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Adopted Module On Web - Copied by Ahmed - Sardi: D:/Assignment/E-Book From Prof Mansur Akil/Ebook/Toeflgrammar1
Adopted Module On Web - Copied by Ahmed - Sardi: D:/Assignment/E-Book From Prof Mansur Akil/Ebook/Toeflgrammar1
7. PREPOSITIONS .................................................................................................................................................... 49
7.1 Meaning .................................................................................................................................................. 49
7.2 Phrases ................................................................................................................................................... 50
LISTENING ....................................................................................................................................................................... 55
TOEFL .............................................................................................................................................................................. 56
8. CONFUSED WORDS............................................................................................................................................. 56
9. NUMBERS ............................................................................................................................................................. 60
9.1 Ordinal numbers – số thứ tự................................................................................................................... 60
9.2 Cardinal number – số đếm ..................................................................................................................... 60
9.3 Time, ....................................................................................................................................................... 60
9.4 Age .......................................................................................................................................................... 61
9.5 Measurement – units .............................................................................................................................. 61
9.6 Comparative ............................................................................................................................................ 62
9.7 Maths ...................................................................................................................................................... 62
10. EXPRESSIONS - PHRASES ................................................................................................................................. 62
1. SENTENCES
Main clause + subordinate clause
1.1.2 Object
DO = sth IO = sb
Patern: S + tV + IO (sb) + DO (sth)
S + tV + DO (sth) + prep. + IO (sb)
1.1.3 Complement
N, Adj.
Pattern: S + Linking V + complement ( modify S)
Complement : classification (norminal), description (adjectival), location time (adverbial).
2. VERBS
Finite verb: can combine with S complete sentence
Non-finite verb: to – inf; V – ing; V – ed cannot make a complete sentence.
2.1 Tenses
2.1.1 Past
2.1.1.1 Simple past
Time expression: Prehistory, deadth, ancestor, during the 1840s, the early___, during the industrial
revolution ( meaning finish)
2.1.1.2 Past progressive
2.1.1.3 Past perfect = had + pp
st nd
1 action 2 action Now
past perfect simple past Present
= had + pp. = V-ed = inf
2.2.1 Intransitive V
Intransitive Verbs: cannot be passive form
Swap – run
+ modifier = adv
Collape, run, walk, wait…
2.2.3.2 S + V + to + be + pp passive
Ex. There is (sth) to be passive
Paint
Draw
Pass
Hand
Give
Send
Borrow (sb) (sth) = borrow (sth) from (sb)
Lend * (sth) to (sb)
Mail
Bring
Find
Get
Leave + (sb) + (sth)
Promise
Offer
Throw
Sell
Buy
Loan
Owe
Advance
Teach
Show
Make
Feed
Cut
Build
S + V + IO (sth) + to/for (DO) (sb)
Explain
Describe
Introduction
Lend + (sth) + to/for (sb)
Say
Report
Repeat
Observe
See *
Look at
Watch *
+ (sb) + Gerund / Bare inf.
Hear *
Listen to
Notice *
Feel *
Smell
Taste
Make
2.2.9 S + V + (not) + Gerund (V-ing) hòan thành công việc, đã qua, passive
Tense:
Past action: V + having + pp.
Passive: V + being + pp.
List of verbs:
Admit *– thừa nhận passive. Keep (*)
Advise (*) + V-ing = advise + (sb) + to-inf Like (**) + V-ing like + to-inf
Anticipate * – đốn trươùc Love (**)+ V-ing love + to-inf
Appreciate (*) + V-ing = advise + adj + V-ing Mention
Avoid * Mind * – would you mind / do you mind
Allow (*) + V-ing / to-inf = allow (sb) + to-inf. Miss
Complete Need (*) + V-ing passive.
Consider * – xem như. Pardon
Control * Permit (*) + V-ing = permit (sb) + to-inf.
