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QUESTIIONS ANSWER KEY ANSWER CODES SOLUTIONS

RESPONSE SHEET MOCK TEST EXAMINATION QUESTIONS
TEST PAPERS SOLUTION PAPER SOLUTION SHEET TESTING
PATTERN NEGATIVE MARKING MARKING SCHEME EXAM
PATTERN PAPER PATTERN MODEL TEST PAPERS MODEL
TEST QUESTIONS ANSWER KEY WITH SOLUTIONS SOLVED
PAPERS SOLVED QUESTIONS QUESTION PAPER SAMPLE
PAPER MODEL PAPER MODEL QUESTIIONS ANSWER KEY
ANSWER CODES SOLUTIONS RESPONSE SHEET MOCK TEST
EXAMINATION QUESTIONS TEST PAPERS SOLUTION PAPER
SOLUTION SHEET TESTING PATTERN NEGATIVE MARKING
MARKING SCHEME EXAM PATTERN PAPER PATTERN MODEL
TEST PAPERS MODEL TEST QUESTIONS ANSWER KEY WITH
SOLUTIONS SOLVED PAPERS SOLVED QUESTIONS QUES-

WBCHSE
TION PAPER SAMPLE PAPER MODEL PAPER MODEL QUESTI-
IONS ANSWER KEY ANSWER CODES SOLUTIONS RESPONSE

PHYSICS
SHEET MOCK TEST EXAMINATION QUESTIONS TEST PAPERS
SOLUTION PAPER SOLUTION SHEET TESTING PATTERN NEG-
ATIVE MARKING MARKING SCHEME EXAM PATTERN PAPER
SAMPLE PAPER
PATTERN MODEL TEST PAPERS MODEL TEST QUESTIONS
ANSWER KEY WITH SOLUTIONS SOLVED PAPERS SOLVED
QUESTIONS QUESTION PAPER SAMPLE PAPER MODEL
PAPER NEGATIVE MARKING MARKING SCHEME EXAM
PATTERN PAPER PATTERN MODEL TEST PAPERS MODEL
TEST QUESTIONS ANSWER KEY WITH SOLUTIONS SOLVED
PAPERS SOLVED QUESTIONS QUESTION PAPER SAMPLE
PAPER MODEL PAPER MODEL QUESTIIONS ANSWER KEY
ANSWER CODES SOLUTIONS RESPONSE SHEET MOCK TEST
 Model Question Physics – 2

¿õö±á - ßÂ
1¼ ¿òË¥§±M
Û¶Ÿ&¿ùõþ ëÂ×Mõþ ð±Ý •¿õߊ Û¶Ÿ&¿ù ùÂíÏûþ— Ð 1 x 10 = 10

•òÏËäÂõþ ¿ßÂåŠÛ¶ËŸõþ ä±õþ¿é ßÂËõþ ëÂ×Mõþ ÎðÝûþ± Õ±Ëå¼ îÂiœËñÉ Ûß¿é ü¿êÂßÂ, Îü¿é ¿ùàËî ýËõ¼ ÕòɱòÉ
۶˟õþ ëÂ×Mõþ Õ¿î üÑ¿Âl Ý ûï±ûï ýËî ýËõ¼
ß— Ûß¿é â¿hÂõþ ÎüËßÂË`Âõþ ßÒ±é±õþ ÎßÂÌ¿íß Îõá ýËõ
π π π
(i) 2π rad/sec. (ii) rad/sec. (iii) rad/sec. (iv) rad/sec
3 30 6
π
ëÂ×MõþÐ (iii) rad/sec.
30

Õïõ±, Ûß¿é õdßÂí± ü÷^n¿îÂËî Ûß¿é õÔM±ß±õþ ÂóËï äÂùËå¼ ßÂí±¿éÂõþ Qõþí ü¥ó¿ßÇÂî Îß±òÄ ÷™LÃõÉ¿é
 ¿êÂß ·
(i) ÷±ò ñènõß (ii) Õ¿öÂ÷Åà ñènõß (iii) ÷±ò Ý Õ¿öÂ÷Åà ëÂ×öÂûþý× ñènõßÂ, (iv) ÷±ò Ý Õ¿öÂ÷Åà
Îß±ò¿éÂý× ñènõß òûþ¼
ëÂ×MõþÐ (i) ÷±ò ñènõßÂ
à— ðÅ¿é õ™¦¸Åõþ ÷±çÂà±Ëò Ûß¿é ýצó±ËîÂõþ Âó±î ÎõþËà ¿ðËù ÷ý±ßÂø¸ÇÏûþ ñènõËßÂõþ ÷±ò
ßÂÏö±Ëõ Âó¿õþõ¿îÇÂî ýËõ ·
(i) õ±hÂËõ, (ii) Îß±Ëò± Âó¿õþõîÇÂò ýËõ ò±, (iii) îÂïÉ Õü¥óÓíÇ, (iv) ßÂ÷Ëõ¼

ëÂ×MõþÐ (ii) Îß±Ëò± Âó¿õþõîÇÂò ýËõ ò±,

2πλ π∆λ
á— ðú±Âó±ïÇßÂÉ Ý ÂóïÂó±ïÇËßÂÉõþ ÷ËñÉ ü¥óÇß ýù (i) ∆φ , (ii) ∆φ = ,
∆x λ
2π
(iii) ∆φ = ∆x , (iv) ∆φ = 2πλ ∆x .
λ
2π
ëÂ×MõþÐ (iii) ∆φ = ∆x .
λ

â— ¿¦šõþ Î|±î±õþ ¿ðËß úsîÂõþË/õþ ëÂ×Èü Õáèüõþ ýõ±õþ ü÷ûþ Î|±î±õþ ¿òßÂé úsîÂõþË/õþ ÍðâÇÉ
(i) õÔ¿X ó±ûþ, (ii) ý˜Â±ü Âó±ûþ, (iii) ÕÂó¿õþõ¿îÇÂî ï±Ëß (iv) õù± üyÂõ òûþ¼

ëÂ×MõþÐ (ii) ý˜Â±ü Âó±ûþ

1
 ã— î±Âóá¿î ¿õðɱõþ Û¶ï÷ üÓS¿é Îß±òÄ ¿òîÂÉî± òÏ¿îÂËß ÕòÅüõþí ßÂËõþ ·
ëÂ×MõþÐ î±Âóá¿î ¿õðɱõþ Û¶ï÷ üÓS¿é Îß±òÄ ¿òîÂÉî± òÏ¿îÂËß ÕòÅüõþí ßÂËõþ ¼

¿õö±á - à

2¼ ¿òË¥§±M
Û¶Ÿ&¿ùõþ ëÂ×Mõþ ð±Ý¼ •¿õߊ Û¶Ÿ&¿ù ùÂíÏûþ— Ð

ß— ÷Å¿M
Ëõá ß±Ëß õËù · öÓÂÂóÔˇÂõþ ß±å±ß±¿å Âó¿õþS
÷íõþî ßÔ¿S÷ ëÂ×ÂóáèËýõþ Û¶ð¿Âí ÎõËáõþ
üË/ ÷Å¿M
ËõËáõþ ü¥óßÇ ¿ß · 1+1=2

ëÂ×MõþÐ Îû òÓÉòîÂ÷ á¿îÂËõá Îß±ò õdËß ØXÇÂ÷Åà ëÂ×ÈËÂÂóí ßÂõþËù õd¿é ÂóÔ¿ïõÏÂóԇ õ± ÕòÉ Îß±ò
áèý ëÂ×ÂóáèËýõþ Âóԇ ÎïËß Ûõþ ÷ý±ßÂø¸ÇÏûþ Õ±ßÂø¸ÇËíõþ õ±ý×Ëõþ äÂËù ÎûËî Âó±Ëõþ, î±Ëß ÷Å¿M
Ëõá
õËù¼
öÓÂÂóÔˇÂõþ ß±å±ß±¿å Âó¿õþS
÷íõþî ßÔ¿S÷ ëÂ×ÂóáèËýõþ Û¶ð¿Âí Îõá = √gR

Ëûà±Ëò, g= Õ¿öÂßÂø¸Çæ Qõþí, R = ÂóÔ¿ïõÏõþ õɱü±ñÇ

ÂóÔ¿ïõÏÂóÔˇ ÷Å¿M
ËõËáõþ ÷±ò = 2gR

ÕïDZÈ, ÷Å¿M
Ëõá = √2 Û¶ð¿Âí Îõá

à— a õ±U ¿õ¿ú©† Ûß¿é õáDZß±õþ ÎÂËSõþ ä±õþ¿é ÎßÂÌ¿íß¿õjÅõþ Û¶¿î¿éÂËî +q Õ±ñ±ò õþ±à± Õ±Ëå¼

ËÂS¿éÂõþ ÎßÂf¿õjÅËî î¿hÂÈÛ¶±õËùÉõþ ÷±ò ¿ß ýËõ ÛõÑ Îß±ò ¿ðËß ¿S
ûþ± ßÂõþËõ · 2

ëÂ×MõþÐ ÎÂS¿éÂõþ ÎßÂf¿õjÅËî PÎî î¿hÂÈÛ¶±õËùÉõþ ÷±ò ýËõ P ¿õjÅËî õþ¿Âî Ûß¿é ÛßÂß ñò±QßÂ
A(+q) a B(+q) Õ±ñ±Ëòõþ ëÂ×Âóõþ ¿S
ûþ±õþî ù¿t õËùõþ ÷±ò¼

a a 2a a
AP = BP = CP = DP = =
P 2 2
D(+q) C(+q)

q →
A ¿õjÅËî (+q) Õ±ñ±Ëòõþ æòÉ ¿S
ûþ±õþî õù, F1 = Õ¿öÂ÷Åà AP
(a / 2 ) 2

q →
B ¿õjÅËî (+q) Õ±ñ±Ëòõþ æòÉ ¿S
ûþ±õþî õù, F2 = 2
Õ¿öÂ÷Åà BP
(a / 2 )

q →
C ¿õjÅËî (+q) Õ±ñ±Ëòõþ æòÉ ¿S
ûþ±õþî õù, F3 = Õ¿öÂ÷Åà CP
(a / 2 ) 2

2
 q →
D ¿õjÅËî (+q) Õ±ñ±Ëòõþ æòÉ ¿S
ûþ±õþî õù, F4 = Õ¿öÂ÷Åà DP
(a / 2 ) 2

F1 ÛõÑ F2 õùðÅ¿é ü÷±ò Ý ¿õÂóõþÏîÂ÷ÅàÏ, ÕòÅõþ+Âó F2 ÛõÑ F4 õùðÅ¿é ü÷±ò

Ý ¿õÂóõþÏîÂ÷Åàϼ
î±ý× ÎÂS¿éÂõþ ÎßÂf¿õjÅËî î¿hÂÈÛ¶±õËùÉõþ ÷±ò úÓíɼ
á— ÕñÇÂó¿õþõ±ýÏ ë±Ëûþ±ë ¿ß · Ûý× æ±îÂÏûþ ë±Ëûþ±ËëÂõþ Æõ¿ú©†É Îùà Õ‚Âò ßÂõþ¼ 1+1=2

ëÂ×MõþÐ ¿õqX ÕñÇÂó¿õþõ±ýÏ ËßÂù±Ëü ¿õÂóõþÏîÂñ÷ÇÏ ÕÂó¿÷|í â¿éÂËûþ Ûß±ÑúËß P-é±ý×Âó ÛõÑ
n-ÕÂóõþ±ÑËú é±ý×Âó ßÂõþËù Îû üѦš± á¿êÂî ýûþ, î±Ëß ÕñÇÂó¿õþõ±ýÏ ë±Ëûþ±ë õËù¼

ÕñÇÂó¿õþõ±ýÏ ë±Ëûþ±ËëÂõþ Æõ¿ú©†É Îùà Ð (µA)→

I
ü¥œÅà Û¶õ±ý

¿õÂóõþÏî õ±ûþ±ü ← → ü¥œÅà õ±ûþ±ü

→v
(µA)

↓
¿õÂóõþÏî ›¶õ±ý

¿õö±á - á
 cos 2 φ 
ß— ÷ý±ßÂø¸ÇÏûþ ñèõËßÂõþ (G) ÷±S± ¿òíÇûþ ßÂõþ¼ Îðà±Ý Îû g φ = g1 − 
 Îûà±Ëò gφ = φ
 289 

Õ±ÑËú Õ±Âó±î տöÂßÂø¸Çæ QõþËíõþ ÷±ò¼ g = Õ¿öÂßÂø¸Çæ Qõþí¼ 1+3 = 4

ëÂ×MõþÐ m1 ÛõÑ m2 öÂËõþõþ ðÅ¿é õd Âóõþ¦óõþ d ðÓõþËQ ï±ßÂËù ¿S
ûþ±õþî ÷ý±ßÂø¸ÇÏûþ õù¼

m1m 2
F=G
d2

Fd 2
G=
m1m 2

3
  Fd 2 
G-Ûõþ ÷±S±, [G] =  
 m1m 2 

=
[MLT ][L ]
−2 2

[M ] 2

= [M L T ]
−1 3 −2

 Cos 2 φ 
Û¶÷±íÐ- g φ = g1 − .
 289 

öÓÂËá±ùËßÂõþ ëÂ×Âóõþ Õõ¿¦šî P ¿õjÅõþ Õ±Ñú φ

P ¿õjÅ¿é ÂóÔ¿ïõÏõþ âÅíDZ ÎïËß r ðÓõþËQ Õõ¿¦šî ýËù r = R Cos φ

R= ÂóÔ¿ïõÏõþ õɱü±ñǼ

¿òæ Õ ü±ËÂóË ÂóÔ¿ïõÏõþ âÅíÇËòõþ ôÂËù öÓÂ-ÂóÔˇÂõþ Û¶¿î¿é õd ÂóÔ¿ïõÏõþ üË/ ÛßÂý× ÎßÂÌ¿íßÂ
ÎõËá (w— âÅõþËå¼ P ¿õjÅËî m öÂËõþõþ ßÂí± õþ±àËù, ßÂí±¿é r õɱü±ËñÇõþ õÔMÂóËï

w ÎßÂÌ¿íß ÎõËá Õ±õîÇÂò ßÂõþËõ¼ ôÂËù ßÂí±¿éÂõþ ëÂ×Âóõþ õÔMÂóËïõþ õ±ý×Ëõþõþ ¿ðËßÂ

mw2r ÕÂóËßÂf õù ¿S
ûþ± ßÂõþËõ¼

m öÂËõþõþ ßÂí±¿éÂõþ ëÂ×Âóõþ Õ¿îÂßÂø¸Ç õù Âmg óÔ¿ïõÏõþ ÎßÂf±¿öÂ÷ÅàÏ ß±æ ßÂËõþ¼

mw2r õËùõþ Ûß¿é ëÂ×Âó±ÑËú mw2r cosφ Õ¿öÂßÂø¸Ç õËùõþ ¿õÂóõþÏî ß±æ ßÂËõþ¼ Õ¿öÂßÂø¸Ç

õËùõþ ¿ßÂåÅ ÕÑËú Ü õ¿ýÇ÷ÅàÏ õùËß ¿ò¿©Âûþ ßÂõþËî õÉûþ ýûþ¼ î±ý× Õ¿öÂßÂø¸Çæ Qõþí Û¶
ßÔÂî ÷±ò ÕËÂó± ¿ßÂåÅé± ßÂ÷ ýûþ¼
P ¿õjÅËî տöÂßÂø¸Çæ Qõþí gφ ýËù

mg φ = mg − mw 2 r cosφ

= mg − mw 2R cos 2 φ [Q r = R cos φ]
∴ g φ = g − w 2R cos φ

 w 2R 
= g1 − cos 2 φ 
 g 

2π
Ûàò, ÂóÔ¿ïõÏõþ Õ±õîÇÂò Îõá, w= rad / sec .
24 × 3600
R = 6400 x 103 m.

