UNITS REPORT

By: Lhya Hernández

UNIT 1:

 Auxiliary verbs.
 Past participles.
 Reflexive pronouns.

AUXILIARY VERBS
Auxiliary Verbs are the verbs be, do, have, will when they are followed by
another verb (the full verb) in order to form a question, a negative sentence, a
compound tense or the passive.
Examples:
 She was waiting for an hour.
 She is waiting in the hall.
 She will be waiting outside.

PAST PARTICIPLES
The past participle is the non-personal form of the verb that it takes to function
as an adjective without completely losing its verbal nature.
Examples:
 He was taken to the store by his daughter
 My mom hasn't finished her meal.
 Luis has cleaned his room.

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
Reflexive pronouns are words like myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself,
ourselves, yourselves and themselves. They refer back to a person or thing.
Examples:
 I cut myself when I was making dinner last night.
 I hope you enjoy yourselves at the party tonight!
 My phone isn't working properly. It turns itself off for no reason.
 We need to believe in ourselves more.

UNIT 2:

 The present.
 Used to do / Used to doing.

THE PRESENT
The present continuous verb tense indicates that an action or condition is
happening now, frequently, and may continue into the future.
Examples:
 I'm just leaving work. I'll be home in an hour.
 Please be quiet. The children are sleeping.

The simple present is a verb tense with two main uses.

We use the simple present tense when an action is happening right now, or when
it happens regularly (or unceasingly, which is why it's sometimes called present
indefinite).
Examples:
 I work in London.
 She works in London.

The present perfect is a grammatical combination of the present tense and the
perfect aspect that is used to express a past event that has present consequences.
Examples:
 They've been married for nearly fifty years.
 I've seen that film before.

USED TO DO / USED TO DOING

“Used To Do Something” Vs. “Be Used To Doing Something” When we say we
are 'used to' something, it means that we are accustomed to it; it isn't strange or
uncomfortable for us, because we have experience with it. In this case, we're talking
about the present.
Examples:
 I used to have long hair (but now I have short hair).
 He used to smoke (but now he doesn't smoke).
 Lucy isn't used to staying up late, so she's very tired today.

UNIT 3:

 Narrative tenses.
 Adverbs.

NARRATIVE VERBS
Narrative tenses are verb tenses that are used to talk about the past. You can
often find them in stories, textbooks, spoken accounts and in descriptions of past
events.
Examples:
 He went to the station.
  It was raining outside when Sam got out of bed and looked out of the
window.

ADVERBS
An adverb is a word that accompanies the verb to modify its meaning.
An adverb can also modify adjectives, nouns, or other adverbs.
Examples:
 She arrived early for the meeting.
 I will stop by later to see how you are doing.

UNIT 4:

 Present Perfect or Past simple?

 Present perfect simple or Continuos?
 Uses of the -ing form.

PRESENT PERFECT OR PAST SIMPLE?

The past simple is used for actions or events that ended in the past, including the
recent past. The present perfect is used for actions or events that are related to
the present. I had three exams this week. ... Remember that we also use the
present perfect for actions or events at an unspecified time in the past.
Examples:
Present perfect
 I have worked here since I graduated school.
 He has finished his homework.
Past simple
 I saw a movie yesterday.
 I didn't see a play yesterday.
 PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE OR CONTINUOS?
The present perfect simple usually focuses on the result of the activity in some
way, and the present perfect continuous usually focuses on the activity itself in
some way.
Examples:
Present perfect simple
 You've cleaned the bathroom! It looks lovely!
 She's read ten books this summer.
Continuos
 I've been gardening. It's so nice out there.
 She's been reading that book all day.

USE THE –ING FORM

The simple present is a verb tense with two main uses. We use the simple present
tense when an action is happening right now, or when it happens regularly (or
unceasingly, which is why it’s sometimes called present indefinite). Depending on
the person, the simple present tense is formed by using the root form or by adding
-s or -es to the end.
Examples:
 Ms. Jackson travels during the summer.
 My favourite occupation is reading.

UNIT 5:

 Future forms.
 Clauses.
  Future continuos.

FUTURE FORMS
The simple future is a verb tense that’s used to talk about things that haven’t
happened yet.
Examples:
 This year, Jen will read War and Peace.
 It will be hard, but she’s determined to do it.

CLAUSES
A clause is a group of words that includes a subject and a verb. (A clause functions
as an adjective, an adverb, or a noun.)
Examples:

 When she wakes up in the morning.

 He stalked a pretty milkmaid, who lived in the neighbouring village.

FUTURE CONTINUOUS
The future continuous tense, sometimes also referred to as the future
progressive tense, is a verb tense that indicates that something will occur in the
future and continue for an expected length of time. It is formed using the
construction will + be + the present participle (the root verb + -ing).
Examples:
 I will arrive at five o’clock.
 I will be meeting with the management about my raise.

