Modul 7

FOOD PROCESSING AIDS

Intentional Processing Aids

1
ITP-IPB/BTP

CODEX GENERAL STANDARD

• processing aid means a substance or material
not including apparatus or utensils and not
consumed as a food ingredient by itself,
intentionally used in the processing of raw
materials, foods or its ingredients to fulfill a
certain technological purpose during treatment
or p
processing g and which may y result in the non-
intentional but unavoidable presence of residues
or derivatives in the final product.

2
ITP-IPB/BTP

1
 FDA
Processing aids are defined as:
(a) substances that are added during the processing of a
food but are removed in some manner from the food
before it is packaged in its finished form;
(b) substances that are added to a food during processing,
are converted into constituents normally present in the
food, and do not significantly increase the amount of the
constituents naturally found in the food; or
( ) substances
(c) b t that
th t are added
dd d tto a ffood
d ffor their
th i ttechnical
h i l
or functional effect in the processing but are present in
the finished food at insignificant levels and do not have
any technical or functional effect in that food.

3
ITP-IPB/BTP

EU
“Processing aid” means any substance not
consumed as a food ingredient by itself,
intentionally used in the processing of raw
materials, food or their ingredients, to fulfill a
certain technological purpose during treatment or
processing and which may result in the
unintentional but technically unavoidable
presence of residues of the substance or its
derivatives in the final product
product, provided that
these residues do not present any health risk and
do not have any technological effect on the
finished product.
4
ITP-IPB/BTP

2
 FSANZ
(a) the substance is used in the processing of raw
materials foods or ingredients
materials, ingredients, to fulfill a
technological purpose relating to treatment or
processing, but does not perform a
technological function in the final food; and
(b) the substance is used in the course of
manufacture of a food at the lowest level
necessary to achieve a function in the
processing of that food, irrespective of any
maximum permitted level specified
5
ITP-IPB/BTP

PROCESSING AIDS (by FSANZ)

1.Generally permitted processing aids
2.Permitted antifoam agents
3.Permitted catalysts
4.Permitted decolourants, clarifying, filtration
and adsorbent agents
5.Permitted desiccating preparations
6.Permitted ion exchangeg resins
7.Permitted lubricants, release and anti-stick
agents
8.Permitted carriers, solvents and diluents
6
ITP-IPB/BTP

3
 PROCESSING AIDS
9. Permitted processing aids used in packaged water and
in water used as an ingredient in other foods
10 Permitted bleaching agents,
10. agents washing and peeling
agents
11. Permitted extraction solvents
12. Permitted processing aids with miscellaneous functions
13. Permitted enzymes of animal origin
14. Permitted enzymes of plant origin
15. Permitted enzymes of microbial origin
16. Permitted microbial nutrients and microbial nutrient
adjuncts
7
ITP-IPB/BTP

1. Generally permitted processing aids

• The following processing aids may be used in

the course of manufacture of any food at a level
necessary to achieve a function in the
processing of that food –
(a) foods, including water; and
(b) food additives

• maximum permitted level means the maximum

amount of the processing aid which may be
present in the food

8
ITP-IPB/BTP

4
 1. Generally permitted processing aids
• Activated carbon • Oleyl oleate
• Ammonia • Oxygen
• Ammonium chloride • Perlite
• A
Ammoniumi h
hydroxide
d id • Phospholipids
• Argon • Phosphoric acid
• Bone phosphate • Polyethylene glycols
• Carbon monoxide • Polyglycerol esters of fatty acids
• Diatomaceous earth • Polyglycerol esters of interesterified ricinoleic acid
• Ethoxylated fatty alcohols • Polyoxyethylene 40 stearate
• Ethyl alcohol • Potassium hydroxide
• Fatty acid polyalkylene glycol • Propylene glycol alginate
ester • Silicates
• Furcellaran • Sodium hydroxide
• Hydrogenated glucose • Sodium lauryl sulphate
syrups • Sulphuric acid
• Isopropyl alcohol • Tannic acid
• Magnesium hydroxide
• Oleic acid
9
ITP-IPB/BTP

2. Permitted antifoam agents

• The processing aids listed in the Table to

this clause may be used as an antifoam
agent in the course of manufacture of any
food provided the final food contains no
more than the corresponding maximum
permitted level specified in the Table.

