5 Traffic School Course on Driving Distractions

10/24/2018 $5 Dollar Traffic School Online
OPEN BOOK
Below is the entire Section 4 of the course. You may use this window while taking the
review quiz. Press Ctrl+F (for Windows) or Command+F (for Mac/Apple) on your
keyboard at any time to open a search box and search for specific words or phrases.
Chapter 10: Driving Distractions

WHAT IS DISTRACTED DRIVING?

Distracted driving is driving while doing other, non-driving activities at the same time. It means that
you are not giving driving your full attention, thus increasing your chances of a collision. The US
Department of Transportation lists three types of distractions:
Visual distraction: taking your EYES off the road

Manual distraction: taking your HANDS off the wheel
Cognitive Distraction: taking your MIND off driving
(Source: US Government website for Distracted Driving)

Think of your brain as a computer. If you open too many applications at once, it starts running slowly.
It takes longer to open a document or close a browser because you've given it too much to do at the
same time. Your brain works in the same way. If you are doing anything else while driving, your brain is
weighed down with too many activities. It means that you are doing each activity more slowly and it's
going to take you longer to react to any change on the road. A pedestrian could step off the sidewalk
or another car could change its lane. If you're distracted, you could miss the pedestrian or the car and
get into a horrible collision.
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We usually think of cell phones as the worst kind of distraction and this is true. Texting in particular is
by far the most dangerous since it combines all three types of distractions - visual, manual, and
cognitive. Even if you're just talking on the phone, using a hands-free set, your mind is still distracted
and you put yourself and others at risk.
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DISTRACTED DRIVING STATISTICS

Many people think that they can handle multi-tasking, especially when it comes to driving and cell
phones. But here are some statistics that prove otherwise.
Using a cell phone while driving, whether it's hand-held or hands-free, delays a driver's reactions
as much as having a blood alcohol concentration at the legal limit of .08 percent. (Source:
University of Utah)
Drivers who use hand-held devices are four times as likely to get into crashes serious enough to
injure themselves. (Source: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety)
In 2015 alone, 3,477 people were killed in U.S. roadways and an additional 391,000 were injured in
motor vehicle crashes that were reported to have involved distracted driving. (Source: National
Highway Traffic Safety Administration: FARS and GES)
These statistics are frightening and there is no doubt that using a cell phone significantly impacts
your ability to drive well. Instead of taking your chances on the road, wouldn't it be better to just make
your phone calls once you've stopped driving? Even if you think you can talk or text while driving, the
law now says that you can't.

CELL PHONE AND TEXTING LAWS

Since cell phones and especially texting are such hazards, the State of California has passed some
laws to deal with these problems.
As of July 1, 2008 it is illegal to talk on a handheld cell phone while driving. If you are over 18, you may
use a hands-free device while driving. If you are under 18, you cannot talk on any wireless device,
handheld or hands-free. The law makes an exception for emergency situations.
Handheld Wireless Telephones and Electronic Wireless Communication Devices (VC 23123.5)
In addition to existing laws regarding the usage of electronic devices while driving, it is now against
the law to be holding or manually operating an electronic wireless communications device. The
device must be specifically designed and configured to allow for voice-operated and hands-free
operation. This law exempts manufacturer-installed systems that are embedded in the vehicle.
While operating the vehicle, the driver's hand may only be used to work a handheld wireless
telephone or electronic wireless communications device only if 1) the device is mounted on the
vehicle's windshield the same way a portable Global Positioning System (GPS) is mounted. Pursuant
to paragraph (12) of subdivision (b) of Section 26708 of the Vehicle Code, it may be mounted in a
seven-inch square in the lower corner of the windshield farthest removed from the driver or in a five-
inch square in the lower corner of the windshield nearest to the driver and outside of an airbag
deployment zone. It may also be mounted on the vehicle's dashboard or center console in a way that
does not affect the driver's view of the road and 2) the driver's hand is used to activate or deactivate
a feature or function of the device with the motion of a single swipe or tap of the driver's finger.
A violation of this law is an infraction punishable by a base fine of $20 for the first offense and $50 for
each subsequent offense.
This law does not apply to an emergency service professional while operating an authorized
emergency vehicle while performing his or her duties.
Electronic wireless communication devices includes but is not limited to, a broadband personal
communication device, a specialized mobile radio device, a handheld device or laptop computer
with mobile data access, a pager, or a two-way messaging device.
Even though hands-free sets are legal, they are still a distraction, so it's best to leave all phone calls
for when you have pulled over. If we think about the brain as a computer, talking and driving are two
very big applications running at the same time. When using a hands-free set, both hands are free for
the steering wheel but your mind is still distracted. You could be making plans and daydreaming
about what you're going to be doing that evening or arguing with customer service about a credit
card bill you know you paid on time. It doesn't matter who you're talking to, talking on a cell phone
means you are trying to carry on a conversation and drive at the same time, forcing your brain to
work slowly. This means you will react more slowly to the unexpected conditions of the road than you
would if you were only driving.
Television Broadcast or Video Signal (VC 27602)

With this law, you can drive a car with a television receiver, video monitor, television or video screen, or
any other similar visual displayer as long as the equipment is designed, operated and configured in
such a way that the driver cannot view the broadcast or video and not be distracted.
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NOT JUST ABOUT CELL PHONES

Cell phones are not the only things that can distract us while driving. While they are one of the most
obvious causes of collisions, there are other distractions that can lead to collisions. For the most part,
we create these distractions, especially the ones in the car, or allow ourselves to get distracted by
what is happening outside.
Dashboard Electronics
While cell phones are the most hazardous electronic devices used in the car, the car itself is most
often equipped with a variety of gadgets. These electronics, however, offer us another opportunity to
do anything but drive. Global Positioning Systems (GPS) are a great way to ensure that you don't get
lost. Your GPS will tell you where to turn left or right, where to get on and off a highway, saving you
from the anxiety of feeling lost or actually getting lost. The GPS might calm the nerves of many drivers
but navigation systems are also a huge problem on the road. Oftentimes drivers change destinations
while driving or ask for the system to "re-calculate," which draws the driver's attention away from the
road and onto the dashboard.

Dashboard electronics are not restricted to these navigation devices. Many of the buttons and knobs
on the dashboard are also there to make your experience in the car as pleasant as possible.
Controlling the music and the temperature in the car means that you will have a comfortable drive.
We all know, however, how annoying the radio can be sometimes, playing songs you don't want to
hear, or maybe even hate, almost forcing you to reach over and change the station. By taking that
time to look down, reach for the knob or button, and surf the radio, change a track on a CD, or skip a
song on a portable media player like an iPod or MP3, you increase your chances of getting into a
collision. Is it worth it to get into a collision because you don't like a song you're hearing?

Similarly, no one likes to be in the car if it's too hot or too cold inside. You should try to turn on the air
conditioner or heater before you start driving. If it does get too cold or too hot, just wait until a normal
stop such as a red light to change the temperature.

Let's turn to our companions, Pablo and Maria, to illustrate some of these points. Pablo can be a
careless driver. He is easily distracted and always has to make sure he is absolutely comfortable while
driving. This means he changes radio stations and keeps changing the temperature in the car. For
Pablo, it's either never cold enough or never hot enough and he's always confident he can find better
music if he just keeps looking. He's been driving like this for years and has almost gotten into a collision
on numerous occasions. Since it hasn't happened yet, he thinks it won't happen.


One afternoon, Pablo picked up Maria to go to the movies. As soon as Maria was in the car she noticed
that he was once again changing radio stations, putting the air conditioner on low then on high,
incapable of keeping his eyes on the road. While driving during rush hour, on one of the busiest
freeways, Pablo was looking down to adjust the temperature in the car. Traffic was moving and he
didn't think anything would change during that second he was looking down. But it did. All of a sudden
the car in front of him came to a stop. Maria screeched and he immediately stopped. Thanks to
Maria's caution he avoided a collision by a few inches. Maria was obviously very upset and barely
stopped herself from yelling at Pablo. Instead, she sternly suggested that when she's in the car, he
should tell her (or whoever is in the passenger's seat) to fiddle with the music or temperature controls
rather than doing it himself. If he's not driving with any passengers, shouldn't he just wait until he
comes to a normal stop? Is it worth getting into a collision because he needs to change the
temperature to make it "perfect" or to change the music?