UNIT 6:
  The passive voice.
 Have something done.

THE PASSIVE VOICE

The passive voice is used to show interest in the person or object that experiences
an action rather than the person or object that performs the action. In other words,
the most important thing or person becomes the subject of the sentence.
Examples:
 The road is being repaired.
 The house was built in 1654.

HAVE SOMTHING DONE

The construction of the type have something done is one of the ways to express
the passive voice. It is used to say that someone has prepared or done something
for us without mentioning that someone.
Examples:
 Emellie had her car stolen.
 Have you ever had your nose broken in a fight?

UNIT 7:

 Past modals: should have/ could have.

 Past Modals: Speculation & deduction.

PAST MODALS: SHOULD HAVE/COULD HAVE

Could have, should have.
These past modal verbs are all used hypothetically, to talk about things that
didn't really happen in the past.
Examples:
 I could have stayed up late, but I decided to go to bed early.
 He could have got stuck in traffic.
 I should have studied harder!
 Karla should have left early, then he wouldn't have missed the plane.

PAST MODALS: SPECULATION & DEDUCTION

Deducing and speculating about the past.
Put together modals of deduction and speculation must, might, could, may,
can't and have and then a past participle verb to deduce and speculate about an
action that occurred in the past. It must have rained last night. She might / might
not have registered for the seminar.
Examples:
 It must have rained last night.
 She might / might not have registered for the seminar.
 They could have finished the training if not for the technical issues.

UNIT 8:

 If sentences: Imagined situation. (1)

 Wishes & regrets.
 If sentences: Imagined situation (2), mixed time
frames.

IF SENTECES: IMAGINED SITUATION

We can use if when we talk about present & future imaginary situations. When
you talk about an unreal or improbable situation in the present or future.
Examples:
 If I won the lottery, I could buy a yacht. I imagine a yacht as one of the
things I could possibly buy.
 If I knew her name, I would tell you.

WISHES & REGRETS

We often use the verb 'wish' to express strong desires. We always wish for
something to be different than it is (or was) or wish for something new or different
to happen in the future. Our wishes for the present are for things that are unlikely
or impossible. Our wishes for the past are always impossible, because the past
cannot be changed.
Examples:
 I am poor. I don't like this and I want to be rich.
 Wish I wasn't here!

IF SENTENCES: IMAGINED SITUATIONS.

MIXED TIME FRAMES
It is possible for the two parts of a conditional sentence to refer to different times,
and the resulting sentence is a "mixed conditional" sentence. There are two
types of mixed conditional sentence. Present result of a past condition.

Examples:
 If I had worked harder at school, I would have a better job now.
 I would have a better job now if I had worked harder at school.
 If we had looked at the map we wouldn't be lost.
 We wouldn't be lost if we had looked at the map.

Unit 9

 Adding Emphasis: Cleft sentences with is.

  Making comparisons.
 Modifying comparisons.

ADDING EMPHASIS: CLEFT SENTENCES WITH IS

Cleft sentences are complex sentences that are used to emphasise one particular
part of a sentence. They are particularly useful in writing where we cannot use
intonation for emphasis, but they are also frequently used in speech.
Examples:
 It’s on Monday that I have to call.
 It was the boys who started the fight.
 It is rain that cancels parades.

UNIT 10:

 Either...or/Neither...nor.
 Articles.

EITHER...OR / NEITHER...NOR
Either and neither can be used in various ways: as adverbs, determiners,
pronouns, and conjunctions. While "either" has a positive connotation, "neither"
has a negative meaning.
Examples:
 The house has a door at either end.
 Neither journalist could finish their articles; there wasn't enough time.

ARTICLES
The article is a type of actualizing determinant, a morphological category that
some languages use to update or specify the reference of a noun, transforming it
from unknown and abstract to known and concrete.
Examples:
 After the long day, the cup of tea tasted particularly good.
 After a long day, a cup of tea tastes particularly good.

UNIT 11:

 Relatives clauses.
 So / such.

RELATIVES CLAUSES
Relative clauses are those that perform the function of subordinate to a main
clause, adding more information about a thing or a person that had already been
mentioned before.
Examples:
 I bought a new car that is very fast.
 She lives in New York, which she likes.

UNIT 12:

 Reporting verbs.
  Review: Perfect & continuos.

REPORTING VERBS
A reporting verb is a word which is used to talk about or report on other people's
work. Reporting verbs can be used to great effect, but the difficulty with using them
is that there are many, and each of them has a slightly different and often subtle
meaning.
Examples:
 She said (that) she had already eaten.
 I told John (that) I had seen the new film.

PERFECT & CONTINUOUS

Both refer to past events or states that began in the past and continue in the present
or have recently ended.
Examples:

 I have been working all day.

 He estado trabajando todo el día.
 She has been reading my emails.
 Ella ha estado leyendo mis emails.