4
 g = 9.8 m/sec2
w 2R 1
=
g 289

 cos 2 φ 
∴ g φ = g1 − 
 289 

à— ¦¤õþßÂ¥ó ß±Ëß õËù · û¿ð n1 Ý n2 ëÂ×ÈüZËûþõþ ߥ󱂠ýûþ î±ýËù Îðà±Ý Îû ¦¤õþßÂË¥óõþ
üÑàɱ N = n1 – n2 ýËõ¼ 1+3=4

ëÂ×MõþÐ ¦¤õþßÂ¥óÐ- ü÷ Û¶±õËùÉõþ ÛßÂý× ¿ðËß á¿îÂúÏù ßÂ¥ó±Ë‚Âõþ ü±÷±òÉ Âó±ïÇßÂÉûÅM
ðÅ¿éÂ
úsîÂõþË/õþ ëÂ×Âó¿õþÂó±ËîÂõþ ôÂËù ÷±ñÉË÷õþ ¿ò¿ðÇ©† Ûß¿õjÅËî ßÂ¥óËòõþ ¿õ™¦¸±õþ îÂï± Ã›¶±õùÉ Â
óûDZûþS
Ë÷ ý˜Â±ü Ý õÔ¿X Âó±ûþ¼ úËsõþ Û¶±õËùÉõþ Ûõþ+Âó ý˜Â±üõÔ¿XÂËß ¦¤õþßÂ¥ó õù± ýûþ¼
÷Ëò ß¿õþ, ü÷¿õ™¦¸±õþ •a— ¿ßÂcà ü±÷±òÉ ß¥󱂠Âó±ïÇßÂÉûÅM
ðÅ¿é üõþùËð±ùîÂõþ/ ÛßÂý× ¿ðËßÂ
äÂùËå¼ î±Ëðõþ ü÷ÏßÂõþí ýËõ Ð
y1 = a sin 2πn1t ÛõÑ y2 = a sin 2πn2t

ñõþ± û±ß , î±õþ± ü÷ðú±ûþ ÎïËß û±S± q ßÂõþù¼ î±Ëðõþ ÂëÂ×Âó¿õþÂó±Ëî Îû ùt üõþí ýËõ, î±
y = y1 + y2
= a sin2πn1t + a sin2πn2t
(n1 − n 2 )t (n − n 2 )t
= 2acos 2π sin 2π 1
2 2
Ûý× ü÷ÏßÂõþí ÛõÑ ÷Óù îÂõþ/ZËûþõþ ü÷ÏßÂõþí îÅÂùò± ßÂËõþ õù± û±ûþ Îû, ùt îÂõþ/ üõþù Â
(n1 − n 2 ) n1 + n 2
Îð±ùá¿î ÂóûDZËûþõþ ¿ßÂcà Ûõþ ¿õ™¦¸±õþ A = 2a cos2π ÛõÑ ß¥󱂠=
2 2

Õï±ÇÈ ùt îÂõþË/õþ ¿õ™¦¸±õþ ü÷Ëûþõþ ü±Ëï Âó¿õþõîÇÂòúÏù¼

(n1 − n 2 )
A = 2a cos2π üõDZ¿ñß ýËõ ûàò t = 0, 1 , 2 ,....
2 n1 − n 2 n1 − n 2

1 3 5
Õ±õ±õþ ûàò t= , , ý×îÂɱ¿ð ýËõ
2(n1 − n 2 ) 2(n1 − n 2 ) 2(n1 − n 2 )

îÂàò ùt îÂõþË/õþ ¿õ™¦¸±õþ úÓíÉ ýËõ¼

1
ÂóõþÂóõþ ðÅ¿é Û¶õù ús Îú±ò±õþ ¿öÂîÂõþ Õõß±ú = ÎüËßÂ`Â
n1 − n 2

1
Õïõ± ÂóõþÂóõþ ðÅ¿é ¿òÐúËsõþ Õõß±ú ÎüËßÂ`Â
n1 − n 2

5
 ÕïÇ±È 1 ÎüËßÂ` ü÷Ëûþ (n1 – n2) õ±õþ Û¶õù ús Îú±ò± û±Ëõ ÛõÑ (n1 – n2)

õ±õþ ¿òÐús üÔ¿©† ßÂõþËõ¼

ÕîÂÛõ, ¦¤õþßÂË¥óõþ üÑàɱ = n1 – n2 = ëÂ×ÈüZËûþõþ ßÂ¥ó±Ë‚Âõþ Âó±ïÇßÂɼ
á— Ûß¿é üÏü±õþ õÅËùé 300 mt/sec á¿îÂËõËá ÛËü Ûß¿é Îù±ý±õþ Âó±ËîÂõþ ÝÂóõþ Õ±â±îÂ
ßÂËõþ ¿¦šõþ ýËûþ Îáù¼ ëÂ×ÈÂói§ î±Âó û¿ð õÅËùéÂ Ý ÎÛ−ËéÂõþ ÷ËñÉ ü÷±òö±Ëõ ö±á ýËûþ û±ûþ
î±ýËù õÅËùé¿éÂõþ ëÂ×øî± õÔ¿XÂõþ Âó¿õþ÷±í ßÂî ýËõ ·
•üÏü±õþ ձРî±Р= 0.03, J = 4.2 × 107 erg/cal— 4

ëÂ×MõþÐ ÷Ëò ß¿õþ üÏü±õþ õÅËùËéÂõþ öÂõþ m gm

1
õÅËùé¿éÂõþ á¿îÂú¿M
= × m × (300 ) 2 x(100 ) 2 = 4.5 x10 8 m erg
2

õÅËùé¿é Îù±ý±õþ Âó±Ëî ձâ±î ßÂõþ±ûþ Ûý× á¿îÂú¿M
î±Âóú¿M
Ëî õþ+Âó±™Lÿõþî ýËõ¼
4.5 × 10 8 m
4.5 × 10 8 m erg Âó¿õþ÷±ò á¿îÂú¿M
õþ îÅÂùÉ î±Âóú¿M
= Cal.
4.2x10 7
450
= m cal
42

Ûý× î±Âóú¿M
õþ ÕËñÇß õÅËùé¿é Îú±ø¸í ßÂËõþ ¼ s = üÏü±õþ ձРî±Р= 0.03

õÅËùé¿éÂõþ ëÂ×øî± õÔ¿X t ýËù

1 4.5 × 10M
m.s.t = ×
2 4.2
1 4.5
or, 0.03 x t = × x10
2 4.2
1 45 1
or, t = × × × 10 3
2 42 3
15
= × 10 3
84
= 178.5oC.

∴ õÅËùé¿éÂõþ ëÂ×øî± õÔ¿X ýËõ 178.5oC.

6
 ¿õö±á - â
4¼ îÅ¿÷ Ûß¿é áɱùËö±Ëò±¿÷é±õþËß ßÂÏö±Ëõ Ûß¿é Õɱ÷¿÷é±Ëõþ õþ+Âó±™Lÿõþî ßÂõþËõ · Ûß¿é ձðúÇ
Ëö±Œ¿÷é±Ëõþõþ Îõþ±ñ ßÂî · Ûß¿é äÂùßÅÂ`ÂùÏ áɱùËö±Ëò±¿÷é±Ëõþõþ Îõþ±ñ 20Ω¼ ÛËî 0.01A ÷±Ëòõþ
Û¶õ±ý Âó±ê±Ëù Ûõþ ÂóÓíÇ Î¦¨ù ¿õËÂÂó ýûþ¼ ÛËß 100 volt ¿õöÂõ Û¶ËöÂð ÷±Âó±õþ ëÂ×ÂóËû±áÏ Îö±Œ¿÷é±Ëõþ
Âó¿õþíî ßÂõþËî ßÂî Îõþ±ñ Î|¿í ü÷õ±Ëûþ ûÅM
ßÂõþËî ýËõ¼ 2+1+3=6

ëÂ×MõþÐ • õîÂÇòÏõþ î¿hÂÈÛ¶õ±ý ÷±Âó±õþ æòÉ Õɱ÷¿÷é±õþËß õîÇÂòÏËî Ë|íÏ ü÷õ±Ëûþ ù±á±Ëò± ýûþ û±Ëî õîÇÂòÏõþ
÷Óù Û¶õ±ý Õɱ÷¿÷é±Ëõþõþ ÷ñÉ ¿ðËûþ û±ûþ¼ Ûý×ö±Ëõ õîÇÂòÏËî Õɱ÷¿÷é±õþ ûÅM
ßÂõþ±õþ ôÂËù û±Ëî õîÇÂòÏõþ
÷Óù Û¶õ±ý÷±S±õþ Îß±ò Âó¿õþõîÇÂò ò± ýûþ î±ý× Õɱ÷¿÷é±Ëõþõþ Îõþ±ñ ¿ò¥§÷±Ëòõþ ýÝûþ± Û¶Ëûþ±æò¼
áɱùËö±Ëò±¿÷é±õþËß Õɱ÷¿÷é±Ëõþ õþ+Âó±™LÃõþ ßÂõþ±õþ æòÉ ëÂ×ÂóûÅM
÷±Ëòõþ ü±Ké õÉõý±õþ ßÂõþËù
áɱùËö±Ëò±¿÷é±õþ¿éÂËß Õɱ÷¿÷é±õþ ¿ýü±Ëõ õÉõý±õþ ßÂõþ± ÎûËî Âó±Ëõþ¼
••Â Ûß¿é Õ±ðúÇ Îö±Œ¿÷é±Ëõþõþ Îõþ±ñ ÕüÏ÷¼
••• äÂùßÅÂ`ÂùÏ áɱùËö±Ëò±¿÷é±õþ Îõþ±ñ, 20Ω
÷Ëò ß¿õþ, áɱùËö±Ëò±¿÷é±õþ¿éÂõþ üË/ R Îõþ±ñ Î|íÏ ü÷õ±Ëûþ ûÅM
ßÂõþËù ü÷õ±ûþ¿é ëÂ×ÂóûÅM

Ëö±Œ¿÷é±Ëõþ Âó¿õþíî ýËõ¼
ü÷õ±ûþ¿éÂõþ Û¶õ±ý÷±S±, I = 0.01A

ü÷õ±ûþ¿éÂõþ Î÷±é Û¶±™LÃÏûþ ¿õöÂõ ÂóîÂò ýËõ 100 volt.

∴(G + R)I = 100

(20 + R) x 0.01 = 100
or, 20 + R = 10000
or, R = 10000 – 20
= 9080
∴Î|íÏ ü÷õ±Ëûþ 9080Ω Îõþ±ñ ûÅM
ßÂõþËî ýËõ¼

7
 Model Question Physics − 3

Group − A

Give answers to the following questions either in one word or one sentence.
(Alternatives are to be noted): 1 x 10 = 10
1.(a) ‘A progressive wave carries energy in a plane perpendicular to the plane of
wave front’ −− is the statement true ? 1
Ans: The statement is not true.
(b) Beats will be audible if the difference in frequencies of two superposing waves
is not greater than _____________. 1
Ans: Beats will be audible if the difference in frequencies of two superposing waves
is not greater than 15 .
(c) The value of potential inside a hollow spherical conductor is __________. 1
Q
Ans: The value of potential inside a hollow spherical conductor is ,
4π ∈o R

R= radius of the conductor.

(d) Can it be possible to accelerate a neutron in a cyclotron accelerator ? 1
Ans. It is not possible to accelerate a neutron in cyclotron accelerator.
(e) Comment whether P−type semiconductor is positively charged or not ? 1
Ans. P−type semiconductor is not charged.
(f) Give an example where electron ejects photon. 1
Ans. In X−ray production electron ejects photon.

Group − B

2. (a) Why centrifugal force is termed as pseudo force ? 2

Ans. There is no existence of centrifugal force in an inertial frame of reference. The
source of this force in a noninertial frame, cannot be find out. It appears not
due to action−reaction like seal force. So it is termed as pseudo force.
(b) Degree of freedom of molecules of a gas is 5. Find the value of Cp / Cv 2
Cp 2
Ans. We know = γ and γ = 1 + .
Cv f

1
 In this case f = degrees freedom = 5
2 7
∴ γ = 1+ =
5 5
Cp 7
∴ =γ=
Cv 5
(c) At equal temperature does r.m.s velocity of the molecules of Hydrogen and
Oxygen will be same ? Give reason . 2
Ans. At equal temperature r.m.s. velocity of the molecules of Hydrogen and Oxygen
will not be same. Because for Hydrogen

3RT
(Cr.m.S )H = and for Oxygen
2
MH2

3RT
(Cr.m.S) O2 = . Since MO 2 > MH2 ,
MO 2

so (Cr.m.S) O2 < (Cr.m.S )H2 i.e. r.m.s. velocity of Oxygen will be less than the

r.m.s. velocity of Hydrogen.

(d) An electron when projected from rest through a potential difference of 60,000 v
attains a velocity of 1,46 x 1010 cm/s. Find the ratio of charge and mass of
electron. 2
Ans. Here v = velocity attained by the electron
= 1,46 x 106 cm/s
= 1,46 x 108 m/s
V = Potential difference through which the electron is allowed to move.
= 60,000 volt
m = mass of the electron is S.I.
e = charge of the electron in S.I.
1
So, mv 2 = ev
2

Or,
e
=
v2
=
(
146 × 10 8
=
)
2
146 × 146 × 10 16
= 1776. 33 x 108 coul/kg.
m 2V 2 × 60,000 12 × 10 4
(e) A metal shows photoelectric effect in green light. Will it show photoelectric
effect in violet light. Give reason to your answer. 2
Ans. Yes, the metal will show photo−electric effect in violet light also, because νv >
νG and hence Ev > EG, where F = energy of E.M. radiation
= h ν,

2
 Group − C

3.a) What do you mean by centripetal accn ? Obtain the expression for centripetal
accn of a point particle moving uniformly in a circular path. 1+3
Ans. If a body moves in uniform circular motion, then the body has an acceleration
towards the centre of the circle due to change of direction of it’s velocity with
time. This acceleration is called centripetal acceleration.
Consider a particle of mass ‘m’ moving along a circle of radius ‘r’ with
r r
uniform angular velocity ‘w’. Let v 1 and v 2 be the instantaneous linear velocities
r
of the particle at A and B respectively in a time Y v2
interval ∆t. Since angular velocity is constant, the B X
r r r
magnitude of v 1 and v 2 be same. Therefore the v1
θ
particle’s velocity changes due to change in O r
A

direction only. Take a point c. Draw ca parallel to

AX and cb parallel to BY.
r r
Now | v 1 |=| v 2 |= v
a
i.e. ca = cb.
r r r
It is cleared that ab = ∆v = change of velocity = v 2 − v 1 . b v1
r r
∆v ab v2
∴ The centripetal acceleration = = . c
∆t ∆t
If ∆t is small then θ will also be small. Then the hard AB will be nearly equal to
the arc AB. The ∆AOB and ∆acb are similar.
ab ca
∴ = .
AB OA
ab v
Or, = , because AB = v ∆t ; ca = v; OA = r
v∆t r

ab v 2
Or, =
∆t r
Hence the acceleration,
r ab v2
a= = n̂ , where n̂ is the unit vector directed towards the centre.
∆t r
So the acceleration is termed as centripetal acceleration.

