128 Grammar Bank Module 4 The passive Form We form the passive with the verb to be in the appropriate tense and the past participle of the main verb, Read the table: ron Es Present Simple Bon sellscors, C07 1" s018 by Present ‘Ben is selling | Cars are being Continuous ors |sold by Ben Past Simple |Ben sold cars. |a"s were old by Ben was selling |Cars were being | eI cars sold by Ben. Present Perfect [fen has sold | Cars have been Simple cars. sold by Ben Past Perfect (Ben hadssold | Cars had been simple cos, sold by Ben > ars willbe sold Future Simple Sen wil sell crs. |" They expect that |Ben’s car Infinitive Ben wll el his |i expected to be car next month. |sold next month ars can be sold Modal Verbs Ben can sll cars | We use the passive: when the person/people doing the action is/are unknown, unimportant or obvious from the context. The art gallery was burgled yesterday. (We don’t know who burgled it.) The talent show winner will be announced tomorrow. (Who will make the announcement is unimportant.) The art thieves were arrested yesterday. (W's obvious that the police arrested them yesterday.) ‘when the action itself is more important than the person/people doing it, as in news headlines, newspaper articles, advertisements, instructions, formal notices, processes, etc. The book signing will be held at a hotel. when we want to avoid taking responsibility for an action or when we refer to an unpleasant event and we do not want to say who or what is to blame. The exhibition was organised poorly. to emphasise the agent. The novel was praised by top critics. to make statements more formal or polite. [My book has been torn. (More polite than saying “You tore my book.” Changing from the active to the passive: ‘+ The object of the active sentence becomes the subject in the passive sentence. ‘+ The active verb remains in the same tense but changes into passive form. + The subject of the active sentence becomes the agent, and is either introduced with the preposition by ors omitted. Subject Verb Object ACTIVE Mary wrote the story. y Subject verb Agent PASSIVE The story was written by Mary Only transitive verbs (verbs that take an object) can bbe changed into the passive. This painting belongs to ‘me. (intransitive verb; no passive form). Note: Some transitive verbs (have, fit (= be the right size), suit, resemble, etc) cannot be changed into the passive. The costume fits the actor perfectly. (NOT: Fhe cori fied the come pefecty) Let becomes be allowed to in the passive. They let us go backstage. ~ We were allowed to go backstage. * We can use the verb to get instead of the verb to be in everyday speech when we tall about things that happen by accident or unexpectedly. The film I'd recorded got erased. + By+ agent is used to say who or what carries out an action. With + instrument/material/ingredient is used to say what the agent used. The sculpture was created by my brother. It was made with clay + The agent can be omitted when the subject is they, he, someone/somebody, people, one, etc. The show will be cancelled. (= They will cancel the show.) + The agent is not omitted when it is a specific or important person, or when it is essential to the meaning of the sentence. The Avengers was directed by Joss Whedon. ‘+ With verbs which can take two objects, such as bring, tell, send, show, teach, promise, sell, read, offer, give, lend, etc we can form two different passive sentences. Hans gave Pat a book. (active) Pat was given o book bby Hans. (passive, more common) A book was given to Pat by Hans. (passive, less common) + In passive questions with who, whom or which we do not omit by. Who will direct the play? Who will the play be directed by? + The verbs hear, help, see and make are followed by a bare infinitive in the active, but a fo-infnitive in the passive. She made him replace the book he'd lost. (active) He was made to replace the book he'd los. (passive)a Fill in by or with. ‘The Four Seasons was composed by Antonio Vivaldi. 2. All hie portraits are painted a special type of paint. 3 The script for the film Nanny McPhee was written . .. Emma Thompson. 4 The magic tricks are being performed the street magician, 5. The sculpture was made marble. black 6 Their new house will be decorated ted and black colours. a Rewrite the sentences in the passive voice. 