10
ITP-IPB/BTP

5
 2. Permitted antifoam agents
Substance Maximum permitted level
(mg/kg)
Butanol 10
Oxystearin GMP
Polydimethylsiloxane 10
Polyethylene glycol dioleate GMP
Polyethylene/ polypropylene glycol GMP
copolymers

Soap GMP
Sorbitan monolaurate 1
Sorbitan monooleate 1
11
ITP-IPB/BTP

3. Permitted Catalyst
Maximum permitted
Substance
level (mg/kg)
Chromium (excluding chromium VI) 0.1

Copper 0.1
Molybdenum 0.1
Nickel 1.0
Peracetic acid 0.7
P t
Potassium
i ethoxide
th id 10
1.0
Potassium (metal) GMP
Sodium (metal) GMP
Sodium ethoxide 1.0
Sodium methoxide 1.0
12
ITP-IPB/BTP

6
 4. Permitted decolourants, clarifying, filtration and
adsorbent agents
Substance Maximum permitted
level (mg/kg)
Acid clays of montmorillonite GMP
Chloromethylated aminated styrene- GMP
divinylbenzene resin
Copper sulphate GMP
Dimethylamine-epichlorohydrin copolymer 150
Dimethyldialkylammonium chloride GMP
Divinylbenzene copolymer GMP
High density polyethylene co-extruded with GMP
kaolin
Iron oxide GMP
Fish collagen, including Isinglass GMP
Magnesium oxide GMP
13
ITP-IPB/BTP

4. Permitted decolourants, clarifying, filtration and

adsorbent agents

Substance Maximum permitted

level (mg/kg)
Modified polyacrylamide resins GMP
Nylon GMP
Phytates (including phytic acid, magnesium GMP
phytate & calcium phytate)
Polyester resins, cross-linked GMP
Polyethylene GMP
Polypropylene GMP
Polyvinyl polypyrrolidone 100
Potassium ferrocyanide 0.1
14
ITP-IPB/BTP

7
5. Permitted desiccating preparations

Maximum permitted
Substance
level (mg/kg)

Aluminium sulphate GMP

Ethyl esters of fatty acids GMP

Short chain triglycerides GMP

15
ITP-IPB/BTP

6. Permitted ion exchange resins

Maximum
Substance permitted level
(mg/kg)
Completely hydrolysed copolymers of methyl GMP
acrylate and divinylbenzene

Completely hydrolysed terpolymers of methyl GMP

acrylate, divinylbenzene and acrylonitrile

Cross-linked
C li k d phenol-formaldehyde
h lf ld h d activated
ti t d with
ith GMP
one or both of the following: triethylene
tetramine and tetraethylenepentamine

16
ITP-IPB/BTP

8
 6. Permitted ion exchange resins
Substance Maximum
permitted level
(mg/kg)
Cross-linked polystyrene, chloromethylated, then aminated with GMP
trimethylamine dimethylamine
trimethylamine, dimethylamine, diethylenetriamine
diethylenetriamine, or
dimethylethanolamine
Diethylenetriamine, triethylene-tetramine, or tetraethylenepentamin GMP
cross-linked with epichlorohydrin
Divinylbenzene copolymer GMP
Epichlorohydrin cross-linked with ammonia GMP
Epichlorohydrin cross-linked with ammonia and then quaternised with GMP
methyl chloride to contain not more than 18% strong base capacity
by weight of total exchange capacity
Hydrolysed copolymer of methyl acrylate and divinylbenzene GMP
Methacrylic acid-divinylbenzene copolymer GMP
Methyl acrylate-divinylbenzene copolymer containing not less than 2% GMP
by weight of divinylbenzene, aminolysed with dimethylaminopro-
pylamine
17
ITP-IPB/BTP

6. Permitted ion exchange resins

Substance Maximum
permitted
level (mg/kg)
Methyl acrylate-divinylbenzene copolymer containing not less GMP
than 3.5% byy weight
g of divinylbenzene,
y , aminolysed
y with
dimethylaminopro-pylamine
Methyl acrylate-divinylbenzene-diethylene glycol divinyl ether GMP
terpolymer containing not less than 3.5% by weight
divinylbenzene and not more than 0.6% by weight of
diethylene glycol divinyl ether, aminolysed with
dimethaminopropylamine
Methyl acrylate-divinylbenzene-diethylene glycol divinyl ether GMP
terpolymer containing not less than 7% by weight
divinylbenzene and not more than 2.3% by weight of
diethylene glycol divinyl ether, aminolysed with
dimethaminopropylamine and quaternized with methyl
chloride
Reaction resin of formaldehyde, acetone, and GMP
tetraethylenepentamine 18
ITP-IPB/BTP

