factrse exch of he following expressions completly (ay ha ) ese 200 (0024 6 THIS (8) a= Nor Pe (030 199 Mg? IY Ir 12, Find the radu of rand Ee 13, Expand andsimplify each ofthe folowing expressions (a) 48 yr 2 39 = rs 95-20) (cider S42 6261-4 Anton 69 14, Expand ech the losing expressions, fa) Ge See+se-2) (eH Se 7) OOo OBE Bw 15, Factrise exch ofthe follwing express completely rez 1S) Dee Ta Co aevs-mgse mts ob 266 SoyExpansion Using I Algebraic 2 Spe Inshis section, we shal lear how toexnand cei algebraic expressions using three special algerie iets ‘Special Algebraic Ment ‘Copy ad complete each ofthe following 1 sbP cas ox 4 0) a+ b+ a+b) 4. Verify yor anssere for Questions 1, ? and wih ye laste Fran the clas ecutsion, we have (sb ee e2ab ee = bP a Dah tas a —By=0 8 These alge identities are useul for eying algebraic expessions bich are mst band (a) ane koa aspect squares whilst +X is calls the difrenceof two squares.Worked aera Example Expand h othe Solution: (eke eked X (29° 2200) «7 sehr 449 oa Expand och of he fllenring exresions fe bein 1h, @ur sera oe 2. expand oxpenion (4 bi daiaaer Expand cach of the falls Example Expand ho fling oman Solution: (8) (6 =@- 2600.8 ap abe 2b he nia ©) c4e= 397 = 4049 BH ap HY =P BH vod = oe ater 96 1, Expand each of he following expressions cute est aay" () .- a uattecreen (1 exter cnr @Worked 1 0 Expand each othe oloxcing expesions Example eee Oe Ie Solution: Gabbe 2Ker Dee =P ply to Wow aera (by (304 20436 21 = (HF 2H" yp o ea Lind each o the ollming expels Fase Quan i fa) GerNe-8) WW) (-24 eNO TY a ea 2 tontoe scat Worked ‘ fotlawing (a 102 9 @ wx Solution: () 102 = 00-725 sabe Be ged = 31 sy 42 501-3 150° 2180018)4¥ nh = 250000309 re) 2 199= (200 + YEH 20° “Withoutusing a caleuatr, evaluate each ofthe folowing ri inna or ©) BF fo 305+295 oa ° oxtowe41 and =120, find he vale of Eample 12. Solution: Since sy=-120, a 1. Expand each of the flowing exes Spd each ole llowingexesions Quer Goes leon @ nea (perdep 2. Expand cach ofthe following expressions Expand each of the following expressions @ in-9) ©) Gores (Ris) a (-Sn-s4) (0 (9 =p ) (gf . 9. pan each of ke ellowingepresons 3. Expand each of the following expressions. wi 4 4 BE Se05) Be THD 1) 9-915-9— [or~ Sarre be ©7427-2404 10 (fi) @ waameeaneen 4. Wino using a cleo, evaluate ech of the sodantsnpiiy eh eon pea 18 tla si echt eboig fa in0¥ & wr aa ©) 1998 x 202 aS mee (9 (5-H T= 260-9F 5. Ses eso and = 12, bo the wale oO ay tare and 925 fetal (Er 6 Hye y stands 62 4, Gnd the value of = 12 2e See and yy 215, fo the value of2a pp to. i) He yuan tb tg find thew Factorisation Using Special Algebraic dentities InSection 4.2, we three special alge leat ho to expand certain algebraic expessians using he (as bab)=0 Sine faction s the seer af expansion, we have 6 2abs B= laobF (a bk Bh \Wecan actor an exresion using these special algebraic ides ithe expresion can be exesed in one othe forms onthe left-hand sd ofthe euatons, Worked Solution: zw» Ge 4 mtv () 964 244 162 G97 4208008) 48° e647 apps +20 © cvs exenanE 1. Faciodse each the flloting expessions completely we, v4 dese 0) ae 220¢025 2. Facanie tho erosion $1 «2 4 completly Worked ; nalon Example 14 Faces cach ofthefllowing xresons completely Ga) a9 massa) IE 30 +257 Solution: (2) 39s ey Nb + (60 2O-0F ppv ©) 46 ange 6286 = = 2015814 SEP BOK S9 ppte 1 Factors each ofthe following expressions completely. fer sim a a) 4360 () 288 taps * completly 2. Factors theeprssion 36¢ = a0c +d Woe 9] 5 jects a Example Hepesers ania Solution: 20-9" r+ S9N04- SH toy 24d) eat the comm fact 24 =200'-G0'l (r+ B2e = Ben Lapph a =a en -6) where ase Zane Factorive cach ofthe following exjxesions completely fete 46 Quon aa @) 3602S areca Selina tos completly. 3 Factors tho expression (r+ 1'~ 49 completely. oxtoRe “ee coarse @ 2. fate te erent 2,16 ‘Without wing 2 caeulaor, evaluate 103-9 Solution: 103° 9 2108 (1034 34003 Shiapph- «6 where = 108 ane 1000 Without wing a calculator, evaluate 256'~ 156 Teenie in a 4 o£) Exercise 1. Factorise cach of the following expressions 6 actorie each of the following expressions completly. completly : : @) e+ Hes asus (a) Hon = skin + Hn?) So Eons By wc atd (i 20 625 Lg ° : (mee) 25-0 er Factorie each of the following expeessions Factotise cach of the ‘ollowiny expressions completly, @) mF 10m 25 (16D 5244 complet : (©) 81-1805 1099" 97 a2ge 49 (3) 320" 9ne ole Oe aye : Factorise each of the following expressions ja ~ "4 (wn completly. , ; @ri (260-25 8 Faovise cach ofthe falling expression © 25-48 (oe ee completely. @ aes 9 16-296 43 4. Without usrga caeulto, evluaw each of ne @e-+2) @ ah ya follwing (025070 ws ood @) 59-48 77°29 The surface area of each face of a cube is (ge deeayen Find @ the lengh, 5. Factorise eac of the flowing expressions Gi the volume completly : ofthe cue. Gy rides?) 