1. Shiphandling/WatchstandingSeminar II 2.

Lesson Contents Shiphandling Theory Laws of Motion

Controllable Forces Uncontrollable Forces Shiphandling Terminology Ground Tackle Getting
Underway Single Screw Characteristics Twin Screw Characteristics Tug Handling Man Overboard
Recovery 3. Shiphandling Theory: Motion Various forces acting on the ship createmovement.
Newtons Laws of Motion1. Unless acted upon by an outside force: An object in motion tends to stay
in motion. An object at rest tends to stay at rest.2. The resulting motion of an object is thesum of all
forces acting on it.3. Every action has an equal and oppositereaction. 4. Shiphandling Theory:
Forces Controllable Uncontrollable Propeller Wind Rudder Current/Tides Bow Thruster/APU Seas
Mooring Lines Water Depth Anchors Tugs 5. ControllableForces 6. Controllable ForcesPropellers
Provides the most important source of force on a ship. (Usually) makes ship go forward. Most ships
have 2 propellers. Aircraft carriers / Patrol Craft have 4. Frigates have 1. 7. Controllable
ForcesPropellers Forces resulting from the use of the propellers: Forward (or reverse) thrust Side
Force 8. Controllable Forces Propeller Thrust A result of the propeller spinning on its shaft. Caused
by a pressure differential between the opposite sides of the propeller blade. 9. Controllable
ForcesPropeller Thrust Resulting ThrustLow PressureWater FlowPropellerBladeHigh
PressureRotation ofpropeller blade 10. Controllable ForcesControlling Propeller Thrust Depends on
type of propellers Fixed Pitch Propellers Controllable Pitch Propellers 11. Controllable Forces
Controllable Pitch Propellers Found on all gas turbine ships and some diesel amphibs 0 - 12 kts
shaft rotates at 55 RPM thrust (speed) controlled by changing thepitch of the propeller blade 12.
Controllable Forces Controllable Pitch Propellers >12 kts thrust controlled by changing the
speed(RPM) of the shaft. The shaft always spins in same direction whether going forward or
backward. 13. Controllable ForcesFixed Pitch Propellers Found on steam ships (carriers, subs,
amphibs) Cannot change pitch of propeller Thrust (speed) controlled by changing speed of the shaft
To go backwards, must stop shaft and spin the shaft in the opposite direction. 14. Controllable
ForcesSide Force Causes stern to move sideways in the direction of propeller rotation.Propeller 15.
Controllable ForcesSide Force Side SideForce ForceSingle Screw Astern AheadGoing Ahead Twin
ScrewSideForceBottom 16. Controllable Forces Screw Current Consists of two parts Suction
Current - going into the propeller Discharge Current (Prop Wash)- comes outof the propeller Suction
CurrentDischarge Current Acts on Rudder Propeller 17. Controllable ForcesRudders Used to control
ships heading by moving the stern. To have an effect, must have a flow of water across the rudder.
Normally this flow of water is the discharge current of the screw. 18. Controllable ForcesRudder
Water Acts a wing FlowHigh Pressure AreaLowHigh Pressure Area LowRudder RudderForceForce
19. Controllable Forces Propellers / Rudders Primary means of controlling the sternThrust Side
Force Rudder Force 20. Controllable ForcesPivot Point Imaginary point on the ships centerline about
which the ship pivotsPivot PointThrustSide ForceRudder Force 21. Controllable Forces Pivot
PointShip twisting with no way on. 22. Controllable ForcesPivot Point Usually located 1/3 the length
of the ship from the bow. (Just behind the bridge.) Pivot point is not fixed 23. Controllable
ForcesForces which affect location of the Pivot Point Headway or Sternway Ships Speed Anchors
Mooring Lines Tugs 24. Uncontrollable Forces Wind Acts on the sail area of the ship Exposed
superstructure Hull structure Ships tend to back into the wind 30kts of wind = 1kts of currentCurrent
Acts on the underwater part of the ship. Creates set and drift. 25. Uncontrollable Forces Depth of
Water Squat - Occurs a high speeds bow of a ship rides up onto the bow wave stern of a ship tends
to sink Shallow water effects. 26. ShiphandlingSHIP TERMINOLOGY Bow Superstructure Shaft
Stem Pilothouse Propeller Forecastle Mast Rudder Hawsepipe Yardarm Stern Weather Truck
Transom decks Stack Waterline Draft Keel Freeboard 27. ShiphandlingSHIP TERMINOLOGY 28.
