RHYTHM PRONUNCIATION FOCUS Rhythm Overview Stressed and Unsiressed Words Highlighting Thought Groups Rhythm Patierns and Personal Pronouns Rhythm Patterns: Articles Rhythm Patterns; Prepositional Phrases, Hafta, Gonna, Wenna Rhythm Patterns: Phrasal Verbs Rhythm Patierns: as, than, if Rhythm Patterns: Conjunction thar; Intonation and Clauses Contractions and Reductions of Vers: Cant and Can't Reduction of Modal Perfects; Reduction of “H-Wards” __ COMMUNICATION PRACTICE World Treasures Awards and Movies Living on the Edge Dress for Success Estraterrestrials Population Problems Men, Women, and Shopping Let's Put It OfF ‘Testing Ability Mistaken Beliefs Couples Regrets A 161= 32 Rhythm Overview STEP 1 PRESENTATIO Rhythm is the “drum” section of language: rhythm includes the patterning of strong (stressed) syllables and weak (unstressed) syllables in phrases and sentences, and the timing and grouping of words, Stress-Timed Languages and Sy ble-Timed Languages English is a stress-vimed language, [n stress-timed languages, syllables do not have equal “weight.” Stressed syllables are long, loud, and prominent, Unsiressed svHables are short and ess clear. The thythin of English syllables is to the trees in the natural troe line Japanese and Spanish are examples of sWlable-tined languages, In syllable: syllables are approximately equal in length. The trees in the apple orchard below. Describe lines to a partner med languages, most hythm of syllable-timed languages is similar to the difference in height, size, and spacing of the two-tree aio SSS 89 GO 8 Apple orchard 162 UNITI2Content and Function Words ‘Content words have clear meanings and are stressed. Function words have grammatical meanings and are unstressed. Content Words (Stressed) Function Words (Unstressed Nouns (table, man} Articles (a, art, tre ‘Verbs (walt, eat) Auxiliary verbs (am, és, ane, Fave, eve.) Adjectives (hea tif, tall) Personal pronouns (f, you, hima, ote) Aaivertos (qisickly, very) Canjunctions (ard, or, when, if ete) Question words (Whar? How? Relative pronouns (who, which, thay) Detnonstratives (that, treme) Prepositions (fo, af, ir, om, ete.) Negatives, negative contractions (nat, doesm') ‘Reductions of Function Words se ae ace een ‘n teflects the way and ts stally pronounced. ‘Reduced wands join closely to surrounding weeds, ITs difficult for you to jola words together smoothly, vou can use full pronunciations when you speak. Thought Groups: ‘Thought groups are meaninghul phrases within a sentence, They help the listener identify units of information. The words in a thought group are pronounced together, 1. Grouping Words There are no fixed rules for deciding which words to include in a thought group, Usually, meaning and sentence length determine the words that belong tagether, Look at two ways to group the words ‘in the sentences below. Were going to stay at a hotel in Miami, We're going to stay at a hotel jn Miami, 2. Joining Thought Groups When vou join thought groups together, patise or lengthen the end of a thought group briefly belore: saving the next group. made a reservation for tonight. EEE lege edly Rhythm Overview 163aed pele eat eee s EXERCISE 1: Conversations @ Listen tthe conversations, The stressed words are underlined, Ther: proctice the conversations with 2 partner. 1. Orncem: May Tse you Seren: What's the problem, Officer? Ornom: Do you know you went through 2 ned light at the intersection? Simran: was yellow—1 2. Sroxesrexsox: Miss Ritter is going to make a statement at this hher innocence Miss Rrra: My arrest has beer: & mistake. I was only pretending to be shoplifting. preparing for a She vigorously maintains Tm mavie—where | play a shoplifter, Sroxesrrasox: Of course she was going to return the merchandise. This has all been a big misunderstanding EXERCISE 2: Reductions of Function Words @D Lester tothe word ist ond reduced proremnciations. Notice the differences. ‘Word ust Normal Reduced Pronunciations 1. and Iblack and white (sounds like “blacken white”) 2 ow black or white (sounds like “blacker white") ao Ihack to school (sounds like “back ta school”) 4 can ‘Your cooking can tempt amtyone. (sounds like “contempe") 5 he Diel he po? (sounds like “Diddy 907") EXERCISE 3: Noticing Reductions @ Listen and repeat the sentences. The palts of underlined wards have the same or neaily the same ‘pronunciation. Then choose a senterce and say it tothe class. 1. Hes fallen behind this 2. Bea can light the beacon light. 3. Idon't know how much fun he had in bis funny hat, I and winter 4 My son'e going to day echoal today 5. The fortunate old woman made a fe neat Bingo emipe: to Be anmaceive, make somewne wand 1a rommeriag 164 UNIT32EXERCISE 4: Thought Groups (@ Listen to the sentences and undertine thought groups. Then practice the sentences with a partner. 1. Last summer, we decided tn drive across the country 2. We stared in New Vork and planned te take the northern route, all the way to Seattle 3. Coming from the east, the Rockies looked spectacular 4. ‘They rose like « wall from the flat plains, running north and south as far as the eve could see. STEP 3 COMMUNICATION PRACTICE WORLD TREASURES EXERCISE 5: World Heritage Sites @ AI Listen tothe recording. Complete the sentences with the unstressed function words your bear. 7 mission z the World, Deer in Heritage Progrs i catathin, ‘The words site, sight, and cite have the same pronunciation, otect places have z Rene 5 There sieve 911 Wald Heritage n 2010. “outstanding universal value.” World Meritage Sites have special pon wus empty, There cance. The cultural natural sige Rome, sed ‘yo serite ua ess, be Coliscum — . sure te cite your sources, gladiator fights and other public spectacles, is | Park, « spectacular semicircular waterfall example, Sais Iguanti Nati 7 f le the boundary of Argentina and Brazil, In 2010, 911 sites found in 151 countrick, aly the country that cr 3, ¢ largest number __________sites, 45. is Rhythm Overview 165Bilinthe space below, write the names of places In your country that you feel are “treasures.” Then describe the places fo your classmates. EXERCISE 6: Preservation or Progress? @ All titer anc repeat Make sure you understand the words. i duwanDam = 3, modernity =. drought 2N launch River 4. reservoir 6. submerge &, archaeological @ Bi Listen to she recording. Them match phrases from the three columns to make sentences that summnaclae the information. Eaypts decision. ‘wore buried and provides eloctrcty ‘The Aswan Dam ‘was able to save waset easy Aninternabanalvescue effort | contrals Raosing below the dams reservoir, Some treasures a budid the Aswan Darn | many treasures °C | PAIRS: Practice the sentences you made, Pronounce the words in each column as a group. Can you think of other examples where there fs or was a conflict between progress ‘nd preservation? STEP 4 EXTENDED PRACTICE QOD Accuracy Practice Listen again to Exercises 2 and 4 on poges 164 and 163. Then record the sentences. Qrtwency Practice Record a description of a place that has great cuttural or naturel significance for your country, 166 uNIT323 Stressed and Unstressed Words STEP 1 PRESENTATION Just as stressed and unstressed syllables make up words, stressed and unstressed words make up phrases and sentences. The alternation between stressed and unstressed words is a key part of natural English rhythm, Words in a sentence