Defend Practise
Defer = Delay + V-ing = Postpone + V-ing – trì hoãn Prevent
Delay *+ V-ing = Postpone* + V-ing + to / until + Quit *
Deny *+ V-ing = Refuse * + To-inf. – phủ nhận Remember (**) + V-ing remember + to-inf
Desire * passive. Recall
Detest Recollect
Discuss Recommend (*) + V-ing = recommend (as) +
Dislike to-inf
Encourage (*) + V-ing = encourage + (sb) + to-inf Regret + V-ing regret + to-inf – tiếc
Enjoy * Report
Escape Resent * – phẫn nộ, nổi giận, ghen
Excuse Resist – kháng cự
Fancy – tưởng tượng Resume
Fear Risk – liều
Finish * Suggest passive.
Forbid (*) + V-ing = forbit (sb) + to-inf. Top, End (**)
Forgive + V-ing = forgive (sb) + to-inf. Tolerate – tha thứ, chịu đựng
Hate (**) + V-ing = hate + to-inf. Try (**) + V-ing try + to-inf
Imagine Understand
Involve * – liên quan Want (*) + V-ing want + to-inf = want (sb) to-
inf.
S + V + Gerund = S + V + DO(sb) + to-inf.
Advise
Recommend
Encourage – khuyến khích, ủng hộ
+ V-ing = + (sb) + to-inf
Allow
Permit
Forbid * – cấm
+ V-ing
To object to
To look forward to
To be accustomed to = get/ be used to + V- ing
used to + inf.
To go ( sport / hobby)
Accustom to
2.2.11 S + V + to + V
2.2.11.1 S + V + (not) to –inf. (không có nghóa mục đích)
hướng tới tương lai: mong muốn, bắt buộc
Afford (đáp ứng) Learn – nghe tin
Agree* + to-inf refuse + to-inf Like / dislike (**) + to-inf + V-ing
Aim Love (**) + to-inf + V-ing
Appear* Manage
Arrange Mean
Ask+ to-inf = ask (sb) + to-inf. Need* + to-inf = need (sb) + to-inf + V-ing
Attempt Offer
Beg Order + to-inf = order (sb) + to-inf
Care Plan
Choose Prefer
Claim – tuyên bố. Prepare
Consent – tán thành, đoàng yù. Pretend – giả vờ
Dare Promise*
Decide Refuse *
Demand* + to-inf = demand + that (bare-inf) = Request
demand (sb) + to-inf Seem
Deserve* – xứng đáng. Strive – phấn đấu, cố gắng = try + to-inf
Desire (*) + V-ing/To-inf. Struggle
Determine Swear
Expect* Tend
Force* + to-inf = force (sb) + to-inf Threaten – đe doạ
Fail* Undertake – đảm nhận
Forget (**) + to-inf forget + V-ing Warn – cảnh báo
Happen Want * + to-inf = want (sb) + to-inf. want + V-ing =
Hate want to be + V-ed.
Help (**) + V-ing = help + to-inf. Wait
Hesitate Wish
Hire + to-inf = hire (sb) +to-inf. = engage Volunteer
Hope* Vote * – bầu cưû.
Intend*
Would like + to –inf invitation, want
To be likely + to –inf có lẽ. + to-inf
There is to be + to –inf passive
S + V + Wh-question + to–inf.
Ask
Tell
Show
Advise
Teach
Learn
Know + Wh-question + to-inf
Remember
Forget
Explain
Understand
Wonder
Decide
Ex.
I want to know how to prepare a lecture.
2.2.12 S + V + to-inf / V-ing
Don’t change meaning
Begin
Start
Intend
Continue
+ to–inf / V–ing
Bother
Help
Know
Change meaning:
Remenber
Forget
Regret
Love
Like /dislike (would you like)
Hate
Want
Prefer
Try + to-inf cố gắng
Try + V-ing thưû
Need* + to-inf active
Need* + V-ing = need + to be + pp. passive
Advise + to-inf/V-ing = advise (sb) on (sth) + V-ing đã qua, bị động (được làm), công việc;
Agree meaning: tinh thần, tình cảm
Allow + to-inf sẽ làm, kết quả meaning: vật chất,
Permit
Attempt
Leave
Mean
Neglect
Dread – sợ hãi
Study
Stop
Propose
Go on
Can’t help
Can’t bear
2.2.13 Series of V
2.2.13.1 S + V + to + V
Purpose nhằm, để.