3
b) An artificial satellite is moving in a circular orbit around the earth with a speed
equal to the half of the magnitude of the escape velocity from the earth.
i) Determination the height of the satellite above the Earth surface.
ii) If the satellite is stopped suddenly in its orbit and allowed to fall freely
on the earth, then determine the speed with which it hits the earth’s
surface. 2+2

GM
Ans. Let the velocity of the artificial satellite be v, then v =
Rth
Where M = Mass of the earth
R = Radius of the earth
h = Height of the artificial satellite from the surface of the earth.
Let ve is the escape velocity then

2GM
ve =
R
According to condition,
ve
v=
2
ve
(i) Now, v=
2

GM 1 2GM
or, =
Rth 2 R
GM 1 2GM
or, = ×
Rth 4 R
or, Rth = 2R
∴h=R
(ii) Let the speed of the satellite with which it hits the earth be V.
Now the total energy of the satellite when it is in orbit,
1 GMm
(E T ) = mv 2 −
2 Rth
1 GM GMm
= m −
2 Rth Rth
GMm GMm
= −
2(Rth) Rth
GMm
= − …(1)
2(Rth)

4
 The total energy of the satellite when it just hits the surface,

(E ) = 21 mv
/
T
2
−
GMm
R
…(2)

Now E T/ = E T

1 GMm GMm
Or, mv 2 − =−
2 R 2(Rth)

mv 2 GMm GMm
Or, = −
2 R Rth
2GM 2GM
Or, v 2 = −
R Rth
1 1 
= 2GM  − 
 R Rth 

1 1 
= 2GM − , h = R
 R 2R 
2GM GM
= =
2R R

GM
∴v = .
R

c) Show that in an adiabatic expansion, work done (W) by an ideal gas is

R
W= [T2 − T1 ] where temperature of the gas changes from T1 to T2. 4
1− γ
Ans. We know that the work done ‘dw’ for expansion of a gas by an amount dv is
given by
dw = p dv
In case of adiabatic expansion of ideal gas pvγ = K (say)
K
or, P=
vγ
K
so dw = dv
vγ
v2
K
∴ dw ∫
v1
vγ
dv

K  1 1 
=  γ −1 − γ −1 
1 − γ  v 2 v 1 

5
 1  Kv 2 Kv 1 
=  − γ 
1 − γ  v 2γ v 1 

1
= [P2 v 2 − P1v 1 ]
1− γ
R
= [T2 − T1 ]
1− γ
d) which property of wave shows that sound wave is longitudinal ? Calculate the
value of Young’s modulus of steel if its density is 7.8 gm/cm3 and if sound
travels in it with a velocity of 5200 m/S. 1+3
Ans. Sound waves can propagate through liquid and gas medium like longitudinal
waves. Polarisation of sound waves is not possible. Polarisation takes place
only in case of transverse wave. So sound wave is longitudinal wave.
Velocity of sound wave through a rod or through a wire is give by,

y
v=
ρ

where v = velocity of sound wave

= 5200 m/S
= 520000 cm/S
ρ = density of the material
= 7.8 gm/cm3
y = young modulus of the steel wire which has to be determined.

y
Now 520000 =
7.8
y
Or = 52 × 52 × 10 8
7 .8
∴ y = 7.7 × 52 × 52 × 108
= 21091.2 × 108
= 2.1 × 1012 dyne/cm2.
e) Two capacitor of capacitences C1 = 2µF and C2 = 8µF are connected in series
and the resulting combination is connected across 300 volt. Calculate the
charge, potential difference and energy stored in capacitor separately. 4
Ans. c1 = 2µF, c2 = 8µF
v = 300 volt. The two capacitors are connected in series.

6
 Let the potential difference, charge and energy stored in the two given
capacitors are v1, q1 E1 and v2, q2, E2 respectively. Since they are connected in
series, so q1 = q2 = q (say).
q q
Now, v1 = and v 2 =
c1 c2

q q
v = 300 volt = +
c1 c 2

 1 1 
= q + 
 c1 c 2 

 1 1 
= q + 
 2µF 8µF 
 1 1 
= q −6
+ −6

 2 × 10 8 × 10 

 1 1
= q × 10 6  + 
2 8
5
= 10 6 q ×
8
8 300
∴= ×
5 100
= 480 x 10−6 coul
= 480 µ coul
q 480 µ coul
So, v 1 = = = 240 volt
c1 2µF

q 480 µ coul
v2 = = = 60 volt
c2 8µF

1 1
E1 = q v 1 = × 480 × 10 −6 × 240
2 2
= 57600 x 10−6 Joule.
= 0.0576 Joule
1 1
E2 = q v 2 = × 480 × 10 −6 × 60
2 2
= 0.0144 Joule.
f) i) Define magnetic moment of a magnet. What is its unit ? 1+1

7
Ans. Combination of two isolated, equal and opposite magnetic poles separated by
a small distance constitute a magnetic dipole. The product of pole strength
(qm) and length (L) of dipole is called magnetic moment (M)
r r
∴ M = qm L
In S.I. system its unit is Am2.
ii) If a bar magnet of length L and magnetic moment M is bent into the form of a
semicircle then find its magnetic moment. 2
Ans. Let the pole strength of the bar−magnet be qm. So M = qm L.
d
Now d be the diameter of the semicircle, then L = πr = π
2
2L
Or d =
π
In new condition, the magnetic moment = qmd
2L
= qm ×
π
2
= qmL
π
2M
= .
π
g) State Mosby’s law. State two importance of Mosby’s law. 2+2
Ans. Mosby’s law states that the square root of the frequency of any particular
spectral line is proportional to the atomic number of the target element i.e.

ν α( z − b).
Two importance of Mosby’s Law
(i) Properties of an element do not depend upon it’s atomic weight but
upon it’s atomic number. So atomic number is the fundamental quantity
of an element.

(ii) A straight line graph between ν and z indicates that atomic number
increases regularly from one element to next element. Hence in the
periodic table the elements should be arranged in the order of
increasing atomic number.

8
 Group − D

4.a) i) Show that the fundamental frequency of an open pipe is twice that of a
closed pipe if they are of same length.
Ans.

L L

Closed Pipe Open Pipe

One closed pipe and one open pipe both the same length ‘L’ are taken
for consideration. Formation of fundamental tone in both cases are
shown in the ‘above fig’. For closed pipe frequency of the fundamental
tone is given by,
v v
no = = …(i)
λ o 4L

and for open pipe that is given by

v v
n o/ = /
= …(ii)
λ o 2L

v
= 2×
4L
= 2 × no

n o/ = 2n o

i.e. the fundamental frequency of an open pipe is twice that of a closed

pipe if they are same length.
ii) What are beats ?
Ans. Periodic variations of the intensity of wave resulting from the
superposition of two waves of slightly different frequencies is known as
the phenomenon of beats.
iii) The frequency of a tuning fork is 256 Hz and sound travels to a distance
of 40m. While the fork executes 32 vibrations. Find the wave length of
the note emitted by the form. 2+2+2

9
 Ans. For 32 vibrations the distance traversed by sound wave is 40m. So the
40
distance traversed by sound wave for 256 vibrations is × 256
32
= 320 meter.
∴ v = velocity of the wave
= 320 m/S.
320 5
∴λ = = 1.25m.
256 4
b) i) State Biot−Savart Law.
r
Ans. According to Biot−Savart’s Law, the magnetic field dB at a point whose
r
position vector r with respect to a current element dl of a wire carrying
current I, is given by
r µ oI  dl × rr 
dB =  
4π  r 3 

ii) By using this law find the magnetic induction B at a distance ‘d’ from an
infinitely long straight conductor carrying current I. 2+4
Ans. Consider an element xy of a long straight conductor AB carrying current
I in the direction from A to B. Let P be the observation point at a
distance x from the centre of the element.
PM = r = normal distance of the point from the wire.
According Biot−Savart’s Law
dB = magnetic intensity at P due the element xy
µ o I dl sinθ
= sinθ = sin(π/2 − α) = cos α
4π x 2

µ o I r sec 2 αdα cosα

= × from ∆ O µρ
4π r2
cos 2 α
µo I r
= cosα dα cos α =
4π r x
µo I r
= cosα dα x=
4π r cos α
l
tan α =
r
l = r tan α
dl = r sec2α dα.

10
 B α2
µ oI
∴B = ∫
0
dB =
4πr ∫
α1
cosα dα

µo
= (sin α 2 − sin α 1 )
4πr

11
 Model Question Physics − 4

¿õö±á - ßÂ
1¼ ¿ò¥œ¿ù¿àî Û¶
Ÿ&¿ùõþ ÛßÂßÂï±ûþ õ± Ûß¿é õ±ËßÂÉ ëÂ×Mõþ ð±Ý¼ •¿õߊ Û¶
Ÿ&¿ù ùÂÉíÏûþ—
1 x 10 = 10
1
(a) öÂõþ ÕÂó¿õþõ¿MÇî ÎïËß ÂóÔ¿ïõÏõþ õɱü±ñÇ ýêÂ±È ÕÑú ýËù ¿ðòõþ±¿Sõþ ÆðâÇ ßÂî ýËõ·
n

•ü¿êÂß ëÂ×Mõþ ¿òõDZäÂò ßÂõþ—

24 24 24 24
(i) âKé±, (ii) 2
âKé±, (iii) 3
âKé±, (iv) âKé±
n n n n2

ëÂ×MõþÐ Õ±÷õþ± 汿ò,

 2π 2MR 2 
I1w1 = I2w2  w = & I = 
 T 5 
2
2 2 R
⇒ MR 2 w 1 = M  .w 2
5 5 n

⇒ w2 = n2w1
2π 2π
⇒ = n2
T2 T1

T1
T2 = Ûàò, T1 = 24 âKé± ; T2 = ?
n2
24
∴ T2 = âKé±
n2
1 24
∴ öÂõþ ÕÂó¿õþõ¿îÇÂî ÎïËß ÂóÔ¿ïõÏõþ õɱü±ñÇ ýêÂ±È a ÕÑú ýËù ¿ðòõþ±¿Sõþ ÆðâÇÉ ýËõ âKé±¼
n n2

Õïõ±, éÂßÇ T Ûõþ ÎÂËS Îß±ò ü¥óßÇ¿é ü¿êÂß ·

r r r r r r r
(i) T = r × F (ii) T = F x r (iii) T = r . F (iv) T = rF cosθ
r r r
ëÂ×MõþÐ éÂßÇ T Ûõþ ÎÂËS T = r × F ü¥óßÇ¿é ü¿êÂß¼
(b) ÂóÔ¿ïõÏõþ ÂóÔˇÂõþ ÝÂóõþ Îû Îß±Ëò± ¿õjÅËî ÷ý±ßÂø¸ÇÏûþ Û¶±õËùÉõþ ÷±ò ýù --
(i) g (ii) g/2 (iii) g/3 (iv) 2g
ëÂ×MõþÐ ÂóÔ¿ïõÏ ÂÂóÔˇÂõþ ëÂ×Âóõþ Îû Îß±Ëò± ¿õjÅËî ÷ý±ßÂø¸ÇÏûþ Û¶±õËùÉõþ ÷±ò ýù g¼

1
Õïõ±, óÔ¿ïõÏÂóÔˇ ÷Å¿MËõá ve, Îû áèýõþ öÂõþ Ý õɱü±ñÇ ëÂ×öÂûþý× ÂóÔ¿ïõÏõþ öÂõþ Ý õɱü±ËñÇõþ 5

&í Îüý×Ä áèËýõþ ÷Å¿MËõá ---

ve
(i) 5ve (ii) (iii) 25ve (iv) ve
5
GM
ëÂ×MõþÐ ËûËß±Ëò± áèËýõþ g=
R2

GM e
∴ ÂóÔ¿ïõÏõþ ÎÂËS, ge =
R 2e

G × 5M e 1 GM e g e
ÛõÑ Ã›¶Ë
Ÿ ëÂ׿{¡¿àî áèËýõþ ÎÂËS, g= 2
= . =
(5R e ) 5 R 2e 5

∴ v e = 2g e R e

ge
& v e/ = 2gR = 2. .5R e = 2g e R e = ve
5

∴ ÂóÔ¿ïõÏ ÂóÔˇ ÷Å¿MËõá ve, Îû áèËýõþ öÂõþ Ý õɱü±ñÇ ëÂ×öÂûþý× ÂóÔ¿ïõÏõþ öÂõþ Ý õɱü±ËñÇõþ 5

&í Îüý× áèËýõþ ÷Å¿MËõá −ve ¼

(c) îÂõþË/õþ Îß±ò ñ÷Ç Ã›¶÷±í ßÂËõþ Îû úsîÂõþ/ ÕíÅÍðâÇÉ ·

ëÂ×MõþÐ îÂõþË/õþ ü÷õîÇÂò •polarisation— ñ÷Ç Ã›¶÷±ò ßÂËõþ Îû ús îÂõþ/ ÕòÅÍðâÇɼ ÕòÅÍðâÇÉ îÂõþË/õþ
ü÷õîÇÂò ýûþ ò±¼ ÎûËýîÅ ús îÂõþË/õþ ü÷õîÇÂò ýûþ ò± î±ý× ý×ý± ÕòÅÍðâÇÉ îÂõþ/¼
(d) ‘λ’ îÂõþ/ÍðËâÇÉõþ ðÅ¿é ÛßÂõíÇÏ Õ±Ëù±ß îÂõþË/õþ ÷ËñÉ áêÂò÷Óùß õÉ¿îÂä±Ëõþõþ æòÉ Ã›¶Ëûþ±æòÏûþ Âóï
a a a
Âó±ïÇßÂÉ ýù (i) nλ (ii) (2n+1) (iii) (2n − 1) (iv) (2n + 1)
2 2 4

ëÂ×MõþÐ λ îÂõþ/ÍðËâÇÉõþ ðÅ¿é ÛßÂõíÇÏ Õ±Ëù±ßÂîÂõþË/õþ ÷ËñÉ áêÂò÷Óùß õÉ¿îÂä±Ëõþõþ ÂÛ¶Ëûþ±æòÏûþ ÂóïÂó±ïÇßÂÉ
ýù nλ.