are either content wards or fur They're words with clear meaning. such as « They're words that have grammatical meaning, such as fo or an, tion words. Content words ure usually stressed, unsti Content Words (Stressed) Nouns computer Verbs walked Adjectives nvelligent Adverbs siuickly Demonatotlive pronsuns and adjectives this Intervogative (uit) words Who? Why? Where® Negatives 10, doesn’t Functhon Words (Unstressed) Articles the Short prepositions 4, at, in, on, ete Conjunction and, oF, if, that, ete Auxiliary verbs fant, is, are, have, has, com, will, ete Personal pronouns J me, you, her, te. Possessive pronouns and adjectives ids, my, their, ete. Relative pronouns whaler), wehiese, shat, ec Highlighted Words many sentences, one content word expresses the mast important informatioa, This word ix highlighted by pronouncing it with the heaviest stress an (usually) the highest pitch. a Here are the kéys, Stress/Rhythm Patterns Stresuirhythm patterns of words and phrases can be the same (" represents a stressed syllable Viepresents an unstressed syllable Sires pattem "Wu: Sliver fieapaten ie earful 167ae Ee EXERCISE 1: Stress Patterns (@ Usten and repeat the phrases and sentences, The phrases and sentences in each column have the ‘Same rhythm pattern as the undeniined word. Concentrate an keeping the rhythm of the phrases ‘and sentences in a column the same. 1 iluméer 3. id 5. cipability Who was here? We met at the stati Who was calling you? Take m brewk. Twent to the concert That's illogical That's my car. ‘We needled to take it This is half of in 2. ablindon photigrapher garden John's a dactor a Mexican L bought it, What's the matter? Tanswered it ‘They ate ther, ‘That's a classic, He's listening. EXERCISE 2: Rhyme @ Listen cod repear the shyme, Put a stressnark (”) over the stressed words in lines 2-5. Then practice reading the thyme with a partner Lengthen the stressed syllables ‘The movie was Gver at tin, Laughed (LT cried with my friend, ‘The music was great, ‘The acting first-rate, We both want to sce if again, EXERCISE 3: Rhythm Patterns @ Lister and repeat. The urideriined words and phrases have the sare sresuthythm pattern. Then choose one of the sentences and say ito the class. ais ies outback Voi ca estas ghia 2. forgtt-for Kite: Don't forgét to buy the book for Kate. 3. Tell heratller: Te the tiller is buss, red the city lights at night 5. siimeone-ciime when: Did stimeane ofime when you called? 6 tochisstodiy: went to class toadiy 7. unible-an able: ('m undble to find an Able person for the job, 168 uNIT33EXERCISE 4; Sounds Like... (@ te proses thet sound the same but have cstferent spelings and meanings are called hamophrasas. listen to the homaphrases, Then work witha partner to think ofa hamophrase using @ reduced function word. (You can check your answers on page 171.) 1. girls’ locker Girls tack it 2. Willy Picker? 3. Senior class schedule? 4. The writer left 3. savior stories 6. They conserve water 7. the dresses in the closet EP 3 COMMUNICATION PRACTICE AWARDS AND MOVIES. EXERCISE 5: Awards Trivia A Whardo you know about movies and awards? Take this tivie quiz and then compare jet answers witha partner. (You cancheek your answers on page 171) 3. The Clios are awards for 2, Nollywood movies are movies made in m. restaurants & Nigeria b, theater performances b. Nicaragua ©. advertisements ©. Nepal gymnasts d. New Zealand Stressed and Unstressed Words 1693. The Nobel Prize is NOT awarded for 6. Which person has received more Oscar achbevements in nominations than any ather? a. peace a. Steven Spielberg b. anthropology by Tom Hanks literature Walt Disney chemistry d. Meri Streep 4. Pulitzer Prizes are awarded for 7. The Emmy Awards are given for a. music a. mmisie ‘b. television 1b. movies © writing television medicine ater S. The first Academy Awards was in 8. Which awards are not given for movies? a, 1929 a. the Grammies b. 1927 b, the Golden Globe awards ©. 1941 ¢. the People’ Choice Awards d, 1933 . the Cannes Festival Awards | Listen to the recording and camplete the sentences with the unstressed function words you hear Kare Why are Indian movies called Bollywood Peer Movies? I don't understand ‘The vert are fins closely to preceding his cose tec ‘question words. it's pronounced lke am -er ending on the question word, Racannae Bombay: Bambay’s “Wine” Indian movies called Bollywoad movies? (Why are Indian mow known ___ Mua. movies called Bollywood movies?) ide: Sarno the oman Wi “Wearer” Nollywood movies from? Where are Nollywaed movies inclustry from?) Kars ike music and dancing Bollywood movies. I really enjoyed Slumdog Millionaire,’ Recamo: ‘That wars actuall Hollyweod-Ballywood collaboration, you want to. see Bollywood movies, there’s a small theater downtown. " Shamaog Millionaire wow the Academy Aboard for Best Film iy 2008. 170 uNIT33EXERCISE 6: Your Turn AL Read the ist of movie genres bevow. Check (¥/) the types of movies you enjoy watching. Genre ___etlonAcventure comedies dramas. Fomance Science fetlon Horror __ Amienations Musicals 81 GROUPS:Compave your choices. Explain why you like the movie genres you checked. STEP 4 EXTENDED PRACTICE QQ Accuracy Practice Usten again to Exercise 1 on page 168, Then record the sentences and phroses. QPtuency Practice Imagine you've woo an Oscar for best actor or actress. What would you soy? Wihom would you thank? Record a bie/ acceptance speech for your award, PRL ESE EET OL NG ASMA anor 90}9 2 5) I DL EN ADE HD AL “9 OKO J 9985 5 WA 20.NA De LIMP} FD MOK INE HOE EAA TOT HD ASTM ‘Stressed and Unstressed Words 171: 3 A Highlighting STEP 1 PRESENTATIO Highlight the word! that expresses the most with heavy stress and high pitch wnt information in a xenience by pronouncing I What de youdo on the WEEKend? — Tet together with FRIENDS. 1. Beginning a Conversation When you begin » conversation with a question, you often highlight the last content word, 2. Highlighting New Information New in nt word of a sentence, mation is often presented int the last com (What did you da on the WEEKend?) went DANcing, 3. Highlighting Contrasts and Corrections Highlight informa anid correction ses with contrasts on that presents a contrast or corrects # staternemt, Seni ove thats one highlighted word The mayors going to RAISE tases and CUT spending. et The ELEPHANT isn't the largest animal ta the world—the WHALE is 4. Highlighting in Sentences with there is/are ‘The noun after éetare is usually highlighted a Theres some important NEWS on tonight 5. Highlighting Auxillary Verbs Highlight auxiliary verbs (is, an ee Az This has been a GOOD expericn — B: It HAS been a gond experience. have, has} to show agreement 172) uniTaa6. Highlighting Function Wards Function words are normally unstressed. They can be highlighted if the speaker wants to emphasize their meaning. ee ‘(Would you like soup or salad”) Td like soup AND salad, TEP 2 FOCUSED PRACTICE EXERCISE 1: Conversations @ A | Listen anet repeat the conversations. Circle the hightighted wards, 1. Ae Pwant to pick up my jacket Here's the ticket Br 11S not ready yet. Come back tomorrow. A: They said it would be ready today, Br [didn say thai, Come back tommorrow, 2. As Why do you like skydiving? B Ti As What about fear? Don't you feel afraid? Br Sure. But that's part of it. | like the fear the thrill, the rusch, BI PAIRS: Compare your answers, Then practice the