2.2.13.2 S + V and V
Consecutive các hành động liên tiếp.
2.2.13.3 S + V (,) present participle
Simultaneous các hành động cùng một lúc.
11. Spectation about the past - ước đoán hành động trong quá khứ - “chắc hẳn là”
Past tense: modal + have + (not) past participle
Should + have + pp lẽ ra nên …
Must + have + pp. certain – chắc chắn.
May + have + pp. possible– có thể.
Could + have + pp. possible – có thể.
Might + have + pp. less possible – it khả năng.
Can’t + have + pp. impossible, almost impossible – hầu như không thể.
Ex. You should have done (sth) = you didn’t do (sth).
2.4 Condition
2.4.1 Tense
If- clause Main clause
Real in the present / future Present simple Future simple
Do * Will + inf.
Unreal in the present / future Past subjunctive Conditional simple
V-ed (were) ** Would + inf.
Unreal in the past Past perfect subjunctive Conditional perfect
Had + past subj. * Would + have + pp.
Inversion of had + omit “if”
Mixed time – Past perfect subjunctive Conditional simple
Result of the action in the past Had + pp. Would + inf.
(unreal in the past) (unreal in the present)
Tense
Conditional tense: would + inf expresion action in the future
Past subjunctive: V-ed (were) expresion action in the present
Past perfect sub.: had + past sub. expresion action in the past
Could = would be able to
Might = may be would
Inversion – đảo ngữ ***
Ex 1. If I had a car I would go to class on time.
Had I a car I would go to class on time.
Ex 2. If he should be here he would see her
a little chance to happen nếu tình cờ.
an opportunity nếu có cô hội.
Reduce form – dạng rút gọn *
V-ing / V–ed + S + V + O
2.4.2 Conditional conjunction
If, only if nếu, chỉ khi.
In case = in the event that trong trường hôïp.
Provided that * = providing that = as long as (adv) + phrase miễn là, với điều kiện.
Unless = If … not… nếu không.
Or else = otherwise = or nếu không.
2.4.4 To Wish
Wish + to-inf = wish + (sb) + to-inf want
Wish + would + bare – inf
Wish + V-ed (past subjuctive) unreal in the future / present / past
Wish + had + V-ed (past perfect)
Wish + (sb) + N Ex. I wish you luck.
Wish + (sb) + adj We wish you a Merry Christmas
Wish + for + N He wished himself dead.
He wishes for money.
Worry about
Talk + to (sb) about (sth)
Talk with (sb)(sth) – trình bày .
To do
To do means to perform, act, accomplish
Do an assignment Do someone a favor Do damage
Do bussiness with Do one’s best – cố gắng hết sức Do wonder
Do a job (errand, chore – việc vặt) Do a service
Do one’s duty Do manufacture Do kindness
Do one’s work Do contribution to Do harm
Do homework Do wrong
Do research Do justice to – đánh giá đúng
To Advise
Advise (sb) not to do (sth)
Advise (sb) of do (sth) = inform (sth)
Advise (sb) on (sth) = should do (sth)
Advise (sb) against (sth)/ doing (sth) = should not do (sth)
Advise (sb) that + clause
Advise (sb) how to do (sth)
To have
To have a lack of (sth) = to lack
To have a chance to do (sth)/ of doing (sth)
To be to + inf = have to + inf = must + inf
To mind – phiền lòng
To make up my mind to – inf
Would you mind + to – inf ?