Õïõ±, îÂõþ/÷Óà-Ûõþ üÑ:± ð±Ý ¼

ëÂ×MõþÐ Îß±Ëò± ëÂ×Èü ÎïËß ձËù± å¿hÂËûþ Âóh±õþ ü÷ûþ ëÂ×Èü ÎïËß ü÷ðÅõþõîÂÏÇ ¿õjÅ&¿ùõþ ÂóïÂó±ïÇßÂÉ Ý
ðú±Âó±ïÇßÂÉ ÛßÂý× ýûþ¼ ÛËðõþ ü÷ðú± ü¥ói§ ¿õjÅ õËù¼ Ü ü÷ðú±ü¥ói§ ¿õjÅ&¿ùõþ
ü=Á±õþÂóïËß îÂõþ/÷Åà •wavefront— õËù¼
(e) ’r’ õɱü±ËñÇõþ ðÅ¿é ձ¿ýîÂ Ý Õ™Lÿõþî Îá±ùßÂËß Û¶ËîÂÉß¿éÂËß q Õ±ñ±Ëò Õ±¿ýî ßÂËõþ Âóõþ¦óËõþõþ

2
 1 q2 1 q2
üѦóËúÇ õþ±àËù, ¿õßÂø¸Çí õËùõþ ÷±ò ýËõ (i) úÓíÉ, (ii) ÕüÏ÷, (iii) (iv)
4π ∈0 r 0 8π ∈0 r 2

ëÂ×MõþÐ ←2r→

2.r r.q
1 q.q 1 q2
∴F = . = .
4π ∈0 (2r ) 2 16 π ∈0 r 2

r õɱü±ËñÇõþ ðÅ¿é ձ¿ýîÂ Ý Õ™Lÿõþî Îá±ùßÂËß Û¶ËîÂÉß¿éÂËß q Õ±ñ±Ëò Õ±¿ýî ßÂËõþ Â

1 q2
óõþ¦óËõþõþ üѦóËúÇ õþ±àËù, ¿õßÂø¸Çí õËùõþ ÷±ò ýËõ . 2.
16 π ∈0 r

Õïõ±, Õ±¿ýî Âó¿õþõ±ýÏõþ Õ±ñ±ò ñËõþ õþ±à±õþ æòÉ î±õþ ձ߱õþ ¿ßÂõþ+Âó ýÝûþ± ðõþß±õþ ·
ëÂ×MõþÐ Õ±¿ýî Âó¿õþõ±ýÏõþ Õ±ñ±ò ñËõþ õþ±à±õþ æòÉ î±õþ õ±ý×Ëõþõþ îÂËùõþ ÎÂSÂôÂù Îõ¿ú ýÝûþ± ðõþß±õþ¼
ß±õþò Âó¿õþõ±ýÏõþ Õ±ñ±ò î±õþ õ±ý×Ëõþõþ îÂËù Õõ¦š±ò ßÂËõþ¼
(f) ßÅÂù¥¤ / Ëö±Œ Îß±ò Û¶±ßÔ¿îÂß õþ±¿úõþ ÛßÂß ·
q
ëÂ×MõþÐ c= = ßÅÂù¥¤ / Îö±Œ
v

∴ ßÅÂù¥¤ / Îö±Œ ñ±õþßÂËQõþ ÛßÂß¼

(g) Ûß¿é áɱùö±Ëò±¿÷é±õþËß Õɱ¿÷¿÷é±Ëõþ õþ+Âó±™Lÿõþî ßÂõþËî ýËù Ûõþ üË/ Îû±á ßÂõþËî ýûþ
(i) Ë|¿íËî ¿ò¥§ Îõþ±ñ (ii) Î|¿íËî ëÂ×Bä Îõþ±ñ, (iii) ü÷±™LÃõþ±ù ¿ò¥§ Îõþ±ñ .
(iv) ü÷±™LÃõþ±ù ëÂ×Bä Îõþ±ñ¼

ëÂ×MõþÐ Ûß¿é áɱùö±Ëò±¿÷é±õþËß Õɱ¿÷¿÷é±Ëõþ õþ+Âó±™Lÿõþî ßÂõþËî ýËù Ûõþ üË/ Îû±á ßÂõþËî ýûþ
ü÷±™LÃõþ±ù ¿ò¥§Ëõþ±ñ¼
(h) Âó¿õþõîÇÂÏ Ã›¶õ±Ëýõþ r.m.s. ÷±ò Ý úÏø¸Ç÷±Ëòõþ ÕòÅÂó±î ßÂî ·
ëÂ×MõþÐ Âó¿õþõîÂÏÇ Ã›¶õ±Ëýõþ r.m.s. ÷±ò = úÏø¸Ç÷±ò / 2

∴ r.m.s. ÷±ò : úÏø¸Ç÷±ò =1: 2

∴ Âó¿õþõîÇÂÏ Ã›¶õ±Ëýõþ r.m.s. ÷±ò Ý úÏø¸Ç÷±Ëòõþ ÕòÅÂó±î 1: 2¼

(i) (1.101)2 Ûõþ ðú¿÷ß ÷±ò ¿òíÇûþ ßÂõþ¼

ëÂ×MõþÐ 1.101 = 1 x 20 + (1 x 2−1 + 0 x 2−2 + 1 x 2−3)

3
 1 1
= 1+ + = 1 + 0.5 + 0.125
2 8
= 1.625.
(1.101)2 = (1.625)10
Õïõ±, (11.375)10 üÑàɱ¿éÂõþ õ±ý×ò±¿õþ ÷±ò ¿òíÇûþ ßÂõþ¼
ëÂ×MõþÐ (11.375)10

Ûàò,
2 11
2 5 −1
2 2 −1 (11)10 = (1011)2
1 −0
Ûàò,
.375 x 2 = 0.750 −0
0.750 x 2 = 1.500 −1 (.375)10 = (.011)2
0.500 x 2 = 1.000 −1

∴ (11.375)10 = (1011.011)2
(j) ý±ý×ËE±Ëæò Âóõþ÷±íÅõþ äÂîÅÂïÇ ßÂËÂõþ ý×ËùßÂéªËòõþ ú¿M ¿ZîÂÏûþßÂËÂõþ ú¿Mõþ ßÂîÂ&í ·
ëÂ×MõþÐ Õ±÷õþ± 汿ò,
me 4
En =
8 ∈02 n 2 h 2

Ûàò,
me 4
E2 = − 2
8 ∈02 (2) 2 h 2

me 4
ÛõÑ E4 = −
8 ∈02 ( 4) 2 h 2

me 4
E4 8 ∈02 ( 4) 2 h 2 1
= 4
= 2
E2 me 4
8 ∈02 (2) 2 h 2

E2
∴E4 = .
4

4
 hλ hγ hc
Õïõ±, λ ßÂ¥ó±Ë‚Âõþ Ûß¿é Îô±éÂËòõþ öÂõþËõá ýù (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) h.
c C 2
λ

hλ
ëÂ×MõþÐ λ ßÂ¥ó±Ë‚Âõþ Ûß¿é Îô±éÂò ßÂí±õþ öÂõþËõá ýù
c

¿õö±á - à
2¼ ¿ò¥§¿ù¿àî Û¶
Ÿ&¿ùõþ ëÂ×Mõþ ð±Ý Ð w 2x7
B(θ2)t2
(a) Íõþ¿àß Îõá Ý ÎßÂÌ¿òß ÎõËáõþ ü¥óßÇ¿é ¿òíÇûþ ßÂËõþ±¼
ëÂ×MõþÐ ¿äÂS ýý×Ëî Îõ±ç± û±ûþ θ
0 r A(θ1)t1
θ − θ1 θ
ËßÂÌ¿íß Îõá w= 2 =
t 2 − t1 t

t = t2 − t 1 ü÷Ëûþ õdßÂí± ßÂîÔÇÂß տîÂS±™Là ðÅõþQ S = AB ä±ËÂóõþ ÆðâÉÇ

S
Ûàò, θ=
r
S
∴w =
rt
S
Õ±õ±õþ Æõþ¿àß Îõá v=
t
v
∴w = ∴ v = rw
r
∴ Íõþ¿àß Îõá = ÎßÂÌ¿íß Îõá x ßÂÂÂóËïõþ õɱü±ñǼ
(b) ÂóÔ¿ïõÏõþ ÎßÂf ÎïËß ÂóÔ¿ïõÏÂóÔˇÂõþ õ±¿ýËõþ h ëÂ×BäÂî± ÂóûÇ™Là h Ûõþ ü±Ëï g Ûõþ Âó¿õþõîÇÂËòõþ

Îùà¿äÂS Õ‚Âò ßÂõþ¼

ëÂ×MõþÐ
ÂóÔ¿ïõÏõþ ÕöÂÉ™LÃËõþ
(g)

P ÂÂóÔ¿ïõÏÂóÔˇÂõþ õ±ý×Ëõþ
Õ¿öÂßÂø¸Çæ Qõþí

OR = ÂóÔ¿ïõÏõþ õɱü±ñÇ

0 R óÔ¿ïõÏõþ ÎßÂf ÎïËß ðÅõþQ

5
 ëÂ×ÂóËõþõþ Îùà¿äÂS¿é ÂóÔ¿ïõÏõþ ÎßÂf ÎïËß ðÅõþËQõþ üË/ g Ûõþ Âó¿õþõîÇÂò Îðà±Ëò± ýËûþËå¼
öÓÂ-ÂóÔˇÂõþ ÕöÂÉ™LÃËõþ g-Ûõþ ÷±ò ðÅõþËQõþ ü±Ëï ü÷±òÅÂó±Ëî õ±Ëh¼ ÂóÔ¿ïõÏ ÂóÔˇÂõþ õ±ý×Ëõþ g -Ûõþ ÷±ò

ëÂ×BäÂî± õ±h±õþ ü±Ëï ü±Ëï ßÂ÷Ëî ï±Ëß¼ ÂóÔ¿ïõÏÂóÔˇ g-Ûõþ ÷±ò üËõDZBä ýûþ¼
(c) ß¿êÂò Ý îÂõþËùõþ ÎÂËS Ûß¿é ձËÂó¿Âß î±Âó ï±ßÂËùÝ áɱËüõþ ÎÂËS ÎßÂò ðÅ¿éÂ
Õ±ËÂó¿Âß î±Âó ï±Ëß ·
ëÂ×MõþÐ áɱËüõþ ä±Âó Ý Õ±ûþîÂò î±Âó÷±S±õþ ëÂ×Âóõþ ¿òöÇÂõþúÏù¼ ûàò Îß±Ëò± ¿ò¿ðÇ©† Âó¿õþ÷±ò
áɱüËß ëÂ×Ml ßÂõþ± ýûþ îÂàò î±õþ î±Âó÷±S± õÔ¿XÂõþ üË/ Õ±ûþîÂò • v — Ý • P — ðÅý×ý× õÔ¿X Âó±ûþ¼ Â
¿ò¿ðÇ©† öÂËõþõþ áɱüËß Õ±ûþîÂò ¿¦šõþ ÎõþËà î±Âó ÂÛ¶Ëûþ±Ëá î±õþ î±Âó÷±S± õÔ¿X ßÂõþ± û±ûþ Õ±õ±õþ
ä±Âó ¿¦šõþ ÎõþËà î±Âó Û¶Ëûþ±Ëá áɱËüõþ î±Âó÷±S± õÔ¿X ßÂõþ± û±ûþ¼ Ûý× ß±õþËò áɱËüõþ ðÅý× Ã›¶ß±õþ Â
Õ±ËÂó¿Âß î±Âó¼ ß¿êÂò Ý îÂõþËùõþ ÎÂËS Ûý×õþßÂ÷ ò± ýÝûþ±õþ æòÉ ý×ý±Ëðõþ ÛßÂ۶߱õþ Õ±ËÂó¿ÂßÂ
î±Âó¼ áɱËüõþ ðÅý×-۶߱õþ Õ±ËÂó¿Âß î±Âó ýù --
(i) ¿¦šõþ Õ±ûþîÂËò Õ±ËÂó¿Âß î±Âó • Cv —
(ii) ¿¦šõþ ä±ËÂó Õ±ËÂó¿Âß î±Âó • CP —
Õïõ±, üË÷±¥§ Ý õþ+XÂî±Âó Û¶¿Sûþ±õþ Âó±ïÇßÂÉ Îùà ¼
ëÂ×MõþÐ

üË÷±= Áõþ+XÂî±Âó
áɱËüõþ ÕöÂÉ™LÃõþÏí ú¿M ÛßÂý× ï±Ëß áɱËüõþ Õ±öÂÉ™LÃõþÏí ú¿M Ý ëÂ×øî± ÛßÂý×
ëÂ×øî±õþ Âó¿õþõîÂÇò ýûþ ò±¼ ï±Ëß ò±¼

Ë÷±é ú¿Mõþ Âó¿õþõîÇÂò ýûþ¼ Ë÷±é ú¿M ÕÂó¿õþõ¿îÇÂî ï±Ëß ¼

õËûþËùõþ üÓS pv = K Û¶Ëû±æÉ õþ+XÂî±Âó ü÷ÏßÂõþí pvr = K

Û¶¿Sûþ±¿é ÷Lšõþ á¿î ü¥ói§ ¼ Û¶¿Sûþ±¿é ^nî á¿î ü¥ói§ ¼

(d) ö±Ëù± õ< ¿òõ±õþËßÂõþ Û¶Ëûþ±æòÏûþ &í&¿ù ¿ß ¿ß ·

ëÂ×MõþÐ ö±Ëù± õ<õËýõþ ¿ò¥§¿Âù¿àî &í &¿ù ï±ß± ðõþß±õþ --

6
 (i) ð`¿é Îûò ¿òõþ¿õ¿Båi§ ýûþ ÷±¿éÂËî áöÂÏõþö±Ëõ ÎÂó񱔱 ï±Ëß ¼
(ii) î¿hÂÈË÷±ÂËíõþ ôÂËù Îû î±Âó üÔ¿©† ýûþ î±Ëî Îûò ð`¿é áËù ò± û±ûþ¼
(iii) ðË` õþ ëÂ×ÂóËõþõþ Û¶±Ë™Là üÓ¿äÂ÷ÅËàõþ üÑàɱ Îõ¿ú ï±ßÂËù ö±Ëù± ýûþ¼
(e) ÷Óù¿õjÅõþ ü±ËÂóË (a, o) Ý (o, a) ¿õjÅZËûþ ûï±SË÷ q Ý q Õ±ñ±ò Õ±Ëå¼ (a,a) ¿õjÅËî Ã

›¶±õËùÉõþ ÷±ò ßÂî ·

r
ëÂ×MõþÐ A ¿õjÅËî Õõ¿¦šî ձñ±Ëòõþ æòÉ P ¿õjÅËî Û¶±õùÉ E1
r 1 q R
E1 = . 2 , PR õõþ±õõþ r
4π ∈0 a E
v 1 q q
E2 = . 2 , PS õõþ±õõþ (0, a)
4π ∈0 a r
B P(a, a)
r r r S E2
∴ P ¿õjÅËî ù¿t Û¶±õùÉ E = E 1 + E 2

1 2.q
∴ E = E12 + E 22 = . 2 .
4π ∈0 a
A(a, 0)

Õïõ±, m öÂËõþõþ õdËî q Õ±ñ±ò ÎðÝûþ± ýù¼ Ûß¿é L ÆðËâÉõþ üÅî±õþ ü±ý±ËûÉ Â
çÅ¿ùËûþ ÛËß ÕòÅöÓ¿÷ß î¿hÂÈ ÎÂS E Îî ¦š±Âóò ßÂõþËù Û¿é ëÂ×{¡¥¤ Îõþà±õþ ü±Ëï ßÂî Îß±í ßÂõþËõ ·