conversations. EXERCISE 2: Emphasis and Contrast @ A ead al of the sentences in each set below, Then listen to the sentences.and circle the Dightighted words, 1, Asaying about friendship: a. Breryone hears what you say jends listen to what you say. e, Best friends listen to what you don't say. 2, Who makes the decisions? The Patels own a small electronics store, Mr. Patel, his wife, and his three children live above the store, and everyone except the baby spends time working in the store. The scrtences describe each of the Patels’ roles in making decisions about the bitsiness a, Mrs, Patel is the real decision maker 1b. Mr, Patel thinks he makes the decist . Jana Patel thinks she ought to make the decisions, d. Al Patel doesn't care who makes the decisions. @. The baby doesnt even know there's a business. Lister-again and repeat the sentences, Highlighting 173EXERCISE 3: Why Is It? PAIRS: Read the questions below and chele the words that contrast. (The questions are metorical, ‘making fun of the logic of Engish.) Then practice reading the sentences ta each other using heavy stress and high pitch on the contrasting wards, 1. Why does the sum Tighten our hair but darken our skin? 2. Why is a boxing ring square? 3. Why is the time of day with the slowest traffic called rush hour? 4 Why isn there mouseflavored cat food? 5. Why's the third hand on a clock called the second hand? 6 Why-do we drive on parkveays and park on driveways? EXERCISE 4: Agreeing PAIRS: Create short conversations. Student 8 shows agreement with Student A's statement by ‘repeating it and highlighting the auxifiary wert, Exner: ‘Srupenr A: You drive ta slowly, ‘Srupent B: [ Yes ] Right. } 1D0 drive too slowh: Lae 1. Susana should win the prize. 2. The essay was well written, 3. Rafael looks a lot like his brother: 4, The final exam will cover a lot of material. 5. They've been gone a lang time. 6 That new student’ really cute. 174 uNiTa4STEP 3 COMMUNICATION PRACTICE LIVING ON THE EDGE EXERCISE 5: Thrill Seekers @ Al Listen and repeae Make sure you understand the words and phrases rflies in your stomach adrenaline rush (Qo) pound bu roller coaster hairraising palms er (® 81 Listen to the recording and complete the sentences with the words you hear Everyone knows what it's like to feel scared, Your pounds, you faster, your . sem pet 3 + Psychologist Frank Farley has studied people who like to live life “on the edge.” He enined the term type T to describe their personalities: They're seekers, They crave the and cf activities that of us 7. wonsider terrifying or dangerous, They enjoy the 1 1 serisations that accompany _—the adrenaline rush and the racing heart a According to Farley, type Ts have high bevels of and self-esteem, They is belive thelr Fate is in hands and that life is not worth living if they " being is Haghtighting 175(C1 PAIRS: Read the sentences and decide which woeds should be highlighted. Then puactice the sentences. 1. Many people enjoy the dll af safe fear: but others need eee more. B. ype F personalities crave both the mental intensity and Hiyphenated shrases such as physical sensations of fear hairrosing, merry-go-round, J. Roller consiers ure haloraiking rides; merrypo-rounds are | ul bungeesjumplng are usually phrase. This wocd salsa 4 relatively cafe sport; rock climbing is more Drone ced oe a higher pitch dangerous: walking on a high-wire is even more dangerous. | (note. 3. Jumping offs diving board le fury bonges-juniptog off a ical bridge is ents : 6 Ifyou're skydiving, your fate isnt in your hands; i's in your | miv-eo-eounds Parachute, iph-weire artists EXERCISE 6: Your Turn ‘Read the activities inthe chart. Check () the ones you've dane or would ike to ty, Then dnterview two ather classmates to see which of these activities they enjoy or would ike totry Share your results with the class Are there amy type Ts amovig you? ‘Wetching horror movies Bungee umping Shyeiing Downhil king ‘Snawboarding Flock climbing ‘Mountain biking Fiding roller ceasters/scary rites ‘surfing STEP 4 EXTENDED PRACTICE QO Accuracy Practice Listen again to Exercise 24 on page 173. Then record the sentences. Qrtuency Practice Meview the activities in Exercise 6. Choose four and record your opinion of them. Have you ever tried them? Would you ever? Why or why not? 176 uNiT34TEP 1 PRESENTATION Pronounce words in meaningful phrases, or thought groups. ups help the listener identify the parts of a sentence. They help the speaker by breaking the sentence into shorter parts, 1. Length of Thought Groups There are no fixed rules for deciding what the thought groups of a sentence are. Look at the two ‘ways the words in this sentence can be grouped together. Ifyou want to get abead, dress for success. wan! to-get ahead, dress for success foantelees ties Cesc When you're learning a language better moe to plan what you want to say, 2 use shorter thought groups because they give sou 2. Thought Groups and Intonation ‘There is usually a small risc or fall in pitch at the end of a thought group inside a sentence, The change in pitch isn't as great as it is at the end of a sentence. — Ifyou want to get ahead, dress far success ee If you wear a sult, you'll look suuffy 3. Joining Thought Groups Together Lengthen the sound that ends a thought group before you begin the next g tells the listener that one group has ended and another fs about te begin, up. The lengthening I dicin't get the job because of my tattog. That cashicr wears a nose rinj ———E—ES— — rH eas ane hemgthen lengthen Wz4. Thought Groups and Grammatical Phrases ‘Thotight groups often correspond to grammatical phrases, i a ae EXERCISE 1: Rhyme @ Listen and repeat the rhyme. Use the lines to group words together. ‘A mouse in her room woke Miss Dowd. cei fae etree pike i ed She was frightened and screamed very laud Boreyres ighacpest sed screens very, lard Then s happy thought hit her ‘Tovscare olf the eritter'— eEnaey terion She sat up in bed andl meewed! EXERCISE 2: Advice Letters @ Al Listen ond repeat the phrases and sentences. Use the lines to group words together. 1. a job interview 2. am important job interview 3. with a business 4. a youthful image 5. a casual, youthful image ee 6. with a business that has a casual, youthful image 4. 'm preparing for an important job interview with a business that has a casual, SORA SS rt ES ee ee ee a eee youthful image, —_—— " criter: slang: for covatune: iuing ting: here, the mnese 178 uNiT35| Listen to the recording. Then practice reading both letters with a partner. Group words together into phrases. ‘Dear MI, Tm preparing for an important job intersiew with a business that has a casual, youthful image: ‘Should I wear something traditional, like « suit? Or should I go with something more trendy? | don't want to appear “stuffy.” bet {don't want them to think that I think 1 already have the job. ‘Standing in Front of My Closet ‘Dear Standing, Go with the suit. Traditional business clothes symbolize competence and dedication. If you pet ‘the job, vou can adopt whatever style the business has, Plus, the interview may be the last time ‘you can wear your sail, EXERCISE 3: Differences in Meaning ‘The way you group words can alfect the meaning of a sentence @ A Listen and repeat the sentences. Group words to show the different meanings in the sentence paws. 1, a Max," replied Sasan, “why don't you wear a suit?” 1b. Max replied, “Susan, why don't you wea ar suit? 2. a. There are five, yeanold bottles of wine in the basement, 1b. There are five-year-old bottles of twine in the basement. 