Other Passengers
In this instance the passenger, Maria, was helpful to the driver. Without her, Pablo would have hit the
car in front of them. Maria also offered some useful suggestions for safer driving. In other instances,
however, other passengers can be an additional distraction. When you're driving with friends and
relatives it's important to keep your passengers under control and to keep your attention on the road.
They can distract you by talking loudly or arguing with one another or even with you. You should
remind your passengers from the start that they should try to be helpful as passengers (such as by
changing music and regulating the temperature in the car) rather than being disruptive. If they do
start arguing with one another or with you, don't get involved and don't get distracted by it! You can
continue an argument or a discussion once you've pulled over and stopped driving. Always
remember that there's a psychological aspect to driving too. If you get upset or angry while driving,
this will impact your ability to drive well.
Friends and relatives aren't the only kinds of passengers though. Children and pets can also be
passengers and in some instances can be even more distracting than adults.
Children
Before you take children in the car with you, make it very clear to them that driving is a serious and
important job. Teach them that while they are in the car they should buckle their seat belts. Remind
them that you have to concentrate when you're driving so they shouldn't argue or fight with one
another while they are in the car. They should stay in their seats and play a game or read a book,
quietly entertaining themselves and allowing you to focus on driving.
Pets
Many people love to drive with their dogs on their laps or running loose in the car. While it's always
nice to see a happy dog with its head out the window and ears flapping, this is also very dangerous.
You should always secure your pet in a carrier or harness. If your pet is loose in the car, or worse,
sitting on your lap, both you and the pet are in danger. Instead of worrying as to where your pet has
gone in the car or what it is doing, secure your pet and focus on the road.

You should think of yourself as the captain of your ship. You are in charge of your vessel and all the
other members of your crew, be they other adults, children, or pets. For the sake of your safety and
that of your passengers, you should make sure you have control and that you have established rules
for the ship.

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NOT JUST ABOUT CELL PHONES (continued)
Eating
We all have very busy lives. Sometimes we rush out early in the morning to get to work, with no
chance to eat breakfast or drink coffee. After a while, this begins to take a toll on our bodies. We are
not as alert as we should be when we get to work or even on our way to work. A good breakfast is
necessary to kick start your day. It will get your mind and body working properly for work. We all know
this, which is why we all make our morning coffee and bagel stops. This however becomes a problem
when you're driving. It's become a habit with many people to eat and sip while driving. You may think
that this isn't a problem or a distraction. Let's consider some of the things involved in eating and
drinking. The first thing you have to do is reach for the food. As we've seen with the electronics on the
dashboard, this can be a brief but dangerous distraction. Once you have your food in your hands, you
have to unwrap it if it's wrapped or remove it from its container or box. This forces you to use your
hands to get to the food instead of keeping your hands on the steering wheel. What if you drop what
you're eating? How can you pick it up and clean yourself up while driving safely?

You may think a drink, whether it's hot or cold, might be safer than eating. After all, all you have to do is
put the cup to your lips and sip or put the straw to your mouth. That can't be too difficult, right? Even
drinking a soda or a coffee is a distraction. Remember, every time you are doing something that takes
your attention away from driving, even if it's for a split second, you are forcing your brain to multi-task.
Your brain will not only think about driving but also about getting your mouth to the straw so that you
can sip that soda. This might not seem like a big deal, but it's still a distraction. There's also the
possibility that you might spill some of your drink. There's nothing worse than spilling hot coffee all
over yourself. We all know that those coffee cup lids can be tricky. Sometimes there are no problems
whereas other times the lid is not on properly or it somehow spills. Maybe you can ensure that you
don't have a knee jerk reaction when you spill some soda on yourself, but what about hot coffee? It's
nearly impossible not to react at least by slightly jumping out of your seat. This can be extremely
dangerous. Not only will you try to clean the mess and soak up the hot coffee, but you might even lift
your leg off the gas or brake pedal, coming close to or getting into a collision. That sip of coffee can
end up costing you thousands of dollars.

The best way to avoid these collisions or near-collision experiences is to just eat and drink when you
are not driving. Either pull over for a few minutes or wait until you get to your destination.
Personal Grooming
We all want to look "put together" before we get out of the house. Whether this involves shaving or
applying makeup, we try to look our best. Just like that elusive breakfast, sometimes we run out of time
to get ready. We dress ourselves and rush out, thinking we can take care of the rest of it in the car. The
car is not an extension of your bathroom where you can groom yourself. Grooming in particular
requires attention to a lot of detail. Whether you are shaving or applying makeup, you have to pay
close attention to what you're doing. You don't want to miss a spot while shaving or apply lipstick to
somewhere other than your lips. If you are trying to do all this in the car it is inevitable that you are
distracted. You are most likely only looking in your rearview mirror, not at what's happening in front of
you. And even though you are looking in your rearview mirror, you are not even paying attention to
what is happening behind you, just to your face. By the time you apply that lipstick or shave that
unseemly patch of hair off your face and look down, you could be too late to stop from getting into a
collision. Instead, plan ahead and make sure you finish all your grooming at home instead of relying
on your time in the car to get this done. You'll probably look much better if you apply your makeup or
shave when you're not operating a moving vehicle!

Always remember, your car is a very different space from your home. You can multi-task at home
without it being a serious threat or danger to yourself or those around you. Your house is not on
wheels and in motion with you steering it in one direction or another; it's stationary. If you choose to do
multiple chores at once, you can. If you spill something, you can easily wipe it clean without worrying
about a deadly collision. When you're in your home, you can easily read the newspaper or chat on the
phone while sipping your coffee. You don't have to worry about anything else. Another car will not hit
you nor will you hit another car. You can't collide with a pedestrian or run over someone's pet. So just
do all these things before you get in the car. Your car is not an extension of your home or office. It's not
the place to finish what you couldn't finish at home or at work.
Scenery and Window Shopping

Maria and John love to drive along the coast on the weekends. The Pacific Coast Highway, with its
dramatic cliffs and beaches, is so stunning and beautiful. Maria always drives on the way out and
John always drives on the way back. They think it's the fairest way to share the burden of driving. It's
also the best way to make sure that the driver is always paying attention to the road. When it's Maria's
turn to be a passenger, she can look out the window and enjoy the scenery, knowing that John is
driving safely. One weekend, John and Maria thought they should invite Pablo for the drive. He eagerly
offered to drive, promising John and Maria that he would only pay attention to the road. For the first
thirty minutes, Pablo was not distracted. He paid attention to the road and drove with caution. After an
hour of driving though, he couldn't keep his eyes away from the coast and occasionally peaked to the
side to take a look. During one of these peaks, he began to swerve and nearly collided with an
oncoming car. While John and Maria yelled at Pablo for being careless and irresponsible, Pablo was
lucky on this occasion.

This is just one example of how distractions that are not even in the car can be a problem and
endanger your ability to focus while you drive. Focus is essential to driving. It is one aspect of those key
elements of driving that include timely, proper judgment and the use of your senses. Driving on scenic
roads can be distracting. Who doesn't want to look out the window and enjoy the scenery? But is it
worth risking a collision as well as the safety of yourself and your passengers?

Outside distractions are not restricted to ocean side drives. Driving in a city with bright lights, passing
by billboards or storefronts can all be sources of distraction. You may think you are only looking away
for a moment, just for a quick look, but even a few seconds with your eyes off the road can lead to
disaster.
Other Distractions
Some other outside distractions that have been listed by the California DMV include:
Collisions: Staring at collisions not only causes traffic but also can cause other collisions. The
passersby are too busy trying to figure out what happened that they forget to look at where
they are going.
A car pulled over by a police officer: Why did he or she get pulled over? Were they speeding?
Will they get arrested? All of these thoughts might cross our minds as we drive past a car that
has been pulled over. Not only are you unlikely to figure out what has happened, but you are
more likely to get into a collision.

