SEISMIC DESIGN Document No.

A642-000-16-54-EDB-0002
BASIS Rev. 0
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SEISMIC DESIGN BASIS

PROJECT: CHHARA LNG TERMINAL

CLIENT: M/s HPCL SHAPOORJI ENERGY PVT. LIMITED (HSEPL)

JOB NO.: A642

0 04.09.2015 ISSUED FOR FEED DN GGSA SVRS

Rev. Prepared Reviewed Approved
No Date Purpose by by by

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 3

2.0 CATEGORIZATION/SEISMIC USER GROUP ..................................................... 3
3.0 DESIGN SPECTRAL ACCELERATION .............................................................. 3
3.1 Horizontal Spectra for Operating Basis Earthquake (OBE) ............................ 4
3.2 Horizontal Spectra for Safe Shutdown Earthquake (SSE)............................... 5
3.3 Vertical Spectra ................................................................................................... 5
3.4 Spectral Acceleration for Other Damping Ratios ............................................. 6
3.5 Importance Factor (I) and Response Reduction Factors (R) .......................... 6
4.0 SEISMIC DESIGN METHODOLOGY ................................................................... 7
4.1 Damping Ratios .................................................................................................. 7
4.2 Inner Tank Design ............................................................................................... 8
4.3 Outer Tank Design .............................................................................................. 8
5.0 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................... 9

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

This document gives the basic inputs required for seismic design of Structures, Systems and
Components of onshore facilities at LNG Terminal at Chhara, Gir-Somnath district, Gujarat and
provides certain guidelines for the methods used for seismic analysis of LNG tank facility.
However, detailed mathematical formulations of seismic analysis are outside its scope.

2.0 CATEGORIZATION/SEISMIC USER GROUP

Category of LNG tank shall be taken as "Category 1" in the context of IS 1893 Part 1 and Part 4.
In the context of API 650/620, the seismic user group shall be taken as SUG I. For all other
facilities, the categorization shall be as per IS 1893 Part 4:2005.

3.0 DESIGN SPECTRAL ACCELERATION

Site specific seismic investigation was carried out using probabilistic seismic hazard analysis
methodology (PSHA), considering past earthquake data at and around a radius of 300 km from
the proposed LNG terminal site. The peak ground acceleration (PGA) calculated from PSHA for
Operating Basis Earthquake (OBE) with a return period of 475 years is 0.076g and for Safe
Shutdown Earthquake (SSE) with a return period of 2475 year is 0.112g.Further it was noted that
the design peak ground acceleration for the site, based on the IS 1893 code is 0.16g for
Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE) and 0.08g for Design Basis Earthquake (DBE). The
Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE) referred in IS 1893 can be considered same as SSE
due to their equal severity in terms of the return period. Similarly Design Basis Earthquake (DBE)
referred by IS 1893 can also be considered same as OBE. Since the PGA from the IS 1893 is
more than the calculated PGA from the probabilistic seismic hazard analysis, the design PGA for
the project for OBE and SSE shall be considered as 0.08g and 0.16g respectively.

Based on the geotechnical details [Ref 8] of the proposed project site, the proposed site can be
classified as Type I (Rock or Hard Soil). Accordingly, Seismic spectrum for 5% damping for
Operating Basis Earthquake (OBE) with a return period of 475 years (Figure 1) and Safe
Shutdown Earthquake (SSE) with a return period of 2475 years (Figure 2) is generated for design
of LNG tanks. The spectral acceleration for all other damping ratios shall be obtained by
multiplying the 5% spectra by respective damping amplification factors as defined in Section 3.4.

The spectral accelerations presented here (Sections 3.1 and 3.2) shall be considered as spectra
acceleration coefficient (Sa/g) corresponding to site-specific spectra confirming with Clause no.

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8.3.1 of IS 1893 (Part 4): 2005. Thus the horizontal seismic coefficient (Ah) shall be calculated
using the following equation.

Importance factor (I) and response reduction factors (R) shall be as per Section 3.5.