2888 ster} co Me Make dh weDbeot Doves oxrone10. Factorite exch of the allowing expressions completly GO) Ms= TB ED) 16e eRe 8 (ae eet d Resa eLAE I 3:4 Factorisation of Algebraic Expressions of the Form ax +ay to Boo 1, we ve lant that to factors algerie expression ofthe fom +a, woval reed Wet he conn is, be common fama Dt common vtalies fhe ems For example ofa sor= 2 compe ‘we exact the common actors anda ta =. Prost 7 teocectstcacpne ma 3c +946 (©) ders 20h aba @ eb tee ci Faciotse each ofthe fllowing expressions completly {pocket dyer ) kevete +e! why Hes (8) 30d GoW +e oxronyFactorisation of Algebraic Expressions of the Form ax + bx + kay + kby ti wear given the expression a = «24 2hy, How da we acti i Compa? We sal fare bow facie apa cxpressons of therm ath Sometimes itis postble to identi the common factors by grouping the terms oan agheaie expression, Far example, asa 8b bre (ax as) (bs 9) (eve ¢- sxe 4) eta ho cannon ato 1 may be necessary 10 eyoup the tems of an algehraic expression belore we we alot ident the common factors, seg) idee) save sisatves) toner, Foroxample er 4a Alemaivey, ev # ub + ds topa tee edo ser ea) Mes msneo, steiner ‘we may need! 10 change the sign of the factor in a group before we cae Frctorise an algebaic expression s-9-ka-9) een 26h Forexample. Ms-3) +A Worked Example 1 8 Fsaorise each ofthe fdlawing oxpressions completely. years 9428420) AEE 2) TE?) (0-9) H=2)4KO—P > Solution: (a) (2649) 4218 420) (2049042) singe ner 2026 ) See =e P-L rei heey tet fe) ete Me DEMO eat We she dh ye 44a) = C-2)- KO) te 2Mh-8) Factrise each ofthe falling expressions completely Foi Cetin 224 (a) ee Deal on ©) er 2)—Hyve ae eal 10) e243) 6a12e— 3) THE yaPeampte 19 Solution: (2) a= #22 Facto each ofthe lle expressions completely (a) we fc 2ay 269 (B) Ga 12h 9 6 Sa (Sema Gore Hee ay sr ba) # ae = 2 aang the ers in =} + 2Mta~ by acorn ech tas +29) Gaioeke the He ou (©) 6a 12b5 + 9h44 Ney = G04 + 9b + (12be esd reagent Hua + 18) 4 488424 220+ SABE AN) Hao the Be yon (0. Ebay NOSE 49) 4 Baran te ens i 90 Satcher) en Hr ep 3) aces the (8) Gay~ 157+ Wo de = (Oer~ 1599+ 10a range se rs HH eo Payt2r- 3) 44S ~ 2a) Macon each rnp w2y=8)- 208-5) change gf the faci the sec rou 2 s= 51S ~ 2h ocr the hon rp actorise each fd falling exmeasions arp cess Hah fa) wedi are 2 (0) ie dacs avs be oe fore tes (ogy ae ace se -Horw are we able apply the concept of facterisation by grouping in Factoring a quadtatic expression such 3s 8° 12-9?Class Discussion Equivalent Espresions ‘Woe in pars Some algerate express, which Comb uf few ats quik eames are given in Table 1. An example ofa set of equivalent exprescone i uy ~ 24a fa et 6) 38a ~ 2c = dts ~ 65). Match aa justly each st of equivalent, ‘expressions. H your classmate doesnot obtain the coe answer, explain to hie wat he hs done wong. a . « ° e wow CeO Ree wae Bon Be oD 6 4 ' ' De owen EN GNEB) G=wOAN ee 1 ™ x ° CME AEG Gate SE-B Sede Tahles Exercise © 1. Factorse each af the following expressions 4. Factorise each of the following expressions completly. completely anise kiy ) Mer=15e= Ga) (eo sKa +b) (4 xe8) (wee () -15e05thes (4 4 24 te Dane) {9 s0h-1y+ 344-29) 2. Factorise each of the following expressions bait =n) —2stn =m) ‘competes (a) bute = 2094 54-20) 4. Factnste each of the following expressions there an—adv on) completly. a 3ase-n) 4450-9) (a) as 28 «as 2104 Shere 39 tke) (hy 1208 206 15-98 (0 aes f-fe-as 3. Factorise eneh of the following expressions 34647 — deer comple, (20 ND Gai Se eae 20 ch) ace hes ae hy (dee 280-4 1 Co samedeede Pa 8ee Bay be WD 08 See So" 4 (0 br he ehA of he following expressions completly ) Le —Se)~ 1210-29) (by 2154 1526-94 = BOK 29) (0 Facorietheexprsion pie pr comply 6 Hence. ysgol vals ofp gan fin teal of 122 bo 226 (Factors the expression + 34° 3 completely (8 once, expres —3)"—(2— 4 ee S}in the oem ats AN 4B + where A, andl Cane integers Etre Expansion of Algebraic Expressions: abies denmaredal seeden Special Algebraic ents zz. (ae by a6 2ah tee (apps tab $640) ea oF ‘These algebra are o similar forms. a +2) and (a ~ are known as pefect squares while a+ bab) clled the difference of two squares identios are sel for expanding algheac expressions which Since factorisation ithe zeverse of expansion, we haves oi 2ab b= la 4 abs Bata PP eB =a bka—D Factrisation by Grouping:Review " Exercise 1. Expnl each othe olan expresions (a) 24a 5447) thy (ae sane oa Fo) @ 8-8) (d) Qars thor 63m 1) 2 Expand and simply each ofthe following expressions (a) 263p- Say) (D) Tee d)=20OF— 89 0) B= Whe 490) A2H—79—— 4 3AM SOG TP Fe Facies each ofthe follwing expressions completly (a) 4259-689 0) Be 4549435 (0 604 Swv-4 (8) ae ae eases 4 Expand each of the ollie expressions ) (545 We aKe 9b Blas wooed Facorise each ofthe following exynesions completly. wae 0) Pree 498 (©) 256100014 1005 369-4916 + 17 16 Facterise cach ofthe following expeessions completely fai 0) 90 360s 1 Qy- Sele meh) (A) Sik 29-0287 fe) etme 42e 46 wore Ha-2 19 dee toy tds 2a (hy sue 106 129465 7. Factrisc the expression «'+.°—x—a completely 8. Withoutusinga calculator, evaluate each othe following we) 6594 9 emer © on:10. 6) Expand and simpy the expression U3 iy Hence, expand and simplify theexpression (2h +6) + Challenge Way fe Yourself tue +1 tre foe some sal oumbers 30d, find the value of ab 2 Wie Bate eS and renee 24 Gn = 2805, Find the value of -)BBD revision exercise 1, The variables «and ate Connects hy the equation y © AY™3, whe is 9 constant. Some values of « and the couesponding values of ae given in the table y\oe 2 | 298 Find the values of & panel 2, The resistance, Roms (B) of a copper wire of fied Kegth is inversely proponional to the squste wf is dameter,d mm, Given thatthe eesistance ‘fa wire 25 mm in diameter is 20 2 find the dametee of a wire with esitance of 1.25 3. Solve the simutancous erations reeyet Teo ion atoms a tree xen atoms contain 7 protons. Oe ra tom and ‘one oxygen atom conn M protons, Howe many pti are heen each atom? 55. Expand an simply each ofthe following exprnsion: 1) 204 507 (0430-66) Headed. {6 Factors each ofthe following expressions completely. @ yf mye (1 12hb + 300° (6) Seu 52500 (8) 2ne + yy 2p0— Aye 7. The figure shows atapezium AMCD where AB = 30cm and C= (51+ 6) em. ‘Given thatthe