‫‪PPSC, FPSC, NTS‬رپیپزیکایتریےکےیلویجرگایفےکامہوساالت‬

‫ویجرگایفےسقلعتمامہوساالتوجفلتخم‬
‫رپیپزںیموپےھچاجےتںیہ‬
‫‪PART-1‬‬
‫رنجلانجلےکرپیپزیکایتریےکےیلہوساالتتہبامہںیہ۔‬
 Contents
• Definitions • Deserts

• Types of Rocks • Lakes

• Important Mountains • Dams

• Passes • Borders

• Rivers • Glaciers

• Waterfalls • Rainforests

• Beaches

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 Definitions
• Tropics are regions of the Earth that lie
roughly in the middle of the globe.
• Subtropical climates are often
characterized by hot summers and mild
winters with infrequent frost.
• Temperate Zone: Characterized by
having a climate that is warm in the
summer, cold in the winter, and moderate
in the spring and fall.

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 Archipelago ‫عمجمازجلارئ‬
• An archipelago, sometimes called an island group or island chain, is a chain,
cluster or collection of islands.

• Finland (40,000)

• Indonesia (18000)

• Japan (3000)

• Thirty Thousand Islands. Canada

• Philippines, (7000)

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 Definitions
• Atlas: Collection of Maps.

• Cartography: Study of Maps (Cartogram is map)

• Atmosphere: Gases that circle the Earth.

• Biosphere: Circle of life, Living portion of Earth.

• Geosphere: Non-Living portion of Earth.

• Hydrosphere: Circle of Water

• Canals are artificial and Streams are natural.

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 Definitions
• Lithosphere: Circle of Rocks.

• Epicentre: Point of Earthquake on Earth

• Earthquake focus: Point of Earthquake

inside the Earth.

• Seismometer: instrument that responds to

ground motions.

• Richter scale: a measure of the strength of

earthquakes, developed by Charles F. Richter.

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 Island Lake
• Small area of land in sea. Small water body on land.

• Largest Island: Greenland Largest Lake: Caspian Sea

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 Peninsula
• Landform surrounded by
water on three sides.

• Largest Peninsula: Saudi

Arabia.

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 Gulf
• Inlet from Ocean into
Landmass.

• Largest Gulf: Gulf of

Mexico

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 Isthmus Strait

• Two Landmasses connected by small link. • Small water passage between landmasses.

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 Bay
• A land curve surrounding
ocean water.

• Largest Bay in the World:

Hudson Bay

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 Definitions
• Topography: is the study of the forms and features of land surfaces.

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 Permafrost
• A permanently frozen
layer of soil.

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 Prime Meridian
• The imaginary line running from north to south through the Royal
Observatory in Greenwich, England which is assigned a longitude of 0 degrees
and is therefore used as the reference point for all other lines of longitude.
Formerly GMT Current “Coordinated Universal Time” (UTC).

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 Magma and Lava

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 Rocks
• Igneous rocks form when
molten rock (magma:
Plutonic or lava: Volcanic)
cools and solidifies.
• 65% of the Earth's crust by
volume.
• They are also called
primary rocks.
• Glassy shiny surface
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• Sedimentary rocks originate
• Metamorphic rocks
when particles settle out of
water or air, or by precipitation result when existing
of minerals from water.
rocks are changed by
• About 7.9% of the crust by
volume heat, pressure.
• They form in layers.
• 27.4% of the crust by
• Only sedimentary rocks contain
fossils. volume.
• These are porous.
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 Plateau ‫حطسرمعفت‬
• high plain or a tableland, is an area of a highland consisting of flat
terrain, that is raised sharply above the surrounding area on at least one
side.

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 Canyon, Gorge, Valley ‫وادی‬
• A depression between two mountains or cliffs. Grand Canyon in
Arizona, USA.

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 Cape
• Landmass extending into water.

• Cape of Good Hope, Cape

Town, South Africa.

• Cape Mount (Ras Muari),

Karachi.

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 Cape

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 Continental Shelf
• A continental shelf is a portion of a continent that is submerged under an area of relatively
shallow water known as a shelf sea.

• The United Nations Commission has recently increased its present limits of 200
nautical miles to 350 nautical miles. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)

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 International Date Line
• The International Date Line (IDL) is an
imaginary line of demarcation on the surface of
Earth that runs from the North Pole to the
South Pole and demarcates the change of one
calendar day to the next.
• For anyone traveling eastward, they must set their clocks:

• Forward by one hour for every 15° of longitude crossed, and

• Back by 24 hours upon crossing the International Date Line.

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 Equator
• The imaginary circle around the Earth halfway between the geographic poles which is
assigned a latitude of zero degrees and is therefore used as a reference point for
all other lines of latitude. It is the largest circumference of the Earth.

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 Hemisphere
• Northern Hemisphere, the half that lies north of the Equator

• Southern Hemisphere, the half that lies south of the Equator

• Land Hemisphere, Water Hemisphere.

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