To play
To play the guitar/ the piano
To play football
To play the key role in + V-ing = to be in charge of = To be responsibility for
To play the key role in structure of Cell membranes
To please – vui lòng
Please don’t do it
Would you please tell me …
To prefer
Prefer + (O)
Prefer (N1) to (N2) = prefer to do (sth) rather than do (sth)
Prefer to-inf = prefer + V-ing
To take
To take a dicision = To make a dicision = to decide
To take a turn
To take credit for (sth)
To take precaution against / for
It takes (sb) (time) + to do (sth) = (Sb) spend (time) + doing (sth) = (Sb) spend (time) + on (sth)
3. NOUNS
3.1 Nouns agree with V
Here / there + be (S) + S
Great quantities of + N
Lot of = a lot of
None + of the
No, half, any +
Almost of the, almost all, Most, all, some, (Of the) + N + V (N)
majority
All but tất cả, ngoại trừ…
Of many things, trong số
Fractions / percentages
The rest
Not only + S1 + but (also) + S2 + V (N2)
Either/ Neither + N1 + or/nor + N2
S1 + as well as + S2 (cũng như)
S1 + along with + S2 đi theo + V(S1)
S1 + accompanied by + S2 tháp tùng bởi
S1 + together with + S2
S1 + in addition to + S2
All of S1 but S2 tất cả, ngoại trừ
Ex. Of all the law suits, 95 percents of them are
Singular V Plural V
Singular count noun, non-count noun Plural count noun
Anything, nothing, something, every, A pair of, each, Both + S1 + and + S2 = both of the + N= both
everyone, someone, anyone, no one +N
Neither of, either A few, several, various, many, some,
What, whatever, whoever numerous…
The, this, that, these, those, (a) few, pieces of The, this, that, these, those, (a) little, piece of
A, all, each, one, two, none Some, any, much, a lot of
Some, any, many, A lot of, several
A great number(s) of, The number of (sing. V), A A large/ big/ great/ increase number of, The
number of (plural V), fewer … than …, more … than amount of, less … than …, more … than, less
Few = not many a few = some 3 + plural count Little = not much a little = some = a small
N, Only a few of amount of sth
Vocabulary
3.2.3 Countable nouns 3.2.4 Uncountable nouns
Singular – Plural Food (s) Fruit, Apple, Bread (s), Butter, Cheese,
Alga – algae – tảo Coffee, Pepper (s), Salt, Sugar (s), Tea (s), Milk, Rice
Nucleus – Nuclei – nhân TB (s) oil
Bacterium – Bacteria Clothing, Jewelry
Fish – Fish General Ns:
Fungus – Fungi / funguses Equipment, Furniture, Machinery
Mouse – Mice Materials: wood, iron, glass
Wolf – Wolves – chó sói Traffic, Transportation
Man – Men
Child – Children Homework, Housework, Information, Knowledge,
Person – People Music, training, movie
Alumnus – Alumni Sunshine
Foot – Feet Evidence (bằng chứng), Intelligence, Violence,
Thought - Thoughs Air, steam, smoke, water, ice, Soil, Silver (s)
Feeling – Feelings Advice
Courage
Byssinosis – Byssinoses - bệnh bụi phổi do bông Damage
Datum - Data Fun, Luck, Honesty (sự thành thật), Happiness,
Basis – Bases Sadness, beauty, peace,
Criss – Crises Luggage, Postage
Criterion – Criteria Money
Stimulus – Stimuli - tác nhân kích thích Pottery, Poverty, Progress, Scenery
Phenomenon – Phenomena Abstract Ns:
Dialysis – Dialyses – thaåm tách Significance, ignorance
Medium – media
Radius – Radii
Index – Indices
Appendix – Appendices
Singular nouns (plural):
Improvement(s), mammal(s), fossil(s), color(s),
regulation(s), mural(s) – tranh tường; vegetable(s),
collection(s); skin (s), superstition(s), culture(s)
3.3 N + Verb
3.4 Preposition
Cause of Approach to
Choice of Attention to
Conponent of Belief in
Content of Contribution to
Cost of Cure for
Danger of Decrease in
Effect of (cause) + on (receiver) Demand for
Equivalent of Exception to
Evidence of Excuse for
Example of Experience with
Form of Expert on
Group of Improvement in
Instance of – trường hôïp Increase in
Intention of Influence on
Method of / for Interest in
Native of , native to (adj) Need for
Origin of In Opposition to
Possibility of / for Reason for
Price of Reliance on – tin cậy, tín nhiệm
Probability of Requirement for (V-ing)
Quality of Solution to
Result of
Supply of
Use of
3.4.1 Pronouns
Subject pronouns: I, you, he, she, it, we, they.
Object pronouns: me, you, him, her, it, us, them.
Possessive adjectives: my, your, his, her, its, our, their. + The + N
Possessive pronouns: mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, their.
Reflexive pronouns: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, themselves.