perpenciular distance between AM aod DC, Ad = tx ~ 36m. show that he area the trapezium canbe expressed a (1649) en arom a tr em > ae Sev iem—w Revision Exercise 1 5 The energy stored in 9 spring ic directly proportional to the square ‘fis exes When spring is stetched by dem the energy stored 4 itis joules 6. ae extension of the spring ie dereasd by 25%, fr the percentage reas inthe energy sve vis inversely propotonalto 2+ $ and v= 7 when «2, @ find an equation connecting and 6 find the vaue oly when «= (calculate the values of when = 2. The coorinats ofthe poin of intersection ofthe ines #8 and 42 24e 2-3) Fld he vale of pando There are. chickens and ¢ rabbits ona fam, Given that ths animals Rave 2 teal of 90 sas an 196 legs, formulae a pair of simultane equations involving «and. By solving the simultaneous equations, find the numberof chickens sd bite the fn Expand and ingly each ofthe allowing expressions (eta 4d0—2)-ac=7)——) [eB Factors each te following expressions compe 2b Sod? {by 2984+ Lon © toosene 9 0 iy osen De Wahout using: calculator, evaluate ach othe following. a) ws 9197Quadratic Equations and GraphsFive PuINGOR EE eS bend lthischacer, you shad bo able to fre auacratc equations by lactation, Iw raps of quactatc nctons, fone properties of he graphs of act inctons, be mathematical and rete prclers vows Feta equations agebracaty ac genialSolving Quadratic Equations by tn arithmetic, wo have lent thatthe product of any number and zero is equal to rere. For expe, 2x0 a0 OXBHB-AX=U.0xU- =O, ee Igehra, 90 factors O or both # and 0 stants ana 0, Worked Set taualaa a he each of the falling equations, Example @) GW—n=0 ) aire =0 (GD )=0 hae HKEEF SI=0 Solution: @ wb, & 24 neo © xetco (@ e-843645)=0 Solve each of the follwing equations fa) sive2}=0 tb) Bue (4 5K =O @) e429Worked ‘ ; Sole ech othe falling equations Example @) E+ 620 @) ve Oem (@ 248-1250 oe deo Geto (ie 240-9 = ALC hy sing cae Rele0 on Ma2=0 (wes 2534644) = acre by using the lipo Ham wad or veda Solve each ofthe following eyations ce $8 ust 4-8 fa) 30 Ise=0 Fear iee0 Se aeelaa Wo erwraso. 1h 30 MTe9 020 2d Solve the eqution W'— 106 48=0 Ai) Hence, solve the eqason 307+ 1? 1aky +148 20. dy the =-2 isa solution ofthe equstion s+ 6820, tnd the value ofp fis Hence id he other slation oF the eqn, oxsonn cnates @Worked gh putin B Example ecco Solution: uct Hes Gres S46r45=0 (¢ #14 #39 OF by esi emptor vet oe yese0) eens 6 6¢= 1 oe hele. ‘Solve cach othe allowing equations. ware po 1) 91-922 Thinking & Time Multiply by bot sides: =p Subtra fom oh sis: = acre hth ides: t+ r= =e») Divide by ¢=y-on bor sides yy Since, then 29 =» Divide by 0 bot sides: 2 Since 2 1, what went wrong inthe steps awe? ontop:Salo each the ling qatons. ienve0 nih n= (osweneo (at-6=0 wo-v-7=0 Menno Sot each of he folk equations, GI) Nk -9)=0 yin 3K0r 85) =0 Cee abH— 1d ips yp +2)=0 ety 6444 -5)=0 Gr SH = WME V20 BNI SAE Sat Sok eal athe flowing equations Geesuno OFT a0 (os 228 =0 3 —A=0 wy-xip-0. 1600 Solve each a the fellowing equations GES IK53620 Bynes 6120 fon! 16=0 2p «Mp + 390 (oar -iaye9=0 ae ta =0 Sole ech of the following equstons GeH IO =O OPW 44s: (ow +6710 esr 240 (ode edowe a (9 6¢- 29462020 Dry -6-0 ty2s—&- Solvethe equation Te 42h Solve each of the filling equations ante nian 30 toeateo wig Site ou ha tithing esis aera Ciyisemn 20 1. Solve each of the fallssng equations acts (by 2m( 5) = S18 eee noe acento ata (OQ Sig Ae I SE re b= TESS Or DED) Ors 210-3) 142 10.4) Solve the equation 64 15=0, (tlence sole the equation fy 3P- 0-9-1520, 11. Soke cach ofthe ilwing equations. we. @12-35:-9750=0 12, Solve the eqation Ws = 12594480, eapressing + 13,Solve the equation (24-37 tes eno, 14.() 16 = 516. ein of he equation Hence, fe the oer solution of he equation,Applications of Quadratic Equations in Real-World Contexts _ =) In this section, lok athoss mathematical and rea alam can Worked Two consecutive positive ord munfirs are such that Example the-sum of thir squats is 130, Find the two numer Solution: {er the slr number Thea the next consecutive al number +2, The tt consecutive patie ond numbers a7 and 9 1. Two consectve postive even numbers are such thatthe sum oftheir squares i 16d Find the io rumors The diferencehetwoen hwo positive numbers i San he square of their som O-: oxtonyWorked - “Theperseta etna gene 0 madi is Example 1s? Cakeuethe gh nthe ea thea. Solution: {ete length athe rectangular garden bem, ‘rent eth erect ($228) 28m anne te asiee0 iets) Sims) wetsen Br a den 25-10 ‘ vena, rh of gen 25-15 = i0m Sinco he lng of «rectangle usally seers nc fonger side, Length of gen = 1S m Breadth of geen = 101m The pevimote of a ractangle it 20 em and ite af fe 24 cm Find he length and pera usa the breadth ofthe rectangle Ware’ rage ee Example ‘from the ground can be modelled hy y nSi— 5? wheret taewrd commataietion’ erga toons Ae cated! Solution: avon miners Wg peta 0 Height of objects seconds alter it leaves the grou = 100 m Layo. a558 0 519-9 #0 820 or 9-120 st20 or and ‘The object wil stke the ground again 9 seconds after it haves the gree soscroie crates @1. Thebupitr mts a ol rerket lave hed det upward th nn “came ied yy 4-4 wha tS ie in send arith es he round (i Fi he eight ofthe racket 12 second ater eaves the proud Gy Atha toe will make ike he ground agin 2 Aball ‘nates, save the god can hemody Jaen afte eves the to othe ulin, {@). Hor tall nthe sels alg? (Av tre wil he al sre the grou? ‘ Exercise 1. The sum af hate number an ice the squate te one 610, Fed the nae 2. aur times a whole number i subtaced