9
 6. Permitted ion exchange resins
Substance Maximum permitted
level (mg/kg)
Regenerated cellulose, cross-linked and alkylated with GMP
epichlorohydrin and propylene oxide
oxide, then derivatised
with carboxymethyl groups whereby the amount of
epichlorohydrin plus propylene oxide does not exceed
70% of the starting quantity of cellulose
Regenerated cellulose, cross-linked and alkylated with GMP
epichlorohydrin and propylene oxide, then derivatised
with tertiary amine groups whereby the amount of
epichlorohydrin plus propylene oxide does not exceed
70% of the starting quantity of cellulose
Regenerated cellulose, cross-linked and alkylated with GMP
epichlorohydrin and propylene oxide, then derivatised
with quaternary amine groups whereby the amount of
epichlorohydrin plus propylene oxide does not exceed
250% of the starting quantity of cellulose
19
ITP-IPB/BTP

6. Permitted ion exchange resins

Substance Maximum
permitted level
(mg/kg)
Regenerated cellulose,
cellulose cross
cross-linked
linked and alkylated with GMP
epichlorohydrin and propylene oxide, then
sulphonated, whereby the amount of epichlorohydrin
plus propylene oxide employed does not exceed 250%
of the starting quantity of cellulose
Styrene-divinylbenzene cross-linked copolymer, GMP
chloromethylated then aminated with dimethylamine
and oxidised with hydrogen peroxide whereby the resin
contains not more than 15% of vinyl N
N,N-
N-
dimethylbenzylamine-N-oxide and not more than 6.5%
of nitrogen
Sulphite-modified cross-linked phenol-formaldehyde, with GMP
modification resulting in sulphonic acid groups on side
chains
20
ITP-IPB/BTP

10
 6. Permitted ion exchange resins
Substance Maximum
permitted level
(mg/kg)
Sulphonated anthracite coal GMP
Sulphonated copolymer of styrene and divinylbenzene GMP
Sulphonated terpolymers of styrene, divinylbenzene, GMP
and acrylonitrile or methyl acrylate

Sulphonated tetrapolymer of styrene, divinylbenzene, GMP

acrylonitrile, and methyl acrylate derived from a
mixture of monomers containing not more than a
total of 2% by weight of acrylonitrile and methyl
acrylate

21
ITP-IPB/BTP

7. Permitted lubricants, release and anti-stick agents

Substance Maximum
permitted level
(mg/kg)
Acetylated mono- and diglycerides 100

Mineral oil based greases GMP

Thermally oxidised soya-bean oil 320

White mineral oil GMP

• The Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) (2009)

is currently reviewing mineral oils, including white mineral oil.

22
ITP-IPB/BTP

11
 8. Permitted carriers, solvents and diluents

Maximum
Substance permitted level
(mg/kg)

Benzyl alcohol 500

Croscarmellose sodium GMP
Ethyl acetate GMP
Glycerol diacetate GMP
Glyceryl
y y monoacetate GMP
Glycine GMP
Isopropyl alcohol 1000
L-Leucine GMP
Triethyl citrate GMP
23
ITP-IPB/BTP

9. Permitted processing aids used in packaged water

and in water used as an ingredient in other foods
Substance Maximum permitted
level (mg/kg)
Aluminium sulphate GMP
Ammonium sulphate GMP
Calcium hypochlorite 5 (available chlorine)
Calcium sodium polyphosphate GMP
Chlorine 5 (available chlorine)
Chlorine dioxide 1
Cobalt sulphate 2
Copper sulphate 2
Cross-linked
C li k d phenol-formaldehyde
h lf ld h d activated
ti t d with
ith one or b
both
th off GMP
triethylenetetramine or tetraethylenepentamine
Cross-linked polystyrene, first chloromethylated then aminated with GMP
trimethylamine, dimethylamine, diethylenetriamine or
dimethylethanolamine
Diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine or tetraethylenepentamine GMP
cross-linked with epichlorohydrin
24
ITP-IPB/BTP

12
9. Permitted processing aids used in packaged water
and in water used as an ingredient in other foods
Substance Maximum permitted
level (mg/kg)
Ferric chloride GMP
Ferric sulphate GMP
Ferrous sulphate GMP
Hydrofluorosilic acid (fluorosilic acid) GMP
Hydrolyzed copolymers of methyl acrylate and divinylbenzene GMP
Hydrolyzed terpolymers of methyl acrylate, divinylbenzene and GMP
acrylonitrile
Hydrogen peroxide 5
1H d
1-Hydroxyethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic
th lid 1 1 di h h i acid
id GMP
Lignosulphonic acid GMP
Magnetite GMP
Maleic acid polymers GMP
Methyl acrylate-divinylbenzene copolymer containing not less than GMP
2% divinylbenzene aminolysed with dimethylaminopropylamine
25
ITP-IPB/BTP