1 They hold the art exhibition every year. The art exhibition is held every year. 2. William Boyd wrote the new James Bond novel. 3 Who Is directing the new Star Wars film? 4 They will give the leading role to a new actor. 5 You cannot take cameras into the art gallary 6 Martha was seling tickets forthe play oun lunchtime. .. . 7 They had booked all seats by noon. a Turn the following sentences into the passive. 1. Ann has sent a painting to Sue. Sue has been sent a painting by Ann. A painting has been sent to Sue by Ann. 2 Jill will teach music to the new students. ‘The new students .... Music... 3 Jonathan offered Victoria money for her sculpture. Victoria Money 4 The curator can show us the exhibition. We ‘The exhibition 5 Art lovers often give money to the local museum. Money The local museum ... Gramma SETA. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct passive form. Local shop owners in Wenlock 1) are expected (expect) to see more business coming their way, as Inunuteds of art Lovers 2) on .- (can/see) arriving in the town for the opening of the Wenlock Art Gallery. Art and sculptures from some of Wenlock’s greatest artists 3) . (display) at the gallery this week. According to the organisers, a large number of people 4) smn .. (suppose) to attend the event as most of the tickets for today’s opening 5) .. - (already/sell) 50 far. In yesterday’s press conference the organisers promised that any profits they make 6) (give) to local charities. full Rewrite the newspaper headlines i sentences in the passive. 1)NOX THEATRE TO CLOSE DOWN Nox Theatre will be closed down. 2) ART THIEF NOT CAUOHT YET 3) FIRE DESTROYS ODEON CINEMA 4) LOCAL ARTIST SELLS 50 SCULPTURES DAILY Complete the second sentence so that it ‘means the same as the first. Use two to five words, including the word in bold. 1. The mayor congratulated the opera singer. BY The opera singer was congratulated by the mayor. 2 They were giving out free tickets. GIVEN Free tickets. out. 3 She made me sign a form. WAS 1 a form. 4 They didn't let us talk to the painter. NOT We .. to the painter. 5. You can buy tckets atthe box office. BE TICs ssessicssn at the box office. 6 She makes her paintings using pencil. WITH Her paintings. pencil 129130 Causative form + We use have + object + past participle to say that we have arranged for someone to do something for us, Julie is having her costume repaired. (She's not repairing it herself.) ‘+ Questions and negations in the causative are formed with do/does (present simple) or did (past simple) + have + object + past participle. When did he have his frst book published? ‘+ Make/Have + object (person) + bare infinitive are Used to express that someone causes someone else to do something, but their meaning is slightly different. Kim made me read her poem. (She insisted that | read her poem.) She had an art dealer examine the painting. (She asked an art dealer to examine the painting.) Get + object (person) + (to-infinitive) shows that someone persuades someone else to do something. They gota celebrity to host the show. (They persuaded a celebrity to host the show.) Reflexive/Emphatic pronouns nena OS She cleans her [She has her brushes Present Simple vushes cleaned. Present [She is cleaning — |She is having her (Continuous [her brushes. brushes cleaned. Past Simple [S82 cleaned her |She had her brushes Past Simple |orushes cleaned. Past ‘She was cleaning |She was having her | {Continuous fier brushes. [brushes cleaned. Future Simpte |S" will clean her |She will have her tuture Simple lorushes. [brushes cleaned, She will be ‘She will be having ae cleaning her —_|her brushes ontinuous brushes. (leaned. Present Perfect She has cleaned She has had her ‘Simple her brushes. brushes cleaned. She has been She has been Present Perfect aning ner |having her Crushes | ontinuows’ | brushes cleaned, ‘She had cleaned She had had her PPast Perfect Niner brushes. [brushes cleaned, [she had been — |She had been ea perfect \cleaning her |having her brushes ontinuous brushes (cleaned. Infinitive [Sheneeds to |She needs to have clean her brushes. |her brushes cleaned. ‘She keeps cleaning] she keeps having her ring form her brushes. [brushes cleaned. [She should clean |She should have her [Modal Verbs er brushes. [brushes cleaned. Notes: * We also use the