eom tne times the quae ofthe numer theres 18 Ieottain id the sub 3. “wo comexutine pane ubers are sh that sresumofther spares is 118 ind Neh ours 4. The derence herween two posiine numba is “Tad the squote of their sum is 289. Find the wo mabe, Tre diference erween two numbers is 9 and ths product wf the numbers is 162. Hind the he mabe. 16. The perimeter of 3 rectangular campsite is 4 m ancl ts area is 207 my Find the feng and the breadth the campsite 7. Acectangulae fick, 701 ly and $0 wide Fe aurounde by 9 vont path wif with jth thes ro heath 1024 ithe wath athe path 10. ron vestically ups fom te tap af a shoo ules heh. Wet wheres atherime ‘The length of a see a the curesponting height ofationgleareve Sem and Qe-syem especie “Giver that the af fhe angle 620 em fn thevalue of A place of wine 4m lang eu att pats, Each pais bet to fran a square. Give tha he total ave of the Ho squares is 68 ind the povimeter of eae square ‘he Figure shows am ancient coin which was ‘once vse in China, Te cola inthe shape of Sheree of aus ean with a square of sides ‘rom rome Fom is conte The ave of each face ofthe vin Tem {Foran equton in al show that itreduces (8) Solve the equation 22-820, (Fin the pevister F te square, exonn “Ana walks a.m average sped (s+ 1 Anh fr hours aoe eytes af an average spe {24+ S)kavh for (e= I hus, She ener a al dliaanceuf (] Ferm an equation in x and shows tha it reduces to 36 44¢-95 0 (Gy Sove the eqntion Mé +a 98-0. (Gini she Une taken or her ens ueney Avhaok das is prey fam 3 certain Bight ahve the wound. The heigh mates ofthe prey can hem y= + (1738, where ite tine seconds ater it dpe bythe hak {Atoka height ave the ground de the Ihvak depts prey? Gy Awhar vine wll epee fall cote ground? oxF0RD 1. When (x +195 lied by x=, the quvint {and therensind is «- 3. Fin he vals ox ‘Theheight ymetes ofan chet projet direct ‘upwards fom the pun can be mle by r= 10) $F have ris the tine i seconds aor leaves the ground (0 Fil he height of the oor 2. seconds ter itTeaves the round, iy At shat Hime will the object round pain? (61 Sseond sorte abject hashown poked 1 secand objec is also projected directly ‘pars fram the ground. Civen thatthe “sstions of mation ofthe pon objects are the same, what i6 the dslance Detseen the tivo objects one second after the second ‘jess been project? ‘The aight fi metes, of 3 hall projected directly Lupseards fom the ground ean be modlled by n= 56¢= 17, where ts he tine in seconds ator it leaves the gound, 6) Fide height of the ball 3.5 seconds ter itleaves the ground, 6G At what te yl the Hall stk the ground in| (wel heal He 8. ave the ground? Brielly explain why there are two possibleQuadratic Functions E * Investigation Relationship Beween the Ares ofa Square and the Length fits Sie Go ta Ips shinglee-comsyStudentResoorees and open the geometry setware template Area of Sqr t 4 { + . { Fig 3a tn the template, the coordinate ofthe point P represen the length, nis, of 2 scquare while the y-onrclinae of epesents tse, ais, Hence, Pl trace fut the gph of A = Click on each ofthe ations Set =, Set v= 1 ee toot the yop of A= 8 ara ansiver he flowing eesti, 1. For cach value os Bow many’ comesponting values of A are there? Is A= the equation ofa uneton?| 2. What do you 08 Explain our answer. e about the shape of the raph Ist linear ce for insa?Recal irom Book 1 that a function isa relationship heween two variables and 5 uch that every input x produces exact one Outpt x Inthe investigation, Since for each value of, there is exactly ane coresponding value of A, then As isthe equation of anetion Recall as from Book tard Cape? that he lines. Since the yraph of A=. i not a staght in. thea the graph ofthe funeton Ase Isnomlinear ie. A=2 is the equation of anal ionetion, Iget Awe she equation ofa quadratic function, Inthissection, we shalltake a look athe graphs of quadatic functions, Unlike linear raps which arestaigh hes, quad graphs ara fly of cures called parabels Graphs of y = ax? + bx +c (a #0) Investigation Gap cfy andy 1. Using. gaping sofware, daw each ofthe olovng graphs ares yer 2._Suc the graphs and answer each othe flowing questions. {@ oth graphs pass through a particular point on the eaordinate axes. \Whatave the coordinates of his point? {) Sate the lowest or highest point ofeach graph (© Hoth graphs ate symmetrical about ome of the anes, Name the axis Hence, sae the equation of the line of symmetry ofthe graphs. Une of syrmery ha rsirie oint \ ‘minimum pela ~ ine symmetry @ Fie 52 » From the investigation, we ca conclude that 4 tne graphs of v=." and y= pss through the origin, 4 the graph of r= 6 opens ysarl indeintely an! has a owes pant knee athe minimum point ee Fig 5.28). The raph of == opens cons indie ad a aight poi Krew 28 them ximum point sc Fi, 5.206). 1 The pps ofy = ane y-2F age symmetrical about thease He the equation oftheline of symmetry ofthe graphs is v=, Steet Roneeopener om fenton a qc tn gy ar beer] Where Whenae-t and e=0, wchove apa ution hichhssaa equation y= ane 0, have 3 quai lanction wich hos an equation oll quads fetons nv the ce chaps ae noes asthe sas ffm ead ye-1? Weshall ne take Took at heaps oer quaeati functions a Investigation “Grapheofy =a? brvewheea+0 Gotoup vw shige com spStudenesources and open the geometry software AempiteGap of Cuda Functions Fart fect of Value fa Fer this pst of the investigation, adjust the value of hand of e100. 1. Increase the vale of What do you notice about he shape ofthe pap? 2. Decrease the value of at ensue that iis positive. What kr you notice aout the shape ofthe graph? 