9. Permitted processing aids used in packaged water

and in water used as an ingredient in other foods
Substance Maximum permitted
level (mg/kg)
Methyl
y acrylate-divinylbenzene
y y copolymer
p y containing
g not less than GMP
2% divinylbenzene aminolysed with dimethylaminopropylamine
Methacrylic acid-divinylbenzene copolymer GMP
Methyl acrylate-divinylbenzene-diethylene glycol divinyl ether GMP
terpolymer containing not less than 3.5% divinylbenzene and not
more than 0.6% diethylene glycol divinyl ether, aminolysed with
dimethylaminopropylamine
Modified polyacrylamide resins GMP
Monobutyl ethers of polyethylene-polypropylene glycol GMP
O
Ozone GMP
Phosphorous acid GMP
Polyacrylamide (polyelectrolytes) 0.0002 (as acrylamide
monomer)
Polyaluminium chloride GMP
Polydimethyldiallyl ammonium chloride GMP
26
ITP-IPB/BTP

13
9. Permitted processing aids used in packaged water
and in water used as an ingredient in other foods
Substance Maximum permitted
level (mg/kg)
Polyoxypropylene glycol GMP
Potassium permanganate GMP
Reaction resin of formaldehyde, acetone and GMP
tetraethylenepentamine
Regenerated cellulose, cross-linked and alkylated with GMP
epichlorohydrin and propylene oxide, then sulphonated
whereby the amount of epichlorohydrin plus propylene
oxide employed does not exceed 250% of the starting
quantity of cellulose

Silver ions 0.01

Sodium aluminate GMP
Sodium fluoride 1.5
Sodium fluorosilicate (Sodium silicofluoride) 1.5
27
ITP-IPB/BTP

9. Permitted processing aids used in packaged water

and in water used as an ingredient in other foods
Substance Maximum permitted
level (mg/kg)
Sodium humate GMP
Sodium hypochlorite
yp 5 ((available chlorine))
Sodium lignosulphonate GMP
Sodium metabisulphite GMP
Sodium nitrate 50 (as nitrate)
Sodium polymethacrylate 2.5
Sodium sulphite (neutral or alkaline) GMP
Styrene-divinylbenzene cross-linked copolymer 0.03 (as styrene)
Sulphonated copolymer of styrene and divinylbenzene GMP
Sulphonated terpolymers of styrene, divinylbenzene acrylonitrile GMP
and methyl acrylate
Sulphite modified cross-linked phenol-formaldehyde GMP
Tannin powder extract GMP
Tetrasodium ethylene diamine tetraacetate GMP
Zinc sulphate GMP 28
ITP-IPB/BTP

14
10. Permitted bleaching agents, washing and peeling
agents

Maximum
Substance Food permitted level
(
(mg/kg)
/k )
Benzoyl peroxide All foods 40 (measured as
benzoic acid)
Bromo-chloro-dimethylhydantoin All foods 1.0 (available chlorine)
1.0 (inorganic
bromide) 2.0
(dimethylhydantoin)
Calcium hypochlorite All foods 1.0 (available chlorine)

Chlorine All foods 1.0 (available chlorine)

Chlorine dioxide All foods 1.0 (available chlorine)

Diammonium hydrogen All foods GMP
orthophosphate
2-Ethylhexyl sodium sulphate All foods 0.7
29
ITP-IPB/BTP

10. Permitted bleaching agents, washing and peeling agents

Maximum
Substance Food permitted level
(mg/kg)
Hydrogen peroxide All foods 5
Iodine Fruits, vegetables
g and eggs
gg GMP
Oxides of nitrogen All foods GMP
Ozone All foods GMP
Peracetic acid All foods GMP
Sodium chlorite All foods 1.0 (available chlorine)
Sodium dodecylbenzene All foods 0.7
sulphonate
Sodium hypochlorite
yp All foods 1.0 ((available chlorine))
Sodium laurate All foods GMP
Sodium metabisulphite Root and tuber vegetables 25
Sodium peroxide All foods 5
Sodium persulphate All foods GMP
Triethanolamine Dried vine fruit GMP
30
ITP-IPB/BTP

15
 11. Permitted extraction solvents
Substance Food Maximum
permitted level
(mg/kg)

Acetone Flavourings 2
Other foods 0.1
Benzyl alcohol All foods GMP
Butane Flavourings 1
Other foods 0.1
Butanol All foods 10
Cyclohexane All foods 1
Dibutyl ether All foods 2
Diethyl ether All foods 2
Ethyl acetate All foods 10
Glyceryl triacetate All foods GMP
31
ITP-IPB/BTP