Shiphandling: Terms Turning Circle: The path described by a ships pivot point as it executes a 360
turn.Tactical Diameter (180)Final Diameter (360) 29. Shiphandling: TermsTurning Circle KickFinal
DiameterTactical Diameter 30. Shiphandling: Terms Advance and Transfer Advance Distance
gained toward the direction of the original course after the rudder is put over. Transfer Distance
gained perpendicular to the original course after the rudder is put over. 31. Shiphandling:
TermsAdvance & Transfer 90 TurnAdvance Transfer Kick 32. Shiphandling: Terms Advance &
Transfer 180 TurnTransfer KickAdvance 33. Shiphandling: Terms Advance & Transfer 360 Turn
TransferAdvance Kick 34. Shiphandling: Terms Headway moving forward thru the water Sternway
moving backwards thru the water Bare Steerageway the minimum speed a ship can proceed and
still maintain course using the rudders 35. Shiphandling: Ground Tackle, Mooring LinesMooring
Lines 6 5 43 2 1After Quarter Forward QuarterAfter Bow Forward Bow Spring SpringSpringSpring
SternSpring LinesBow Line Line 36. Shiphandling: Ground Tackle, Mooring Lines Mooring Lines
Lines 1-6 Lines 1 and 6 are thicker than others Mooring procedure fake out lines safety brief heaving
lines 37. Shiphandling: Ground Tackle, Mooring LinesMooring Lines Terms: Heaving Line Tattletale
Fenders Capstan (p. 188 Seamanship) Rat Guards (p. 175 Seamanship) 38. Shiphandling: Ground
Tackle, Mooring Lines Sequence: Stand by lines Slack Take in the slack Ease Take a strain Take to
the capstain Commands: Heave around Double up Avast heaving Single up Hold Take in Check 39.
Shiphandling: Ground Tackle, Mooring Lines Safety Battle dress Snap back zone Tugs Pilots ladder
40. Shiphandling: Ground Tackle Deck and Pier Fittings 41. Shiphandling: Ground Tackle, Anchors
Anchors Most common anchor Standard Navy Stockless Most ships have two Deep water anchor -
14 shots of chain Normal anchor - 12 shots of chain Shot - 15 fathoms (90 feet) 42. Shiphandling:
Ground Tackle, AnchoringScope of Chain 15 fathoms 30 fathoms 45 fathoms 60 fathoms 43.
Shiphandling: Ground Tackle, AnchoringScope of ChainNext to Last Shot Last Shot 44.
Shiphandling: Ground Tackle, Anchoring Anchoring Approach Standby Let Go the Anchor Reports
P. 194 (Seamanship) Anchor watch 45. Shiphandling: Getting Underway, Mooring Concerns: Watch
the stern/pier Watch for other ships Winds / Currents Set on or set off pier? Using mooring lines and
tugs as necessary to control bow / stern 46. Shiphandling: Getting Underway, Mooring The Ideal
Approach Approach on a converging course 10 to 20 degrees from the heading of our berth. When
parallel, swing the rudder opposite the pier, and stop the ship. Stop headway by backing outboard
engine. Walk the ship in by tensioning line 1; twist the stern with the engines. 47. Shiphandling:
Getting Underway, Mooring Less than Ideal Conditions Being Set On: Stop parallel to the pier, with
1/2 a beam width of open water between you and the pier. Allow the current to push you onto the
pier. Being Set Off: Make your approach at a larger angle to the pier at a considerable speed. Be
careful not to part your bow line. 48. Shiphandling: Getting Underway, Mooring Easier than
anchoring Buoy held securely by several anchors. Chance of dragging reduced. Two methods
Requires: OrdinaryMWB / RHIB with boat crew TrolleyYour shipA buoy 49. Shiphandling: Standard
Commands Conning Officer Drives the ships heading and speedthrough standard commands
(orders) tothe helm and leehelm Helm - controls the rudder Leehelm - controls the propellers 50.