Relative pronouns: who, whom, whose, which, that.
On sale.
On view: open to public inspection : on exhibition
On pins and needles
In advance
3.4.3 N – Idioms
A piece of cake – very easy
A piece of her mind
Out load
On the double
In her own good time
On schedule
That’s that.
In bad taste ?
4. ADJECTIVES
4.1 Position of adj. in clause
Adj + N
N + adj (+ prep.) + obj (adj clause)
Linking verb + adj:
Linking verb: be, become, remain, feel, look, see, smell, state, sound, stay, appear.
Indefinite proN + adj
N + adj
Adj [//] = available, alive, aflont, asleep, above
N = something, anything, nothing
Ex. Something new
To make it possible for (sb) to do (sth) = to make possiple + long N
4.2 Possition of adj in phrase: OPSHACOM
Opinion – how big – how old – color – where from – made of + N
Sáng tối: Color: Pattern:
Pale Red Check
Light Orange Stripped
Bright Yellow Plain
Dark Green Flowered
Blue Splot
Violet
4.3 Patterns
4.3.1 Sentences
It’s + adj + of + sb + to – inf.
Adj + V-ing
Busy + V-ing Lucky Sorry
Eager - hăm hở Prepared = Ready – sẵn sàng Worth
Foolish - điên roà Please
Fortunate – may mắn
Happy
Adj + to-inf
Anxious – băn khoăn. Good Strangle
Boring Hard Usual
Dangerous Pleased
Difficult Prepared
Easy Ready
Patterns
It is + (much) too + adj. + a day + for + sb + to + inf (không dùng với “that”)
It is + (much) so + hot + a day + that + clause. Except: busy + Ving
It is + such + a hot day + that + clause
It is + quite + a hot day
4.4 Comparison
4.4.1 Equal comparision
(Not) + so + adj / adv + as +
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4.5 Vocabulary
4.5.1 Descriptive adj
Color: white, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, violet…
Size: large, tiny,
Quality of person: find, kind, nice, cute…
Quality of thing: beatiful, intersted , important, colorful…
4.6 Preposition
Acceptable to pp. form
Adquate for Accustomed to
Afraid of Adapted to
Amenable to – chịu trách nhiệm. Applied to
Analogous to – tương tự. Appreciated for
Aware of / that – nhận thức. Based on
Capable of Bored with
Charactersistic of Compared to
Close to Composed of
Concern with (sth) about (sth) Disappointed in /with
Contrary to Divorced from
Dependent on Independent of Engaged in
Different from differently than (sb/sth) in (sth) Equipped with
Eligible for Interested in
Equal to Isolated from
Equivalent to – tương đương. Married to
Essential to / for = vital to / for (sth) Opposed to – đối lập
Except for Opposited of – đối diện Related to
Expert at Satisfied for
(sb) is Familiar with (sb) Suprised at / by
(sth) is Familiar to (sth) Related to
Fond of Tired of
Free from
Good at To be famous for
Guily of - To be granted for
Important to (sb) = importance of To be known for
Inferior to – keùm hôn, dươùi. To be noted for
Jelous of (sth/sb) – ghen tò, ganh gheùt với. To be respected for
Native to (a), native of (n)
Necessary for / to
Next to = Near + (obj)
Perfect for
Popular with (sb) in / on (sth)
Possible for
Preferable to – thích hôïp
Regard to Regardless of
Relevant to – thích hôïp
Responsible to (sb) for (sth)
Rich in fat
Sensitive to
Similar to
Successful in
Shy of / about (sb/sth)
Thanks to
Typical of
Unusual in (sth) – bất thường ở chỗ.
5. ADVERBS
5.1 Definition
Adverbs modify verbs, except linking verbs.
Adverbs modify adjectives or other adverbs.
5.4 Vocabulary
5.4.1 Frequency
Vocab.
Always, usually, frequently, often, generally thường.
Sometimes, occasionally, random thỉnh thoảng.
Seldom, rarely, barely, hardly khó mà, hiếm khi.
Never, scarely không.
Seldom, rarely, hardly ever almost never , almost not at all khó mà, hiếm khi.
Hardly, barely, scarely almost nothing không.