causative form to say that Something unpleasant or unexpected happened to somebody. Jck had his artworks destroyed in the fire. + We can use get instead of have only in informal conversation. She should get her book turned into a fim. T= myself he-himself we - ourselves jyou- yourself she—herself you~ yourselves, it—itselt they — themselves ‘We use reflexive pronouns: + with verbs such as behave, burn, cut, enjoy, hurt, introduce, kil, look at, teach, etc or with prepositions when the subject and the object of the veri) are the same person. Nancy (subject) hurt herself (object) as she was getting off the stage. ‘+ in the following expressions: enjoy yourself (have a good time), behave yourself(be good), help yourself (you are welcome to take sth if you want). Everyone enjoyed themselves at the gallery opening event. We use emphatic pronouns: * with the preposition by when we mean alone/ without company or without help (on one’s own). He came up with an idea for a play by himself/on his own. + toemphasise the subject or the object of a sentence. The children made the stage props themselves. (The children made the stage props. No one else did.) The author signed the autograph himself. (The author signed the autograph, not someone else.) Note + We do not normally use reflexive pronouns with the verbs concentrate, feel, meet and relax. He finds it hhard to relax after a long meeting. (NOT: He-findst eae nraan in ito wa ertane) ‘+ Reflexive pronouns are used with the verbs dress, wash and shave when we want to show that someone did something with alot of effort. Having broken both arms, she found it difficult to wash herself.Rewrite the sentences using the causative. 1. The curator is organising Michelle's exhibition Michelle is having her exhibition organised 1d Anna's violin long before the concert. 3 David wants someone to publish his novel before next year. 4. Emily will probably ask a decorator to redo her living room. 5 Thieves have stolen Sharon's sculpture from the gallery. 5 6 lan has been developing Paul's photographs. 7 The gallery will be displaying Kate's new woodcarving all month. 8 They decorated Oliver's house with expensive paintings. Rephrase the following using have, get or make. 1. She insisted that Claire visit the museum with her. ‘She made Claire visit the museum with her. 2 Steph persuaded the director to give her a part in the show. 3. The curator will ask an expert to look at some: of the gallery's paintings. 4 Kate managed to persuade her brother to take her to the cinema. .. 5 Steve insisted that | go to the opera with him. 6 The novelist persuaded the editor to publish his book. 7 Emma asked Daniel to look for information on. local festivals. 8 Our director insisted that we wear our costumes for the last night of rehearsals. ‘Complete the sentences using words from the list below and a refiexive/emphatic pronoun. Add any necessary words. ‘wrote + went shurt ¢sign turn off ‘+ enjoyed * behave + taught 1. Isrit this a great song? Emma wrote it herselt. 2 We went to the schoo! play. We 3. She didn't want any members of the cast to sign the autograph, She wanted the leading actress to 4 Richard has never had a Spena classes. He has . 5 anor chiaren are to nice and pols. They Et . 6 No one wanted to see the new James Bond film with Andrew at the cinema. Andrew 7 You don't need to turn off the printer. It's automatic so it 8 wasnt looking where Iwas going. el down and Complete the second sentence so that it means the same as the first. Use two to five words, including the word in bold, 1. Linda insisted that | pay for the vase | had broken, MADE Linda made me pay for the vase | had broken. 2 Annie needs help learning her lines for the play. OWN Annie can't learn her lines for the play she needs help. 3 They are styling the actor's har for his TV interview. HAVING The actor {or his TV interview, 4 He told us his name belore showing us around the exhibition, INTRODUCED He ssi es then he showed us around the exhibition. 5 Why don't you have a professional decorate your flat? GET You should by a professional 6 My brother offered to pay for our tickets. PAID We had .. by my brother. 7 Shell ask her mum to book the tickets. BY She will her mum, 8 Their roof needs fixing immediately. HAVE They need rarer toreremesitoid immediately. 131