The book Atonement By Ian McEwan was translated into Russian by I.

Doronina.
Grammatical transformations will be analysed in the first place. In
English, the most frequent ways of expressing an emotional state at the
formal grammatical level are the adjective syntactic model (link verb +
adjective), the prepositional case model (link verb + noun with
preposition), the verb model and verb + the name of the emotion in the
complement position, as well as various modifications of these models.
Predicates of emotional state in English are often found in the position
of the second or secondary predicate.
In Russian, the same ways of expressing an emotional state are found,
but here an impersonal-predicative model is added, which does not exist
in English at all.
In English, the state is most often transmitted by an adjective model, in
Russian - this model is also productive, but it is inferior in frequency to
verb and impersonal predicative models.
Accordingly, one of the most common transformations when translating
these models from English into Russian is the replacement of the
nominal predicate with a verb model or impersonal predicative model.
They all lived in fear of Sister Marjorie Drummond. - Они безумно
боялись сестру Марджори Драммонд;
He was exultant. - Он торжествовал;
But in fact she was so nervous that she barely noticed anything. –
Впрочем, она очень нервничала и вряд ли замечала что-либо
вокруг.
But once he was actually in it and in motion, he began to feel warm and
good and exhilarated. – Однако, оказавшись в городе и передвигаясь
по нему, он почувствовал, как ему становится тепло и приятно;
But she was sad to leave her sister. – Как оказалось грустно
расставаться с Сесилией!
The choice of the equivalent at the formal grammatical level, as a rule,
does not pose a challenge to translator, taking into account the fact that
in Russian, state predicates quite easily fraternize with syntactic
synonymy and the translator only needs to choose one or another
synonymic form depending on the compatibility of form s within a
model, also depending on the communicative-stylistic reasonability of
using a particular model for expressing a particular meaning in a
particular situation.
(He was subdued – Он был подавлен / чувствовал себя
подавленным / чувствовал подавленность / испытывал
подавленность / находился в подавленном состоянии и т.д.).
The predominance of the verb mode of state expression in Russian
compared to English is explained by the ethnocultural specifics of the
exteriorization of emotions, which is reflected in the language.
Despite the fact that representatives of different ethnic groups have
much more similarities rather than differences in the perception of the
surrounding world and in relations with each other. Some cultures are
different due to the fact that they encourage the expression of some
emotions and condemn the expression of others.
In English culture, as a rule, it is not the custom to frantically express
emotions in presence of other people. The verb mode of state expression
is conceptually connected with the external expression of a particular
emotion.
The impersonal predicative model is the most common way to describe
state in Russian and is sometimes the only way to do this.
As evidenced by the empirical material, among the lexical means of
verbalizing emotional states , in the literary text descriptions prevail -
descriptions of facial expressions, gestures and voice.
In further presentations I’ll speak about some other grammatical and
lexical transformations.
A significant part of descriptions are various metaphors, and the
linguistic-cognitive level of a translator plays an important role here.
Among other grammatical transformations there are:omission,
transposition and supplementation and substitution. (Nouns are replaced
by participles, verbs by partial).
But the public gaze of the stairway mirror as she hurried towards it
revealed a woman on her way to a funeral, an austere , joyless woman
moreover , whose black carapace had affinities with some form of
matchbox-dwelling insect. - Но, взглянув на себя в зеркало над
лестницей, она увидела женщину, направляющуюся на похороны,
печальную, более того – суровую. Этот черный панцирь делал ее
похожей на какое-то насекомое, живущее в спичечном коробке.
In this case, the grammatical transformation - hurried towards it - is
used. The verb gaze is replaced by a verbal adverb phrase (взглянув на
себя). On her way(noun) is replaced by participle(направляющуюся).
In the next presentation I’ll speak about the syntactical and lexical
transformations .