Negative + inversion
Ex. Never did she work.
5.4.2 Degree
Vocab.
Extremely, cực kỳ.
Very, so, too, quite, rất.
Fairly, rather, pretty khá.
Quite = fairly = khá; = complete = rất, hoàn toàn, thực sự.
Very rất; ngay.
Patterns
It is + too + a day + for + sb + to + inf (không được dùng với “that”)
It is + so + hot + a day + that + clause
It is + such + a hot day + that + clause
It is + quite + a hot day
N + adj + enough + to + inf.
Enough + N + to – inf. = N + enough + to – inf.
It is + enough + adj + a + N + that
Now
Today
Last week Two days ago Yesterday Tomorrow In two days Next week
= The day before = the day after tomorrow
yesterday
The day after
The day later
By the end of this year + fulture perfect (will have +
Again, once agai pp)
Every day
Now At the end
Then Today of this year
Soon
Early, late
Before, after, during
By the end of this year + fulture perfect (will + have + pp.)
Prior to
During period of time
When point of time
5.4.6 Purpose – mục đích
Vocab
To, in order to, so as to
Patterns: can reverse
5.4.7 Reason – nguyên nhân
Due to, thanks to, owing to, because of
5.4.8 Concession – nhượng bộ
Despite, In spite of dù .
5.4.9 Contrast – đối lập
However = no matter how
In contrast to
5.4.10 Vocabulary
Somehow (adv) – không hiểu vì sao, cách này hay cách káhc.
Somewhat (adv) = slightly – một chút, hơi.
In addition to = besides = moreover
According to
Well and trylly
Honestly speaking,
6. CONJUNCTIONS
6.1 Vocabulary
6.1.1 Coordinating conjunction
6.1.1.1 And
Both + S1 + and + S2 (cả … và … ) Plural Verb
S1 + as well as + S2 (cũng như) Verb (S1)
Not only + S1 + but (also) + S2 (không những … mà còn…) Verb (S2)
Ex. Can not only receive messages from sense organs, but it can also transmit messages throughout the
body.
6.1.1.2 But (contrast) – oposite meaning
However = no matter how (adv)
Yet
Nevertheless
Still
Whereas (ngược lại – trong khi đó)
6.1.1.3 Or
Either + S1 + or + S2 V (S2)
Neither + S1 + nor + S2 (không… cũng không…) V (S2)
Nor phủ định mệnh đề sau V (S2)
Whether … or …
6.1.1.4 So
Therefore,
So
That’s why
Clue: Lead become
6.1.2 Subordinating conjunction
6.1.2.1 Place
Where, wherever
6.1.2.2 Time
Before As Every time = when ever (bất cứ
After Since: from that time to present khi nào)
When (chắc chắn) từ khi The next time
If (không chắc chắn) Once The last time
While + N / clause As soon as The first time
As long as, So long as: from By the time (cho đến khi)
beginning to end
Partterns
When + clause (V-ed = simple past) Clause (V-ed, had + pp, was/were + V-ing)
When + clause (had + pp = past perfect) Clause (V-ed)
While + clause (V-ed = simple past) Clause (V-ed)
While + clause (was/were + V-ing = past cont) Clause (V-ed, was/were + V-ing)
+ clause (was/were + V-ing = past cont) When + clause (V-ed = simple past)
Befor + clause (V-ed = simple past) Clause (V-ed, had + pp)
e
After + clause (V-ed = simple past) Clause (V-ed)
After + clause (had + pp = past perfect) Clause (V-ed)
6.1.2.3 Purpose
That Lest + clause (should)
So that For fear that (sợ rằng)
In order that = should not
+ (can / could / may / might)
6.1.2.4 Condition
If As long as (trừ phi) Supposing that (giá như)
Only if Unless (nếu không) Granted that (giá như)
In case Ortherwise (nếu không) Provided that (miễn là)
In the event (that) Or else (nếu không) As though, as if (như thể là)
Whether or not
7. PREPOSITIONS
7.1 Meaning
About For
Xung quanh Vì, cho (mục đích)
Khắp nơi Nguyên do
Khoảng chừng Chỉ thời gian