3, a, Stanley asked Stella, "How long is your sister going 10-stay?” b. “Suniey:” asked Stella, “how long is vour sister going to stay?” 4. a. Why are vou going to leave Bob? b. Why are you going to leave, Bob? 5. a. The teacher said we'd have two, hourlong tests. bh. The teacher said we'd have tworhourlong texts, 6. a. My sister, who lives in Boston, is coming tomorrow, 1b. My sister who lives in Boston ts corning tomorrone. @ B81 Listen again and citcle the letter of the sentence you hear, (| PAIRS: Say o-sentence from Part A, Group words clearly 30 your partner cam tell you which sentence you said. Thought Groups 179)STEP 3 COMMUNICATION PRA DRESS FOR SUCCESS EXERCISE 4: Dressing Down or Dressing Up? Read the parographs. Underline the thought groups in the second paragraph. Then compare your ansivers with @ partner (the groupings dant hare to.be the same} Practice reading the paragraphs taeach other, grouping words os you marked them, c conservative, formal style of d specially for mestings dress code has improved the quality Sull, the business casual dress eudle remains the FES’ norm for mest businesses in Western countries The vostucsree eeel deat hava aero meanings Dut diferent uses, Wear wevally requires a direct object, an article of thing, Websites define business casual as dressing Me ith a cular means we: a shirt with and easu When dress means “put your clothes on,” R's intransitive and cannot be followed bya such as khakis. For women, this means pants ora direct abject = skirt and a shirt 180 UNIT asEXERCISE 5: Business Dress Codes A Loren ond repeat Mote te you iderttand ine wonh and pros. e | Cater to the recosding Then connect the pheases to make sentences that mememarine Ue -nformaton inthe mending. Read your sentences to partes a . « ASikh job applicant at a Soloway store hae tattoos all ever his arms. Atypical student ‘ot ideal Market Thad oo corer his tate, Abeshth care worker st amy college tm the commiry has tattoce send body phercinge A popular cashier ‘at California facility waar) hired because he womb shave bbe heart Rastafarian worker af Lexmart International idesean't have to cut his dreaallacks, Acoenputer worker of Domino's Fiera wears # nome rime. EXERCISE 6: Your Turn Approprate appearance ithe wcripiace depend on a varsety of lactor and n chfferent ifherent ccxanttors. irk cto Gress Cones 6 you courtry What Mewr Dht RCT wean Dt Lapproprase for Donk employers athiet. tudent. and food service wonters in your county? Fat about your aramen as. ches orn wal prowart. teuationend en mes? page Meremas shora aduwts for me ar women thar ceome dine we the knew te Abra tn analy panermed Thought Groups 18Tight ps Suits andi tet (men) Suits. dressesiskiets (women Uniforms. STEP 4 EXTENDED PRACTICE QO Accuracy Practice Listen again to Exercise | on page 178. Then record the rhyme, ‘OpFluency Practice if younere an employer, what kiad of dress code would you require of your “employees? Record your answer and include information about the type of business you're describing. 182 uNITasre 36 Rhythm Patterns and Personal Pronouns STEP 1 PRESEN ted) Pronouns ly unstressed. Subject Pronouns Reductions of Subject Pronouns Before contractions of wif (ID and ave (‘re), the vowels in pronouns may be reduced, WS.it. (senanils Hike all) ~ She'll d5it. (rhymes with still) ive here. (/weri, /war!) shoe. (sounds like there) ‘Object Pronouns Object pronouns are pronounced like endings an the preceding verb. Spe Pronouns Beginning with A The fl in pronouns like fe, her. and bint is usually dropped when the pronoun is inside a sentence The reduced pronoun joins closely to the verb, If this is difficult, you ea ace Ay in pronouns, but don't stress the pronatns ‘call Kim (“callim™) ‘Whar did He do? (1 idly” do?) ‘This ts Ker aifice. (This “tezer” office.)Fast Speech Reductions ‘The reductions described showe are comman to all stylewaf English: Native speakers aha make ‘reductions to pronouns in informal speech. You should be aware of these reductions @ Listen torhe reductions, 1, Fou in Common Expressions you after it, df Where “didja® go? “Wherja” po? (Where did you go?) Lowon't “hetetia” ga. (1 won't fet yor go.) you after other sounds "Seva" later. (See vou later) TU “callya" tonight (FU call you tnight,) 2. Them Reduction: /om/ Did you “findam” at the store? (Did you find them at the store?) STEP 2 FOCUSED PRACTICE EXERCISE 1: Reduced h Words © titer aisrepect tt cocneiaton: Ten pancetta: 1. At Why Has she sold Ker house? 1's maving back b tne tor tay with Her meth 2. Ar Would you tell Professor Sommers Tl briny iy my paper tomorrow? 2B Why me? Why don't you tell im yourself? 3, Az The lawyer said to meet Ki «a1 fis olfice tomorrow with the papers B: What does He wart us to bring? V 4. A Please tell Mr: Blake there's a call for Kim. don't know if f's in or out UNIT 36EXERCISE 2: Text Messages ‘Feu messages anal instant messages make use of abbreviations and ofien omit function words and punctuation. PAIRS: Read the messages below. Write unabbreviated sentences, using normal spellings. Add words when necessary. You can check your answers on nage 187) Necrexoose: Palerider u there? Pateaiee: Sup? Necitrevowme talked 2 sue 2day. She likes u. me 2, 2, Suc said she likes me? Nicureroos: Pause: working ety! NicHreLoos: ok Cys tmw Parmer: Cyn. bye. EXERCISE 3: Hearing Reduced Pronouns (@ usten and repeat the sentences. The undertined woeds and phrases have the same or neatly the ‘same pronunciation. Then choase a sentence and say itt the class 41. Oliver Hart recorded “All of Her Heart” 2. Put the books I bought him on the bottom shelf, 3. Would be like to: mect Woodly Harrelson? 4. The sailor agreed 1 sail hier boat in the race, 5. Lee's asen your senior prom? pictures. 6. The old concrete wall is too porous! se the builder is poing to pour us a now wall. | pe ahowviation for aot to go 5 prom: a dimes fr weniors thigh school; * porous: allowing substances to pase threargh Rhythm Patterns and Personal Pronouns 185EXERCISE 4: War of the Worlds (On Hatlemeen 1938. 4 group of actors performed a radio play thased on HG. Wells's neieel Thy Wise of the Hiorkds. which described an tinwasion of the earth by abies Irom Mars The radis play wan written Uke amews broadcast. and mats listeners believed vas real anal panicked! Seven million Americans heard the rads broadkast of Hier of the Worlds, One mithon hetieved that tthe United States was actually being invicked by Martians. Sociedagiet Madey Cancril srutted this case af mass panic and interviewed many people The sentences below are qotations Irom sotse of the Americans whom Hadiey interviewed A Read the quotetion: and complete the sentences with pronouns 1, My Inusband tried! to cal EJ ‘and said, “I this were wo, it sev he com all the stat ers 2. When I heard that poison gas was in the strects of Newark. I called my brother and his wile aan! tok to come right over My son came home during the excitement, and I sent out to pee what was all about J couldn stand wo 1 teernedt olf. 5. was writing a history paper. The girl from upstairs came amd mache 0 up to her place. 