ëÂ×MõþÐ ¿äÂËS ÎïËß Îõ±ç± û±ûþ,

T cosθ = mg …(1)
T cosθ θ
T sinθ = F … (2)
θ
T sinθ
ëÂ×ÂóËõþ±M ü÷ÏßÂõþí ðÅ¿é ÎïËß Âó±ý×, F
A
T sinθ F
=
T cosθ mg
mg
q×E
⇒ tan θ = [ ∴ õù F = q x E]
mg

qE
∴ θ = tan −1
mg

(f) Âó¿õþõ±ýÏõþ ñ±õþßÂQ ¿ß ¿ß ¿õø¸Ëûþõþ ÝÂóõþ ¿òöÇÂõþúÏù ·

ëÂ×MõþÐ Âó¿õþõ±ýÏõþ ñ±õþßÂQ ¿ò¥§¿Âù¿àî ¿õø¸ûþ&¿ùõþ ëÂ×Âóõþ ¿òöÇÂõþ ßÂËõþ --

7
 (i) Âó¿õþõ±ýÏõþ ձ߱õþ õ± ¿õ™¦¸±õþ Ð- õÔýð±ûþîÂò Âó¿õþõ±ýÏõþ ÎÂËS ¿õöÂõ ßÂ÷ ýÝûþ±ûþ ñ±õþßÂQ
Ëõ¿ú ýûþ¼
(ii) ¿òßÂéÂõîÂÏÇ ¦š±Ëò öÓÂ-üÑù¢Ÿ Âó¿õþõ±ýÏõþ ëÂ×Â󿦚¿î Ð-
Ëß±Ëò± Õ±¿ýî Âó¿õþõ±ýÏõþ ¿òßÂéÂõîÂÏÇ ¦š±Ëò ÕòÉ Âó¿õþõ±ýÏõþ ëÂ×Â󿦚¿îÂõþ •öÓÂ-üÑù¢Ÿ— æòÉ
¿õöÂõ ßÂË÷ û±ûþ ôÂËù î±õþ ñ±õþßÂQ õÔ¿X Âó±ûþ¼
(iii) Âó±¿õþÂó±¿
«Çß ÷±ñÉË÷õþ Û¶ßÔ¿î Ð-
Âó¿õþõ±ýÏõþ ¿òßÂËé Îß±Ëò± Âóõþ±ÍõðÅÉ¿îÂß ÷±ñÉ÷ ï±ßÂËù î±õþ ñ±õþßÂQ õ±Ëh¼
Õïõ±, ñ±õþßÂËQõþ ü±ËÂóË Âóõþ±ÍõðÉ¿îÂß ñènõËßÂõþ üÑ:± ð±Ý ¼
ëÂ×MõþÐ ñ±õþËßÂõþ ðÅý× Âó¿õþõ±ýÏ Âó±ËîÂõþ ÷ñÉõîÂÏÇ ÷±ñÉ÷Ëß Âóõþ±¿õðÅÉÈ • dielectric — õù± ýûþ¼ Îß±Ëò±
ñ±õþËßÂõþ Âó¿õþõ±ýÏ Âó±î ðÅ¿éÂõþ ÷ËñÉ õ±ûþÅõþ Âó¿õþõËîÇ Îß±Ëò± Õ™LÃõþß Âóð±ïÇ ï±ßÂËù ñ±õþßÂQ ûîÂ&í õÔ¿XÂ
Âó±ûþ î±ËßÂ Ü Õ™LÃõþËßÂõþ ÕïÇ±È Âóõþ±¿õðÅÉËîÂõþ Âóõþ±ÍõðÅÉ¿îÂß ñènõß õù± ýûþ¼
Ü Õ™LÃõþß ÷±ñÉ÷ ¿òËûþ ñ±õþËßÂõþ ñ±õþßÂQ
∴ Îß±Ëò± Õ™LÃõþËßÂõþ Âóõþ±ÍõðÅÉ¿îÂß ñènõß =
õ±ûþÅ ÷±ñÉ÷ ¿òËûþ ñ±õþËßÂõþ ñ±õþßÂQ

(g) Ûß¿é ¿äÂËSõþ ü±ý±ËûÉ î¿hÂÈ äÅÂ¥¤ßÂÏûþ îÂõþË/õþ î¿hÂÈËÂS, ÎäÂÌ¥¤ßÂËÂS Ý ¿õ™¦¸±Ëõþõþ
¿ðß ¿òËðÇú ßÂõþ¼
ëÂ×MõþÐ
x

r
E
r
O v
Z1
r
R

r
B , y-ÕËÂõþ ¿ðËßÂ
ËäÂÌ¥¤ßÂËÂS
r r
ÛõÑ î¿hÂÈËÂS E , x-ÕËÂõþ ¿ðËß ß¿¥óî ýËù î¿hÂÈäÅÂ¥¤ßÂÏûþ îÂõþË/õþ ¿õ™¦¸±Ëõþõþ Îõá ( v )
Z1 ÕËÂõþ Õ¿öÂ÷ÅËà ï±ßÂËõ¼

8
 ¿õö±á - á
3¼ ¿ò¥§¿ù¿àî Û¶
Ÿ&¿ùõþ ëÂ×Mõþ ð±Ý •¿õߊ Û¶
Ÿ&¿ù ùÂÉ ßÂõþ— 4 x 11

(a) ÂóÔ¿ïõÏõþ öÂõþ M Ý õɱü±ñÇ R ýËù ÂóÔ¿ïõÏÂóԇ ÎïËß ... ëÂ×BäÂî±ûþ õÔM±ß±õþ ÂóËï Û¶ð¿ÂíõþîÂ
Îß±Ëò± ßÔ¿S÷ ëÂ×ÂóáèËýõþ ÎÂËS Îðà±Ý Îû ëÂ×ý±õþ ÂóûDZûþß±ù öÂËõþõþ ëÂ×Âóõþ ¿òöÇÂõþ ßÂËõþò±¼ ëÂ×Âóáèý¿éÂ
öÓÂü÷ùûþ ëÂ×Âóáèý ýËù h Ûõþ ÷±ò ¿òíÇûþ ßÂõþ ûàò g = 9.8 m/s2, R = 6400 Km. 2+2

ëÂ×MõþÐ ÂóÔ¿ïõÏõþ öÂõþ M ÛõÑ ëÂ×ý±õþ õɱü±ñÇ R ÛõÑ h ÂëÂ×BäÂî±ûþ Ûß¿é ßÔ¿S÷ ëÂ×Âóáèý ñõþ± û±ß v

ÎõËá ÂóÔ¿ïõÏËß Û¶ð¿Âí ßÂõþËå¼ Ûàò ßÔ¿S÷ ëÂ×Âóáèý¿é Îâ±õþ±õþ æòÉ Ã›¶Ëûþ±æòÏûþ Õ¿öÂËßÂf õù
÷ý±ßÂø¸Ç õù ÎïËß Âó±ý×¼
ñ¿õþ, ëÂ×Âóáèý¿éÂõþ öÂõþ m

ÛõÑ r=R+h m
v •
mv 2
∴ Õ¿öÂËßÂf õù = h
r
M
GMm R
ÛõÑ ÷ý±ßÂø¸Ç õù =
r2

mv 2 GMm GM
∴ = ⇒v=
r r2 r

GM
∴v =
(R + h)

2πr 2π(R + h)
Õ±õ±õþ Û¶ð¿Âíß±ù T= =
v GM
R+h

2π(R + h) 3 / 2
⇒T=
GM

2π(R + h) 3 / 2
= …(1)
gR 2

Ûàò û¿ð h<<R ýûþ, î±ýËù

R
T = 2π
g

üÅîÂõþ±Ñ Û¶ð¿Âí ß±ù ëÂ×ý±õþ öÂËõþõþ ëÂ×Âóõþ ¿òöÇÂõþ ßÂËõþ ò±¼

9
 ëÂ×ÂóËõþõþ 1 òÑ ü÷ÏßÂõþí ÎïËß Âó±ý× --
1/ 3
9R 2 T 2  gR 2 T 2 
(R + h) = 3
⇒ R + h =  
4π 2  4π 2 
 

Ûà±Ëò T = 24 âKé± = 24 x 60 x 60 sec.

R = 6400 km, g = 9.8 m/S2

∴(R + h) = 4.24 x 107 m
= 42400 km.

∴ h = 42400 − 6400 = 36000 km.

∴ öÓÂü÷ùûþ ëÂ×ÂóáèËýõþ ÎÂËS h = 36000 km.

Õïõ±, ÷ý±ßÂø¸ÇÏûþ ¿õöÂõ ß±Ëß õËù · M öÂËõþõþ õdßÂí± ÎïËß r ðÅõþËQ ¿õöÂõ ¿òíÇûþ ßÂõþ ¼ 1+3

ëÂ×MõþÐ ÛßÂß öÂËõþõþ Îß±ò õdËß ÕüÏ÷ ðÓõþQ ÎïËß ÷ý±ßÂø¸Ç ÎÂËSõþ Îß±ò ¿õjÅËî ձò±õþ æòÉ Îß±ò
õ¿ýЦš ÛËæKéÂËß Îû Âó¿õþ÷±ò ß±ûÇ ßÂõþËî ýûþ, î±Ëß Ýý× ¿õjÅõþ ÷ý±ßÂø¸ÇÏûþ ¿õöÂõ õù± ýûþ¼
M öÂËõþõþ Îß±ò õdõþ r ðÓõþËQ ¿õöÂõ Ð
GM
ÛËÂËS ÷ý±ßÂø¸ÇÏûþ Û¶±õùÉ f=
r2

Ëûà±Ëò G→ ÷ý±ßÂø¸ÇÏûþ ñènõß¼

GM
Ûàò f= ÛßÂß öÂËõþõþ ÝÂóõþ ¿Sûþ±úÏù ÷ý±ßÂø¸ÇÏûþ õù¼ ÛßÂß öÂõþ¿éÂõþ dr
r2
r
üõþí ýËù õ¿ý¦š ÛËæKé Z±õþ± ßÔÂîÂß±ûÇ = − f .dr = −( −fdr ) = fdr
r r
ËûËýîÅ f ÛõÑ dr ¿õÂóõþÏî ÷ÅàÏ î±ý× f .dr = − fdr õd¿éÂõþ ÕüÏ÷ ðÓõþQ ÎïËß r

ðÓõþËQ Õ±òËî ßÔÂîÂß±ûÇ ßÂõþËî ýËõ

r r r r
GM dr  1
∫
= fdr =
α
∫
α
r2
dr = GM ∫r
α
2
= GM− 
 r α

GM
=−
r
GM
∴ M öÂËõþõþ õd ßÂí±õþ r ðÓõþËQ ¿õöÂõ =−
r

10
(b) î±Âóá¿î¿õðɱõþ Û¶ï÷ üÓS¿é ¿õõÔî ßÂõþ¼ 0oC ëÂ×øî±õþ ÛßÂà` õõþôÂËß ëÂ×Âóõþ ÎïËß ÷±¿éÂËîÂ

ÎôÂù± ýù¼ Ûõþ ú¿Mõþ 50% î±Âóú¿MËî õþ+Âó±™Lÿõþî ýËûþ õõþô¿éÂËß á¿ùËûþ ¿ðù¼ õõþôÂà`¿éÂËßÂ

ßÂî ëÂ×BäÂî± ÎïËß ÎôÂù± ýËûþ¿åù · 2+2

ëÂ×MõþÐ î±Âóá¿î ¿õðɱõþ Û¶ï÷ üÓS Ð-

î±Âóá¿î ¿õðɱõþ Û¶ï÷ üÓS±òÅû±ûþÏ, Îß±ò üѦš±Ëß î±Âó ¿ðËù Ýý× î±Âó ðÅö±Ëõ ß±æ ßÂËõþ -- (i)

Ýý× î±ËÂóõþ ¿ßÂåÅ ÕÑú üѦš±¿éÂõþ ÕöÂÉ™LÃõþÏí ú¿M õ±h±ûþ ÛõÑ (ii) õ±¿ß ÕÑËúõþ ü±ý±ËûÉ üѦš±¿éÂ
¿ßÂåÅ õ±¿ýÉß ßÂ±æ • external work — ü¥ói§ ßÂËõþ¼
ÕïDZÈ
Û¶ðM î±Âó = ÕöÉ™LÃõþÏí ú¿M õÔ¿X + õ±¿ýÉß ßÂ±æ ¼
ëÂ׿{¡¿àî üѦš±¿éÂËî ÕõúÉý× Âó¿õþÂó±
«Ç ÎïËß î±ÂóÏûþö±Ëõ ¿õ¿Båi§ ýËî ýËõ¼
÷Ëòß¿õþ õõþô àË`Âõþ öÂõþ =m ÛõÑ h ëÂ×øî± ÎïËß ÎôÂù± ýù ¼
∴ Î÷±é ßÔÂîÂß±ûÇ = mgh

mgh 1
∴ õõþô áùËòõþ æòÉ î±Âó = ×
J 2

Ëûà±Ëò J ýù î±ËÂóõþ û±¿Laß îÅÂù±‚¼ Õ±õ±õþ m õõþô áùËòõþ æòÉ Ã›¶Ëûþ±æòÏûþ î±Âó
= ml [ Ëûà±Ëò L ýù ùÏò î±Âó ]

mgh 1
∴ × = mL
J 2

2LJ 2 × 80 × ( 4.2 × 10 7 )
⇒h= =
g 980

= 68.57 ¿ßÂËù±¿÷é±õþ ¼
∴ õõþôÂà`¿éÂËß 68.57 ¿ßÂËù±¿÷é±õþ ëÂ×øî± ÎïËß ÎôÂù± ýËûþ¿åù¼
Õïõ±, Ëðà±Ý Îû õþÅXÂî±Âó Îùàõþ ò¿îÂ÷±S± üË÷±â® Îùàõþ ò¿îÂ÷±S± ÕËÂó±
γ &í Îõ¿ú¼ Õ¿'ËæËòõþ ¿¦šõþ Õ±ûþîÂËòõþ ձРî±Âó 0.155 Cal/goc−1 Ûõþ ¿¦šõþ ä±ËÂó
Õ±ËÂó¿Âß î±Âó ¿òíÇûþ ßÂËõþ±¼ Õ¿'ËæËòõþ Õ±í¿õß Ýæò 32 üõÇæòÏò áɱü ñènõßÂ
2cal.Mole oC−1 ¼ 2+2

ëÂ×MõþÐ üË÷±¢Ÿ ÛõÑ XÂî±Âó Û¶¿Sûþ±ûþ áɱËüõþ ä±Âó P ÛõÑ Õ±ûþîÂò v -Ûõþ ÷ËñÉ ü¥óßÇÂ

ðÅ¿é ýù ûï±SË÷

11
 Pv = ñènõß …(1)

Pvγ = ñènõß …(2)

¿¦šõþ ä±ËÂó áɱËüõþ Î÷±ù±õþ Õ±ËÂó¿Âß î±Âó

Ëûà±Ëò ν=
¿¦šõþ Õ±ûþîÂËò áɱËüõþ Î÷±ù±õþ Õ±ËÂó¿Âß î±Âó

1 òÑ ü÷ÏßÂõþíËß ÕõßÂùò ßÂËõþ Âó±ý×

dp p
pdv + vdp = 0 ⇒ =− üË÷±¢Ÿ ÎùËàõþ òÏ¿î¼
dv v

2 òÑ Îß ÕõßÂùò ßÂËõþ Âó±ý× --

dp γp
γpvγ−1dv + vγdp = 0 ⇒ =− = XÂî±Âó ÎùËàõþ òÏ¿îÂ
dv v

ÕîÂÛõ, Îß±ò ¿õjÅËî XÂî±Âó ÎùËàõþ òÏ¿î =

γx Ü ¿õjÅËî üË÷±¢Ÿ ÎùËàõþ òÏ¿î¼

XÂî±Âó Îùà
P
↑ üË÷±¢Ÿ Îùà

→v

¿¦šõþ Õ±ûþîÂËò Õ¿'ËæËòõþ Î÷±ù±õþ ձРî±Âó --

o
Cv = M x Cv = 32 x 0.155 = 4.96 ßÂɱËù±¿õþ / Î÷±ù C

∴ ¿¦šõþä±ËÂó Õ¿'ËæËòõþ Î÷±ù±õþ Õ±ËÂó¿Âß î±Âó,

o
Cp = Cv + R = 4.96 + 2 = 6.96 ßÂɱËù±¿õþ / Î÷±ù C

∴ ¿¦šõþä±ËÂó Õ¿'ËæËòõþ Õ±ËÂó¿Âß î±Âó

Cp 6.96 o
Cp = = = 0.2175 ßÂɱËù±¿õþ / áè±÷ C
M 32

(c) Û¶÷±í ßÂËõþ± Îû   TK ëÂ×øî±ûþ M Õ±í¿õß &Q ¿õ¿ú©† áɱü ÕíÅ&¿ùõþ áhÂ
3RT
õáÇËõËáõþ õáÇ÷ÓËùõþ ÷±ò (r.m.s.), C = ¼ ¿ý¿ùûþ±Ë÷õþ âòQ 0.178 gm/lit ýËù Ã
M

12
 ›¶÷±í ä±Âó Ý ëÂ×øî±ûþ ¿ý¿ùûþ±÷ ÕíÅõþ áh õáÇËõËáõþ õáÇ÷Óù ßÂî ýËõ · 2+2

ëÂ×MõþÐ ñõþ± û±ß 1 áè±÷ ÕíÅ Îß±ò áɱËüõþ ä±Âó p, Õ±ûþîÂò v, Âóõþ÷ î±Âó÷±S± T ÛõÑ Â
ÕɱËö±á±Ëë˜Â± üÑàɱ N

1
Õ±õ±õþ, á¿îÂîÂQ±òÅû±ûþÏ ä±Âó (p) = mnc 2 [m = Ûß¿é ÕíÅõþ öÂõþ
3
N
n ÛßÂß ձûþîÂËò ÕíÅõþ üÑàɱ = ]
v
1 N
∴ p= m c2 [ Îûà±Ëò c2 = c2rms]
3 v

1
⇒ pv = mNC 2 …(1)
3

∴ Õ±ðúÇ áɱËüõþ ü÷ÏßÂõþí ÕòÅû±ûþÏ

pv = RT …(2) R→ ü±õÇæòÏò áɱü ñènõßÂ
Ûàò 1 Ý 2 òÑ ü÷ÏßÂõþí ýËî Âó±ý×

1
mNc 2 = RT
3
1
⇒ Mc 2 = RT …(3) [M = mN = 1 áè±÷ ÕíÅ áɱËüõþ öÂõþ ]
3

3RT 3RT
∴ c2 = ⇒c= •Ã›¶÷±¿òî—
M M

3P
Õ±÷õþ± 汿ò, C rms =
D

Ëûà±Ëò Crms = ÕíÅõþ áh õáÇËõËáõþ õáÇ÷Óù

P= ä±Âó
D= áɱËüõþ âòQ
Ûàò, P = 76 x 13.6 x 980 ë±ý×ò / õáÇ Îü¿÷
D = 0.178 gm/lit = 0.000178 gm/c.c.