11. Permitted extraction solvents

Substance Food Maximum
permitted level
(mg/kg)
Hexanes All foods 20
Isobutane Flavourings 1
Other foods 0.1
Methanol All foods 5
Methylene chloride Decaffeinated coffee 2
Decaffeinated tea 2
Flavourings 2
Methylethyl ketone All foods 2
Propane All foods 1
Toluene All foods 1

32
ITP-IPB/BTP

16
 12. Permitted processing aids with miscellaneous functions

Substance Function Maximum permitted

level (mg/kg)
Agarose ion exchange resin being Removal of specific proteins GMP
agarose cross-linked and alkylated and polyphenols from beer
with epichlorohydrin and propylene
oxide, then derivatised with tertiary
amine groups whereby the amount
of epichlorohydrin plus propylene
oxide does not exceed 250% by
weight of the starting quantity of
agarose
Ammonium persulphate Yeast washing agent GMP
Ammonium sulphate Decalcification agent for GMP
edible casings
Cupric citrate Removal of sulphide GMP
compounds from wine
β-Cyclodextrin Used to extract cholesterol GMP
from eggs
Butanol Suspension agent for sugar 10
crystals 33
ITP-IPB/BTP

12. Permitted processing aids with miscellaneous functions

Substance Function Maximum

permitted level
(mg/kg)
Carbonic acid Bleached tripe washing GMP
agent
Cetyl alcohol Coating agent on meat 1.0
carcasses and primal
cuts to prevent
desiccation
Ethyl acetate Cell disruption of yeast GMP
Ethylene diamine tetraacetic Metal sequestrant for GMP
acid edible fats and oils and
related products
Gibberellic acid Barley germination GMP
Gluteral Manufacture of edible GMP
collagen casings
34
ITP-IPB/BTP

17
 12. Permitted processing aids with miscellaneous functions

Substance Function Maximum permitted

level (mg/kg)

Hydrogen peroxide Inhibiting agent for dried 5

vine fruits, fruit and
vegetable juices, sugar,
vinegar and yeast
autolysate
Removal of glucose from 5
egg products

Removal of sulphur dioxide 5

1-Hydroxyethylidene-1,1- Metal sequestrant for use GMP

diphosphonic acid with anti-microbial agents
for meat, fruit and
vegetables
Ice Structuring Protein type III Manufacture of ice cream 100
HPLC 12 and edible ices
35
ITP-IPB/BTP

12. Permitted processing aids with miscellaneous functions

Substance Function Maximum permitted

level (mg/kg)
Indole acetic acid Barley germination GMP
Lactoperoxidase from bovine Reduce and/or inhibit bacterial GMP
milk EC 1.11.1.7 population on meat surfaces

L-Cysteine (or HCl salt) Dough conditioner 75

Morpholine Solubilising agent for coating GMP
mixtures on fruits
Oak For use in the manufacture of wine GMP

Octanoic acid Anti-microbial agent for meat, fruit GMP

and vegetables
Paraffin Coatings for cheese and cheese GMP
products
Polyvinyl acetate Preparation of waxes for use in GMP
cheese and cheese products

Potassium bromate Germination control in malting Limit of determination

of bromate
36
ITP-IPB/BTP

18
12. Permitted processing aids with miscellaneous functions

Substance Function Maximum permitted

level (mg/kg)
Agarose ion exchange resin being Removal of specific proteins GMP
agarose cross-linked and and polyphenols from beer
alkylated with epichlorohydrin and
propylene oxide, then derivatised
with tertiary amine groups
whereby the amount of
epichlorohydrin plus propylene
oxide does not exceed 250% by
weight of the starting quantity of
agarose

Ammonium persulphate Yeast washing agent GMP

Ammonium sulphate Decalcification agent for GMP
edible casings
Cupric citrate Removal of sulphide GMP
compounds from wine
β-Cyclodextrin Used to extract cholesterol GMP
from eggs
37
ITP-IPB/BTP

12. Permitted processing aids with miscellaneous functions

Substance Function Maximum

permitted level
(mg/kg)
Sodium bromate Germination control in Limit of
malting determination of
bromate
Sodium chlorite Anti-microbial agent for Limit of
meat, fish, fruit and determination of
vegetables chlorite,
chlorate,
chlorous acid
and chlorine
dioxide
Sodium gluconate Denuding, bleaching &
neutralising tripe GMP
Sodium glycerophosphate Cryoprotectant for starter GMP
culture
38
ITP-IPB/BTP