6 Whon I got hone, my husband wast there s 1 rushed to the meighibors to tell the workd wae coming to an end, 186 UNIT a67, Lheard the announcer say that saw a Martian standing in the middle of ‘Times Square... That's all had to hear— knew had to: be a play. 8. It was so-real,... But Lturned to lanother radio station] to sec if they had the same thing on They didn't, 20 1 knew must be a fake, B | GROUPS: Compare your answers. Then discuss how you think the public would react today fan alien ateack were convincingly portrayed as a news report on television. EXERCISE 5: Game Changers: @ Al Uisten. Moke sure you understand the words forecaster quary ny @ BI Listen to rherecarding. in quantity phrases lke shied fs, the pronoun has moe stress than of, When the next word begins mith a vowel, of s pronounced /ay/, When the nest word begins with axconsanant, of usually pronounced /af. a third ev us the reat a a some av it baal 9 thet ‘CL PURS: Discuss your answers to these questions |, Why does Salfo describe ns (humeans} as a lonely species? 2, What's humorous about what he says? 3, Paraphrase what Saffe says.at the end: How much will the discovery af sand intelligence change 1s? STEP 4 EXTENDED PRACTICE QO Accuracy Practice Listen ogainnto Exercise 3 on page 1S. Then record the sentences. QP Flwency Practice D0 you think the people of 1938 were more gulibl, or easily fooled, than people of today? Explain. Record your answer. aka ‘a 306 (1.1) ip pte sng 04 Bek 4H reso aSiOWaNa fd monouey No 356 (41) MO IN. Of OF v9 (94, () Bas (A) 5K ENC g 9 1a SOH-3yy, TK sagy ys “MeOH ang oH POTD (} SN CATH TOU fl CAIDGH RAK (ase) Rhythm Pattems and Personal Pronouns ‘187237 Rhythm Patterns: Articles STEP 1 PRESENTATION Articles (4, an, or the) are unstressed. They're grouped with the following noun. aman an Onion, ‘the weather oa — a 1. The The is often pronounced idly! before a vowel. The ly! of /Oiy! joins to the following vowel. Be sure to pronounce the ti of the corrucity. the the, dean oh ert ‘ty owfan) The is pronounced ial before a consonant the book the pliice ial bers (a! place 2A An Reduce the vowel of aia ta /a/, Av joins closely ta the following word. yeninsula aan island la fon Be careful with words that begin with the letter m. In words like ursio and! wsefiul, the first wound fy the consonant /y/ so the article is a union member 4 useful toot STEP 2 FOCUSED PRACTICE EXERCISE 1: Joining Words @ Listen and repear the sentences. Use the lines to help you fain words 1. Arioise annoys aig pst: AB = nswerable question; the 3. We're unable to find aq able employee 188 UNITa74. Even though we think of the very rich as unapproachable, she's am approachable rich person. 5. This is an gecented word, but the others are unaccented. 6. Is sho an interested student or an yninterested student? 7. This ts an accurate answer, but that one's Inaccurate, ‘8 An intended consequence is an increase in the food supply; but there are always unintended consequences, EXERCISE 2: The ® Listen and repeat the sentences. Pronounce the' 1. Tmet the author: 2 Canada is the biggest country in North Ameriew 3. What's theY answer? 4, Did you mse the method in the book? 5. When did the United States become a country? 6 didn) understand the’ explanation in the unit on articles, of the correctly. EXERCISE 3: Apply the Rule ‘Al White oran in each blank. Then practice saying the phrases with « partner. Jain wards together and reduce the rowel ofa/an to fv. 1, or announcement 6. ___ harbor 2. ___ utopia 7. ___ honest man 3, __ continent 8. ___ universal truth, 4. peninsula 9, ___ mountain range 5. ___island 10. __ university town BI PAIRS: Make sentences matching the words on the left to the definitions. introduce the words with the article alan. Add a verb if necessary. Words Definitions 1. island A a protected place where boats cam tle up 2, honest person by surrounded by water on all sides 3. utopia . tells the truth 4. harbor dan ideal place or community Bhythm Patterns; Articles 189EXERCISE 4: Sound Like... @ two pirates thar sound the some ior neaty the some! but have efferent spellings and meanings ‘are called homophrases, Listen tothe homopheases. Then work witha partner to think of ‘homophrase that includes an article (You can check yaur arswersor page 192) announce __o” ounce arrested suspect arrival city ee Pe attentkon “ apparent reasons 6 unattractive style EXERCISE 5: The Place Name Game Play this game in twe teams, Team A oaks questions of Team 8 aad vice versa. The questions ‘are about places. Each group decides whether to use the with the place name in the question ‘and answer. (Guidelines for using the with place narres are given in the bax) The team that’s ‘answering questions receives @ point for each correct answer, correctly pronounced. Team A's ‘questions are on page 256. Team B's questions are.on page 262, eine wich Do not use the with ‘Country names that include words |» most country names uch #5 United. Sates. Republic. Urion |. mca ety names “+ nannes oF bullings state nares ++ names of mountain anges ‘names! single mountains ‘ narves of groups of islands ‘names of singe islands + names of groups of lakes ‘names of single lakes ‘names oF bridges ‘vfuamet of continents ‘ narmes of oceans, seas, and rivers ‘TEAM A: Where's the White House? Name the city, ‘TeAM Bs In Washington. D.C. ‘Tram A: Where's Texas? Name the county. Team B: In the United States. 190 UNIT37STEP 3 COMMUNICATION PRACTICE POPULATION PROBLEMS EXERCISE 6: Population Growth and Hunger ‘A The United Nations estimates thet nearly a billion people inthe world are hungry ar suffer from ‘malnutrition, What are same ether problerms Inked with a growing world population? Write your ideas on the lines. Then share them with a parines. PAIRS: Read the statements about hunger. ‘think it’s False. don't prod everyone im the world." ough food to feed “Natural English world is difficult for you to prenounce, 2, There's enough grain to provide adequate pronounce it as.a two-syllable word, caloric for every man, woman, and child in | stressing the first syllable: “waraid™ ‘the world, 5 wigid pomulation (world population) nities where land is scarce and TH ce 4 ‘every person in the wigald (work) Ge population density ishigh, food shortages —— 4. The “green revolution,” the modernization of farming techniques, will sol problem of world hunger 4. Small farmers Jess productive than large agribusinesses ___ & Solving the problem of hunger will mean more pesticide use and more deforestation 7, To solve the problem of hunger, we must increase food ald to hungry mations, Rhythm Patterns: Artiches 191§@ C1 Paks: tisten to whe recording and check your answers in Part &: Do any of the facts surprive you? Why or why noe? EXERCISE 7: Aging Populations Al Read the paragraph By 2050, the number nf people living to the age of 100 or older will be 15 times greater than it is today: On the one hand. this hax heen called vation.” the result of smaller families, lower death rales. and improved heal I. this achievement will require profound and sometimes painful social and economic changes 81 GROUPS Discuss the questiov's. 1. Raising retirement age is one proposal for reducing the cost of old aye benefits. What » some others? Write your ideas on the Hines belw. Which will be the most difficult politically for countries to implement? 2. Most discussions about population aging deal with the problems. What opportunities could alder people create for a society/economy? is the population as a whole growing? 