3. Decrease the value of unit becomes negative, What do you notice aout the shape ofthe graph? 44 How does the valu of lfc the shape of he graph? What happens when « {is positive al when «i negative? I: Elect of Valve Forthis pm othe investigation, adjust the value of wand of 5. increase the vale of« What do you notice shout te postin othe prop? 16. Decrease the value ofc What do you natice abt the poston ofthe raph 7 Hw dos the value eat the postion ofthe raph? oxtosn,iiectof Value of ‘Akt the yale of 0 1 bt -2 and « 100 before increasing the vale of ‘what do yur notice about the shape an the postion ofthe graph? 9. Adjust the value of «t=, blo -2 and eto O before incesing the value of ‘What do you notice about the shape al the positon ofthe raphe 10, How dos the val fale the raph? Part: Quadeatie Graphs W.change the values of u,b andl e to obtain each of the quadratic graphs in Table 5. Complete the table. The ist one hasbeen done for you. opens Sinmun Eton | pray RIMM. toe tap) inet | downwards point symmetry | Open [ ls anh i oral | | — rae [alec An intercept refer to the scoordinate af point of intersection of ‘raph with he was, lineal symmaty inert maxim pit how 20 sine Sinmun point ® Fig. 5.4 Nie of ymmaty From the invesigation forthe graph ol yeas" bee whee, band eae corstants andar #0, ye can conchae that s For >. the graph opens upwards indefinitely and has 2 minimum point see Fig. 54a) For <0, the graph opens dewnvvad infnitely and has 2 maxlmer poirt sce Fig. 54) 1+ The smaller the abot value of the wer the graph pts + The line of symmetry ofthe graph pases tough it minima / asim point 1 The graph may hove or eitereeps) hut has aly Teer oxox ons QDWorked Example lathe figure. the curve y=.2+ 30 — 10 cuts the axis at ho points A an ad the wane atthe point © Calculate the covedinates of A, Bane ater Solution: tel ee3e 10 ‘he coordinates of A and ave (5,0) al 2 ) respectively whan +0 40) = 10 0 The coordinates of Care 18 Gora Inthe figure. the cane ¥=20°— y= 6uts the axis at two points an! and the |-BH5 atthe poitC. Find the coordinates of Aland C. p U escua so Seat § a6 : oxronnWorked Example Solution: (@ Whens=-3, #203) 42 S | ‘The vaiables x and y are connested by the equation V+ 2¢42 Some values of andthe coesponding ‘vals fy ae given in he table 3 0 Paizo te ylelatitets to ( catelatethe vale op (0) On a see of graph pape, sng a cle of em to vepresen unit onthe was and ¥ m0 ‘represent 2 uits.on the yas daw the graph of pavers? teres (Use our gph in te tho value of when ¥=2 G thevalues of swhen y= {the minut vale oy a the vlan of« hich hs occ | Seale: woxé: 2em to unit :(i) When» #3, e=-2dorbd i) Minin val f= Minimum value of occurs when The vaiales x and yar conned by te equation =2e—Ru-+ 1, Same vals of an the comogponding wales of ye given inthe abe, GBR RR a) Find the value og (0) On a sheet of gop pape, using a seale of 2 em to epresent unit on the reais and cin rgpeesent 1 unit on the sass, draw the graph of pa2e Bes 1 b-L eS 6) Use your yap in (0 ind { theyalue of when = 15, the values of hen =, Gish sinimum value of ya the value of 3t which this occurs Worked eine Gah 3 Fe The vorbis and ae cannery he eon imple {y=34 21— 6 Some valueso.x andthe conesponding ‘alas aya enn fe ble fe s[afafete [aps yaps ae tettetse 0 On 3st of graph paper, using 2 sale of Teme ren | union brass and Vn to reprset unten he roi whe rh vacitor-dere3 (Use your gap (oid 60 te valu of yen e219 {the marinara of {0 Seve the uation ofthe ine of symmetry of evonh. hele Dede [| ane Tanto ons — (0 Wen 9-49, wz, ( Mavimam value of y= 4 Treinctomney te gph (6 The equation ofthe line of srry ofthe paph is ines emer ese ‘The variables x and y are connected by the equations = Some valves of rand «he csresponding values of are given inthe table, oy EEREBESR] 6 On a set of rh paper, using a scale of 2 om wo repent uni on tachavs aw the gaph oly a8 for Bee 6) se your guphin eid 6) thevober wheny=273, the moxie ale (o Suet equine in of sme oe gh= Applications of Graphs of Quadratic Functions in Real-World Contexts Now, we wl ae a look at mathematical and reafe problems that involve the raphs of quaatc functions Worked 1 0 ea Example Vichal licks a soccer ball vertically upward. The eight -nmevres of theballcan be modelled by h = 271 6F, ‘where isthe te in second afer eavestn ound {On a sheet of graph paper using > scale of 226m wo rpresnt | second on the rays and Vem to represent m on the fvaks, daw the graph ofi= Ten for OF 5. (©) Use your aph in (at find © the mim height of the ball above the _yound andthe tine at which this occurs, the time at sehieh the ball wil site the Solution: ground again. @ _ - cero Tos} 1] 2] 3] 4] 5 02/24) 50 272/45) 7 oo Scale axis: 2omt0 1s eS ‘one Vom 1050 on ~*~ groan©) Maximum height ofall 305 m Time at which maximum height of all occurs #2255 4) Theball will ire the ground again approxi 4 seconds ae it eaves the ground 1. Ate i then vertically ypwac rom the top of elif, ts eight, heres, oe level round, can be modeled by = 28 42-128, where is the ie in seconds afer the stone has been town, (a) Hows high is thei? (6) On a shoot of graph papar. using 2 scale of 2 emo represent | second on the taxis and 1 em to represent $m on the axis, aw the graph of = 284821~ 1 or 0 1 48 (6) Use your aph in 10 find (@ the maximum height of he Stone above level ound and the time at which this occurs, (i the oe at which the stone wl strike level ground 2. An objec slides down fom the top of 3 slope. cstance traveled « mets an be modeled