19
12. Permitted processing aids with miscellaneous functions

Substance Function Maximum permitted

level (mg/kg)
Sodium metabisulphite Dough conditioner 60

Removal of excess chlorine 60

Softening of corn kernels for starch 60 (in the starch)
manufacture

Treatment of hides for use in gelatine GMP

and collagen manufacture

Sodium sulphide Treatment of hides for use in gelatine GMP

and collagen manufacture
Sodium sulphite Dough conditioner 60
Sodium thiocyanate Reduce and/or inhibit bacterial GMP
population on meat surfaces
Stearyl alcohol Coating agent on meat carcasses and
GMP
primal cuts to prevent desiccation

39
ITP-IPB/BTP

12. Permitted processing aids with miscellaneous functions

Substance Function Maximum permitted

level (mg/kg)
Sodium sulphide Treatment of hides for use in gelatine GMP
and
a d co
collagen
age manufacture
a u actu e
Sodium sulphite Dough conditioner 60
Sodium thiocyanate Reduce and/or inhibit bacterial GMP
population on meat surfaces
Stearyl alcohol Coating agent on meat carcasses and
GMP
primal cuts to prevent desiccation
Sulphur dioxide Control of nitrosodimethylamine in 750
malting
Treatment
T t t off hides
hid for
f use in
i gelatine
l ti 750
and collagen manufacture

Sulphurous acid Softening of corn kernels GMP

Treatment of hides for use in gelatine GMP
and collagen manufacture

40
ITP-IPB/BTP

20
12. Permitted processing aids with miscellaneous functions

Substance Function Maximum

permitted level
(mg/kg)
Triethanolamine Solubilising agent for coating
mixtures for fruits GMP
Urea Manufacture of concentrated 1.5 times the mass
gelatine solutions of the gelatine
present

Microbial nutrient and microbial GMP

nutrient adjunct for the
manufacture of all foods
foods, except
alcoholic beverages

Woodflour from Gripping agent used in the

untreated Pinus treatment of hides
radiata GMP

41
ITP-IPB/BTP

13. Permitted enzyme from animal origin

Enzyme Source
Lipase, triacylglycerol EC Bovine stomach; salivary glands or
3.1.1.3 forestomach of calf, kid or lamb;
porcine or bovine pancreas

Pepsin EC 3.4.23.1 Bovine or porcine stomach

Phospholipase A2 EC 3.1.1.4 Porcine pancreas
Thrombin EC 3
3.4.21.5
4 21 5 Bovine or porcine blood
Trypsin EC 3.4.21.4 Porcine or bovine pancreas

