Assignment

Submitted by:
M.Irtaza abbas
Department:
BS MLT
Semester:
6th (B)
Roll no:
42
Submitted to:
Mam Anam Tariq
Subject:
Basic Immunology

Minhaj University Lahore

Q1: Which of the following 3 types of antigen

presenting cells (APCs) is specialized for degradation
and presentation of particulate antigens to T cells?
Discuss.
1. dendritic cells
2. Macrophages
3. B cells

Among these 3 types of antigen presenting cells (APCs) Macrophages

are specialized for degradation and presentation of particulate antigens to
T cell because they have high phagocytic activity than other APCs like
dendritic cell which also have phagocytic activity but less than
macrophages.B cells which are also Antigen presenting cells have no
phagocytic activity.B cells can internalize antigen that binds to their B
cell receptor and present it to helper T cells.

Antigen presenting cells (APCs):

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are a heterogeneous group of immune cells that
mediate the cellular immune response by processing and presenting antigens for
recognition by certain lymphocytes such as T cells. Classical APCs include dendritic
cells, macrophages, Langerhans cells and B cells.

Difference between dendritic cells , macrophages and B cell as APCs:

Feature Dendritic cells Macrophages B cells
Innate immunity Innate immunity Adaptive immunity
Immune response
Specific antigen receptors No No Yes
Location Skin and mucosal Lymphoid tissue, Blood, lymphoid
epithelium connective tissue, tissue
(Langerhans body cavities
cells), lymphoid
tissue, connective
tissue
Antigen type intracellular extracellular extracellular
antigens and antigens antigens
extracellular
antigens
MHC molecule associated Class I MHC and Class II MHC Class II MHC
with antigen presentation class II MHC
Co-stimulation High level B7 Low level B7 No B7 expression
expression expression, unless induced upon
induced by activation by Th
bacteria/cytokines cells

Mechanism of Antigen presenting cells (APCs):

An antigen-presenting cell (APC) is an immune cell that detects, engulfs, and informs
the adaptive immune response about an infection. When a pathogen is detected, these
APCs will phagocytose the pathogen and digest it to form many different fragments
of the antigen. Antigen fragments will then be transported to the surface of the APC,
where they will serve as an indicator to other immune cells.After phagocytosis by
APCs, the phagocytic vesicle fuses with an intracellular lysosome forming
phagolysosome. Within the phagolysosome, the components are broken down into
fragments; the fragments are then loaded onto MHC class I or MHC class II
molecules and are transported to the cell surface for antigen presentation.T
lymphocytes cannot properly respond to the antigen unless it is processed and
embedded in an MHC II molecule. APCs express MHC on their surfaces, and when
combined with a foreign antigen, these complexes signal a “non-self” invader. Once
the fragment of antigen is embedded in the MHC II molecule, the immune cell can
respond. Helper T- cells are one of the main lymphocytes that respond to antigen-
presenting cells. Recall that all other nucleated cells of the body expressed MHC I
molecules, which signal “healthy” or “normal.”

Mode of action of Macrophages:

A macrophage is a cell of the innate immune system that engulfs and digests
pathogens, and then presents fragments on its surface as a signal. Such signals are
picked up by other cells of the adaptive immune system, hence antigen-presenting
cell.Macrophages participate in both innate and adaptive immune responses. As part
of innate immunity, macrophages are activated by antigens that are bound to PAMP,
Toll-like, scavenger, and mannose receptors. In an adaptive response, antigens are
recognized using receptors for intermediary molecules, such as antibody and
complement fragments.Macrophages interact with T cells in order to bring about T
cell activation in target organs, and are themselves activated by inflammatory
messenger molecules (cytokines) produced by the T cells. Macrophages produce toxic
chemicals, such as nitric oxide, that can kill surrounding cells.
Figure 1. An APC, such as a macrophage, engulfs and digests a foreign bacterium. An
antigen from the bacterium is presented on the cell surface in conjunction with an
MHC II molecule Lymphocytes of the adaptive immune response interact with
antigen-embedded MHC II molecules to mature into functional immune cells.

Q2: Which of the following 3 types of antigen

presenting cells (APCs) is critical in uptake and
presentation of antigen to T cells? Discuss
1. dendritic cells
2. Macrophages
3. B cells
Among these 3 types of antigen presenting cells (APCs) Dendritic cells
are most critical in uptake and presentation of antigens to T cells.They
play a very important role in activation of T cells.Macrophage which is
also a Antigen presenting cell has a difference with dendritic cell.This
difference is that macrophages have high phagocytic activity but low
antigen processing and presentation activity but on the other hand
dendritic cells have high antigen processing and presenting activity but
low phagocytic activity.

Mode of action of dendritic cells:

Dendritic cells are the most efficient antigen-presenting cells. They take
up antigens and pathogens, generate MHC-peptide complexes, migrate from the sites
of antigen acquisition to secondary lymphoid organs and, finally, they physically
interact with and stimulate T lymphocytes.Indeed, dendritic cells are the only antigen-
presenting cells that induce the activation of resting T cells, both in vitro and in vivo.
Thus, dendritic cells initiate adaptive immune responses and determine tolerance. To
do so, dendritic cells have developed unique membrane transport pathways.The main
function of these innate cells is to capture, process, and present antigens to adaptive
immune cells and mediate their polarization into effector cells.Naive T cells leave the
thymus and enter secondary lymphoid organs. In secondary lymphoid organs, naïve T
cells are activated by mature dendritic cells. T cell activation requires 2 signals: TCR
and costimulation.The T cell encounters a dendritic cell (DC) bearing its cognate
peptide in an MHC molecule, and binds the peptide-MHC though CD3 and CD4 or 8.
Subsequently, co-stimulation occurs through DC-bound CD86, CD80, OX40L and 4-
1BBL. This induces full activation and effector function in the T cell.

Explanation of diagram:
After a dendritic cell recognizes and attaches to a pathogen cell, the pathogen is
internalized by phagocytosis and is initially contained within a phagosome.
Lysosomes containing antimicrobial enzymes and chemicals fuse with the phagosome
to create a phagolysosome, where degradation of the pathogen for antigen processing
begins. Proteases (protein-degrading) are especially important in antigen processing
because only protein antigen epitopes are presented to T cells by MHC II.

Summary:
 Antigen-presenting cells break down large-molecular-weight antigens into 10 to
30 amino acid fragments for loading onto HLA class I and II molecules.
 Antigen-presenting cells can be either “professional” or “amateur” cells.
 Dendritic cell subsets are uniquely suited for antigen presentation.
 Antigen-presenting cells are involved in both the innate and adaptive immune
responses.
 Macrophages and B cells ingest antigens by different mechanisms, but both cells
process antigen using the endocytic pathway.
 The endocytic pathway is complex and involves proteolytic enzymes and HLA
class II stabilizing proteins.