by s= 4+ whete 1s the tine in second alert leaves the top ef the slope. (@) Ona shee raph paper using scale of 2emto represent | seconton the ‘rats and 2 em to represent 5 mon the ns daw the graph of s= 4+ for oss. (©) Use your graph in ato ind (i the distance the object raves aker 26 cond, {the time taken by the object to ave 30, ose 1. Thevarbles sand are conneced bythe equation Jar #2e-M Somevalvesolrandthecarespondng, Vales yar gun othe, Py 1311-1 ] rate lslatstele > 6) Fndthe value of ancl of 4€).On 9 shot of raph paper, sing a scale of 2m to represent Fun onthe ead 1c to represen} tnllon the any drow he trot of pais 2r-Blor Seed, ‘extone {0 Use you graph in (bt find (@ Ihevalue of hen y= 3, {he maimum value os (4) State the equation of the line of synmety of the graph2, The variables and yore connected bytheertion yy=2-31-26 Some siucsof andthe conesponding values of sare given nthe able peat Lae in {) Find the value of pan fg 18) On 3 sheet of graph paper, sing 2 scale of 2 em to represent I unit on the waxis and tem to represent uit on the axis, aw the grph ofy = 2-31-26 fora 2. (6) Use your praph in) w find (the value of swhen =-35, (the nines vas of jd the value lof sat whe this occu, The figure shows the cure y= —6 20. 6) The curve cus the wax athvo pois A and 2, and the y-axis atthe point C. Find the caodinats of 4,8 and C, Gi The point DIS. Hes on the curve. Fed the vale of ‘The varahles ad yare connected by hogan =x Some valusot candthecoresponding values of ye given inthe abe. falalalaje[i faqs ate twlwte ta 2 (@) On a sheet of graph paper, using 2 scale of 2 em to represent unit on the x-axis and {em to eeprecen 1 niton the wae, daw the gph of = 10—x—s ford 4 (63 Use your graph in 0 fe 6) thevalue af rwhen #=-15, (@) the maximum value of y and the value of xa which this occu, (6) By dawing an appropiate line ia your graph Ina, solve the oquation 11-4216, Ha storepriceseachbook bo sold @ ‘The teal amount of money ener fom the ‘sale ofthe books iS Express yn tems of x. On a sheet of graph pape, using a scale of 22cm to represent St onthe axis and Lem to represent 10 on the y-axis, draw the graph of soo et (G}Use your gaph in @ to find the amount ‘which the soe should pice each book such thatthe total amount cored sata msionam $1 (64-89 books ‘The length of ean the comesponding height ofatangle ate c+ 2emand( 7-1 cmrespecively {@ Waite down a formula for the ares, A, of the triangle in terms of x, and show that On a sheet a go0h paper wing» eale of Vem repent cmon eas 3m torres Te onthe an oe te gap ciantodenhs heoeced (se your anh 4 nd he lent of head olte ange ai corespowlng ih het lest manu oxroaeThe variables an yaeconnecey theesation == 2s, Some wha of cand the camera ‘alues of ae given in the table fet 2 em torepresent | uniton eth as, daw the gophed y= 26for 24 <4 8 The value of an astet can bs modelled by y= 24 = 4647, whew yi the vale ofthe at ls housands of cars sd the ie in yas (0 On a sheet of graph paper, sing 8 scale of Fem torepreset | yenronthe sais and em 0 cpteset 100 On the sani da he raph ofyn2e! Ae 4 Thorn 3 (8) Use your grap in @) to find the minimum (6) Use your raph in) 0 find ‘le ofthe ase andthe tine at which toc © thevalues of «when Gi therinimum valve of (e) State the equation af he line of symmetry of the graph (By drawing an appropriate line in your In@). ave thee ph if so factors P and Cate such that Px Q= 0, then either Px or Q= 0 oF both P and @ are equal 10 0. This principle can be used 6 sive quhaic equations ofthe form ae + he +0, where a band ae cosstan and «0. 2 The geneal form ofthe equation of a quate funtion iy © a + be + 6 ete, band ate constants anda 0. line of yout gsi a ’ weet i + Fora> 0, he graph opens upmatd indefinitely and hs 3 minimum point, ‘+ Fora tthe graph pens downward indefitely and has maxima po ‘+ Theline of symmetry a the graph passes though mii /maniona point ‘Tho raph mayhave 0, | or 2.cinerepts uit has only itera cmosye Solve each ofthe following spoons (a) 64-5-22)=0 th (40+ 180-7) f@ ae=76 (@ 96604 <0 (e) 4972 107+ 100=0 © 147-3820 Solve each ofthe following equatins Ga + Hk ©) 383m) = 16 (© Ge P= Ian (8 (5p Nip +4)=207 +5) 0 Solvethe equation 2° = 1h 21 (Hence, solve the equation 2y# P= 119+2)-21 = @ 164= is. soltion of the equation 26 = 41+ 40, find te value of (Hence id theater solution ofthe equation. ‘The dilleeace between two numbers is 3 1 the -stuareof he smaller number i equal to our tines the larger number, find the two numbers tha father yar ld hile tha eyo ‘lg In xyes time, Ethan's father wll be twice as dash {Forman equation in rand show that it reduc to 6e= G) Sojvethe equation #~6e=0, (i Find age of Bhan father when Bhan was non, hater Ouatatic Eutions and Gah 10. ‘The length and the breadth of a rectangle are (2 +5) andl (2e em spectively. The 2a ofthe rectangle is tren times the area ofa square of sides (e+ Ihe 4) Forman equayon in cand show hat it reduces to 194 26-80, Ai Solve he equction a+ 2x -8=0. Gin the perimeser ofthe ectangle AWeach solentina css sends New Year greting card to each of is classmates, a tot of 870 cards willbe sent Find the numberof studeats in the clas, ‘The hegh.ymetres.o an objet project directly ‘pswards fom the gound can be modelled by 17 20-5; wheres the time in seconds after t leaves the ground (0 Find he height othe abject 2 seconds afer t leavesthe pound, «i Whenvilthechectbe ISmabovethe round? In the Figure, the cave ¥=(0 —9Ar 5) cus the seaxis at wo points and 8, and the yas at he point C, Fad the coordinates of A 8 and C.11, The