Về vấn đề gì Chỉ chiều hươùng (nơi đến, mục đích)
Above Trao đổi (trả tiền cho)
Trên From
Hơn Nguồn gốc, từ (place)
After Chỉ thời gian
Sau (place / time) Sự khác biệt
Against Nguyên nhân, lyù do
Chống lại, trái lại
Đụng phải In
Dựa vào Chỉ nơi chốn (place)
Đối Chỉ thời gian
với, sánh với Chỉ trạng thái
Chuaån bò, dự trù (đương đầu) Of
At Sở hữu
Tại (place) Nguồn gốc
Vào lúc (time) Khoảng cách
Trạng thái Về vấn đề
Chiều hươùng Nguyên nhân
Số lượng Thành phần, nội dung chưá đựng
By On
Kế bên Chỉ nơi chốn
Cho đến khi Chỉ thời gian
Chỉ thời gian nói chung Về vấn đề
Ngang qua Về sự lệ thuộc
Bởi, do To
Nhờ, theo Chỉ nơi chốn
ở chỗ Chỉ sự di chuyển đến
Đo lường Giới thiệu IO (sb)
Chỉ thời gian
With
Chỉ sự tháp tùng
Chỉ sự sở hữu
Chỉ thể cách
Chỉ phương tiện.
7.2 Phrases
Time
In: century, decade, year, season, month, part of day
On: days of a week, date
At: time of day; at night
For/since: duration of time; point in time
From… to:
st th
In the 21 century, For three days, since 29 July…
in the 2000, From 8 am. to 5 pm.
in 2003, On time,
in July, in time
in the morning, in the evening at 6 PM, at noon…
on Wednesday At the time of the revolutionary war
nd
on 2 Sep = on July 29 … at some + future time
Place
In: continent, country, state, city, building, room, the world.
On: street, floor of a building, earth
At: address
From … to …
At 200 Main street In Los Angeles
On Kings road In Califonia
On the second floor In Japan
In the drugstore In africa
From Alaska to California
Means of transportation
By car, by plane, by phone, by express mail In cars, in a taxi
By land, by sea, by air On a board, on the telephone, on a bus/train
Mesurement
Large in propotion. At the speed of 90 miles an hour
3 inches in length At about 17,000 feet per second
30 feet high = 30 feet in heigh 5 times as far as comparable
a heigh of over 30 feet 90 degree of Celcuise
1 kilo of weigth to be measured in units
Differnce in size
Age
at the age of 20 = 20 years of age = 20 years old
a person of any age
the cost of being sick
About
Above
After
Against
As
As soon as possible
As far back as
As far as know
As a consequence of
At
At best / worst At the age of 20 = 20 years of age = 20 years old
At first = initially at last At some + future time
At least At night
At once = immediately At the same time as
At times = occationally At times
At the peak of At the moment
At birth At the greatly reduced price
At death At no charge
At random At the core of
At home / work / school
By
By means of By far = considerably – đáng kể.
By way of = via By contrast – ngược lại
By hand By day, by night
By chance – tình cờ By then – cho đến sau đó .
By accident = on pupose By making + V-ing
For
For instance For now
For example For the first time
For free For an injection to be effective agaist tettanus, it must be admistered
For (sb) – đối với
From
Part from
Of
The probability of
Rather than = instead of
The same of
Instead of (adv)
as result of = Resulting from = to result in
Off
Off the coast of – ngoài khơi
Within
Within 72 hours of the injury
In
In advance = Ahead of = before In: century, decade, year, season, month, part of day (in the
In vain = without success – thất bại morning, in the evening)
In the wrong direction In the forth century
In the large multilevel structures In the century BC
In effect, In use – đang lưu hành In the mid-1980s
In existence In the future, in the past
In detail on the whole
In general In: continent, country, state, city, building, room, the world.