Addresses and street names: We often get in the car and drive somewhere we've never been
before. This means we have to be looking out for street names and specific addresses. If no one
is in the car with us, we're on our own and that can make it difficult to find a building or a house.
The best thing to do is to get a very good idea of where you're going. Do a quick search online
and see if there are any landmarks near your destination that will make it easier to find. You
might even want to pull over at some point to make sure you're going the right way and how
much further you have to go.
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THE FACES OF DISTRACTED DRIVING
So far we have considered some imaginary situations involving John, Pablo, and Maria where
distractions could seriously hamper good driving. In reality, texting, cell phone use, eating, drinking
and other distractions have had real life fatal consequences and continue to do so.

On September 15, 2010, Ani Voskanian, 20, drove through a stop sign while she was texting. She ran over
and killed 80-year old Misak Ranjbar. She was charged with vehicular manslaughter, which is a felony.
(Source: Los Angeles Times)

On July 25, 2009, 19-year-old Eric Okerblom was killed when his bike was struck by a truck traveling at
60 MPH. Cell phone records indicate that the driver was texting just prior to the collision. (Source: US
Government website for distracted driving)

These are only two of the countless victims of distracted driving. Don't add to these numbers by being
a distracted driver.

The road is full of surprises. A car can switch lanes suddenly, a pedestrian can seem to emerge from
nowhere, a light can change, anything can happen. You should always stay focused and pay
attention. It's only by following these tips that you can successfully deal with the unexpected, avoiding
any type of collision.
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Chapter 11: The Vehicle

While driver behavior is by far the number one cause of car collisions, equipment failure is in the top
four. You could be the most cautious, considerate, and experienced driver, but if you don't take care of
your vehicle you dramatically increase your chances of a collision. What if your brakes failed? If there
was a car a few feet away and you had to brake suddenly, you would no doubt hit that car. What if
your headlights and fog lights went out in the middle of a storm? The cars around you would not be
able to see you and you would not be able to see them, increasing your chances of a dangerous and
possibly deadly collision.
REQUIRED SAFETY EQUIPMENT AND VEHICLE MAINTENANCE

Lighting


Vehicle lighting plays three important roles. First the headlights act as the driver’s eyes. They help the
driver see the road ahead and help the driver see at night. Second, the taillights make the vehicle
visible to drivers behind you both at night and during the day. Third, the brake lights tell drivers that
you are slowing down or stopping.
Headlights: Every vehicle except motorcycles must have two working headlights on the front of the
vehicle. When the headlights are set to low beam, it should be of sufficient intensity to reveal any
persons or vehicles at a distance of at least 100 feet ahead. When operating your high beams, it
should be of sufficient intensity to reveal any persons or vehicles at a distance of at least 350 feet
ahead. You must turn the headlights on at least half an hour after sunset to half an hour before
sunrise. In addition, you should use the headlights when it is cloudy, foggy, raining or snowing, on
frosty mornings when other drivers' windows may be icy or foggy, and on small country or mountain
roads. You should use headlights any time you have trouble seeing other cars because they're
probably having trouble seeing you too! In fact, the law requires you to turn on your headlights
whenever weather conditions prevent you from clearly seeing a person or other motor vehicle on the
highway from a distance of 1000 feet, or when driving in conditions that require your windshield wipers
to be in continuous use.
Taillights: Every vehicle except motorcycles must also have two working red taillights on the back of
the vehicle. For vehicles manufactured after January 1, 1969 its taillights should be plainly visible from
all distances within 1000 feet to the rear. For vehicles manufactured prior to January 1, 1969 the
required visibility distance is 500 feet. Taillights automatically turn on when the headlights activated,
and your vehicle visible from behind.
Brake Lights: These are the red lights on the rear of the vehicle that are activated automatically every
time you apply the brake pedal. Every vehicle other than a motorcycle must be equipped with two red
brake lights, which are visible from a distance of 300 feet to the rear both during normal sunlight and
at night. In addition a vehicle may also have a supplemental brake light mounted on the rear window
of the vehicle as long as it is not visible to the driver.
If you are towing a trailer or semi-trailer, they must be equipped with their own two red brake lights.
Trailers less than 30 inches wide and manufactured after July 1973 need only one brake light near the
center.
Keep all the lights on your car clean to maximize the light they give out. If a light burns out, take care of
it immediately. It’s dangerous and illegal to drive with a burned out light.

Instrument panel
Always keep an eye on the instrument panel. It tells you a lot of important information, even with just a
glance. You can know how much gas you have, the car's speed, and the car's total miles driven. Your
instrument panel might also have indicators for low fuel, low oil pressure, low tire pressure and faults
in the airbag (SRS) system. It might even tell you that it's time to have your engine checked. Low gas
and low tire pressure can be hugely stressful so always take a quick look at the panel to ensure that
everything is normal.

Belts and Fluid Levels

Think of the car's fluids as the car's blood. You need regular blood tests and your car needs regular
fluid checks. You car's service manual will tell you the minimum recommended maintenance services
for your car. Use it as a guide, but remember that your driving habits and even the roads on which you
drive can affect how often belts and fluids need to be checked and changed.

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(continued)
Horn
Apart from a vehicle's lights, the horn is another excellent way to communicate with other road users.
It's like the car's voice. It's the most obvious way to get another driver's attention to warn them of your
presence or of an oncoming obstacle or hazard. Car horns are manufactured so that they can be
heard from 200 feet away. You should never tamper with the horn to make it louder. You can be cited
for a horn that is too loud. It's irritating and distracting to other drivers as well as the neighborhoods
you're driving through. Unlike headlights, horns rarely malfunction, but if yours does, get it repaired
immediately. Without the horn, you lose the additional layer of security of being able to get someone's
attention.

Windshields and Mirrors

The windshields and mirrors help the driver to see the environment around him or her. The windshield
also protects you from debris and foreign materials that could obstruct your view of the road. Mirrors
are equally important. They allow us to check on the traffic behind us, which is important when you're
trying to change lanes or turn.

Windshields
All vehicles must be equipped with an adequate windshield and rear window. What does this mean?
First, the glass must be made of shatterproof material. That way, if a vehicle is involved in a collision,
the driver and passengers won't be injured by broken and flying glass. Second, the windshield must be
clean and have functioning windshield wipers. And finally, the windshield and rear window should be
in good condition without any cracks or holes that will impair the driver's ability to see to the front or
back. You can be cited or even arrested if you are driving with a windshield or rear window that does
not comply.
Mirrors
California law is also clear about mirrors. The law requires that your car have at least two rear view
mirrors that allow the driver to see at least 200 feet to the rear. One mirror must be mounted on the
exterior left side and the other can be mounted on either the exterior right side of the vehicle OR in the
interior. If the driver’s rear view is obstructed because of the design of the vehicle or because of its
contents or an item being towed, there must be a rear view mirror installed at BOTH the left and right
exterior.
Brakes
Brakes are an essential component of the car. They are designed to bring your car to a stop while still
giving you control and steering ability. The braking system is so important that even national
standards have been set: All passenger vehicles traveling at 20mph must be able to stop in 25 feet.

Service Brakes vs. Parking Brake

All vehicles have to be equipped with two braking systems: a dual hydraulic system (also known as
service brakes) and a mechanical brake system (parking or emergency brakes). What is the
difference between these brakes? When you press on the service brakes, you apply braking action on
all four wheels. These are the brakes you use while driving, to slow down, to stop and to control the
speed of the car.

The parking brakes only activate the rear brakes. When you are parked on an incline, you use the
parking brakes to ensure that your vehicle is stable and will not roll down the hill. For this reason, the
parking brake must be able to hold the vehicle on any grade and under all conditions that it is
operated. You must be able to apply both the service brake and the parking brake separately.
Maintaining the Brakes

Check the brake fluid level at least once a month, but also have a qualified technician inspect the
brakes. Make sure you have the brake cables lubricated and adjusted. If the brake pedal feels lower
than usual, your vehicle pulls to one side while braking or makes any noises such as grinding or
squealing, have them checked out by a service technician immediately. Your brakes might need to be
realigned or replaced. This is not the kind of information you want to discover while driving 60mph on
the highway! You can also check the working condition of the parking brake. Apply the parking brake
and slowly ease off the service brake while still in drive to make sure your vehicle doesn't move.