vaablesx an ar connected the equation +4 Some ales of and the comespond values fae ivan in He tle, Gipte 4) Fa the value of» 48) On a sheet of graph paper, using «ale of 2emtorepeesent | uniton he axisand Lente phot Tayafeti [2] 6\6isjo is) represent | uniton the rani, ave he yas ahi dlor-S€x©2, (©) Use your graph in 10 find the value of y when x=-2, GH thevalues of ewhen y=5, G8) the minimum value of (State the equation ofthe ine af eymmaty ‘he gap Challenge Yourself 12, Aglare gofbal inthe ar ram the ground The height mets, ofthe ball can be modelled it eaves the ground (6 On a sheet of graph paper, using a scale of 2emtorepeesent{uitonther-axisand lento eres units on the hai, daw the graph ibaa or Ore (Use your graph in find the mximum eight ‘ofthe bal 300% the ground and the me at which this occurs 1 Given hat the dference between the soltions ofthe equation 2 r= 0 155; find the valve of 2. @) Hac and fare the solutions ofthe quadatic equation as? + be +6 show tata t= = and af ( Henes, i p and q 1e the solutions of the equation 26 + 105 +7 = 0, ‘where p> 4, find the value of 4 suction cosas oo QRecap (Numerical Fractions) In Book 1, we have leat about numerical actions ofthe form 2 wherea and 2 ‘are img, andb 0, amples of merical fctins ae 3, Band ~§ toh ecton, we will abou alge tactons ofthe orm hae andlor B ave algebraic expressions and B20. Exampes of algebraic factions ae 14 and me) ase! GFK ‘The rules fr perforing operations on algeaic facts atethesame 35 those for sumerical fractions. One important rule follows: “The val ofa fraction remains unchanged ih is namerstor and denominator ve lied divide Hythe Same ne-200 umber or expression, ie nc where ho 20, Worked ‘Simplify each of the following. ; imply each he li Example sate? or eor 3 0 Bee ts t Division of 7 ‘Divison af 3]| 208 by x Sreene ey Pave p == ‘Noiedtarie bg heWorked iy chee blo Brample dat oa a Or © 59 Solution: a a “$ seescorencenton {extract the common fictor itm the denominator and ih doonneaas have eet did he aerator seth denomintorby ) See eer: Dt o Poa =a fe) Ba LAEED—_ (enact the common factor « rom the numerator and =F" A= thecommontactor3 rom the denominstor, and clvide td the deneminaor by (s- 3 x the numerator Simply each he follow perereeeernr] a Pa ©) ose © Worked pees Example ae a mod a nas tab~be Solution: cy 2am tal =2) extract the common factor 2 fom the (Ua * THFDIA=Z amet acts he dont by tsinga= = aba) ) L2B=1" | MEAD) cure the muneraon by sing the ae zor SHEE 43) — tipliaton fame andestact the comnvn med) fear Seteom the denomination 3 = -Mla=e1+a=0) (octrseesch rosin the nue Baheacn theme "Abe = BBY} andthe denominator respective) = (2=eKe bY actor the hse roups inthe numer {Gre oKe= 0) ant the denominator spectively oa © 2ich ofthe along ty Ine Bs 0S tn Snag i» Q Division of Algebraic 4 Fractions The procedure for he multiplication and division of algae Factions s simile ta that of the multiplication and division of numerical fractions, except that row we have to consider the variables. In primary schoo we Rave teen that ic 3 In general, whan we mutiply © by #, we have tn rimay schoo we hve lara oe'n 2502S & webve In general, when we divide by © cvoseesWorked uitiplicain ane su Example Simpy ech fhe alloning 4 ao Oa eT loose Dh Uy sing wb Simplify each of the following, Frei Quer oh 2 Se 5a @~ Exercise CIE 5. Simplify each of he following Taw © Tbe 30) tee pane O21 20) Sette b> oa wo HB 2. Sinplieacho be oon - we hes 2a ois opts 3. 1 Siopiy exch ofthe follwing : hah Me sp Od ot. ae Spar * apy” Tar 9 Ee lM 4. Simply each ofthe following Ise Ooi” Sab 22h deh Me aeAddition and © Subtraction o Recap (Simplification of Linear Expressions — with Fractional Coefficients) Io ook 1, we have lnm howto snpliy nar expression wt action oats For xl, 5. , Te, 324-5) (conve i ike factions: 2° 21 Lowest Common Muliple CM) of 37 i221) tas) 106 a {combine ino singe fraction) (Disribuive Law In this section, wo wil lean haw ad ad ut gtr rctions, ddition and Subtraction of Algebraic Fractions xaUple ‘simplest form. = Oph a = @ Om at Solution: 2.3.0.9 to i ot 9 exon aoe Aci Facs nd formas crows1. Expres each ofthe allowing a. faction ins simplest or, Exec Qn 1-4 6 att ras Oe Ome me | ORR UT 2. Express each a the following a a action i its simplest frm. el rameey sey © ae ey Oa GR xpress each ofthe following 36a Faction its simplest fo Fa fomvero Hike factions HEM of B veSands scsi 3) “een ca BIF*2*S (Diarnutve Law) ams Sx____2 (acters the denominator» by uring TRGB E ote ta hae) sy 22 2)__ (convert in like factions: LCM of FA TIED G22 Cexnhine io a single faction) EER Dstbutivetaw maya =m “ =1 xpress each ofthe follwing a8 3 faetnn in is simplest form, 7.4 aya oat Ba © oem ott Lash 24-56 3M oe te, ped, onl dest OCy kw Oo eR 2, Express each ofthe following 34 9 fraction in its simplest form, 5 ase bee » Ino 3. Express each of the following a¢ a faction in is simplest orm, 5 ® Fama" wet 40d Opps aa OIE Se ae x PRG ye MFR 4. Express each of te following as faction in is a 5 Express each ofthe folowing as a faction in is simplest form, 2 @ Oe erred 4 Paige Fo ior 12 6. pes 355 asa fraction ints simplest form. mcmChanging the Subject of a Formula In Book 1, we have eat that in general, 2 ormula expresses rule in algebraic ‘er by making use of variable towel instruction for performing a calculation, For example, the perimeter Po rectangle is given by P= 21+, where and “represen the eng and the breach of the rctangle respectively. Are we able to find an expression forthe length, fof