1s the government concemed about ion growthidecling in your country? STEP 4 EXTENDED PRACTICE CQ Accuracy Practice Listen again to Exercises 1 and 2 on pages 188 and 189, Then record the sentences, Qruency Practice Recon! your answers to questions 1 and 3 in Exercise 78. a ‘Wonton wp “Sa pas wf aden poy ng “aouNO KI spony up ‘qe st wound ‘asoq) suoweon oned © ASL MINA 192. uNIT373 8 Rhythm Patterns: Prepositional Phrases; Hafta, Gonna, Wanna repositions are unstressed. [Blended pronunciations of prepasitions occur with some common verbs, for example, gorina Unstressed Prepositions pri” prepositions (0, af. in own. The prepos grouped with the following has become part af som The prepositions at and for are often reduced to. T study at might Thad gus for breakfast Jou 't (Of can be pronounced /aw or fa/ before a consenant. It's usually pronounced /aw before a vowel. deme shatils. | che end tee es one ‘cupps fee’ ce Te Fo has to pe nunciatlans, depending on the follewing sound. Before comsonants, pronuunce fo as fa. to-sehdol to work 19 school” ta work” Refore vowels, jo bs often prononneed uw, tw a restaurant “hoy! 9 restaurant v Phrasal Verbs phrasal verbs, prepositions function as adverbs and are stressed, (See Unit 39 far more on phrasal verbs.) Come ON. Pick it UPL Watch OUT. Hafta, Gonna, Wanna 1. Havero/Hasto Have te/Has fo are propounced as one word: Ahaefta, haestv 1 “hafta” pay my bills She “hasia” work tonight (have ta) (has to) feomtinuedd on next poge? 1932. Gonna Gonna is a reduction of the future ausiliary going 10. The pronunciation is common in informal English, This year I'm gonna lose weight Gortna includes to. If you use gorine, do NOT add Jo, “This year I'm gonna Bf study move, De NOT use gorina when go is the main verb, We're poiny to Cleveland, {not "gonna”) 3. Wanna Wanna is a fast spocch reduction of want to of wont «; The pronunciation ts common in informal English Do you wurina go shopping? Bo you nana sandwich? want 0) Geant LS a EXERCISE 1: Prepositions @ Complete the sentences with prepositions. Then listen to the recotding and cheek your ancwers 1. a Tepent $143 on a date last night b. I paid $85 dinner a restaurant and $8 avalet park my car. Afterwards, a nightelub. I spent another $44 two rounds drinks and snother $6 valet parking dT put everything ny credit card, except _ the valet parking. 1 paid that cash 2 a Teas going go the doctor's toxlay b. My appointment was cancelled because the doctor had be the haspital a patient, . Sol decided eo the mall celebrate the cancellation. 4 Tsaw seme shies I liked _ a shoe stare, but they weren't _ _ sale 194 UNITSaEXERCISE 2: Hearing Reductions @ Me undertined words have similar or identical pronunciations. Liston dnd repeat the sentences. ‘Then choose a sentence and say tto the cfass 1. Thoroaght tumulcs' to Molly's, 2, You have to take this letter to the deputy consul at the comsulate, 3. Tkeep forgetting to thank you forgetting the party supplies 4, You were considerate to deliver the plans we'll consider at work, 5. The officer who performed the act of courage ison active duty in Atlanta, 6. She has the ability to explain indelicate matters in delicate Language. EXERCISE 3: Sounds Like... @ Two phrases that sound the samme but have diflerent speilings and meanings are called homopheates, Listen and repeat the homophrases. Then wark with a partner to think ofa ‘homophrose that includes ¢ reduced preposition, (Youcan check your answer on page 188.) 1. He saved a fortunate school, He saved @ fortune of school 2, They explained these incredible terms 3. Thar's a divisive technology. 4 Idon't believe indirect advice, 3. The legislation was passed by an wctive Congress EXERCISE 4: Full or Reduced? @ The verbs havashas to, going to, and want tola ail have reduced pronunciations. Listen to the ‘sentences and write the pranunciation(s} you hear. Same forms are used more than once. fafa = hasia = gonna going to 1, Thy arma come with us, you'll leave in five minutes, 2. My roommate's make spaghetti, so Tin. the store 3. Do you__talk now, or do you _ wait until ater? 4 Maria __ notes from yesterday's class because she ___ stu. 3. Are you the library tonight, or dos yeu gecout? 6 My credit cards maxed owi2 Tm py lt. "tamales: Mfcricur dish maude ef choppex! met am poppers, wrapped ie corm hunks (the feuves thar corer corms 5 maned cut (slang): charged tothe murda fet Riythm Patterns: Prepasitional Phrases; Hatta, Gonna, Wonna 195,STEP 3 COMMUNICATION PRACTICE MEN, WOMEN, AND SHOPPING EXERCISE 5: Shopping Trips @® Al Listen tothe conversations 1, Mex ve got ta goto the drugstore. Do you need! anything? We're al ut of toothpaste, ste Let's get ont of Saturday in a store, e.Ldon't want to, Asma: Justa few more minutes, Twant ta look around a litte bit more, 3. rex: don't want to go in there, The checkout lines are too long. Saxoma: agree. They ought to have more help when the store fs so busy, Blend the words in the phrase ought to together, | iin: a ip B | PAIRS: Practice the conversations in Part A 196 UNITaa,EXERCISE 6: Hunting and Foraging |A|PAIRS; Do men and women have different shopping styles? What are the differences? Discuss "these questions, Then write yourideason the lines below, Men: Women: © B1 ster to the recording and complete the seritences with the words you hear, ‘The differences batwoan male and female shopping stvles may date back - valine ‘ones, when wornen foragedl —__ owl while men went out hunting. A scientist who investigates the different shopping styles men and women says he got interested | the subject “ a vacation with a group of friends. is inc ap, i i wt iy ei a i le me ng in ch behavior is understandable if you consider the skills needed __ foraging, 7 prehistoric times, women had to spend time exploring their © surroundings, They hid to Look carefully aver passible plants and be able in recognize small tiferences Life or death could cst __ ing able to noice sub ferences between two berries, for example, one safe io eat, the other poisonous. Men, the other hand, hunted. Afer the hunt, they returned home quickly safety ie (CLPAIRS: Review your answers in Past A. Can the diferences you wrote be predicted by the different roies af foragers and hurters? Explain. [Rhythm Patterns: Prepasitional Phrases: Matta Gonna, Wanna 197EXERCISE 7: Different Styles ‘Al Read the statements inthe chart, They reflect the shopping preferences of American women -and men. you think. statement & more typical of ween than men, check (+) the Women column. ifyouthink a statements mare typical of men, check the Men cakimn. Jf yaw think a statement is tue tor bath waren and men, check both columns 41, Iddon't wasnt to shop there becaete it's difficul to ind parking nearby, 2. {salesperson ought to be farniiar with a lot of merchandise, to help me male the right choice. 3, There ought 1m be more salespenpte to get customers throxigh checkout quickly. {don want to shop there because I can't get a salesperson tatelp me. 4. 45, T shop a lat online 18, Huy things a impulse." 7. 1 go to astore to get something specific not to look around, 1. | use shopping to.celebrate of feel better 5. I sometimes hide my spending. 8 | GROUPS: Compare your charts, (You can check your answers below. 