3 x 76 x 13.6 x 980
∴ Crms = cm/sec.
0.000178

3038784
=
0.000178

13
 = 1.306 x 105 cm/S.
Õïõ±, ëÂ×øî± õÔ¿X ßÂõþËù ÛõÑ áɱüõþ âòQ õ±h±Ëù Îß±Ëò± Õ±ðúÇáɱËüõþ ÕíÅ&¿ùõþ áhÂ
õáÇËõËáõþ õáÇ÷Óù ßÂÏö±Ëõ Âó¿õþõ¿MÇî ýËõ · ÎûËß±Ëò± áɱËüõþ ëÂ×øî± 77oC ÎïËßÂ

277oC ßÂõþ± ýËù áɱü ÕíÅ&¿ùõþ á¿îÂú¿M úîÂßÂõþ± ßÂî õÔ¿X Âó±Ëõ · 2+2

ëÂ×MõþÐ Õ±ðúÇ áɱËüõþ ä±Âó P, âòQ D ÛõÑ áɱËüõþ ÕíÅõþ áh õáÇËõËáõþ õáÇ÷Óù C ýËù Õ±÷õþ± 汿ò
3P 3RT
C= = • M= áɱËüõþ Õ±í¿õß öÂõþ—
D M

Ûàò ü÷ÏßÂõþí ÎïËß õù± û±ûþ

ËûËýîÅ C∝ T

Ëüý×ËýîÅ ëÂ×øî± õÔ¿X ßÂõþËù áɱü ÕíÅ&¿ùõþ rms Îõá õÔ¿X Âó±Ëõ¼
1
ÛõÑ ÎûËýîÅ C∝
D

Ëüý×ËýîÅ áɱËüõþ âòQ õ±h±Ëù áɱü ÕíÅ&¿ùõþ rms Îõá ßÂË÷ û±Ëõ¼
Õ±÷õþ± 汿ò áɱËüõþ ÕíÅõþ áh á¿îÂú¿M
3
E= KT Îûà±Ëò K = Îõ±ùÄæ÷ɱò ñènõßÂ
2

 T = óõþ÷ î±Âó÷±S±

3 3
Ûàò E T =77o C = K(273 + 77 ) = K × 350
2 2
3 3
ÛõÑ E σ =277o C = K(273 + 277 ) = K × 550
2 2
3
∴ á¿îÂú¿Mõþ õÔ¿X = K(500 − 350 )
2

3
= K × 200
2
3
K × 200
∴ % õÔ¿X = 2 × 100% = 57.14% •Ã›¶±ûþ—
3
K × 200
2

(d) áɱü ÷±ñÉË÷ úËsõþ á¿îÂËõá üÑS±™Là ¿òëÂ×éÂËòõþ üÓS¿é Îù༠Âóõþϱùt ôÂËùõþ üË/
Ûý× üÓS¿é Î÷Ëùò± ÎßÂò · üÓS¿éÂËß ßÂÏö±Ëõ üÑËú±ñò ßÂõþ± ýûþ · 1+1+2

14
ëÂ×MõþÐ úËsõþ á¿îÂËõá üÑS±™Là ¿òëÂ×éÂËòõþ üÓS Ð-
¿òëÂ×éÂËòõþ üÓS±òÅü±Ëõþ û¿ð ÷±ñÉË÷õþ ¿¦š¿î¦š±Âóß &í±‚Â E ýûþ ÛõÑ ÷±ñÉË÷õþ âòQ D ýûþ,
î±ýËù Ü ÷±ñÉË÷ úËsõþ á¿îÂËõá v ýËù Îùà± û±ûþ
E
v= .
D

¿õ:±òÏ ¿òëÂ×éÂò ñËõþ Îòò Îû õ±î±Ëü ús û±Ýûþ±õþ ü÷ûþ üË÷±ø Û¶¿Sûþ±ûþ ¿õ™¦¸±õþ ù±ö ßÂËõþ¼
Ûõþ ÝÂóõþ ¿ö¿M ßÂËõþý× Îðà±Ëò± û±ûþ ÷±ñÉË÷õþ Õ±ûþîÂò ¿õßÔ¿î &í±‚Â (K = E) ÷±ñÉË÷õþ ä±ËÂóõþ
(P) ü÷±ò¼
¿ßÂcà ús û±Ýûþ±õþ ü÷ûþ üË÷±ø Û¶¿Sûþ±ûþ ¿õ™¦¸±õþ ù±ö ßÂËõþ ò±¼ î±ý× Âóõþϱ ùt ÷±Ëòõþ
üË/ Ûý× üÓS¿é Î÷Ëù ò±¼
¿òëÂ×éÂò üÓËSõþ üÑËú±ñò Ð-
¿õ:±òÏ ùɱÂóù±ü Ûý× üÓËSõþ üÑËú±ñò ßÂËõþ¿åËùò¼ ¿î¿ò õËùò ús áɱËüõþ ÷±ñÉË÷
û±Ýûþ±õþ ü÷ûþ ™¦¸Ëõþõþ âòÏöÂõò Ý îÂòÅöÂõò ^nî âËé¼ ÕïÇ±È úËsõþ ¿õ™¦¸±õþ üË÷±ø Û¶¿Sûþ±ûþ ò±
ýËûþ XÂî±Âó Û¶¿Sûþ±ûþ âËé¼ Ûàò XÂî±Âó ü÷ÏßÂõþí Pvγ = ñènõß Û¶Ëûþ±á ßÂËõþ
Îðà±Ëò± û±ûþ áɱËüõþ Õ±ûþîÂò ¿õßÔ¿î &í±‚Â (K) = γρ

Cp
Ëûà±Ëò γ= = XÂî±Âó ñènõß¼
Cv

γρ
∴ áɱü ÷±ñÉË÷ úËsõþ á¿îÂËõá üÑS±™Là üÑËú±¿ñî ü÷ÏßÂõþí¿é ýù v=
D

Û¿é ùɱÂóù±Ëüõþ ü÷ÏßÂõþí ÷±Ëò Âó¿õþ¿äÂî¼

(f) ¿ZË÷ w±÷ß ß±Ëß õËù · Ûß¿é î¿hÈ ¿ZË÷õþ ù¥¤ ¿Zà`ÂËßÂõþ ÝÂóõþ Îß±Ëò± ¿õjÅËîÂ
Û¶±õËùÉõþ õþ±¿ú÷±ù± ¿òíÇûþ ßÂõþ ¼ 1+3

ëÂ×MõþÐ ðÅ¿é ü÷Âó¿õþ÷±ò ¿ßÂcà ¿õÂóõþÏî î¿hÂÈÕ±ñ±ò (+q, −q) Âóõþ¦óËõþõþ àÅõ ß±å±ß±¿å ï±ßÂËù î±ËßÂ

î¿hÂÈ ¿ZË÷ õËù¼ Ûý× î¿hÂÈ¿ZË÷õþ ú¿M î¿hÂÈÕ±ñ±Ëòõþ ÷±ò Ý ðÓõþËQõþ &íôÂù Z±õþ± ۶߱ú
ßÂõþ± ýûþ¼ ÛËß ¿ZË÷ w±÷ß õËù¼
¿ZË÷ Õ AB = (=2l) Ûõþ ù¥¤ ü÷±¿Zà`ÂËßÂõþ
ÝÂóõþ P Ûß¿é ¿õjÅ ûàò OP = r.

15
 +q Õ±ñ±Ëòõþ æòÉ P ¿õjÅËî Û¶±õùÉ, E1 sin θ
E1
1 q
E1 = , AP Õ¿öÂ÷ÅàÏ
4π ∈o ( AP ) 2 θ E1 cos θ
P E
θ E2 cos θ
−q Õ±ñ±Ëòõþ æòÉ P ¿õjÅËî Û¶±õùÉ
E2
1 q
E2 = . , PB Õ¿öÂ÷ÅàÏ
4π ∈o (PB) 2 E2 sin θ
θ θ
A B
Ûà±Ëò AP = BP õËù E1 = E2 ýËõ¼ +q O −q
2l

÷Ëò ß¿õþ ∠PAB = ∠PBA = θ î±ýËù Û¶±õùÉ E1 Ûõþ ÕòÅöÅ¿÷ß E1 sinθ ëÂ×Âó±Ñú

ÛõÑ ëÂ×ù¥¤ ëÂ×Âó±Ñú E1 cosθ Õ±õ±õþ E2 Ûõþ ÕòÅöÅ¿÷ß ëÂ×Âó±Ñú E2 cosθ ÛõÑ ëÂ×ù¥¤ ëÂ×Âó±Ñú
E2 sinθ. E1sin θ Ý E2 sin θ ÛËß ÕÂóõþËß Û¶ú¿÷î ßÂõþËõ¼ ÕïÇ±È P ¿õjÅËî ùt Û¶±õùÉ ýËõ¼
E = E1 cos θ + E2 cos θ = 2E1 cosθ [Q E1 = E2]
2 q AO AO
= . × [Q cos = ]
4π ∈o ( AP) 2
AP AP

2 q× l 2ql 1 Q AP = p 2 + l 2 
∴E = . = . 2
4π ∈o ( AP) 3
4π ∈o (r + l 2 ) 3 / 2  

M 1
= ×
(
4π ∈o r 2 + l 2 )3/2

Ûõþ Õ¿öÂ÷Åà AB Ûõþ ü÷±™LÃõþ±ù¼

M
= •ûàò P ¿õjÅõþ Õõ¦š±ò ðÓõþõîÇÂÏ ÕïÇ±È r>>l—
4π ∈o r 3

Õïõ±, á±ëÂ×Ëüõþ ëÂ×ÂóÂó±ðÉ ¿õõÔî ßÂõþ¼ Ûý× üÓS Û¶Ëûþ±Ëá ÕüÏ÷ ÆðËâÉÇõþ ÙæÅ Âó¿õþõ±ýÏõþ æòÉ Â
Îß±Ëò± ¿õjÅËî Û¶±õùÉ ¿òíÇûþ ßÂõþ¼ 1+3

ëÂ×MõþÐ C.G.S. Û á±ëÂ×Ëüõþ ëÂ×ÂóÂó±ðÉ Ð

Ëß±Ëò± õXÂîÂËùõþ ÷ñÉ ¿ðËûþ Õ¿îÂS±™Là տöÂùt î¿hÂÈÕ±Ëõú Ýý× îÂËùõþ ÕöÂÉ™LÃËõþ Õõ¿¦šîÂ
Ë÷±é î¿hÂÈ Õ±ñ±Ëòõþ 4π &í¼ á±¿í¿îÂß õþ+ËÂó ëÂ×ÂóÂó±ðÉ¿é ýù,
r
∫ K E.dS = 4πq Ûà±Ëò q ýù Ü îÂù ßÂîÔÇÂß Îõ¿©†î Î÷±é ձñ±Ëòõþ Âó¿õþ÷±ò¼

SI Îî á±ëÂ×Ëüõþ ëÂ×ÂóÂó±ËðÉõþ õþ+Âó

16
 r r q
∫ E.dS =
∈o
r

Ûß¿é ÕüÏ÷ ÆðËâÇÉõþ ÙæÅ î±õþ ÎòÝûþ± ýù ¼ î±õþ¿éÂ

üÅø¸÷ö±Ëõ Õ±¿ýî ÛõÑ ÷Ëò ß¿õþ ö±õþ¿éÂõþ ÛßÂß ÆðËâÇÉõþ ↑
l r r
Õ±ñ±ò λ esu/cu ↓ P E

î±õþ¿éÂõþ Õ ÎïËß r ðÓõþËQ P ¿õjÅËî î¿hÂÈ Ã›¶±õùÉ ¿òíÇûþ ßÂõþ±õþ æòÉ Ûß¿é ß±Š¿òßÂ
á±ëÂ׿üûþ±÷ îÂù ߊò± ßÂõþ± ýù Îû¿é Ûß¿é ü÷±ÂÏûþ î±õþ û±õþ õɱü±ñÇ r Ý ÆðâÉÇ l

Ûàò Ûý× îÂËùõþ æòÉ á±ëÂ×Ëüõþ ëÂ×ÂóÂó±ðÉ¿éÂ,

r 1
∫S
E.dS =
∈o
.λl

Ëûà±Ëò λl ýù ü¥óÓíÇ õX ձñ±ò¼

ËûËýîÅ ÛËÂËS î¿hÂÈõùËõþà± õɱü±ñÇ õõþ±õ±õþ ß±æ ßÂËõþ ÎüËýîÅÂ
r
∫ .dS = E ∫ dS = E.2πrl
E

r λl
Õ±õ±õþ ∫ E.dS = ∈ o

λl
⇒ E.2πrl =
∈o

1 2λ
∴E = .
4π ∈o r

ËöÂ"¿õþûþ õþ+ËÂó,
r 1 2λ
E= . r̂
4π ∈o r

(g) î¿hÂÈ Ã›¶õ±Ëýõþ î±ÂóÏûþ ôÂù üÑS±™Là æÅù üÓS Û¶¿î‡± ßÂËõþ±¼ r ÕöÂÉ™LÃõþÏí Îõþ±Ëñõþ Ûß¿éÂ
õɱ鱿õþõþ üË/ ÂóõþÂóõþ r1 Ý r2 Îõþ±Ëñõþ ðÅ¿é î±õþ ûÅM ßÂõþ± ýù¼ ðÅ¿é î±Ëõþ ÛßÂý× ü÷Ëûþ ÛßÂý×
î±Âó ëÂ×ÈÂói§ ýËù Û¶÷±í ßÂõþ, r= r1r2 2+2