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(continued)
Tires
If you were a long distance runner, you would get your feet regularly examined by a podiatrist. You
would make sure you have the proper shoes, with adequate cushioning and shock-absorption. When
it comes to cars, tires are the car's feet and running shoes. Driving a car with deflated or worn out tires
is similar to running with a sprained ankle or worn out running shoes. You won't be able to get very far
and you're most likely to cause a severe injury.

Tires have two functions. Just like running shoes, they are air-filled cushions that help absorb the
shock caused by road hazards or poor road conditions. Tires also grip the road to provide you with
traction, protecting you from skids and hydroplaning.
Tire Inflation
If your tires are properly inflated, they will provide the best traction they can offer. If your tires are
under-inflated, your car won't work efficiently and will waste gas. This will also affect tire wear and
your ability to properly handle and control the vehicle. Under-inflated tires are also more likely to blow
out. Check your vehicle's manual for the recommended tire pressure and check it regularly using a
pressure gauge.

Tread Conditions
Similar to running shoes, tires have grooved surfaces called treads. These treads are designed to
push water, snow, hail, sleet, mud, and more out from under the tire so that it stays grounded and
touching the pavement. As the tire wears out, the tread gradually becomes thinner and eventually the
tire surface becomes smooth. You should replace the tires before they become smooth. Smooth or
bald tires are just like worn out running shoes: they won't grip the road and cause the vehicle to slide.

According to the law, tires must have at least one thirty-seconds (1/32) of an inch depth in any two
adjacent grooves at any location of the tire. You can check you tire's tread by doing the penny test.
Take a penny and put Lincoln's head into one of the grooves of the tire tread. If you can't see part of
his head, the tire has enough tread. But if you can see all of Lincoln's head, then it's time for a new tire.

When you're done with the penny test, take a look at your tires and check for signs of wear, such as
bulges and splits in the tread or sidewall. Check for uneven wear, too. It might indicate that one tire is
more inflated than the others or that your brakes or alignment need to be checked out. If you rotate
your tires every 12,000 miles, you can equalize the wear of your tires and give them a longer life span.
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(continued)
Seats, Seat Belts and Airbags

Sometimes even the most cautious and experienced driver can be involved in a collision. If the driver
was alert and focused, the severity of the collision will be much less. This increases the chance that
the people involved will survive the crash. Another important factor that will determine the outcome
of a crash is whether or not the occupants were wearing seat belts. The single most important safety
device in any kind of collision is the seat belt. Seat belts restrain the driver and the passengers during
a collision and keep them from hitting the hard surfaces of the car, such as the windshield. Air bags
are intended to cushion the driver and front seat passenger from the force of the impact, but they do
not replace seat belts.

The law requires that you use your seat belt. If your car is a 1968 or later model the law requires that it
must have a seat belt in good working condition. It also requires that the driver and all passengers 16
and older wear a seat belt. Children under the age of 16 must be restrained in a seat belt, safety seat,
or booster seat, depending on the child's size. It doesn't matter where your passengers are sitting,
everyone must be safely restrained. Any passenger over 16 years of age can be cited for not wearing
his or her seat belt. It's also the driver's responsibility to ensure that he or she is wearing a seat belt
and that all other passengers are also restrained. Remember, a police officer may stop you for a seat
belt infraction.
Air Bags
Some of us have heard about the dangers surrounding airbags. What is the best way to stay safe and
protected while driving? Adjust your seat before you drive. Make sure your head Is at least ten inches
from your driver air bag. Keep in mind that you have to be able to reach the pedals and steering
wheel comfortably and easily. If pulling your seat ten inches away from the steering wheel is too far,
you can adjust your seat to maintain the ten-inch distance while being able to reach the steering
wheel and pedals. You can recline the back of the seat, move the seat rearward or, if your steering
wheel is adjustable, tilt it downward. Always drive belted and sitting ten inches away from the steering
wheel.

(Source: NHTSA)

Child Safety Equipment

Children, because of their size and age, are more vulnerable to the dangers of a car. They might also
have a difficult time understanding the consequences to their actions. For this reason, a car is
equipped with safety measures that protect over-curious children.
Child Safety Locks

These locks stop children from opening doors and windows.
Child Restraint System and Safety Seats

Any child who is under the age of eight years and who is less than 4 feet 9 inches tall, must be secured
in an appropriate child safety seat and ride in the back seat of a vehicle. Once that child is at least
eight years old OR at least 4 feet 9 inches tall she may use an appropriate safety belt instead.
A child who is under the age of eight years and who is less than 4 feet 9 inches tall should always ride
in the back of the vehicle unless:
There is no rear seat or the rear seats are either side-facing jump seats or rear-facing seats.
The child passenger restraint system cannot be properly installed in the rear seat.
All rear seats are already occupied by children seven years of age or under.
A medical reason requires the child to ride in the front seat.
Children under the age of two who weigh less than 40 pounds and are less than 40 inches tall must
be secured in a rear facing child safety seat that meets federal safety standards, in the back of the
vehicle. Children who exceed these age, weight or height minimums, do not have to be placed rear-
facing (they may be placed forward-facing), but must still be secured in a child safety seat
appropriate for their size and age, in the back of the vehicle. The court may exempt the
parent/guardian from these requirements (with written proof) if the child is physically unfit to be
placed in a rear-facing child safety seat because of a medical condition, or because of the child's
size. (VC 27360)
Exceptions are also made in the case of a life-threatening emergency or if the child is being
transported in an authorized emergency vehicle. If there is no child safety seat available, the child
must be secured by a seatbelt.

It is the responsibility of the driver or the parent/guardian if they are a passenger in the vehicle to take
care of this. Drivers who fail to restrain child passengers in child safety seats will receive a point on
their driving record and a $100 fine. The fine increases to $250 for a second or subsequent offense. You
are the adult and you should be the one ensuring the safety of your child passengers.

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MECHANICAL FAILURES
Sometimes even the most careful drivers, despite diligent car maintenance, have a mechanical
emergency on the road. Being prepared and knowing how to handle these kinds of frightening
situations will give you confidence and peace of mind.
Accelerator is Stuck
Recent headlines of people crashing because their accelerator was stuck have brought this issue to
the forefront. There are four things to remember if this happens to you.
Try to unstick the gas pedal by pressing it sharply; it may loosen. Or lift it up with the tip of your
shoe.
If that doesn't work, shift the car into neutral and steer to safety.
If that still doesn't work, press the brake hard and fast. Pressing slowly and gradually will only eat
away at the pads and make them ineffective.
4. And finally, if all else fails or you have trouble stopping completely, turn the ignition off. You will
lose power steering, but you should have enough momentum to steer to safety.
Tire Blows Out

If you have a tire blow out while you are driving, stay calm and do not slam on the brakes. Instead, grip
the steering wheel firmly and steer to keep your vehicle in a straight line. Once you have control of the
car, ease off the gas pedal to start slowing down. Activate your turn signal, and press the brakes
gently to slow down even more. Steer slowly off the road as far away from traffic as possible. Park your
car and turn on your hazard lights.
Brakes Fail
Thankfully brake failures are rare. But it is still a good idea to be prepared to handle one just in case. If
your brakes stop working, downshift to a lower gear to help slow down the vehicle. For ABS brakes,
press the brake pedal as hard as you can. Don't be startled by the vibrating, that is what ABS brakes
do.