65 aia ee ae a QO Accuracy Practice Listen again to Exercise 2.0n page 195, Then record the sentences. (QFtuency Practice Review the chartin Exercise JA. Then record your answers to these questions. 1. Ate yotir answers typical of the arwwers given by American shoppers of your gender? Eaphin 2. What advice would vou give ta retail stores to tnyprove your shopping experience? ‘on impulse: tr do samevhing without thinkin about the results (og USO Uf mR pO HOG “PEE MOON ZUM} Vg SSRN season parsed sem woneye LL 5 amy aR BY AAG HOP FF GOpOONSAL yo soap rey gL SyqNPAED wea OUTER Ay JOOKTS He SHRINE PINES ET AST IMANA 198 UNIT3eie 39 Rhythm Patterns: Phrasal Verbs STEP 1 PRESENTATION Phrasal Verbs Phrasal verbs often have idiom means “solve” ar “discover” meanings: sure out, for exampl Tn phrasal verbs, the verb is followed by a partich Ae is stressed Came da (conte om means “hurry up” here) When the verb-and particle are separated by a direct object, both the verb and particle can be stressed Léok the wird Gp: ‘Theéwthées but somérros When the verb and particle are not scparated. cither the verb or particle has heavy stress, but not both, Iedaciy want py all ny ha. Tve Just pall 4 ra Jou Whe Jeends the sentence, H's often stressed more heavily than the verb, ‘Stow down. Put it Lethgo aut. Do Nouns Formed from Phrasal Verbs The first word is stressed and pronounced on a higher pitch. Toa ‘Takedif’s been delayed an hour, He had a nervous STEP 2 FOCUSED PRACTICE EXERCISE 1: Sentences with Phrasal Verbs @ Listen and repeat the sentences. Then choose a sentence and siry ito the class. torm, the tikeoll was smooth, 1. Ben though wet took &fT in 2. Hand it fn when you've filled it ut 3. Tm not going tocléan up the kitchen because T didn't mess it ip. 4 Please eal hie fp be re you po but page 199S. Did you find out why they cilled aff the interview? 6. (didn’t like the cost when I tried it dn 7. Maria picked but a nice hat for her brother. but she énded up keeping it for herself, EXERCISE 2: Conversations @ Listen to the conversations, Notice the pronunciation af the underlined phrasal verbs. Then practice the conversations with a partner. 1. Ar Vyealready picked the application up. Should Ifill it out naw or drup it aif later? Be Fill fc out now if'you have time. Otherwise being it back by womorrow. 2. A: The rain’ clearing up, but its suppmsed to get worse later: Let's leave new, Be You go-on without me. Il catch up with you later 3. At It's time to clean up the apartinent, TT] take out the garbage and straighten up the li room = ‘Br (i bundle the newspapers up and clean out the refrigerator 4. A: Can you help me with this math problem? I've done it over twice, andl I stil can't figure it out |B: You've written it down wrong. This nitinher should be 4, nat 3. Thy it again. 1171 comme out right. 3. Az Can you find out when iry-outs for the school play are being held? Br They're today, FL iried out for the main role this morning. EXERCISE 3; Separable Phrasal Verbs Complete the corwersations with the correct form af the phrasal verbs fram the bax, Add pronouns when necessary. Some verbs are used more than once or as nouns. Then practice the conversations with a partner, makeup throw up bring back = try au 1. Ar Do you have Anton's number? 1 need to tell him the schedule has changed. Br Tvealready called hie up 2. A: I don't want te finish this now. Maybe I'll wait till tomorrow, B: You shouldnt __. You swon’t hate time tornorrosi. 43. A: Thanks for letting me borrow your book. When will you need it? B: Could you tomorrow? 4. At Do vou wantany of these old papers? B: No. Goabead and 200° uNITa95. At Tve decided to for the lead role in the play: B: When ute the ” 6. A: When are you going to the test you missed? B: Te already EXERCISE 4: The Gadget Game A Think of a machine or gadget such at a toaster, compiter, hai dryer, or can opener. Think of phrasal verb that describes it or how i works. Here ave some possible verbs to use: funup turn down fumes tum off clean up put yaw away (out) pick wp pat down © all takeout put on BI PUIRS: Describe the gadget you've chosen without using its name and without using your hands, Your partner will guess the gadget. Examine: Supext A: im thinking of something that’s used for writing. When an old one ix uzed up, vou ‘throw it away, Srupest B: Is ita pen? Srupewt As Yes, itis! STEP 3 COMMUNICATION PRACTICE LET'S PUT IT OFF EXERCISE 5: Procrastination (© Lit00 tothe racordng end complet the quotation withthe words you hea 1. Procrastination is the art of with yesterday. (Don Marquis} thor Unknown) 2. The soaner fall behind, the more time T have to (continued om next page Rnythm Patterns: Phrasal Verbs 2073. There are a million ways to lose a work day, but not even a single way to (Tom DeMarco and Timathy Lister) 4. Hyon want to make-an easy job seem mighty hard, just keep doing it. (Olin Millen EXERCISE 6: Putit Off @ Ai Listen and repeat the conversation. The phrasal verbs are undertined, swe. Thave to call my mother. Tm always putting it off Toms: Why? Don't you get along? Au: Yes and no. When 1 Hl my parents, we always wind up arguing about something. Tuomas: Lknow wha fast night mean. | wound up in an aeguenent wih my p The spellings wind and wound have several pronursiations, The verbs wind worenel word ate pronaaticed like the wetto fnut faa io 1s weather term; st rhyares wth pried BI PAIRS: Practice the conversation, EXERCISE 7: Your Turn ‘A| Areyou a procrastinator’ What do you put offcdoing? Make alist on the ines below. BL PAIRS: Compare your ists. Whar encts up happening when you put ditferent things off? pi adsl ees QO Accuracy Practice Listen again to Exercises 1.and Zon pages 199.and 200, Then record the sentences and coviwersations Q)Fleency Practice Record your answers to Exercice 7A, Use as mony phrasal verbs es you can. 202 UNIT394O Rhythm Patterns: as, than, if st The conjunctions as, thar, and if are unstressed and join closely to surrounding words. 1As Assis einstressed and reduced to faz, It joins closely test ding wns Tve déine as miich a I cn. jon) Hal Is Bnglish hdirder th: Man cad fis unstressed, It jolns closely to surrounding words Céme if you have time, i eee Tales EXERCISE 1; Conjunctions isto ne sence. Nice hor ne cen wonds rt prncimci Then chase sentence ‘and say it to the class. er her mother's death, she felt a sadness as deep ay the ocean. The college had n 1 before Bo wamen spend m Maybe. But they de on the phon ‘What lives if you feed it and 2037 EXERCISE 2: Similes ‘Writers use similes to show that two things arc similar. Similes with ax + adjective + as also cecur in ‘expressions to-show that something possesses a high degree of the adjective: fm as /uumgry ax a bear means “Tm very hungry” @ Ai taster ond rept the sentences. Join the words in the as ...as phrases, 1, Sumner barbecues ape ga American ge apple pic. 2. Ineed some water. My throat feels as dry as a bone. 3, After her long illness, she wa as light ag a feather: 4, At the party, evervbod ignored me. T Felt gs weleorge gs a skunk at « garden party: 5. When he goes back to visit his hometown. he's happy ss 0 duck in water. 