Shiphandling: Standard Commands Basic FormatConning OfficerHelm / LeehelmCommandVerbatim
Repeat back (Carries out command)ReportAcknowledges Report 51. Shiphandling: Standard
CommandsHELM CONSOLE 52. Shiphandling: Standard CommandsENGINE ORDER
TELEGRAPH 53. MODERN HELM CONSOLE 54. Shiphandling: Standard Commands Direction:
Either left, right or Rudderamidships Amount: Expressed as a number ofdegrees of rudder (10, 15,
etc.), or oneof the following: (nominal values given) Standard: 15 Full: 30 Hard: 35(maximum rudder
angle) Course: >10 degree change 55. Shiphandling: Standard Commands COMMANDS TO THE
HELM Format Example -Direction "Right. . ." "Left. . ."-Amount". . standard rudder. . ." ". . .ten
degrees rudder. . ."-Course ". . .steady course two zero zero."". . .steady on course one one five."
56. Shiphandling: Standard Commands COMMANDS TO THE HELM Exception: Course changes of
10 orless: For small course changes, a specific rudder angle is not given. This allows the Helm to
use up to 10 of rudder to make the course change. The standard command is: Direction: Come
right/left Course to steer: Steer course ___ 57. Shiphandling: Standard Commands OTHER HELM
COMMANDS Desired action: Increase or decreaserudder angle from a previously orderedangle
Command: Increase your rudder to ________ Ease your rudder to _______ Note: Anytime a new
rudder angle isordered, a steering/steady course mustbe repeated if it is desired. 58. Shiphandling:
Standard Commands OTHER HELM COMMANDS Desired action: Change rudder angle toan equal
amount of rudder in theopposite direction Command: Shift your rudder Note: Again, if desired,
course to steermust be repeated. 59. Shiphandling: Standard Commands OTHER HELM
COMMANDS Desired action: Steady the ship on the current heading Command: Steady as she
goes When given, the Helm immediately determines ships head at the instant of the command, and
steadies the ship on that course. This should normally be given only with the rudder at or near
amidships. 60. Shiphandling: Standard CommandsOTHER HELM COMMANDS Desired action:
Determine current Desired action: ships headingWarn the Helm Command: Markto steer more your
headexactly When given, the Helm Command: immediately Mind your determines ships helm head
at the instant of the command,and reports it to the Conn. 61. Shiphandling: Standard Commands
HELM REPLY Whenever an order to the Helm isgiven, the Helm repeats the order backto the Conn
verbatim. This assures the conning officer that theorder was heard and understoodcorrectly. 62.
Shiphandling: Standard CommandsHELM REPLY Examples: The Conn orders: Right standard
rudder, steady course 260. The Helm replies: Right standard rudder, steady course 260, aye. 63.
Shiphandling: Standard Commands HELM REPLY Order: Mark your head Reply: Mark my head,
aye. 283. Order: Mind your helm Reply: Mind my helm, aye. 64. Shiphandling: Standard Commands
HELM REPLY If the helm does not understand anorder from the Conn, the helm willreply: Orders to
the helm The Conn should immediately checkhis/her order and restate it clearly tothe Helm. 65.
Shiphandling: Standard Commands REPORT & ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Once a desired action is
complete, theHelm reports it to the Conn. The Conn acknowledges all reports withVery well If the
Conn does not acknowledge areport, the Helm should repeat thereport until acknowledged. 66.
Shiphandling: Standard CommandsEXAMPLESOrder: Right standard rudder, steady course
298.Reply: Right standard rudder, steady course 298, aye.Report: Sir, my rudder is right standard,
coming to new course 298.Report: Sir, steady on course 298, checking 309. 67. Shiphandling:
Standard CommandsEXAMPLESOrder: Come left, steer course 345.Reply: Come left, steer course
345, aye.Report: Sir, my rudder is left 5, coming to new course 345.Report: Sir, steady on course
345, checking 352. 68. Shiphandling: Standard CommandsEXAMPLESOrder: Right full
rudder.Reply: Right full rudder, aye.Report: Sir, my rudder is right full, no new course given.Report:
Passing 230 to the right.Order: Belay your passing heads.Reply: Belay my passing heads, aye. 69.