ëÂ×MõþÐ î¿hÂÈ Ã›¶õ±Ëýõþ î±ÂóÏûþ ôÂù üÑS±™Là æÅËùõþ üÓS±õùÏ ýù,

17
Û¶ï÷ üÓS Ð- Îß±Ëò± ¿¦šõþ Îõþ±Ëñõþ Âó¿õþõ±ýÏõþ ÷ñÉ ¿ðËûþ ¿ò¿ðÇ©† ü÷ûþ ñËõþ î¿hÂÈ Ã›¶õ±¿ýî ýËù,
Âó¿õþõ±ýÏËî ëÂ×ÈÂói§ î±Âó Û¶õ±ý÷±S±õþ õËáÇõþ ü÷±òÅÂó±¿îÂß¼
ÕïÇ±È HαI 2 ûàò R Ý t ñènõß¼
¿ZîÂÏûþ üÓS Ð- Îß±Ëò± Âó¿õþõ±ýÏõþ ÷ñÉ ¿ðËûþ ¿ò¿ðÇ©† ü÷ûþ ñËõþ ¿¦šõþ ÷±Ëòõþ î¿hÂÈÛ¶õ±ý ÎáËù,
Âó¿õþõ±ýÏËî ëÂ×ÈÂói§ î±Âó Ý Îõþ±Ëñõþ ü÷±òÅÂó±¿îÂß¼
ÕïÇ±È HαR ûàò I Ý t ñènõß¼
îÔîÂÏûþ üÓS Ð- Îß±Ëò± ¿¦šõþ Îõþ±Ëñõþ Âó¿õþõ±ýÏõþ ÷ñÉ ¿ðËþûþ ¿¦šõþ ÷±Ëòõþ î¿hÂÈÛ¶õ±ý ÎáËù, Âó¿õþõ±ýÏËîÂ
ëÂ×ÈÂói§ î±Âó ü÷Ëûþõþ ü÷±òÅÂó±î¼
ÕïDZÈ, Hαt ûàò I Ý R ñènõß¼
Ûàò ¿îÂò¿é üÓS ÎïËß Âó±ý×,
HαI2Rt ûàò I, R Ý t Û¶ËîÂÉËßÂý× Âó¿õþõîÇÂòúÏù¼
⇒ H = KI2Rt [K = ñènõß ] Â
Û¶ï÷ üÑËû±Ëáõþ ÎÂËS Ð-
r1

I1

r E

E
Û¶õ±ý÷±S± I1 =
r + r1

I12 r1 t E 2 r1 t
∴ r1 Îõþ±Ëñ t ü÷Ëûþ ëÂ×ÈÂói§ î±Âó, H1 = =
J (r + r1 ) 2 J

ÕòÅõþ+Âó ö±Ëõ r2 Îõþ±Ëñõþ ÎÂËS,

E 2 r2 t
H2 =
(r + r2 ) 2 .J

Û¶
Ÿ±òÅü±Ëõþ,
H1 = H2
E 2 r1 t E 2 r2 t
=
(r + r1 ) 2 J (r + r1 ) 2 J

⇒ r1(r + r2)2 = r2(r+r1)2

18
 ⇒ r1 r 2 + 2r1 rr2 + r1 r22 = r2 r 2 + 2rr1 r2 + r2 r12
⇒ r1 r 2 + r1 r22 = r2 r 2 + r2 r12
⇒ r 2 (r1 − r2 ) = r1 r2 (r1 − r2 )
∴ r = r1 r2

Õïõ±, Ëß±Ëò± î±ÂóûÅË¢¬õþ ÎÂËS î±Âó÷±S± î¿hÂBä±ùß õËùõþ ÷ËñÉß±õþ ü¥óÇß¿éÂõþ Îùà¿äÂS
Îðà±Ý¼ Îùà¿äÂËS ëÂ×ÈS÷ î±Âó÷±S± Ý ¿òõþËÂó î±Âó÷±S± ¿òËðÇú ßÂõþ¼ ÎÂóù¿éÂûþ±õþ ¿Sûþ±
ß±Ëß õËù · æÅù¿Sûþ± Û¶îÂɱõMÇß ¿ßÂcà ÎÂóù¿éÂûþ±õþ ¿Sûþ± Û¶îÂɱõMÇß òûþ ÎßÂò · 2+2

ëÂ×MõþÐ
î±ÂóÏûþ î¿hÂÈ ä±ùß õù •E—

O
tn ti

ëÂ××ø üÑËû±á¦šËùõþ ëÂ×øî± •t—

Ëß±Ëò± Ûß¿é î±ÂóûÅË¢¬õþ úÏîÂù üÑËû±á¦šËùõþ ëÂ×øî± 0oC -Û ¿¦šõþ ÎõþËà ëÂ×ø üÑËû±á¦šËùõþ
ëÂ×øî± • t — S÷±áî õ±h±Ëù, t-Ûõþ üË/ î±ÂóÏûþ î¿hÂÈä±ùß õù • E — Ûõþ Âó¿õþõîÇÂò
ëÂ×Âó¿õþëÂ×M ¿äÂËSõþ òɱûþ ýûþ¼
¿äÂËS Û¶ðÇ¿úî tn ëÂ×øî±ûþ E üËõDZBä ÷±Ëò ÎÂóÒÌå±ûþ¼ Ûý× ëÂ×øî±Ëß ¿òõþËÂó ëÂ×øî±
• Neutral temperature — õËù¼
ÛõþÂóõþ ëÂ×øî± Õ±õþÝ õ±hÂËù E-Ûõþ ÷±ò S÷ú ßÂ÷Ëî ï±Ëß ÛõÑ ëÂ×øî±õþ Ûß¿é ¿ò¿ðÇ©† ÷±Ëò
ÛßÂü÷ûþ î± úÓíÉ ýûþ¼ Ûý× ëÂ×øî±Ëß ëÂ×ÈS÷ ëÂ×øî± • Inversion temperature — õËù û± ¿äÂËS
ti Z±õþ± Û¶ð¿Çúî ýËûþËå¼

19
ËÂóù¿éÂûþ±õþ ¿Sûþ± Ð-
ðÅ¿é ¿öÂi§ ñ±îÅÂõþ ð` õ± î±Ëõþõþ ÂÛ¶±™LÃ&¿ùËß ûÅM ßÂËõþ
ÍîÂõþÏ õX õîÇÂòÏõþ õ± î±ÂóûÅË¢¬õþ ÷ñÉ ¿ðËûþ î¿hÂÈÛ¶õ±ý
A
Âó±ê±Ëù, Û¶õ±Ëýõþ Õ¿öÂ÷Åà ÕòÅü±Ëõþ Ûß¿é üÑËû±á¦šËù
î±ËÂóõþ
î±Âó ëÂ×¾Óî ýûþ ÛõÑ ÕÂóõþ üÑËû±á¦šËù î±Âó Ëú±¿ø¸î ëÂ×¾õ î±ËÂóõþ
Ëú±ø¸í
ýûþ¼ ÕïÇ±È üÑËû±á¦šù ðÅ¿éÂõþ ÷ËñÉ ëÂ×øî±õþ Âó±ïÇßÂÉ
B+ −

üÔ¿©† ýûþ¼ Ûý× âéÂò±Ëß ÎÂóù¿éÂûþ±õþ ¿Sûþ± õù± ýûþ¼ ¿äÂËS

Û¶ð¿úÇî ... î±ÂóûÅ¢¬ ¿òËûþ õîÇÂòÏËß Ûß¿é õɱ鱿õþõþ
üË/ Îû±á ßÂõþ± ýËûþËå¼
æÅù ¿Sûþ± ÕÛ¶îÂɱõîÇÂò ß±õþí î¿hÂÈÛ¶õ±Ëýõþ Õ¿öÂ÷Åà ¿õÂóõþÏîÂ÷ÅàÏ ßÂõþËùÝ î±ÂóÏûþ
ôÂù ÛßÂý× ï±Ëß¼ ¿ßÂcà ÎÂóù¿éÂûþ±õþ ¿Sûþ± Û¶îÂɱõîÇÂß ß±õþí î¿hÂÈÛ¶õ±Ëýõþ Õ¿öÂ÷Åà ¿õÂóõþÏîÂ
ßÂõþËù õîÇÂòÏõþ üÑËû±á¦šù ðÅ¿éÂõþ î±ÂóÏûþôÂù ¿õÂóõþÏî ÷ÅàÏ ýËûþ û±ûþ¼
(h) î¿hÂÈ äÅÂ¥¤ßÂÏûþ Õ±Ëõú üÑS±™Là ôÂɱõþ±ËëÂõþ üÓS&¿ù ¿õõÔî ßÂõþ¼ 220 volt D.C. ÕËÂó±
220 volt A.C. Îõ¿ú ¿õÂó#òß ÎßÂò · 1+3

ëÂ×MõþÐ î¿hÂÈ äÅÂ¥¤ßÂÏûþ Õ±Ëõú üÑS±™Là üÓS&¿ù ýù -

(i) Îß±Ëò± ßÅÂ`ÂùÏõþ üË/ æ¿hÂî ÎäÂÌ¥¤ß Û¶õ±Ëýõþ Âó¿õþõîÇÂò ýËù Ü ßÅÂ`ÂùÏËî Ûß¿é î¿hÂÈä±ùßÂ
õù Õ±¿õ©† ýûþ¼ ÎäÂÌ¥¤ß Û¶õ±Ëýõþ Âó¿õþõîÇÂò ûîÂÂí ýËõ Õ±¿õ©† î¿hÂÈä±ùß õùÝ îÂîÂÂí ï±ßÂËõ¼
(ii) Îß±Ëò± ßÅÂ`ÂùÏËî ձ¿õ©† î¿hÂÈä±ùß õËùõþ ÷±ò Ýõþ üË/ æ¿hÂî ÎäÂÌ¥¤ß Û¶õ±Ëýõþ Â
ó¿õþõîÇÂËòõþ ý±Ëõþõþ ü÷±òÅÂó±¿îÂß ýûþ¼
ÕïÇ±È Õ±¿õ©† î¿hÂÈä±ùß õù,
dφ
E∝ [φ ËäÂÌ¥¤ß Û¶õ±ý ]
dt
220 volt D.C. ÎïËß üõü÷ûþ ¿¦šõþ ÷±Ëòõþ 220 volt Îö±Œæ Âó±Ýûþ± û±ûþ¼ î±ý× 220 volt

D.C. ÎïËß 220 volt Îö±ˌËæõþ æòÉ úßÄÂÂó±Ýûþ± û±ûþ¼ ¿ßÂcà 220 volt A.C. õùËî Îõ±ç±ûþ

Îû, Âó¿õþõîÂÏÇ Îö±ˌËæõþ ß±ûÇßÂõþ ÷±ò 220 volt ÛõÑ úÏø¸Ç÷±ò = 220 2 ~ 311 volt¼ î±ý×

20
 220 volt A.C. Îö±ˌËæõþ úÏø¸Ç÷±ò 311 volt ýÝûþ±ûþ, Ûõþ Z±õþ± Îû úßÄ Âó±Ýûþ± û±ûþ î± 311

volt D.C. Îö±ˌËæõþ Z±õþ± úßÄÂ-Ûõþ ü÷îÓÂùɼ Ûý× ß±õþËò 220 volt D.C. ÕËÂó± 220 volt

A.C. Îõ¿ú ¿õÂó#òß¼

Õïõ±, Õ±¿õ©† î¿hÂÈ Ã›¶õ±Ëýõþ Õ¿öÂ÷Åà üÑS±™Là ÎùË?õþ üÓS¿é ¿õõÔî ßÂõþ¼ Îðà±Ý Îû Ûý× üÓS¿éÂ
ú¿Mõþ üÑõþÂí üÓS ÎïËß Âó±Ýûþ± û±ûþ¼ 1+3

ëÂ×MõþÐ ËùË?õþ üÓS ËïËß î¿hÂÈäÅÂ¥¤ßÂÏûþ Õ±ËõËúõþ ôÂËù Õ±¿õ©† î¿hÂÈä±ùß õËùõþ Õ¿öÂ÷Åà ÛõÑ
Õ±¿õ©† î¿hÂÈÛ¶õ±Ëýõþ Õ¿öÂ÷Åà æ±ò± û±ûþ ---
Ëß±Ëò± î¿hÂÈõîÇÂòÏËî ձ¿õ©† î¿hÂÈä±ùß õËùõþ Õ¿öÂ÷Åà Û÷ò ýûþ û±ËîÂ Ü î¿hÂÈä±ùß õù üõÇð±
î±õþ ¿òËæõþ üÔ¿©†õþ ß±õþòËß ÕïÇ±È ÎäÂÌ¥¤ß Û¶õ±Ëýõþ Âó¿õþõîÇÂòËß õ±ñ± Îðûþ¼
ôÂɱõþ±ËëÂõþ üÓS ÎïËß Âó±Ýûþ± û±ûþ, SI ÛßÂËß dt ü÷Ëûþ N− ó±ß ¿õ¿ú©† Îß±Ëò± ßÅÂ`ÂùÏõþ

üÑ¿
−©† ÎäÂÌ¥¤ßÂÛ¶õ±Ëýõþ Âó¿õþõîÇÂò dφ ýËù Õ±¿õ©† î¿hÂÈä±ùß õËùõþ ÷±ò

dφ
| E |= N
dt
ôÂɱõþ±ËëÂõþ üÓËSõþ üË/ ÎùË?õþ üÓS ¿÷¿ùî ßÂõþËù Âó±Ýûþ± û±ûþ,
dφ
E = −N
dt
ú¿M üÑõþÂí üÓS ÎïËß ÎùË?õþ üÓËSõþ Û¶¿î‡± Ð- î¿hÂÈ äÅÂ¥¤ßÂÏûþ Õ±Ëõú ü¥¤gÂÏûþ ÎùË?õþ üÓS¿é Îû
ú¿Mõþ üÑõþÂí üÓS ÎïËß Âó±Ýûþ± û±ûþ î± Ûß¿é Âóõþϱõþ ÷±ñÉË÷ õù± ÎûËî Âó±Ëõþ¼ ÷Ëò ßÂõþ± û±ßÂ

á¿îÂõþ Õ¿öÂ÷Åà
N S

C M

Ûß¿é ð`ÂäÅÂ¥¤ß M-Ûõþ ëÂ×Mõþ Î÷Ëß Ûß¿é õX Âó¿õþõ±ýÏ ßÅÂ`ÂùÏ C-õþ Õ õõþ±õõþ ßÅÂ`ÂùÏ¿éÂõþ

¿ðËß üõþ±Ëò± ýËBå¼ Ûõþ ôÂËù ßÅÂ`ÂùÏËî î¿hÂÈä±ùß õù Õ±¿õ©† ýËõ ÛõÑ î¿hÂÈÛ¶õ±Ëýõþ üÔ¿©† ýËõ
ÕïÇ±È î¿hÂÈú¿Mõþ üÔ¿©† ýËõ¼ ú¿Mõþ üÑõþÂí üÓS±òÅü±Ëõþ, ÕòÉ Îß±Ëò± ú¿Mõþ õþ+Âó±™LÃËõþõþ ÷±ñÉË÷ý×
î¿hÂÈú¿M Âó±Ýûþ± ÎûËî Âó±Ëõþ¼ ÕïDZÈ, Ûõþ æòÉ ÕõúÉý× ¿ßÂåÅ Âó¿õþ÷±ò ñò±Rß õ±¿ýÉß ß±ûÇ ßÂõþËî

21
 ýûþ¼ Õ±õ±õþ, õËùõþ ¿õËX ßÔÂîÂß±ûÇ ýù ñò±RßÂ, üÅîÂõþ±Ñ, M äÅÂ¥¤ß¿éÂËß á¿îÂúÏù õþ±àËî ÕõúÉý×
Ûß¿é ¿õÂóõþÏîÂ÷ÅàÏ õËùõþ ¿õËX ß±ûÇ ßÂõþËî ýËõ¼ ßÅÂ`ÂùÏõþ Õ±¿õ©† Û¶õ±ýý× Ûý× ¿õX õËùõþ
ëÂ×Èü¼ ¦ó©†îÂ, ßÅÂ`ÂùÏËî Û¶õ±ý õ±÷±õîÂÏÇ ýËù îÂËõý× ßÅÂ`ÂùÏõþ ü±÷Ëòõþ îÂËù N-Î÷ á¿êÂî ýËõ Â