For non ABS brakes, press the brake pedal several times quickly( this is called pumping) to build up
pressure in the brakes. Activate the hazard lights and honk the horn to warn other drivers. Also pump
the parking brake while releasing the lock mechanism, but stop if the car starts to skid. Steer gently to
move off the road safely. If you are still not able to stop, look for an uphill slope, guard rail or curb to
help further reduce your speed. As a last resort, select objects that are soft and will give on impact to
collide with in order to come to a complete stop. Avoid hard objects such as trees, light posts,
telephone posts, buildings, etc.
Stop Safely Off the Road

No matter what the mechanical emergency, you should always try to get your car safely off the road
as far away from traffic as possible. Try your best to maneuver to a well lit area and turn on your
hazard lights to warn other drivers.


It is usually safest to stay in the car with your seat belt on and doors locked while you call and wait for
help. Be wary of strangers offering help. It doesn't mean all strangers are out to harm you, but being
aware of possible dangers helps you stay safe. If you don't have a phone, ask them to call a tow truck
for you.

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Chapter 12: The Road

RULES OF THE ROAD
Pablo and Maria are driving in her neighborhood. While Maria always follows the speed limit, Pablo is
getting irritated. “Why do I have to drive so slowly on this road? No one is ever around. What’s the
problem with driving 35mph? This is just another excuse to give someone a ticket!”
Maria says, “The rules of the road are not there to annoy you. It’s not a scheme by the state, county or
city to collect money from you either! Driving is like a game of Monopoly. You have to know and follow
the rules to be able to play.”
HOW TO USE LANES PROPERLY

Lanes exist to channel traffic and help guide drivers safely. Learning these rules will make your journey
more efficient and safe.
Yellow lines separate traffic going in opposite directions
Solid yellow lines: Mark the center of the road.
Broken yellow lines: Allow you to pass if it is on your side of the road.
Double yellow lines: Do not pass when you are next to a double yellow line. You may cross a double
yellow line, however, to make a left turn into an intersection or into a private driveway.
Two sets of double yellow lines: These are called a barrier and they are used to separate higher
speed traffic going in opposite directions. You may not cross these lines for any reason. A left turn or
u-turn can be made in designated openings.
White Lines separate traffic going in the same direction
Solid white lines: Mark traffic lanes going in the same direction.
Broken white lines: These are used when there are two or more lanes going in the same direction.
Double white lines: These separate regular lanes from carpool or other special lanes. You may not
cross over the solid double lines. Wait for the broken white lines to enter the lane.
Choosing a Lane
Traffic lanes are often referred to by their number. Starting the lane on the left, they are numbered 1, 2,
3, etc. When driving a long distance, use the number 2 lane. It is generally the smoothest because
drivers aren’t slowing down to turn or passing. If you want to pass someone, make the pass on the
left. This is the expected area to make a pass, and causes the least disruption to the road. If you plan
to turn left or right soon, get into the appropriate lane with enough time to slow down for the turn.
DO NOT weave in and out of traffic or make abrupt lane changes to make a turn, as this puts all road
users in danger of a collision.
Public Transit Bus Lanes (VC 21655.1)
It is illegal to drive, stop, park, or leave a vehicle standing in the area of a road designated for the
exclusive use of public transit buses unless a vehicle must cross the lane to make a turn. Signs will be
posted to include the lanes are for "bus only" use.
Bicycle Lanes
Motorists need to be especially careful when sharing the road with cyclists. In order to avoid any
devastating collisions between cyclists and motorists, additional precautions have been taken. On
some roads, there are designated bike lanes. They are marked by a solid white lane and usually have
the image of a cyclist. They are narrower than a usual lane but are just like any other lane. Would you
cross over the white line and use two lanes? The answer is no. The same should apply for bike lanes.
Cyclists are road users and you should respect their designated lanes. The only time you can drive in
the bicycle lane is when you are going to make a right turn. Once you are within 200 feet of the corner,
make sure you will not be colliding with any cyclists and then enter the bicycle lane.
Other roads that aren’t wide enough for a bike lane have markings that show that vehicles and
bicycles must share the road. These markings, called sharrows, alert drivers to watch out for bicyclists
on that part of the road.

Properly Ending Left or Right Turns
Most people know where to start their left or right turn, but it is just as important to know where to end
the turn.

General Rules for Left turns: If you are going to make a left turn, position yourself in lane closest to the
left. Use the center left turn lane if one is available. Start signaling about 100 feet before the turn. Slow
down and stop behind the limit line. You must yield to all pedestrians crossing the road and other
vehicles coming from the opposite direction, including any cars making a right turn. Scan the road,
left, center and right. Make the turn only when it’s safe and do not cut the corner! End your turn in any
lane as long as no one else is trying to use that lane. This applies whether you are turning into a one-
way street or a two-way street.

General Rules for Right turns: If you are going to make a right turn, position yourself in the farthest
right lane. Check for pedestrians and bicycles and start signaling about 100 feet before the turn. Look
over your right shoulder and slow down, stopping behind the limit line. Look both ways, especially for
pedestrians who might be stepping on or off the sidewalk. Yield to any pedestrians who are already
crossing the street or are about to cross and make your turn only when it is clear and safe. End your
turn in the lane nearest the right-hand curb.
Other Examples of Left and Right turns:
Left turn from a one-way street onto a two-way street: When turning left from a one-way
street you should position yourself in the farthest left lane and may turn into any lane that is
available.
Left turn from a two-way street onto a one-way street: Position yourself in the far left lane of
your side of the road and turn into any lane that is available.

Two or more left turn lanes: If more than one lane is indicated for left turns, you may use either
lane, but you must stay in your lane and end the turn in the corresponding lane.

Right turn from a one-way street into a one-way street: Position yourself in the farthest right
lane. Make sure it’s safe and turn into any lane that is open. If there is more than one lane
indicated for turning right, you may use either lane, but you should stay in your lane and end the
turn in the corresponding lane to avoid colliding with the car in the far right lane.
Right turns on red signals: You may make a right turn against a red signal as long as there is no
sign prohibiting it. Make a complete stop before the crosswalk and yield to any road users
moving on their green light. Never turn on a red arrow.
High-Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) Lanes (VC 21655.9)

If you drive a low emission vehicle and have white clean air stickers, you can continue to use the
carpool lane regardless of how many passengers are in the car. Hybrids with white stickers can use
the carpool lane until January 2015. This law also states that starting in 2012, 40,000 HOV access
stickers can be issued to early purchasers of Enhanced Advanced Technology Partial Zero Emission
Vehicles.
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HOW TO USE LANES PROPERLY (continued)
Center Left Turn Lane

Center left turn lanes are located in the middle of a two way street. They are marked by two lines on
each side. The inner line is a broken line and the outer one is solid. If a street has a center left turn lane
you may use it to turn left. The two lines indicate that this is not a regular traffic lane, so don't use it as
one! Even if you are sitting in heavy traffic, you are not allowed to use the center left turn lane to cut
through to the left turn only lane. If you are going to make a left turn (into a driveway) you can only
drive in this lane for 200 feet.

Left turn: To make a left turn from this lane, follow the usual lane changing procedure: signal, check
your mirrors and blind spots and switch into this lane. Make sure you are completely in the lane. You
don't want the rear of the vehicle in another lane. This could cause traffic and even a collision. Unlike a
regular left turn lane you might have other cars driving towards you in the center left turn lane to also
make a left turn.

Sharing Lanes with Motorcycles

Just like cyclists, motorcyclists are a more vulnerable group of road users. They too have to obey the
same traffic laws, but they too are harder to notice on the road. As a general rule, you should allow
motorcycles the width of an entire lane. There are occasions however where "lane splitting" may
happen. Because of their small size, motorcycles are able to travel faster than traffic during periods of
heavy congestion. They legally can use the space between two lanes of traffic which is known as lane
splitting. If you are sharing a lane with a motorcycle, be careful. Don't squeeze them out of the flow of
traffic or try to force them into another lane!

