Write your name here

Surname Other names

Hasan Azizul
Centre Number Candidate Number
Pearson Edexcel
International GCSE

Biology
Unit: 4BI0
Paper: 2B

Monday 15 January 2018 – Afternoon Paper Reference

Time: 1 hour 4BI0/2B

You must have: Total Marks
Calculator

Instructions
• Use black ink or ball-point pen.
• centre
Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name,
number and candidate number.
• Answer all questions.
• Answer the questions in the spaces provided
– there may be more space than you need.
• Show all the steps in any calculations and state the units.
Information
• The total mark for this paper is 60.
• The marks for each question are shown in brackets
– use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.

Advice
• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Write your answers neatly and in good English.
• Try to answer every question.
• Check your answers if you have time at the end.

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P51855A
©2018 Pearson Education Ltd.

1/1/1/1/1/1/
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 Answer ALL questions.

1 Read the passage below. Use the information in the passage and your own knowledge

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to answer the questions that follow.

Poisonous ragwort

Ragwort is a plant with yellow insect-pollinated flowers.

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Many insect species eat ragwort leaves. The larvae of some insects damage the
leaves when they eat into leaf mesophyll tissue to feed on the cells. This feeding
behaviour reduces the growth of the ragwort plant. The larvae of the cinnabar
5 moth, found in the UK, are very efficient at eating ragwort leaves. For this reason,
the moth has been introduced into other countries as a biological control.

Ragwort plants contain a poison that kills many insects. However, the cinnabar
moth is not killed by this poison and it builds up in its body. This makes the moth
taste unpleasant to its predators.

10 Unfortunately, if a horse eats ragwort, the poison damages its liver. The poison
also causes blindness by making the cornea cloudy. A horse that eats 11% of
its own body mass of ragwort will be poisoned and die. It is estimated that
6500 horses in the UK die every year from ragwort poisoning.

Honey bees that visit ragwort flowers may collect nectar that can also contain
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15 the poison. This nectar is used to make honey. If a human consumes this honey
it may harm their liver.

It is hard to control the size of the ragwort population because the flowers of a
single plant can produce about 200 000 seeds in one season. These seeds remain
dormant in the soil until they are stimulated to germinate by light.

20 Apart from using biological control, farmers can use other methods to reduce the
size of the ragwort population in their fields. One method is to use weed killer.
Another method involves keeping farm animals out of their fields to allow the
grass to grow.

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 (a) What is meant by the term insect-pollinated (line 1)?
(1)
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The transfer of pollen from anther to stigma by insect.

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(b) Give one feature of ragwort flowers, mentioned in the passage, that indicates they
are pollinated by insects.
(1)

Yellow
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(c) Explain how the feeding behaviour of many insect larvae affects the growth of a
ragwort plant (lines 3 and 4).
(3)

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(d) Suggest why it might be a risk to introduce cinnabar moths into other countries (line 6).
(2)

They feed on other plants which affect the food chain, and they have no predators.
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 (e) Explain how natural selection could have resulted in cinnabar moths that are not
killed by the poison (lines 7 and 8).
(3)

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(f ) Explain why a cloudy cornea can cause blindness (line 11).

(2)

Less light enters into the eye so less light to the retina.
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(g) Calculate the mass of ragwort that a 520 kg horse would have to eat to become
poisoned and die (lines 11 and 12).
(2)
11% X 520
=11/100 X 520
= 57.2 kg

mass of ragwort = . . 57.2

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kg
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(h) Name the blood vessel that transports the poison from a horse’s intestine to DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA
its liver.
(1)

Hepatic portal vein

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 (i) Ragwort seeds need to be stimulated by light in order to germinate (line 19).
Give one other factor that seeds need in order to germinate.
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(1)

Water
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(j) Suggest why the size of the ragwort population can be reduced if farm animals
are kept out of fields where ragwort grows (lines 22 and 23).
(2)

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(Total for Question 1 = 18 marks)

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2 The diagram shows a section through the human heart.

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D aorta

B E

A F

(a) (i) Give the letter of the part known as the vena cava.