ÛõÑ Âð`ÂäÅÂ¥¤ËßÂõþ ü¥œÅà á¿îÂËß õ±ñ± ÎðËõ¼

Õ±õ±õþ, ð`ÂäÅÂ¥¤ËßÂõþ S -Î÷ ßÅÂ`ÂùÏõþ ¿ðËß á¿îÂúÏù ýËù Û¶õ±ý ð¿Âí±õîÂÏÇ ýËõ¼ Ûý×ö±Ëõ ú¿Mõþ

üÑõþÂí üÓS ÎïËß ÎùË?õþ üÓS Âó±Ýûþ± û±ûþ¼

 π
(i) Âó¿õþõîÇÂÏ Ã›¶õ±Ëýõþ Æõ¿ú©†É ¿ß · Îß±Ëò± Âó¿õþõîÇÂÏ Ã›¶õ±ý÷±S± i = I0 sin  220 πt − amp. Z±õþ± Ã
 5 

›¶ß±¿úî ýËù ëÂ×ý±õþ ÂßÂ¥ó±‚ Ý Ã r.m.s. ›¶õ±ý÷±S± ¿òíÇûþ ßÂËõþ±¼ 2+2

ëÂ×MÁõþÐ Âó¿õþõîÇÂÏ Ã›¶õ±Ëýõþ Æõ¿ú©†É --

(a) Âó¿õþõîÇÂÏ Ã›¶õ±ý÷±S± ü÷Ëûþõþ üË/ ÂóûDZûþSË÷ Õ¿öÂ÷Åà Âó¿õþõîÇÂò ßÂËõþ¼
(b) Ûß¿é ¿ò¿ðÇ©† ü÷ûþ Õ™LÃõþ Ûß¿é ¿ò¿ðÇ©† Âó¿õþõîÇÂò äÂËSõþ  ÷ñÉ ¿ðËûþ Âó¿õþõîÂÏÇ Ã›¶õ±ý
Õ¿îÂS±™Là ýûþ¼
(c) Âó¿õþõîÂÏÇ Ã›¶õ±ý÷±S±õþ ü÷Ëûþõþ ü±Ëï Âó¿õþõîÇÂò sinusoidal ýûþ¼
ÕïÇ±È i = Io Sin wt −−− Ûý×ö±Ëõ Îùà± û±ûþ¼
(d) Ëß±Ëò± Âó¿õþõîÂÏÇ Ã›¶õ±Ëýõþ ß±ûÇßÂõþ ÷±ò î±õþ r.m.s. ÷±Ëòõþ üË/ ü÷±ò ýûþ¼ Âó¿õþõîÂÏÇ
Û¶õ±Ëýõþ úÏø¸Ç÷±ò Io ýËù ß±ûÇßÂõþ ÷±ò
Io
ieff =
2
π
ËðÝûþ± Õ±Ëå, i = Io Sin (220 πt − )amp.
5
∴ w = 220π rad/s

w 220π
∴ ßÂ¥ó±‚Â, f = = = 110Hz.
2π 2π
Io
r.m.s. Û¶õ±ý÷±S± = = 0.707 Io amp.
2

22
 ¿õö±á - â
4¼ ¿ò¥§¿ù¿àî Û¶
Ÿ&¿ùõþ ëÂ×Mõþ ð±ÝÐ
(a) Ëß±Ëò± ðÅ÷Åà Îà±ù± òËùõþ ÷ÓùüÅËõþõþ îÂÏ„î± ü÷ÍðËâÇÉõþ ÛßÂ÷Åà Îà±ù± òËùõþ ÷ÓùüÅËõþõþ
îÂÏ„î±õþÛß թ†Ïß ëÂ×ËXÇ -- Û¶÷±í ßÂõþ¼ ÛßÂ÷Åà õXÂòù ÕËÂó± Îà±ù± òù ¿òÐüÔî ús
Ëõ¿ú |n¿îÂ÷ñÅõþ ýûþ ÎßÂò · 4+2

ëÂ×MõþÐ ÛßÂ÷Åà Îà±ù± òËùõþ ÎÂËS Îà±ù±÷ÅËà üŦój ¿õjÅ Ý õXÂ÷ÅËà ¿ò¦ój ¿õjÅ ëÂ×ÈÂói§ ýËõ¼
Ûý× ñõþËòõþ ßÂ¥óËòõþ ôÂËù ëÂ×ÈÂói§ ßÂ¥ó±‚ÂËß (n1)
÷ÓùüÅËõþõþ ߥ󱂠õù± ýûþ¼
òù¿éÂõþ ÆðâÇÉ l ÛõÑ ëÂ×ÈÂói§ ¦š±òÅîÂõþË/õþ îÂõþ/ÍðâÇÉ λ1 ýËù,
l
λ
l= 1
4
or, λ = 4l
ëÂ×ÈÂói§ úËsõþ á¿îÂËõá v ýËù,
v = n 1λ 1

v v
or, n 1 =
λ 1 4l

Û¿éÂý× ÛßÂ÷Åà Îà±ù± òËù õ±ûþÅ™¦¸ËyÂõþ ßÂ¥óËòõþ ôËù ëÂ×ÈÂói§ úËsõþ ÷ÓùüÅËõþõþ ߥ󱂼
ðÅ÷Åà Îà±ù± òËùõþ ðÅ¿ðËßÂõþ Îà±ù±÷ÅËàý× üŦój ¿õjÅ Ý òËùõþ
÷ñÉ¿õjÅËî ¿ò¦ój ¿õjÅ ëÂ×ÈÂói§ ýËõ¼ Ûý× ñõþËòõþ ßÂ¥óËòõþ ôÂËù
ëÂ×ÈÂói§ ßÂ¥ó±‚ÂËß (n2) ÷ÓùüÅËõþõþ ߥ󱂠õù± ýûþ¼
l
òù¿éÂõþ ÆðâÇÉ l ÕÛ¶
Ÿ±òÅü±Ëõþ ü÷ÍðâÇÉ— ÛõÑ ëÂ×ÈÂói§ ¦š±òÅîÂõþË/õþ
îÂõþ/ÍðâÇÉ λ2 ýËù¼
λ2
l=
2
or, λ 2 = 2l

ëÂ×ÈÂói§ úËsõþ á¿îÂËõá v ýËù,

v = n2λ2

23
 v v
or, n 2 = = = 2n.
λ 2 2l

∴ ðÅ÷Åà Îà±ù± òËùõþ ÷ÓùüÅËõþõþ îÂÏ®Âî± ü÷ÍðËâÇÉõþ ÛßÂ÷Åà Îà±ù± òËùõþ ÷ÓùüÅËõþõþ îÂÏ„î±õþ
Ûß թ†ß ëÂ×ËXÇ •ËûËýîÅ îÂÏ„î± ßÂ¥ó±Ë‚Âõþ ëÂ×Âóõþ ¿òöÇÂõþúÏù—¼
ÛßÂ÷Åà õX òËù õ±ûþÅ™¦¸ËyÂõþ ßÂ¥óËòõþ ôÂËù ëÂ×ÈÂói§ úËsõþ ÷ËñÉ ÷ÓùüÅõþ Ý î±õþ ÎßÂõù÷±S
¿õËæ±h ü÷Ë÷ù&¿ù •odd Harmonics— ëÂ×Â󿦚î ï±Ëß¼ ÕÂóõþÂóË ðÅ÷Åà Îà±ù± òËù
õ±ûþÅ™¦¸ËyÂõþ ßÂ¥óËòõþ ôÂËù ëÂ×ÈÂói§ úËsõþ ÷ÓùüÅõþ ÛõÑ î±õþ Îæ±hÂ Ý ¿õËæ±h ü÷™¦¸
ü÷Ë÷ù&¿ùý× ëÂ×Â󿦚î ï±Ëß¼ ÕïÇ±È ðÅ÷Åà Îà±ù± òËùõþ ÎÂËS ëÂ×ÂóüÅõþ õ± ü÷Ë÷Ëùõþ üÑàɱ ÕËÂó±ßÔÂîÂ
Îõ¿ú ýûþ¼ ëÂ×ÂóüÅËõþõþ ÷ËñÉ ü÷Ë÷Ëùõþ üÑàɱ Îõ¿ú ýËù, ëÂ×ÈÂói§ ¦¤õþ Õ¿ñßÂîÂõþ ü÷ÔXÂ Ý |n¿îÂ÷ñÅõþ
ýûþ¼ Ûà±Ëò ¿ZîÂÏûþËÂËS ëÂ×ÈÂói§ úËsõþ ÷ËñÉ ëÂ×ÂóüÅõþ õ± Û¶ßÔÂîÂÂóË ü÷Ë÷Ëùõþ üÑàɱ
Îõ¿ú ï±ß±ûþ, ðÅ÷Åà Ëà±ù± òËù õ±ûþÅ™¦¸ËyÂõþ ßÂ¥óËòõþ ôÂËù ëÂ×ÈÂói§ ús Îõ¿ú |n¿îÂ÷ñÅõþ ýûþ¼
Õïõ±, ñò±Rß x-Õ õõþ±õõþ äÂù÷±ò Ûß¿é æùîÂõþË/õþ ü÷ÏßÂõþí Û¶¿î‡± ßÂõþ¼ Ûß¿é äÂùîÂõþË/õþ
ÍðâÇÉ 0.7m¼ îÂõþË/õþ ÝÂóõþ ðÅ¿é ¿õjÅõþ ðú± Âó±ïÇßÂÉ 45o ýËù ¿õjÅ ðÅý׿éÂõþ ÷ËñÉ ðÓõþQ ßÂî ·
3+3

y
λ

O X
x
V

ëÂ×MõþÐ ñ¿õþ, Îß±Ëò± Ûß¿é äÂùîÂõþ/ +ve X−Õ õõþ±õõþ V -ÎõËá á¿îÂúÏù¼ ÷±ñÉË÷õþ ßÂí±&¿ù üõþù

Îð±ùá¿î ü¥ói§ ßÂõþËå õËù, O ¿õjÅËî Õõ¿¦šî Îß±Ëò± ßÂí±õþ á¿îÂõþ ü÷ÏßÂõþí ýù
y = a Sin wt
Ëûà±Ëò, a= ßÂí±¿éÂõþ ßÂ¥óËòõþ ¿õ™¦¸±õþ
y = t -ü÷Ëûþ ÂóËõþ ü±÷Éõ¦š±ò ÎïËß ßÂí±¿éÂõþ üõþí

ÛõÑ w= ßÂí±¿éÂõþ ÎßÂÌ¿íߠߥ󱂼

Ûàò îÂõþ/¿éÂõþ îÂõþ/ÍðâÇÉ λ ýËù¼ λ ðÓõþËQ Õõ¿¦šî ðÅ¿é ßÂí±õþ ðú±õþ Âó±ïÇßÂÉ ýËõ 2π ¼

24
 2πx
∴ Âóï Âó±ïÇßÂÉ ýËù ðú±õþ Âó±ïÇßÂÉ ýËõ, θ =
λ
üÅîÂõþ±Ñ Îû Îß±Ëò± ÷ÅýÓîÇ t-Îî x Õõ¦š±Ëò ßÂí±¿éÂõþ üõþí y ýËù, äÂùîÂõþ/¿éÂõþ ü÷ÏßÂõþí
ýËõ,
y = a Sin (wt − θ)

 2π 2π  2π
or, y = a Sin  t− x [∴ w = ]
 T λ  T

 2π  1
or, y = a Sin  2πnt − x [∴ n = ]
 λ  T
2π
or, y = a Sin (wt − Kx) [∴ K = ]
λ
ÝÂóËõþõþ Û¶ËîÂÉß¿éÂý× +ve x-Õ õõþ±õõþ á¿îÂúÏù äÂùîÂõþË/õþ ü÷ÏßÂõþí¼

Ëû Îß±˱ ÷ÅýÓîÇ t-Îî îÂõþ/¿éÂõþ ëÂ×Èü ÎïËß ûï±SË÷ x1 ÛõÑ x2 ðÓõþËQ Õõ¿¦šî ðÅ¿é ¿õjÅõþ

ðú± ûï±SË÷ δ1 ÛõÑ δ2 ýËù,

2π 2π 2π 2π
δ1 = t− x1 ÛõÑ δ2 = t− x2
T λ T λ
2π
∴ Ü ðÅ¿é ¿õjÅõþ ðú± Âó±ïÇßÂÉ = ∆δ = δ1 − δ 2 = (x 2 − x 1 ) = 2π ∆x
λ λ
π
ËðÝûþ± Õ±Ëå, λ = 0.7m ÛõÑ ∆δ = 45o = radium.
4
π 2π
∴ = ∆x
4 0.7
0.7 0.7 × 100 35
⇒ ∆x = m= cm = cm
8 8 5
(b) õ±Ëûþ±ü±ö±ËéÇÂõþ üÓS Îù༠Ûý× üÓS Û¶Ëûþ±á ßÂËõþ Ûß¿é õÔM±ß±õþ î¿hÂÈõ±ýÏ ßÅÂ`ÂùÏõþ ÕËÂõþ
ÝÂóõþ Îß±Ëò± ¿õjÅËî ÎäÂÌ¥¤ß Û¶±õùÉ ¿òíÇûþ ßÂõþ¼ ùËõþ? õËùõþ á¿í¿îÂß õþ+Âó¿é Îù༠2+3+1

ëÂ×MõþÐ Ûý× üÓS±òÅü±Ëõþ Îß±Ëò± î¿hÂÈõ±ýÏ î±Ëõþ idl î¿hÂÈÛ¶õ±ý±ÑËúõþ

r
ðò r ðÓõþËQ Îß±Ëò± ¿õjÅËî ËäÂÌ¥¤ß ÎÂS dB -Ûõþ ÷±ò,
i) î¿hÂÈÛ¶õ±ý±ÑËúõþ üË/ ü÷±òÅÂó±¿îÂß¼
ii) dl ÎïËß ձËù±äÂÉ ¿õjÅ ÂóûÇ™Là ðÓõþQ r-Ûõþ

25
 õËáÇõþ õÉ™¦¸±òÅÂó±¿îÂß¼
s
iii) ÂÛ¶õ±ý Õ¿öÂ÷ÅàÏ dl ÛõÑ Õ±Ëù±äÂÉ ¿õjÅ Õ¿öÂ÷ÅàÏ r -Ûõþ

÷ñÉõîÂÇÏ Îß±ò θ-õþ sine-Ûõþ üË/ ü÷±òÅÂó±¿îÂß¼

ÕïÇ±È î¿hÂÈõ±ýÏ î±õþ¿éÂõþ dl ÆðËâÉÇõþ æòÉ P ¿õjÅËî ÎäÂÌ¥¤ßÂËÂËSõþ

÷±ò,
i dl Sinθ *
dB ∝
r2
θ
i dl Sinθ dl{
or, dB = K
r2
ËöÂ"õþõþ+ËÂó Â۶߱ú ßÂõþËù i

i dl × r̂
dB = K
r2
K Ûß¿é ü÷±òÅÂó±¿îÂß ñènõßÂ, û±õþ ÷±ò ÂóõþϱñÏò ¿õjÅõþ Âó±¿õþÂó±¿
«Çß ÷±ñÉË÷õþ Û¶ßÔ¿î ÛõÑ

ÛßÂß ÂóX¿îÂõþ ÝÂóõþ ¿òöÇÂõþ ßÂËõþ¼

µo
úÓíÉ ÷±ñÉË÷ S.I. ÂóX¿îÂËî K = Îûà±Ëò µo = úÓíÉ ÷±ñÉË÷ ÎäÂÌ¥¤ß ÎöÂðÉî±¼
4π

26