The California Highway Patrol (CHP) has been authorized to begin developing educational guidelines
relating to lane splitting and will consult with specific agencies and organizations with an interest in
road safety and motorcyclist behavior. (VC 21658.1)
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PASSING OTHER VEHICLES

Passing is very dangerous and should be done only when it is completely safe. But sometimes it is
hard to judge how dangerous a situation really is. Much of this depends on how far ahead you can
see and whether or not you have room to safely pass.
Special Situations
These are situations that are confusing for many drivers because the dangers of passing may not be
completely obvious.
Bridges, viaducts and tunnels: If your view is blocked as you approach within 100 feet of a
bridge, viaduct or tunnel, you may not pass.
Hills: When you are driving up or down a hill, you have limited visibility. You often can't see
oncoming cars and they can't see you. For this reason, you should not pass on hills. Only pass if
the hill or curve is at least one-third of a mile away, but avoid passing on the hill itself.
Intersections and railroad crossings: It is illegal to pass within 100 feet of intersections and
railroad crossings. If you are further than 100 feet away, you should decide whether you can
pass safely.
Class A and Class B vehicles: Class A and class B vehicles tend to be commercial trucks, farm
vehicles and buses. Their size and weight makes it difficult for them to slow down, so attempting
to pass them could be very dangerous. Only pass them when it's absolutely necessary. Do you
have an exit or a turn approaching? If so, avoid passing these vehicles and wait for a better
opportunity. If you have to pass these large vehicles, pass on the left and allow for more than
the usual 10-12 seconds to pass. Don't forget to give yourself more room to enter as well. You
don't want to cut these vehicles off. They might not be able to slow down fast enough to avoid
rear ending you.
Dangerous Situations
There are some situations that may not be technically illegal to pass, but the fact that you end up
doing other illegal moves to make the pass happen still makes them illegal and extremely dangerous.

Long line of vehicles ahead: If you are trying to pass more than one vehicle, this means you are
on the wrong side of the road for too long. It may be difficult for you to get back into your lane.
This is not safe!
Intention to stop or turn: Passing someone when you know you are going to stop or turn in front
of them is an act of aggressive driving. This can create a rear end crash with you on the
receiving end.
Vehicle is at or near speed limit: It's simple. If you have to exceed the speed limit in order to
pass a vehicle ahead of you because he is already at or near the speed limit, you should not be
passing him. Don't exceed the speed limit to pass another driver.
Sight or distance ahead is limited: Remember safety first! If you can't see the distance needed
to make the pass, you should assume there is a car there and stay where you are.
Unable to pass before reaching a no passing zone: No passing zones are places in the road
where it is just too dangerous to pass. It may be because it is harder to see ahead or because
the road is too narrow.
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RIGHT-OF-WAY
The rules of the road give drivers a lot of information about what they can and can't do and what they
should do. Right-of-way rules tell motorists who has the higher priority over the other, in a given
situation, and what the best way is to handle the situation. Below is a list of some of the most
common right-of-way situations and how to handle them.
Controlled vs. Uncontrolled Intersections

Controlled intersections have some kind of device or sign telling drivers what to do. There are many
different kinds of controlled intersections and each one has its own right-of-way rules:
Four-way stop: At a four way stop, the driver reaching the intersection first gets to go first. If two
cars arrive at the same time, the right-of-way should be given to the car on the right. If there is
no car on your right, then you technically "have" the right-of-way. But remember, you still have
to make sure the other driver gives you the right-of-way before hitting the gas pedal.
Yield signs: A yield sign facing you means you are about to enter an area where other road
users have the right of way. Slow down as you approach the yield sign and be prepared to stop
if you see another road user already using that part of the road. This could be the car going
straight on the road you want to make a right turn on, or the pedestrian using the crosswalk in
front of the yield sign.
Unprotected left or right turn: These are turns made at any uncontrolled intersection or when a
controlled intersection does not have a special turn light. The turn is also unprotected when a
special left or right turn light ends -- while you are still allowed to turn, you don't have the
"protection" of the light. If you are making an unprotected left turn, you should yield the right-of-
way to all other traffic.
Intersections with a broken signal light: If the traffic signal is not working, approach the
intersection carefully and treat the broken signal like a four-way stop. Only drive ahead when it
is your turn and it is safe.
Vehicles Stopped at a Crosswalk

Do not pass vehicles stopped at a crosswalk. They are most likely waiting for a pedestrian to cross the
street. You could endanger the pedestrian. Wait for the car ahead of you to pass the crosswalk before
you move forward.

Pedestrian's Right-of-Way at Crosswalks

Pedestrian is anyone who is on foot but also includes people using a mobility devise such as a wheel
chair, skateboard or electric scooter. They always have the right-of-way at crosswalks no matter
where they are! It doesn’t matter if the crosswalks are marked or not, have a signal light, a stop sign or
no sign at all, you must yield to pedestrians.

If you are going to make a right turn, wait at the limit line (not in the crosswalk) for pedestrians to
clear the sidewalk before making your turn. Even if you have a green light, you must allow
pedestrians to cross first.
Do not pass a vehicle that has stopped at a crosswalk. A pedestrian you cannot see may be
crossing the street. Stop, and then proceed when all pedestrians have crossed the street.
Do not drive on a sidewalk, except to cross it to enter or exit a driveway or alley. When crossing,
yield to all pedestrians.
Do not stop in a crosswalk. You will place pedestrians in danger.
Remember, if a pedestrian makes eye contact with you, he or she is ready to cross the street.
Yield to the pedestrian.
Allow older pedestrians, disabled pedestrians, and pedestrians with young children sufficient
time to cross the street.

Bicyclist's Right-of-Way
Right-of-way rules are the same for bicycles and cars. They have to follow the same rules and have
the same responsibilities as motorists. Motorists must remember that bicyclists are entitled to share
the road with other vehicles if they do not have a designated bike lane. They are also allowed to use
turn lanes. So while motorists should treat bicyclists with more caution, they should not be surprised to
see them cycling with traffic or using turn lanes. If cyclists are moving slowly, they should behave like
any other slow moving vehicle and stay to the right.
Anti-Gridlock Law
What happens when drivers enter the intersection on a green light when the lanes are already
backed up? The light turns red and, since the cars are still stuck in the intersection, other traffic can't
get through. Gridlock! When passing through an intersection, you have to keep in mind California's
anti-gridlock law. It is your responsibility to make sure you have enough space on the other side of the
intersection or railroad crossing before entering the intersection. Blocking an intersection is not only
inconsiderate to other drivers, but it is also dangerous and illegal.
School Buses with Red Flashing Lights

If you approach a school bus that has stopped with red signal lights flashing from either direction, you
have to stop and wait for them to stop flashing before you move. The flashing lights tell drivers that
passengers are loading or unloading. You cannot pass the bus or otherwise move until the lights are
no longer flashing.

You don't have to stop if the bus is on the opposite side of a physical barrier or divider such as a
divided highway or multi-lane highway.
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RIGHT-OF-WAY (continued)
Road or Lane Narrows

If a road or lane narrows or ends, two lanes will have to merge into one. In these instances, merging
traffic always has to yield. In other words, if you are driving in the right hand lane and your lane is
ending, you will have to merge with the left lane. The left lane, that is the lane that continues, will have
the right-of-way. If your lane narrows or ends, you must yield to the rest of traffic and merge when it is
safe. If you are in the lane that is continuing on, be courteous and let the other driver merge into your
lane!
Entering Freeways
Freeway traffic always has the right-of-way, so entering motorists must be quick and cautious to
merge into traffic. Most freeways have acceleration lanes which allow the vehicles entering the
freeway to reach the speed of traffic and merge more easily. Even when you reach the speed of
traffic while in the acceleration lane, you do not have the right-of-way once your lane merges with
the rest of the freeway. You have to yield to freeway traffic until you find a safe merging point.

Railroad Crossings
The Federal Railroad Administration reports there are over 3000 train collisions every year and almost
900 fatalities on this country's 200,000 railroad crossings. It seems motorists don't take railroad
crossings seriously.