3.1 Horizontal Spectra for Operating Basis Earthquake (OBE)

Spectral Acceleration Coefficients (Sa/g) for Operating Basis Earthquake (OBE) in the horizontal
direction shall be based on the following equations and shown in Figure 1.

Sa/g (damping: 5%) =0.08+1.2T for 0.00<T<0.10 sec

= 0.20 for 0.10<T<0.40 sec
0.08
= for 0.40 <T< 7.00 sec
T
0.56
= for T > 7.00 sec
T2

0.25
Spectral Accelearation Coefficient (Sa/g)

0.20

0.15

0.10

0.05

0.00
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0
Time Period (seconds)

Figure 1: Seismic spectra for OBE (5% damping)

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3.2 Horizontal Spectra for Safe Shutdown Earthquake (SSE)

Spectral Acceleration Coefficients (Sa/g) for Safe Shutdown Earthquake (SSE) shall be based on
the following equations and shown in Figure 2.

Sa/g (damping: 5%) = 0.16+2.4T for 0.00<T<0.10 sec

= 0.40 for 0.10<T<0.40 sec
0.16
= for 0.40 <T<7.00 sec
T
1.12
= for T >7.00 sec
T2
Spectral Accelaration Coefficient ( Sa/g )

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.0
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0
Time Period (seconds)

Figure 2: Seismic spectra for SSE (5% damping)

3.3 Vertical Spectra

Spectral Acceleration Coefficients (Sa/g) in vertical direction for both OBE and SSE shall be taken
as 2/3rd of the respective horizontal spectra as per the Clause no. 6.4.5 of IS1893 (Part 1): 2002
and 4.1.3.1 of NFPA 59A 2009.

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3.4 Spectral Acceleration for Other Damping Ratios

Seismic Spectrum for other damping ratios shall be obtained by multiplying the spectra with
corresponding damping factors(applicable for acceleration, velocity and displacement) presented
in the Table 1 (Ref. 4).

In case all three factors are applied within the same spectra (i.e., acceleration amplification factor
for constant spectral acceleration region, velocity amplification factor for spectral velocity region
and displacement amplification factor for spectral displacement region), it will change the
acceleration-velocity transition and velocity-displacement transition period for different damping
ratios. However, seismic codes do not suggest this and recommend to scale the 5% damping
spectra with a single amplification factor.

Accordingly, it is recommended to use the maximum damping factor out of displacement, velocity
and acceleration (in Table 1) to directly scale the 5% damped spectra for other damping ratios.
For inner tank sloshing mode (0.5% damping), the damping factor of 1.5 as specified in API 620
Appendix L /API 650 Appendix E shall be used.

Table 1: Factors for damping ratios other than 5% (Ref. 4)

Damping Amplification Factors

Ratio (%) Acceleration Velocity Displacement
0.5 1.885 1.670 1.517
1 1.619 1.468 1.361
2 1.352 1.267 1.206
3 1.196 1.149 1.115
4 1.086 1.065 1.050
5 1.000 1.000 1.000
7 0.871 0.902 0.925
10 0.734 0.798 0.844
20 0.467 0.596 0.689

3.5 Importance Factor (I) and Response Reduction Factors (R)

Inner Tank and the Outer Tank Design:

The ratio I/R for OBE condition shall be taken as 1 (Ref. 5). For SSE condition, I and R shall be
taken as follows (Table-2).

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Table 2: Importance Factor and Response Reduction Factors for LNG Tank for SSE

S.No Type of tank I R

1 Self Anchored Steel Inner Tank 1 1.5
2 Outer Tank 1 2.0

Other Structures/components:

The I and R for all other structures/components shall be taken from IS 1893 Part 1 and Part 4.

4.0 SEISMIC DESIGN METHODOLOGY

Two levels of seismic ground motion, the OBE and SSE as defined in Section 3 shall be used for
the earthquake resistant design of structures and systems. These structures and systems
including both inner and outer tank shall be designed without consideration of ductility for OBE
conditions and utilization of the ductility is allowed under SSE condition. Performance criterion for
both OBE and SSE conditions shall be in accordance with 7.3.2.5 of NFPA 59A - 2009.

