MATRICES V :APPLICATIONS

(O Describe he gesmetric propeties of

he susface
23y + 2y+2y2+z=I
The abNe e wuhon c a h be wiHHen
Th in
matrin inner broduect.
Cansidew X'MX wheve x is a 3-Ceumin nd
Mis a 3x3 hevmikn matri

xTMx - (y z) /M Mi2 M3
MMa M M23
Mz Mg2 Mz3
a y 2)/ M Mi2Yt M3?
Ma+Mz2y M23
M3+ M3zy + Mzg Z
=
M + Mezy+Ms2+ 2My +
2M, 2
+2M22 Y2
C&mparing, M-, Mz 2, Ma3
Mia Mal, MgMs,0, Mzs- Ms2|

M -o 2
S0, t h ewui dn beCemLs

21

No xTMx = x's s'Mssx = x'TM'x"

where sis He diagenahzing matrix. The

new cevdi nae ames, in cohid the M is
diagenal,
re prinEpal aMes,

Diagmalu za hen aL M

charactevis ic ewateu af M det|M-AI=0

I-
2- = 0 =(-)}(2-)(-)-IS-:0-A)
- = 1A(A-3)
 Egenvalunes af M ave ,=0, A2, >z3.

The Eigenvale ewahon: MX X

t 2yt Z aJ

0
) =
0, tz =0, t 2y+2 =

x=
2 - 0 , z--X

x-

Az3y =2 =
27 2

The daagonali 2ed Matrn M

M'=( 6
n n r criunades

y' 2')o
TM' =
(
. O
/

/
= +32/

y 32= | i s the ewaheu e

an elpti cylnder,
To lecate the ientakon of fhe brihabal
anes, tae let us cheante s: (x-s'x)

-
S
S O
-

-2
2
z'= + 2 y +2
2) Find the charae tevisic vibratien freqnencies
fer he system af masses and shings

Shn in Hhe ine

From Nes ton's2nd Las o4 metoN emd

Hhe Hovk's Lac

m =-kx - k(x-y)
my +k(x-y)-ky

Inmatrix form: .

X= MX
/
where X /-
M
Sine M is a symmebi matrix, twe hawe an
Orthegenal diagenali zahi en matrix s, suh
hat S'MS = M' is a diagonal matrix.

dnd x'=STx X=
ar
SX
From
X =
MX
mulilying loy SPren Jeft and usiht
SST= IL JZ
STX = SMSSTx
2
> Sx' =
M'x'
To 4ind M' an s, we eed t e eigen valnes
amd ei9en vectrs SM.
Characteristc ewahn or SecMlaw erahi on

IM-A= -

+)- 0 >(+a+-o
A --
MatixeNann: MX=aX

-2 + =A

For A Y-x x®-)

Foy2 Y=-x x
S0, we ztre otain:
-
M S
-% -1
. Fvom
t = M'x -

The charae teis He vibrahSn frR Meh ees ane

= cnd a= cnd fHe
solu ions are

= A in ( t +)
y A Sin laat + 4
The eld ceordinates (a, 9) are ebtaned tn
terms Of new &nes via s

x'+y) and y' £(a-y)

L Sin(t+9)+ *2 Sin(zt +4
y Sin t +d)-Sin(t +)

Hhe massees
genera, Hhe meten ef each f
is Sme Cmbinaien 8LHhe twe vibahens Of
trecmencies and wz2 However siL iuhal
Cendi kens malke Az0, then

y =
A SinCat +4),
e. trwT masses
0scllatë in sHM baie nd fOrm
teehaw i t h Frementy . Onttl Ofhev hand,
inikal condi hons make A=0, Hhen

=- Sin(w2t t),
ie. two
Osallatë in sHM in skpst+
masses
direchns a n fre ewency CI2. These twa
cases
represent chavateis hek r neYmal medes
 FUNCTIONS OF MATRICE S

Pewer Seies s4 Matrices

A
e" I+ A+AA+AAAt 2

Paui Matrices

4-C),- ) s )
opehes sf Pauli n Mabices . 6 1

+6s =0 for i45

T,6,2,2
63} fem a basis p Hhe spae oy al
2X 2 Her mikan Matices,

C d =atb)I+2a-)3 + c + ds
c+id b

Euler ldeniy eo LCs0

= + ióLSine
Balker Haus dorH Fermula

)eAe = A+ CA, M)
+ LIA,M), MM)
+LLA, M), M],M]+
Ceee=
+B+A,8]+LA,
LA,LA,81]+

Hem han and Unitay Matvices

His is a Hevmikam matri«, hen U=eH is
an unitay matix

DraLe Fomula Det(e") = TraelH)

JOv a Hevmi kan Matmn M