But the reality is that trains travel at very high speeds. Even at slower speeds, a train requires a very
long distance to stop. A train traveling at 50 mph will take a mile and a half to come to a complete
stop. A train can also cross at any time so you must be extra cautious when crossing a railroad.
For this reason, trains always have the right-of-way. It does not matter if the railroad crossing is
protected (gated) or unprotected (un-gated), you should cross the tracks carefully and always yield
to oncoming trains. If the crossing is unprotected and you see a train approaching, don't take a
chance. Do not try to race across the tracks hoping to outrun the train. If you miscalculate the speed
of the train or if your car stalls, it will be impossible for the train to stop in time, thus leading to a deadly
collision.
Traffic Breaks
It occasionally happens. You are driving on the freeway and you see a large object on the road.
Sometimes it's not a large enough hazard to get the CHP involved, but other times these objects are
very dangerous! They can range from stalled cars to mattresses and construction equipment. The
CHP may be called in to create a traffic break so that the object may be removed. Traffic breaks are
most often created by an officer driving back and forth across all the lanes with his lights flashing. If
you see an officer creating a traffic break, you must yield to the officer. Do not try to drive past the
officer! Wait for the CHP to clear the road and to end the traffic break.
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ADJUST YOUR DRIVING FOR THE CONDITIONS

Once you've learned and mastered the rules of the road, you have to be able to adjust to changing
roads and road conditions. It's rare that drivers are faced with the same driving conditions all the
time. A good driver has to take the rules of the road and adjust his or her driving to the environment.
For example, you can't drive on the freeway the same way you would in the city. Your speed will be
different, the obstacles you are looking for will be different and the techniques you use will be
different.
Demands of City Driving

While city driving may be exciting with all its lights and sounds and people, it is these distractions that
make driving in the city so difficult. Take extra care when driving through the city. Reduce your speed,
watch out for but don't watch the pedestrians and try to reduce the distractions inside your car. It's
also important to avoid being a "rubber neck," a person who slows down to see what is happening on
the side of the road. This doesn't mean you shouldn't be aware of the situation; you just shouldn't stare
at it.
Look ahead of traffic: Make it a point to look 10 to 15 seconds ahead and you will likely catch the
majority of hazards liable to endanger you. If you catch these early enough, you have sufficient
time to respond to them accordingly. Always scan the road for hazards!

Leave enough distance to maneuver: Always leave enough distance between you and the
vehicles or hazards around you. The more room you leave the more room you will have to
maneuver yourself to safety should you need to. Follow the three-second rule. When you have
stopped, always leave at least one car length between you and the car in front of you.

Anticipate signal light changes: When scanning ahead of traffic, you should pay attention to
and anticipate signal light changes. How long has the light been green? If you have been paying
attention, you will be able to tell if it is going to stay green or turn yellow once you've reached the
intersection. Avoid crossing the intersection when the signal is yellow. Drivers in the cross traffic
may enter the intersection as soon as their light turns green, and if you are still in the
intersection, a crash would be hard to avoid.

Other road users: Unlike driving on the freeway, city driving is especially challenging because of
the variety of road users. In a city, you share the road with other cars, bicycles, pedestrians and
buses. Scan the road for these other road users and respect their right to share the road with
you.

Cover the brake, don't ride it: When you are driving in a city, cover the brake. In other words, let
your foot hover over the brake pedal, ready to brake immediately if it becomes necessary. Do
not ride the brake though! When you are riding the brake you are touching the brake pedal
which causes the brake lights to illuminate. This can be very confusing to the drivers behind you.
They will wonder why you are stopping. Cover the brake instead of riding it.
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ADJUST YOUR DRIVING FOR THE CONDITIONS (continued)
Demands of Freeway Driving

Freeway driving is very different from city driving. Freeway driving is faster paced and requires a
special set of skills unique to the freeway.
Plan a Route in Advance

You can avoid confusion and dangerous moves on the freeway by planning your route ahead of time.
Be familiar with your entrance and exit. If you are driving somewhere unfamiliar, try to leave while it is
still daylight.

When Entering the Freeway

Acceleration lanes exist at many freeway entrances. They permit vehicles that are entering to
accelerate and reach the speed of traffic in order to merge more easily. Be familiar with entrance
signs that warn of curves, speed limits and merge areas. Adjust your speed to the posted speed limit
on the entrance ramp. While on the ramp, check the flow of traffic on the freeway. Judge the speed
and spacing of the vehicles. Try to locate a gap in the traffic. Watch the vehicle ahead for sudden
stops; many drivers reduce speed and even stop while attempting to merge. Check the freeway
again and locate the gap that you will use to merge onto the freeway. Activate your left turn signal
and begin to match your speed to the freeway traffic. Check the mirror and blind spot, and then
merge into the gap. Cancel the turn signal once you are safely in your lane.

Choosing Your Lane

If you are on a two-lane freeway you should use the right-hand lane when you enter and just prior to
exiting. The left lane is for passing and faster traffic. Be prepared to move right and allow faster
moving vehicles to pass. When on a three-lane or larger freeway you should drive in the right lane
when you enter the freeway, just before exiting and if you are driving less than the posted speed limit.
The center lanes should be used when driving at or near the speed limit and when driving long
distances. The left lane should be used for passing or preparing to exit when the exit is on the left side
of the freeway. Often a freeway divides into three or more different routes called interchanges. When
approaching an interchange, avoid merging conflicts by changing lanes to the left or by adjusting
your speed.

Speed Limits
California's "Basic Speed Law" says that you must never drive faster than is safe for the present
conditions, regardless of the posted speed limit. When road, weather, visibility or traffic conditions are
not ideal, the driver must determine what is safe for the existing conditions. The posted maximum
speed limit is the maximum speed at which you can legally drive in a particular zone. A minimum
speed limit may also be posted to keep traffic from moving too slowly. Driving too slowly during good
conditions is as illegal as driving too fast. A very slow driver blocks the flow of traffic and essentially
forces other drivers to make risky last minute lane changes to avoid the slow vehicle.

Keep a Space Cushion around your Vehicle

A space cushion is the empty area to the front, back and sides of your vehicle. The bigger the space
cushion, the more options you have to maneuver out of a problem nearby. What if the car in front of
you unexpectedly stalls? If you are surrounded by cars in every direction, you won't have many
options for an exit strategy. In fact, you might rear-end the car in front of you before you have a
chance to escape.
Establish a space cushion by increasing the minimum three-second following distance to at least
four seconds. Avoid driving next to other cars or in clusters of cars to increase your space cushion to
the sides. The only area that you have the least control over your space cushion is behind you. You
can't exactly stop a tailgater, but at least if you have enough room to the front and sides you can get
away from him or allow him to pass you.
Freeway Emergencies
When you come across a blocked roadway on the freeway you should reduce your speed, check for
an open lane next to you and steer around the obstacle. If you are not able to steer around the
obstacle and stopping becomes your only option, tap the brake pedal before applying the brakes to
warn the vehicles behind you. If needed turn on the hazard lights to warn other drivers.

When Exiting the Freeway

When you are planning to exit the freeway, scan ahead for signs indicating the exit lane you are
looking for. When you see your exit sign, start changing lanes to reach your exit lane. Give yourself
ample time to reach the exit lane. If you miss your exit, do not try to dash across several lanes or
attempt to back your vehicle on the freeway. Drive on to the next exit and then return to the desired
exit on the other side of the freeway.
CLOSE WINDOW
The Open Highway

The open highway can present a variety of surprises for drivers. You might find yourself sharing the
road with some interesting road users, such as animals, horses, tractors and more. Be aware of these
surprises and be prepared to deal with them.
Unpredictable Road Conditions

Open highways are often poorly maintained. When driving on an open highway, you may come
across potholes, broken pavement, bumps and more. Slow down and try to avoid them. The road
might not even be paved. If you are driving on gravel, sand or mud, this will affect your car's traction.
Drive carefully. The roads can also vary in width. If you're driving on a narrow road, drive slowly and
carefully and be especially careful with oncoming traffic.
Environment
Open highways are often characterized by curves and hills. Adjust your driving to accommodate the
changing terrain. When approaching a curve, slow down but don't stop. If you are driving on a hill, shift
to a lower gear even with an automatic transmission to make the engine turn faster and develop
power to climb more easily. When on a downhill slope, shift to a lower gear. The lower gear will help
control the speed. As you approach the top of the hill it will be difficult for you to see any oncoming
traffic and even traffic that is ahead of you or behind you. Stay safe! Stay to the right of your lane and
ease off the accelerator until your visibility increases. Mountain driving can be a greater challenge.
High altitudes not only affect drivers but their cars as well. Your car may overheat so check the
temperature gauge often.
Other Road Users