Shiphandling: Standard CommandsEXAMPLESOrder: Ease your rudder to right 15.Reply: Ease my
rudder to right 15, aye.Report: Maam, my rudder is right 15, no new course given.Order: Steady
course 143.Reply: Steady course 143, aye.Report: Maam, my rudder is right 15, coming to new
course 143. 70. Shiphandling: Standard CommandsEXAMPLESOrder: Hard left rudder.Reply: Hard
left rudder, aye.Report: Sir, my rudder is left 35, no new course given.Order: Shift your rudder.Reply:
Shift my rudder, aye.Report: Sir, my rudder is right 35, no new course given. 71. Shiphandling:
Standard CommandsEXAMPLES Order: Right full rudder. Reply: Right full rudder, aye. Report: Sir,
my rudder is right 30, no new course given. Order: Rudder amidships Reply: Rudder amidships, aye.
Report: Sir, my rudder is amidships, no new course given. Order: Steady as you go. Reply: Steady
as you go, aye. Course 098. Report: Steady on course 098, checking 107. 72. Shiphandling:
Standard CommandsENGINE ORDERS For fixed pitch propellers, ship speed isdependent on shaft
rpm only. For controllable pitch propellers, shipspeed is dependent on shaft rpm and,below about 12
knots, propeller bladepitch. For gas turbines, the shaft is always spinning when the engine is on line.
All engines stop is achieved by a blade pitch of 0. 73. Shiphandling: Standard CommandsENGINE
ORDERS Prescribed standard speeds arepredetermined ships speeds: Standard speed - normally
15 knots 1/3 - one third of standard speed 2/3 - two thirds of standard speed Full - speed higher than
standard speed Flank - maximum speed 74. Shiphandling: Standard CommandsENGINE ORDERS
Typical PrescribedStandard Speeds AheadBellSpeed Astern1/35 Bell Speed2/3 10 1/3 5Std 15
2/310Full20 FullMaxFlankMax speed speed 75. Shiphandling: Standard CommandsENGINE
ORDERS FormatExample -EnginesAll engines. . ."-Direction". . ahead full. . ." ". . .back 2/3. . ."-
Speed ". . indicate 108 revolutions for 15knots."". . .indicate 072 revolutions and 20% pitch for 3
knots." 76. Shiphandling: Standard CommandsENGINE ORDERS Engines: Port, starboard, or all
engines. Unnecessary for single screw ships. Direction: Ahead, back or stop, andnearest standard
speed (except forstop) 77. Shiphandling: Standard Commands ENGINE ORDERS Speed: ..indicate
____ turns for __ knots., OR ..indicate turns for __ knots. For controllable pitch propellers below 12
knots: ..indicate ___ turns and __% pitch for __ knots. OR, ..indicate pitch and turns for __ knots.
-Note: If proceeding at a prescribed standard speed, none of this is required. 78. Shiphandling:
Standard Commands MANEUVERING COMBINATIONS In maneuvering situations, wherefrequent
engine changes are expected,the Conning Officer may setmaneuvering combinations. When set, the
Lee Helm answers allbells at the prescribed standard speedincrement. On ships with an EOT, this is
indicatedby an RPM setting of 999. 79. Shiphandling: Standard Commands REPLIES AND
REPORTS Reply: Verbatim repeatback is required. Reports: Lee Helm reports when actionis
completed. Note: Every report must include the complete status of all engines, even if only one was
changed. Acknowledgement: Conn willacknowledge all reports with Very well 80. Shiphandling:
Standard CommandsEXAMPLESOrder: All engines ahead standard, indicate 115 revolutions for 16
knots.Reply: All engines ahead standard, indicate 115 revolutions for 16 knots, aye.Report: Maam,
engine room answers all engines ahead standard, indicating 115 revolutions for 16 knots. 81.
Shiphandling: Standard CommandsEXAMPLES (Continued from previous slide)Order: Indicate 122
revolutions for 17 knots.Reply: Indicate 122 revolutions for 17 knots, aye.Report: Maam, engine
room answers all engines ahead standard, indicating 122 revolutions for 17 knots. 82. Shiphandling:
Standard CommandsEXAMPLESOrder: Port engine ahead 1/3, starboard engine back 2/3.Reply:
Port engine ahead 1/3, starboard engine back 2/3, aye.Report: Maam, engine room answers port
engine ahead 1/3, starboard engine back 2/3. 83. Shiphandling: Standard CommandsEXAMPLES
(Continued from previous slide)Order: Starboard engine stop.Reply: Starboard engine stop,
aye.Report: Maam, engine room answers starboard engine stop, port engine ahead 1/3. 84.