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(1)

C
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(ii) Give the letters of the chambers where oxygenated blood is found.
(1)

E and F
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(b) Describe how the structure of the aorta is adapted for its role.
(2)

Aorta have thick muscle waller because they need to pump blood to all parts of the
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body and elastic to ensure that more blood can easily pass through it.
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 (c) The table shows the speed of blood flow in three blood vessels.
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Speed of blood flow

Blood vessel
in cm per second
aorta 40.00
lung capillary 0.03
vena cava 15.00

(i) Blood has to travel 20 cm from a person’s heart to their renal artery.
Calculate the time taken for blood to flow from this person’s heart to their renal artery.
Show your working.
(2)
S=d/t
t=d/s
t= 20/ 40
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t=0.5s

time = . . . . . .0.5
........................................................ s

(ii) Explain how the speed of blood flow in the lung capillary affects gas exchange.
(2)
The Speed of the blood is slow which allows more time in contact with gas exchange
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materials as a result more diffusion

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(Total for Question 2 = 8 marks)

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3 Untreated sewage entering a river affects the numbers of organisms living in the river.
The graph shows the changes in the numbers of fish, algae and bacteria in a river

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before the sewage outlet and after the sewage outlet.
Algae are protoctists that can carry out photosynthesis.

fish

algae
bacteria

number of
organisms

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distance down the river
sewage
outlet

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 Explain the changes in the numbers of fish and algae from the point at which sewage enters
the river.
(6)
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The numbers of fish decreases and the algae increases. Sewage decomposes and it contains
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bacterias which uses the oxygen inside the river and respire aerobically. So the fish dies
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gradually. When bacteria respire they produce carbon dioxide which is taken by the
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algae for photosynthesis as a result more growth and the algae gets more minerals.
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(Total for Question 3 = 6 marks)

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4 Translocation is the transport of the products of photosynthesis in a plant.
A scientist investigates the effect of sulfur dioxide gas, a common air pollutant, on the

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rate of translocation in young bean plants.
She uses this method.
Ɣ select young bean plants that each have one mature leaf and one young leaf
that is still growing
Ɣ expose some of the plants to sulfur dioxide gas, a common air pollutant
Ɣ measure the rate of translocation in the plants exposed to sulfur dioxide gas
Ɣ measure the rate of translocation in the plants not exposed to sulfur dioxide gas
(a) (i) Identify the independent variable in this investigation.
(1)
Sulfur dioxide
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(ii) Identify the dependent variable in this investigation.

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(1)

Rate of translocation
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(iii) Suggest a control variable for this investigation.

(1)

Temperature
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(b) The diagram shows one of the young bean plants viewed from above.

young leaf

mature leaf

stem
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(i) Draw an arrow on the diagram to show the main direction of translocation.
(1)
(ii) Name the tissue that is the main site of translocation.
(1)

Phloem
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(iii) Name one substance that is moved by translocation.

(1)

Sucrose
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 (c) The scientist compares the results for the two groups of plants.
She realises that sulfur dioxide might directly affect the rate of translocation or affect
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the rate of photosynthesis.

Explain why changing the rate of photosynthesis would change the rate of translocation.
(3)

More photosynthesis so more products such as sucrose or carbohydrates more

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translocation as a result more respiration.

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(d) Explain how sulfur dioxide pollution can affect ecosystems.

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(4)

Sulfur dioxide is poisonous gas and can cause acid rain by dissolving in water to form
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sulphurous acid which lowers the pH value and can cause leeching of crops and plants.
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(Total for Question 4 = 13 marks)

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5 Yoghurt is a healthy food that is high in protein, calcium and vitamins.
(a) (i) Describe the process of making yoghurt from milk.

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(4)

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(ii) Give a benefit of having calcium in the diet.

(1)

Strong bones
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(iii) Fat-free yoghurt, which has had the fat removed from the milk, is also available.
Give a benefit of eating fat-free yoghurt rather than full-fat yoghurt.
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Less risk of high cholesterol and less risk of having high blood pressure.
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 (b) Some people are lactose-intolerant.
Eating foods that contain lactose, such as milk, can make them ill.
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Explain why people who are lactose-intolerant are able to eat yoghurt without
becoming ill.
(2)

Yoghurt
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .doesnot
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .contain
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .lactose
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .as
. . . . . . . . . they
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .are
. . . . . . . . . . . .digested
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .so
. . . . . . . . . no
. . . . . . . . . .lactic
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .acid
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .produces.
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(c) Suggest the health benefits of adding fruit to sweeten yoghurt.

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(2)

No needs of sugar, provide vitamin C, which prevent scurvy and also provide vitamin A
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which improves the vision.

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(Total for Question 5 = 10 marks)

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6 Modern genetics enables scientists to produce organisms with new phenotypes.
(a) (i) What is meant by the term genetically modified transgenic organism?

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(1)

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(ii) Explain the benefits of cloning transgenic organisms.

(2)

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(b) Scientists have discovered a great deal of information about genetics from studying
the growth of simple organisms such as bacteria.
Suggest two precautions that scientists should take to make sure that they can
grow bacteria safely in a laboratory.
(2)

1 ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

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2 ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
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(Total for Question 6 = 5 marks)

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 60 MARKS

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Every effort has been made to contact copyright holders to obtain their permission for the use of copyright material.
Pearson Education Ltd. will, if notified, be happy to rectify any errors or omissions and include any such rectifications in
future editions.

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