Since open highways are typically found in rural settings, you may come across some road users you
don't often see in the city. You will be sharing the road with animals, tractors and slow moving
vehicles. Watch out for signs that warn drivers about animal crossings. Once you spot one of these
signs, be more vigilant in your scanning. Trucks and other slow moving vehicles can also be a
challenge. Their sheer size means it takes them longer to speed up, slow down and turn. Don't try to
cut them off to get ahead of these slow moving vehicles. Give the truck drivers their space! It's safer
for everybody. Remember you are in the smaller vehicle; a collision would not end well for you.
Lighting
Open highways are often poorly lit. If you are driving on an open highway in the dark, use your high
beam lights to ensure that you can see and are seen by other drivers. Be sure to switch to the
standard headlights at a distance of 500 feet when there are oncoming vehicles or when you are 300
feet behind a vehicle that you are approaching from the rear.
Construction Zones
You must be extra cautious and alert when driving through construction zones. Reduce your speed;
look out for construction workers, flaggers and guide signs. These men and women are working under
dangerous conditions. They do not have the protection of their cars as you do. Be considerate and
cautious. If you are convicted of an offense against highway workers, you could be fined up to $2000
and/or a jail term of up to one year. All other citations received in construction zones are doubled.
Traffic Congestion
Rubbernecking
If you do drive past a crash don't slow down just to stare at it. This creates traffic and could even
cause another collision. Of course you should slow down if you need to get past safely, or for a
merging vehicle.
Tailgating
Tailgaters think that by driving right behind the car in front of them that they will miraculously get
where they are going faster. All this does is annoy the driver in front and create a dangerous situation
for both drivers. Always follow the three-second rule and avoid tailgating.
Weaving
Unnecessary lane changes, especially on the freeway, will not get you to your destination any faster.
They simply cause a commotion, forcing other drivers to slow down and move over to avoid you.
Distractions
Eating, grooming, talking on the phone or even dealing with your children or pets can all force you to
slow down unnecessarily or make bad decisions when driving.
Poorly-maintained vehicles
Make sure your vehicle is properly cared for. You don't want to be the driver whose car has stalled or
who has run out of gas. Proper maintenance ensures your safety and well-paced traffic flow.
CLOSE WINDOW
Driving in Different Weather Conditions

The most unpredictable part about driving is the weather. When possible, avoid driving in bad
weather. In most cases, you are unable to see properly. The risk you will be taking to drive in bad
weather is just not worth it. If you must drive, however, be prepared to adjust your driving to better
deal with different weather conditions.
Rain
Wet roads are slippery roads! This is especially true when it first starts to rain because the oil and dust
on the road have not washed away yet. Slow down when it first starts to sprinkle or drizzle.
Continue to drive slowly once the rain gets heavier so you can avoid hydroplaning and the problem of
decreasing visibility. Slowing down will increase your ability to see and give you precious time to react
effectively to a possible problem. The heavier a rainstorm, the more difficult it is to see and be seen.
Keep your headlights on and make sure your windshield wipers are working properly. If the humidity is
making your windows foggy, keep defrosting them. When you can't see farther than 100 feet ahead,
you should not be driving faster than 30 mph - keep this in mind the next time you are on the freeway
in a storm.
Since it takes longer to stop and slow down in the rain the only way you can ensure that you will be
able to stop safely is if you are driving slowly. Make sure you follow the three-second plus rule to leave
a generous space in front. What if there is a problem up ahead and you have to stop suddenly? If you
are following the car in front of you too closely you might not be able to avoid a collision, so maintain
a safe distance of least four seconds.
Snow and Icy Roads

If you will be driving in a snowstorm, you'll be facing many of the same challenges as driving in the
rain except more so. Icy, snowy roads can be much more dangerous than wet ones, and the only way
to get through all the snow is with snow tires or chains. Make sure the chains fit your tires and that you
know how to put them on before you get on the road.

Falling snow can be blinding. If the snow is too much for your windshield wipers to handle, pull over
and clear up your windshields. It's hard enough to drive in a snowstorm. Don't make it more difficult
and dangerous by allowing the snow to accumulate.
Fog
Heavy fog can make it impossible to see. You might be able to see only a few feet or so ahead of you!
If at all possible, avoid driving in fog. If you must drive, slow down! It will be easier to spot other vehicles
and to stop if you are driving slowly. Add a few more seconds to the three-second-plus rule. Use your
low beams or fog lights to see and be seen. If the fog gets even thicker as you drive and you really
can't see, don't continue driving. Pull off the road until the condition improves. Turn off any headlights
or brake lights. Cars behind you might think you are still driving and follow your lights leading them off
the road and rear-ending you.
Sandstorms and Dust Storms

Dust storms can catch you off guard. Much like other difficult weather conditions, these storms can
decrease visibility severely. If you find yourself stuck in a dust storm, the best thing to do is to pull off
the road and wait for the storm to pass.
CLOSE WINDOW

5 Traffic School Course on Driving Distractions

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5 Traffic School Course on Driving Distractions

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10/24/2018 $5 Dollar Traﬃc School Online

Chapter 10: Driving Distractions

WHAT IS DISTRACTED DRIVING?

Visual distraction: taking your EYES off the road

(Source: US Government website for Distracted Driving)

DISTRACTED DRIVING STATISTICS

CELL PHONE AND TEXTING LAWS

Television Broadcast or Video Signal (VC 27602)

NOT JUST ABOUT CELL PHONES

NOT JUST ABOUT CELL PHONES (continued)

Scenery and Window Shopping

THE FACES OF DISTRACTED DRIVING

Chapter 11: The Vehicle

REQUIRED SAFETY EQUIPMENT AND VEHICLE MAINTENANCE

Belts and Fluid Levels

REQUIRED SAFETY EQUIPMENT AND VEHICLE MAINTENANCE

Windshields and Mirrors

Service Brakes vs. Parking Brake

Maintaining the Brakes

REQUIRED SAFETY EQUIPMENT AND VEHICLE MAINTENANCE

REQUIRED SAFETY EQUIPMENT AND VEHICLE MAINTENANCE

Seats, Seat Belts and Airbags

Child Safety Equipment

Child Safety Locks

Child Restraint System and Safety Seats

Tire Blows Out

Stop Safely Off the Road

Chapter 12: The Road

RULES OF THE ROAD

HOW TO USE LANES PROPERLY

Yellow lines separate traffic going in opposite directions

Solid yellow lines: Mark the center of the road.

White Lines separate traffic going in the same direction

Public Transit Bus Lanes (VC 21655.1)

Other Examples of Left and Right turns:

High-Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) Lanes (VC 21655.9)

HOW TO USE LANES PROPERLY (continued)

Center Left Turn Lane

Sharing Lanes with Motorcycles

road safety and motorcyclist behavior. (VC 21658.1)

PASSING OTHER VEHICLES

Controlled vs. Uncontrolled Intersections

Vehicles Stopped at a Crosswalk

Pedestrian's Right-of-Way at Crosswalks

School Buses with Red Flashing Lights

Road or Lane Narrows

ADJUST YOUR DRIVING FOR THE CONDITIONS

Demands of City Driving

ADJUST YOUR DRIVING FOR THE CONDITIONS (continued)

Demands of Freeway Driving

Plan a Route in Advance

When Entering the Freeway

Choosing Your Lane

Keep a Space Cushion around your Vehicle

When Exiting the Freeway

ADJUST YOUR DRIVING FOR THE CONDITIONS (continued)

The Open Highway

Unpredictable Road Conditions

Other Road Users

ADJUST YOUR DRIVING FOR THE CONDITIONS (continued)

Driving in Different Weather Conditions

Snow and Icy Roads

Sandstorms and Dust Storms