42
ITP-IPB/BTP

21
 14. Permitted enzyme from plant origin
Enzyme
α–Amylase EC 3.2.1.1
β-Amylase EC 3.2.1.2
Actinidin EC 3.4.22.14
Bromelain EC 3.4.22.4
Ficin EC 3.4.22.3
Papain EC 3.4.22.2
ITP-IPB/BTP
15. Permitted enzyme from microbial origin
Enzyme
α–Acetolactate decarboxylase EC
4.1.1.5
Aminopeptidase EC 3.4.11.1
α–Amylase EC 3.2.1.1
β-Amylase EC 3.2.1.2
α–Arabinofuranosidase EC 3.2.1.55
Asparaginase EC 3.5.1.1
ITP-IPB/BTP
Source
Malted cereals
Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas)
Malted cereals
Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa)
Pineapple stem (Ananas comosus)
Ficus spp.
Carica papaya
43
Source
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilis, containing the gene for α–
Acetolactate decarboxylase isolated from
Bacillus brevis
Aspergillus oryzae Lactocococcus lactis
Aspergillus niger Aspergillus oryzae Bacillus
amyloliquefaciens Bacillus licheniformis Bacillus
licheniformis, containing the gene for α-Amylase
isolated from Geobacillus stearothermophilus
Bacillus subtilis Bacillus subtilis, containing the
gene for α-Amylase isolated from Geobacillus
stearothermophilus Geobacillus
stearothermophilus
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Bacillus subtilis
Aspergillus niger
Aspergillus oryzae
44
22
 15. Permitted enzyme from microbial origin
Enzyme
Carboxyl proteinase EC 3.4.23.6
Carboxylesterase EC 3.1.1.1
Catalase EC 1.11.1.6
Cellulase EC 3.2.1.4
Chymosin EC 3.4.23.4
Cyclodextrin glucanotransferase EC
2.4.1.19
D t
Dextranase EC 3
3.2.1.11
2 1 11
Endo-arabinase EC 3.2.1.99
α-Galactosidase EC 3.2.1.22
β-Galactosidase EC 3.2.1.23
Glucan 1,3-β-glucosidase EC 3.2.1.58
ITP-IPB/BTP
15. Permitted enzyme from microbial origin
Enzyme
β-Glucanase EC 3.2.1.6
Glucoamylase EC 3.2.1.3
Glucose oxidase EC 1.1.3.4
α-Glucosidase EC 3.2.1.20
β-Glucosidase EC 3.2.1.21
Hemicellulase endo-1,3-β-xylanase Humicola insolens
EC 3.2.1.32
ITP-IPB/BTP
Source
Aspergillus melleus Aspergillus niger Aspergillus
oryzae Rhizomucor miehei
Rhizomucor miehei
Aspergillus niger Microccocus luteus
Aspergillus niger Trichoderma reesei
Trichoderma viride
Aspergillus niger Escherichia coli K-12 strain
GE81 Kluyveromyces lactis
Paenibacillus macerans
Ch t i
Chaetomium gracile
il Penicillium
P i illi lil
lilacinum
i
Aspergillus niger
Aspergillus niger
Aspergillus niger Aspergillus oryzae
Kluyveromyces marxianus Kluyveromyces lactis
Trichoderma harzianum
45
Source
Aspergillus niger Aspergillus oryzae Bacillus
amyloliquefaciens Bacillus subtilis
Disporotrichum dimorphosporum Humicola
insolens Talaromyces emersonii Trichoderma
reesei
Aspergillus niger Aspergillus oryzae
Rhizopus delemar Rhizopus oryzae
Rhizopus niveus
Aspergillus niger Aspergillus oryzae,
containing the gene for glucose oxidase
isolated from Aspergillus niger
Aspergillus oryzae Aspergillus niger
Aspergillus niger
46
23
 15. Permitted enzyme from microbial origin
Enzyme
Hemicellulase endo-1,4-β-xylanase Aspergillus niger Aspergillus oryzae
EC 3.2.1.8
Hemicellulase multicomponent
enzyme EC 3.2.1.78
Hexose oxidase EC 1.1.3.5
Inulinase EC 3.2.1.7
Invertase EC 3.2.1.26
Lipase, monoacylglycerol EC
3.1.1.23
ITP-IPB/BTP
15. Permitted enzyme from microbial origin
Enzyme
Lipase, triacylglycerol EC 3.1.1.3
Lysophospholipase EC 3.1.1.5
Maltogenic α-amylase EC 3.2.1.133
ITP-IPB/BTP
Source
Aspergillus oryzae, containing the gene for
Endo-1,4-β-xylanase isolated from
A
Aspergillus
ill aculeatus
l t A Aspergillus
ill oryzae,
containing the gene for Endo-1,4-β-xylanase
isolated from Thermomyces lanuginosus
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Bacillus subtilis
Humicola insolens Trichoderma reesei
Aspergillus niger Bacillus amyloliquefaciens
Bacillus subtilis Trichoderma reesei
Hansenula p p , containing
polymorpha,
y g the g
gene
for Hexose oxidase isolated from Chondrus
crispus
Aspergillus niger
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Penicillium camembertii
47
Source
Aspergillus niger Aspergillus oryzae Aspergillus
oryzae, containing the gene for Lipase,
triacylglycerol isolated from Fusarium oxysporum
Aspergillus oryzae, containing the gene for Lipase,
triacylglycerol isolated from Humicola lanuginosa
Aspergillus oryzae, containing the gene for Lipase,
triacylglycerol isolated from Rhizomucor miehei
Candida rugosa Hansenula polymorpha, containing
the gene for Lipase, triacylglycerol isolated from
Fusarium heterosporum Mucor javanicus Penicillium
roquefortii Rhizopus arrhizus Rhizomucor miehei
Rhizophus niveus Rhizophus oryzae
Aspergillus niger
Bacillus subtilis containing the gene for maltogenic
α-amylase isolated from Geobacillus
stearothermophilus
48
24
 15. Permitted enzyme from microbial origin
Enzyme
Metalloproteinase
Mucorpepsin EC 3.4.23.23
Pectin lyase EC 4.2.2.10
Pectinesterase EC 3.1.1.11
Phospholipase A1 EC 3.1.1.32
Phospholipase A2 EC 3.1.1.4
ITP-IPB/BTP
15. Permitted enzyme from microbial origin
Enzyme
3-Phytase EC 3.1.3.8
4 Ph
4-Phytase EC 3
3.1.3.26
1 3 26
Polygalacturonase or Pectinase
multicomponent enzyme EC
3.2.1.15
Pullulanase EC 3.2.1.41
Serine proteinase EC 3.4.21.14
ITP-IPB/BTP
Source
Aspergillus oryzae Bacillus amyloliquefaciens
Bacillus coagulans Bacillus subtilis
Aspergillus oryzae Aspergillus oryzae,
containing the gene for Aspartic proteinase
isolated from Rhizomucor meihei Rhizomucor
meihei Cryphonectria parasitica
Aspergillus niger
Aspergillus niger Aspergillus oryzae,
containing the gene for pectinesterase
isolated from Aspergillus aculeatus
Aspergillus oryzae, containing the gene for
phospholipase A1 isolated from Fusarium
venenatum
Streptomyces violaceoruber
49
Source
Aspergillus niger
ill oryzae, containing
Aspergillus
A i i the
h gene ffor 4
4-
phytase isolated from Peniophora lycii
Aspergillus niger Aspergillus oryzae
Trichoderma reesei
Bacillus acidopullulyticus Bacillus
amyloliquefaciens Bacillus licheniformis
Bacillus subtilis Klebsiella p
pneumoniae
Aspergillus oryzae Bacillus amyloliquifaciens
Bacillus halodurans Bacillus licheniformis
Bacillus subtilis
50
25
 15. Permitted enzyme from microbial origin