In common In the world = All over the world
In part = partly In the house = domestic
In practice, In theory In the night sky
In line, in a row In the front / middle / back
In style
In popularity In army/ air force / wavy
In luck In a book/ magazine/newspaper
In motion In bills
In the street obstructing –tắc nghẽn. The first stage in the manufacturing of
In conflict – trái với In some culture
In greater number
In charge of In a/an adj (hình thức adv) + manner
In danger of
In favor of – thiên vị, ủng hộ . Rich in fat
In spite of
In need of In parnership with – cộng tác với
In search of In particular with
In consideration of (get) In contact with = in touch with
In term of In common with
In the process of In addition to = besides
In view of In opposition to
On
On diet
On fire On top of the world
On the other hand On place
On hand – available ? On land
On radio / television / the telephone On Earth
On the whole = in general On the frontier
On sale On long sea voyages
On the average On the slope – trên sườn dốc .
On purpse On the street, on the cooner, on the side walk,
On the clear night On the way = enroute,
On time = punctual On the right / left
th
On account of On the 5 floor,
On behalf of On train
On the basis of
Out of
Out of town – away
Out of date – old
Out of fashion ??
Out of work – jobless, unemployed
Out of question – impossible
Out of order – not fuctioning, broken
Over
All over the world
To
To some degree ở một chừng mực nào đó Prior to
According to – theo.
Under
Under consideration for a job
Upper
Upper middle class
With
With regard to Together with
With the exception of In parnership with – cộng tác với
With the purpose of In particular with
With + instrument In contact with
In common with
Agreement
Neither do I.
So do I.
I don’t either.
I do, too.
I do also.
8. CONFUSED WORDS
Percent – percentage
Percent (đơn vị) + singular verb
Percentage (con số)
Kind – type
Kind + count noun
Type + noncount noun
Not only… but also – not … but
Not only… but also – cả hai
not N1 … but N2 không N1 mà N2.
But = except
I am but a fool only - chỉ là người khờ dại
No – not – none
No (a) + noun
Not (adv) + verb / adj
None (pronoun)
Besides – beside
Besides (prep, adv) = in addition to, moreover – hơn nữa, ngoài ra.
Beside (prep) = near, next to – bên cạnh.
Instead of – instead
Instead of + N/ adj/ adv
Instead (adv.). at the end of a sentence.
Most (a) – Almost (adv)
Almost all (of the) = most (of the)
After (prep) – Afterward (adv)
After (prep) + phrase – sau.
Afterward (adv) + clause – sau đó.
Around (prep) – Round (a)
Around (prep) - vòng quanh .
Round (a) – tròn.
Somewhere (adv) = slightly
Direct – directly
High – highly
Fast – fastly
Hard
Hard (a) = difficult – khó khăn;
Hardy (a) = rigid - cứng, chắc.
Hard (adv) = with great effort – khó mà. = heavily (rain), strongly (wind), deligently, induostriously (work)
Hardly (adv) = barely, scarely, almost never – khắc nghiệt, khó mà, hầu như không.
9. NUMBERS
9.1 Ordinal numbers – số thứ tự
A third of all students = 1/3 of … + are +…
One of the first educations
The second gate = gate two
The forth volume of = Volume four of N
Cotton used to rank first among alabama’s crops
The First Act of
TIME
The second year of production…
For the first time lần đầu tiên.
I first came here lần đầu đến đây past
The first / the last + to-inf. lần đầu tiên
The first person to get… người đầu tiên
It was the first time + have + pp (present perfect) lần đầu tiên
Is + to be + pp + by 2010 future invention
Was + to be + pp + by 1995 past invention
9.3 Time,
Date
th th th th
30 Dec = Dec 30 = 30 Dec = Dec 30 = Dec the 30 = the 30 of Dec (formal)
th
On the 12 day of each month
th
For the 12 of June
9.4 Age
Reach the forties những năm 40.
Reach forties tuổi 40.
At the age of 20 = 20 years of age = 20 years old
To change with age – thay đổi theo tuổi tác.
9.6 Comparative
5 times/ twice as far as comparable
More/less than 200 nation states = over 200 nation states
Cost me 3 times as much as the last pair
Although there was appoximately 120 intensive languas institutes in the US in 1970s, ther are more than
times as many now.
9.7 Maths
A third = 1/3; 2 fifth = 2/5.
To rise on half a degree Celcuise
To be reduced by 400 meters
To expend the bed by 10 to 50 percent.
To reduce (sth) to about a half giảm xuống ½.