Shiphandling: Standard CommandsEXAMPLESOrder: All engines ahead 1/3, indicate pitch and
turns for 5 knots.Reply: All engines ahead 1/3, indicate pitch and turns for 5 knots, aye.Report: Sir,
engine room answers all engines ahead 1/3, indicating 075 turns and 34% pitch for 5 knots. 85.
Shiphandling: Single Screw ShipsShip AheadPropeller AheadRudder Amidships 86. Shiphandling:
Single Screw ShipsShip AsternPropeller AsternRudder AmidshipsShip follows the rudder:Ship will
tend into the wind:Ship will tend to port very easilyShip does not tend to starboard easily 87.
Shiphandling: Single Screw ShipsShip AheadPropeller AsternRudder Amidships 88. Shiphandling:
Twin Screw ShipsShip AheadBoth Propellers Ahead 89. Shiphandling: Twin Screw ShipsShip
AheadOne Propeller TrailingCounteract with rudder 90. Shiphandling: Twin Screw ShipsShip
AsternOne Propeller TrailingCounteract with rudder 91. Shiphandling: Twin Screw ShipsShip
AheadBoth Propellers Ahead Different SpeedsCounteract with rudder 92. Shiphandling: Twin Screw
ShipsPropellers Split 93. Shiphandling: Tug Tie-Ups Single Headline Simplest Tie-up Best to allow
tug to push or pull only Not good if complex tug maneuvers required. 94. Shiphandling: Tug Tie-Ups
Double Headline Not as simple Allows tug to push or pull and complex tug maneuvers 95.
Shiphandling: Tug Tie-UpsPower Most versatile tie-up Good for general purpose use Holds tug
securely to ship. 96. Shiphandling: Man Overboard Recovery Recovery Maneuvers Williamson Turn
Anderson Turn Race Track Y-Turn 97. Shiphandling: Man Overboard RecoveryEasiest Method?
Daylight: Anderson Night: Williamson Subs: Y backing Carriers: Racetrack Boat / Helo? 98.
Shiphandling: Man Overboard Recovery Recovery considerations Helicopter average time to ready
for takeoff is 10-12 mins Small boat average time to launch 6-8 mins Ship fastest method 99.
Shiphandling: Man Overboard Recovery Small Boat Considerations PPE for boat crews manning
coxswain bow hook corpsman boat officer signalman SAR swimmer 3-5 knots; no sternway 100.
Shiphandling: Man Overboard Recovery Initial Actions Applicable for all recoveries: Full rudder to
side of ship where person fell overboard. Full speed. Throw smoke float, life ring Keep in sight Pass
the word 6 short blasts Mark on chart Man Boat Deck Notify other ships, Helos Receive muster
report 101. Shiphandling: Man Overboard RecoveryFollow-on actions Notify Captain, TAO and Flag
Hoist Oscar flag (day); turn on red- over-red pulsating (night) Notify other ships in company Gather
Vitals from CIC Time in water Water temp and stay time Bearing and range to man 102.
Shiphandling: Man Overboard Recovery Man OverboardKicks Stern Away Starboard Side Right Full
Rudder All Engines Ahead Full 103. Shiphandling: Man Overboard RecoveryWilliamson TurnShift
RudderWhen 60 Off Course 104. Shiphandling: Man Overboard Recoverymaneuvering
Williamsonport 60 deg starboard - slow - good for night or low vis 105. Shiphandling: Man Overboard
RecoveryAnderson Turn 106. Shiphandling: Man Overboard Recovery maneuvering Anderson
portstarboard- fastest- most skill 107. Shiphandling: Man Overboard RecoveryRacetrack Turn 108.
Shiphandling: Man Overboard Recovery maneuvering Race track- high speedport starboard- easier
approach 109. Shiphandling: Man Overboard Recovery Y-Turn 110. Shiphandling: Man Overboard
Recovery maneuvering Y-backing- poor control- keeps shipclose to man 111. Shiphandling: Man
Overboard Recovery maneuvering tear drop- Carriersmodified starboardport racetrack