4.1 Damping Ratios

Following damping ratios (Table-3) for individual components of the LNG tank for two levels of
seismic loading shall be considered in the analysis. The maximum modal damping ratios shall be
limited to 20% for SSE and 15% for OBE.

For all other structures/components, the damping ratios shall be taken from IS 1893 Part 1 and
Part 4.

Table 3: Damping Ratios

OBE SSE
Convective Mode 0.50% 0.50%
Impulsive Mode 2.00% 5.00%
Breathing Mode 4.00% 4.00%
Inner Tank 2.00% 5.00%
Pre-stressed Concrete 3.00% 5.00%
Reinforced Concrete 4.00% 7.00%
Foamglass 4.00% 7.00%
Lean Concrete 4.00% 7.00%
Concrete Bottom Slab 2.00% 5.00%
Suspended Deck 4.00% 4.00%

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4.2 Inner Tank Design

Seismic design of the inner tank shall be done using two degree of freedom convective and
impulsive model as in API 620 Appendix L and the additional requirements of this document. In
addition, the OBE and SSE criteria specified in Section 3 shall be used. It shall be assumed that
the inner tank is filled with LNG to its maximum operating level.

a) The horizontal and vertical response spectra for both the OBE and SSE shall be input to
the model as acceleration spectra. The responses of the inner tank for each mode shall
be determined from the appropriate response spectrum and modal frequency.

b) Modal combination shall be done by "Square Root Sum of the Squares" (SRSS) method
(as in API 620).

c) Spatial combination shall be the maximum of

i. 100% horizontal + 30% vertical

ii. 30% horizontal + 100% vertical

d) Allowable stresses shall be determined in accordance with 7.3.2.8 of NFPA-59A-2009.

e) The corresponding earthquake loads experienced by the bottom insulation shall be

incorporated in the design, taking into account the safety factors as stated in API 620.

4.3 Outer Tank Design

Seismic design of the outer tank shall be done in two steps. In the first step, the overall tank
system including the inner tank and its contents, outer concrete tank and the foundation
(including applicable nonlinearities),shall be modeled as a multi-degree of freedom complex
system using Finite Element Method (FEM). A time domain analysis shall be carried out using at
least 7 sets (each for OBE and SSE) of artificially generated time histories confirming to the
design response spectra in all three directions. The generation of artificial time histories shall be
as specified in ASCE 4-98. The time domain analysis for each set shall be carried out by
simultaneously applying all three components of artificially generated time histories. Statistically
significant results out of all 7 sets (i.e., shear force and overturning moment of Inner tank, Outer
tank and Foundation) shall be considered in evaluating the seismic coefficient for static analysis
of outer tank.

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In the second step, a static analysis of the outer tank shall be carried out using the seismic
coefficient obtained in the first step. The allowable stresses shall be determined in accordance
with 7.3.2.8 of NFPA-59A-2009.

5.0 REFERENCES
1. IS 1893 (Part 1), 2002, "General provisions and buildings".

2. IS 1893 (Part 4), 2005, "Industrial structures including stack-like structures".

3. NFPA 59A, 2009, "Standard for the Production, Storage, and Handling of Liquefied
Natural Gas (LNG)".

4. EERI, 1982, "Earthquake Spectra and Design", by N.M.Newmark and W.J.Hall.

5. API 620, Eleventh Edition, "Design and Construction of Large, Welded, Low-pressure
Storage Tanks".

6. ASCE 4, 1998, "Seismic Analysis of Safety-Related Nuclear Structures".

API 650, Eleventh Edition, "Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage".

7. Boore M.B., Joyner W. B., Fumal T. E., 1997, Equations for estimating horizontal
response spectra and peak acceleration from western north America earthquakes: A
summary of recent work, Seismological Research Letters, Vol. 68, No. 1.

8. Onshore geotechnical investigation for the development of LNG Terminal at Chhara, Gir-
Somnath District, Gujarat, Renuka Consultants

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