Enzyme Source
Transglucosidase EC 2.4.1.24 Aspergillus niger
Transglutaminase EC 2.3.2.13 Streptomyces mobaraensis
Urease EC 3.5.1.5 Lactobacillus fermentum
Xylose isomerase EC 5.3.1.5 Actinoplanes missouriensis Bacillus
coagulans Microbacterium
arborescens Streptomyces olivaceus
Streptomyces olivochromogenes
p y
Streptomyces murinus Streptomyces
p y
rubiginosus

51
ITP-IPB/BTP

Note:
• Bacillus amyloliquefaciens is a separate species from
Bacillus subtilis. Aspergillus niger group covers strains
kno n under
known nder the names Aspergillus
Aspergill s ac
aculeatus,
leat s A
A.
awamori, A. ficuum, A. foetidus, A. japonicus, A.
phoenicis, A. saitor and A. usamii.
• Trichoderma reesei also known as Trichoderma
longibrachiatum. Kluyveromyces marxianus – former
names Saccharomyces fragilis and Kluyveromyces
fragilis
fragilis.
• Kluyveromyces lactis – former name Saccharomyces
lactis.
• Rhizomucor miehei – former name Mucor miehei.

52
ITP-IPB/BTP

26
• Microccocus luteus – former name Micrococcus
lysodeikticus.
lysodeikticus
• Paenibacillus macerans – former name Bacillus
macerans.
• Talaromyces emersonii – former name Penicillium
emersonii.
• Klebsiella pneumoniae – former name Klebsiella
g
aerogenes.
• Streptomyces mobaraensis – former name
Streptoverticillium mobaraensis.
• Humicola lanuginosa also known as Thermomyces
lanuginosus.
53
ITP-IPB/BTP

• Microccocus luteus – former name Micrococcus

lysodeikticus.
• Paenibacillus macerans – former name Bacillus
macerans.
• Talaromyces emersonii – former name Penicillium
emersonii.
• Klebsiella pneumoniae – former name Klebsiella
aerogenes.
• Streptomyces
St t i – former
mobaraensis
b f name
Streptoverticillium mobaraensis. Humicola lanuginosa
also known as Thermomyces lanuginosus.

54
ITP-IPB/BTP

27
• Mucor jjavanicus also known as Mucor
circinelloides f. circinelloides.
• Penicillium roquefortii also known as Penicillium
roqueforti.
• Hansenula polymorpha also known as Pichia
angusta.
• Geobacillus
G b ill stearothermophilus
t th hil – former
f name
Bacillus stearothermophilus.
• 4-Phytase also known as 6-phytase.

55
ITP-IPB/BTP

16. Permitted microbial nutrients and microbial

nutrient adjuncts
• Adenine • Glutamic acid • Sodium molybdate
• Adonitol • Glycine • Sodium tetraborate
• Ammonium sulphate • Guanine • Thiamin
• Histidine • Threonine
• Ammonium sulphite
• Hydroxyethyl starch • Uracil
• Arginine • Inosine • Xanthine
• Asparagine • Inositol • Zinc chloride
• Aspartic acid • Manganese chloride • Zinc sulphate
• Benzoic acid • Manganese sulphate
• Biotin • Niacin
• Calcium pantothenate • Nitric acid
• Calcium propionate • Pantothenic acid
• Copper sulphate • Peptone
• Phytates
• Cystine
• Polyvinylpyrrolidone
• Cysteine monohydrochloride • Pyridoxine hydrochloride
• Dextran • Riboflavin
• Ferrous sulphate • Sodium formate
56
ITP-IPB/BTP

28