he rectangle i tems of Pan? Worked : 6 ke he sujet of he ola P= 21+ 25 Example Hence eal th alu fhe P= 132 and beso Solution: ‘ +28 31+ 2h absusteac 2rom bes sist Make a the subject ofthe formula v= +r. tegen 1 Questo ta Hence, find the value of « when r= 4, = 10 and y= 9. " 2, The simple intrest Sr payable on an investment is given ty is the principal, ithe intestate the veseat per annum and Ti themmbsr ers fat the vestments el ke The sujet ofthe rma r= EZ 6 Hence ind heme of yt mil ivcarent of 000 mst Ue ei na hack tha pay empl intrest 22 oe of pr soma carmen reso Sa‘Worked uging the Subject of 9 Forme ae Example ake rhe sbjeut ote onwulay= FE (Hence calelae the value ofx when 9 ==2, ax Garmees a 8429 22-» By Boye 24 (Dist ive Lavy gue darec ede nd cuaboth ses) By4dotx=?, y-3y6 29747 By bubvaa fom bah sides aot s=t oQe+ te? (oultiply by 8425 on bath sites ake the sj he frmua = 2° (6 Hence, id he vale of «when = 3 2. a) Make the subject ofthe formula p= {Hence id he valu of when a= b= -2,p= Sans =9. ees 0 Mae hese he oem (OT 4 Nate te jects heme (TFB Example {ip Hence caleulatethe valve ofx when =, b= 3 and te Solution: 8 oat ‘arb =€ ake the cube on both sites) ecb b ak! =p surat Pfr bath ess ax =k 6 BP dyideby son hot sides ay = era opinions Srmnenens siete Sanit 5 sre §C Questo 20- seats1 Nhe bjt ofthe om {Meret theale os whone-5;b-dand = 2.) Mote the nico eos pee Herc. ind eae when Formula In solving problems, we oten need to change the subject ofa fora to make i easier find the value fan unknown, For example ifthe volume V fa cyinde is 780 cand ite helght 10cm, how ‘can we find the base radius rf the elinder? We frst maker the subject ofthe formula V= ah before subsiutrg inthe values of Vand & 1. Can we substitute the values of Vand nt the formula V= 3h before solving the equation 10 find the value of 2 2. Ate the values ofr abtained the same! Explain your answer From the cass discussion, we observe that o fad the value fan unknown, wa able to substiutehe given values imo a formula seithout changing the subject of he formula ace one OXFORDHot 19 ses (2) the value of when, (6) the value of when = 2. Solution: (a) when x= 4= Stake tne sue om hath sie Bet aGice 1) 64 Wels os aT ee LO Quen 1 Given thaty= fE5, tne hie (@) the value s when 1= 5, (0) the value when s= 4 2. Given that = S57 find the vale of when a= 3. Gen that [EEE 25 find he value of when x= and == OXFORD gre racans oi runae omer+? Equations involving Algebraic Fractions ‘We stall earn how to solve equations volving algeine Factions using the mete of changing the subject fa foal, Worked Shin gure Frere LL se enicitrncenes 4-2 an! coke) ee apes pat? @ 1 Solution: Ha-2)+ Sla~ 1) LSimuply by the LEME ay a 546 19 hub 50-5015 Br eis 226 ws 6(b-3)-405-5)-0 wily by the LOM 2h 3a 3, ie 0b 545-3) -18-an+20=0 242-0 Solve each of the fllowing equations fur 6 Queso ba1. inch ofthe following cases, make the letra the Bracks the subject ofthe formula @antby=h te (0) PV =o be G@) Sb~ 2s wa @ R= mler ta 22 In each cf the folbwing cases. make the leer in the bracket the subject of the formula, le vi to Aiteu a Aa hason vol 3. In each ofthe follwing cases, make the letter in the Bracke the suet ofthe formula oem Ont w ane io wo 44 Given that Jar™—T =e; find the values of« when 22 bed and eas 5. Given hata PE find {@) the value ofa when b=7 and (© thevalueofewhen a = and b {6 Solve each ofthe flowing equations monn 7. tn eachof the following eases, make the leter the brackets the subject ofthe formal 9 Fea ici » (sweden wt @ seMaueoe-iM al Bt wach of heli cane, make the eter in the rackets the subject of the formula wt ta vl 9. Imeach ofthe following cass, make the eter in the races the subject of he frmol, 10. Given that V=w'he (6) make the subject ofthe forme, {fr the vale oh when V= 245 and r= fs ven that a {emake the subject othe Formula, i find the vale of b when a=2ande= 1 12, Give that =2") oy, find (a) the value ofp when m= 5,=7, x= 4 and v=, (©) thevale ofm when p=9,c=2and1. Ghunthatastw'ne bard (a) the vale ofA when 9 #2142, (6) the value hen 93.182, 4 Sand =7, 15400 nc 14, Sabo cach ofthe @? slowing equations 15. In opis, the focal length, fem of alee usingteonmula b=! and vem are the abject elstance and the image fstance tom the cent of the lens respectively. 6 Nake hesibjet of he frmus T=! «! Gi) Heoce, find the image distance when the focal length of the lens is 20 em and the ‘object stances em, lr, can be wherewem 16, The time taken, T seconds for 2 pendulum 40 complete one clan i given bythe fxm Saf ntocinstekrght hp (Hence, find the length ofthe pendlur i i takes 12 second to complete 20 cillations. 17 The amount of energy oles, sored a a0 et wth 2 rus of mk given by the oma ieemghe tan’, where hm the eight of the bed ahove the pound, +m +i he veloc ofthecyect and gs taken toe 1m 60 Given that = 0, make the subject ofthe terns amped Hence, fin he veloiy ofan object with a ims of 0S. ts 2 ave the pound ane fe 00 of ney © wee 18, enti 24 ante tvot 2 18. Given hat = 284 Yara in 6) the alu olywhen 2 13, b= Sands = 38, (bythe vale of «when Pe 1X32 85 and y= 35, (0 the valuesol bwhen a=23,4= 156 andl y= 56, 20. The resistance ofa wire, K ohms (0), is dre ropanional to as length, Fm and inversely ‘proportional the squie of ts as, fa) Expres ter of. ard coment (hy tse he subject ofthe forms (6) @ Giverthat a wie with 3 length of 2m ane 2 radus of em has a resisance of 400. ‘xe your ansiver ina) 1 nthe vale of 4) Hence, use yee answer i (BW nd the radiusof a wire with a length of 4 m and > resistance