'B| Match the adjectives and the nouns below. Write a simile using as... as.an the lines. Then ‘practice reading the sinvles with a partner. Reduce as.and join it ta the surrounding wards. (You can check your ansivers on page 207) Adjectives Nouns ‘Simile eh. hungry grass. ___ ® good B peacock! ___ 3 shyiquiet gf bear He's os 91.9 bear __ 4. fat a mule ___ S.slyiclever penny ___ 6. bright © gold _% stubborm mows, proud bh. pie __ % green 1. fax EXERCISE 3: Conversations Complete the conversations. Then practice them with @ porter, 1. Az Karen’s been sick so long she's as weak as _@ kitten Bi The doctor doesn't know if 2 Az Don't tell Mom, but her cookies iste worse than, Bi Thy her cue! Is.as dry as pencock: a large: Ii with briflioms ruryeusise colors that spreads ite tail feathers The a fam3. Ar The questions on that test were trickier than B; And it lasted longer than 4. Ar Astorm’s coming. The sky's getting as black as By Let's ge in. Your hands are coker than _ EXERCISE 4: Riddles Riddles are word puzzles that ask a question, PAIRS: Each af you has three riddles that contain unstressed conjunctions. Read a riddle to your partner. Your partner will quess the answer You can give hints necessary. Student A's riddles are ‘on page 25? Student B's riddles are on page 262 Exanrus Srunenr A: What belongs Srunext Bs Your name. you, but others use it more than you de? EXERCISE 5: What if...? @ Uses tothe conversations Then practice them with a partner 1. Ai Pm taking the TOEFL tomorrow, [need to do better than last time, Be What if you dont? Can you take it again? 2. A The picture isn't as clear as it should be. I've tried adjesting the colo, but it doesn't work Bs What if' you turn it off? That usually works for me, 3. Ac) What if Iowere smarter than Yam? B: Then we wouldn't be here, trying to figure out this problem. 4. A Isa beautiful day, I wish I didn't have to go to work, B: What if you called in sick? Then we could go to the beach. What if questions ¢an be uted to make suggestions or to ask for a result. Whol and if join closely together. If the subject of the questinn is a pronoun, the first three words join very closely together. wn y dont der betier than las uc? {What if yom somemels ars lke what a few.) Rhythm Patterns; ax thon, if 2051 COMMUNICATION PRACTICE TESTING ABILITY EXERCISE 6; The Flynn Effect @ Al Check (4 the statement befow that you think is correct. Then iisten tothe recording. Compare your answers with a partner — Averape 10 is higher than it wax 100 years ago, Average 19 is the same as it was 100 ye ago. pe 10 is low nit was 100 years a B1 GROUPS: The lynn Effect wos o surprise to many people. Although psychologists have confiemed that the Fiynn Efects reat they aren't really sure wiy i's happening. Read three explanations of the Flynn Fie. Which anes do you agree with? Vay? 1 ing more intellient, However, the increased availability af information andl ols has increased our “cultural imtcllig aus smarter. However, hecanse testing ts so widespread, we've hecome betler test-lakers aller families ivean U more intellectual 3. We're becoming smarter, Si child, and each I parents can spend more time with each ulation. EXERCISE 7: Tests [Al Visual partera cecagaition is usedin intelligence testing to measure the abilty 0 recognize underlying patterts and relationships. This is an important ability far scientists ard mathematicians, Answer the visual pattern questions below, Le eee. 2. Choose the word that completes this the letter of the diagram that docsn't fit th pattern: hai. bed, little a. rang b, money ee pet ak. etch fe. summer 206 UNIT4aBB PAIRS: Explain your choices to your partner, Use as ...as oF than when possibile Do you and your partner agree? (You can check your answers below) Cl Complete the sermenceswith conjunctions. Then practice reading them with a partner. 1. Lean get into'a good medical school, it my MCATS are high enough. 2. Lean drive I didn’t poss the driving test 3. The director didnt like my audition, Hdidn't got the part 4. The MCAT, the driving test auditions are examples of high-stakes tests, Success o failure rests on one test in does ower time, 5. Evaluation can also be based on continuotis assessment, how well 4 pet Job promotions, for example, are offen based on continuous assessment rather _a single test, EXERCISE 8: Your Turn GROUPS: Complete the chart, Check (¥/) the characteristics thar yau think high-stakes tests and continuous assessment have: Add other characteristics to the last column. Therranswer the questions. { Efficient. Fair | Objective | Stressful Other | future? How do you feel about this type of test? | Plot stakes Fests | continous Asteniment 1. What high-stakes tests have you taken? 2. What high-stakes tests will yoti take in Explain your answer, STEP 4 EXTENDED PRACTICE QQ Accuracy Practice Listen agaia to Exercise 1 on page 203. Then vecaed the sentences QP Fuency Practice Record your answers to the questions in Exercise & 9) sq ag uy sao Koy sepa 2a a SBE paw a HFAAON pan YER ay sone] poses ug 29 [eas aes sxe aya ues ura ao ou sey yams anes sk -7-4 SRL ASLIMANA Soe R PLS OT SUP TET TON RE astoNaNE Rhythm Panes: as thon if 207e 4] Rhythm Patterns: Conjunction that; 5 Intonation and Clauses 305 a That That can be stressed or unstressed, depending on its use, 1. When that is a demonstrative pronoun or adjective, it’s stressed and pronounced /O:et/. iin. That ane. 1 déin't Hike tit. Thats right. 71 2. When that is a conjunction, it's unstressed and reduced to /Aat/. ‘This dans chon Tm right at the Splinks piven bekbeved that South Ardekon wees ll of go aa 3. Asa conjunction, that is usually grouped with words in the following clause. Is it true that Americans eat only fast food? Intonation and Clauses There's usally cor fall a Little at SS a She said that Ir was important pase He told mea story that I don't believe. EP 2 FOCUSED PRACTICE EXERCISE 1: educed that (© Liner andrendin the semanas. Group wards together: Then pte the sentences wih a parter 1. Which min? T that tfc? 4, He shid that he could chme, 2 Sheinslted th 5. fst tre that tba with Memon gees ra of oS? 3. Lrdtd him that Te 6. Ldéi' think that it's inte 208 UNIT a1EXERCISE 2: Stressed and Unstressed that @ Listen to the sentences. Puta stress mark (*} overthat if t's used as a demonstrative adjective (that ‘book)or pronoun (That's my brother). Thert choose a sentence and say.itto the class. 1. Did you buy that coat that | showed vou? 2. He said that that one wasn't working. 3. That ¢ar that that womam drives used to be mine. 4. That's the ane dl want 5. Did you like that movie that you saw? 6. Don't forget that that program is on TV tonight. EXERCISE 3: TH Sounds Pekar ‘When that's followed by che; a dificult sequence of cansonants occurs between the two wards. Pronounce all ef the consonants and don't separate the words with a vowel seund. Spanish explorers believed that Ue City of Gold was somewhere im the mountains, ne People worry that the environment is tn danger. ae @ Listen to the sentences, Then practice them with a partes Pronounce th sounds correctly. 1. Spanish explorers in the 1500s believed that the "city of gold,” El Dorado, lay somewhere én the mountains of South America, 2. Some people say that the Pacific Northwest is the home of Bigfoor, a huge Inairy creature that's hhalf man, half beast 2. Inthe late 1600s in Salem, Massachusetts, several people were hanged because they refused to say that they were witches, 4. A sailor's superstition says that the albatross, 0 lange bird. is unlucky. Rhythm Partems: Conjunctian that; Imonation and Clauses 209EXERCISE 4: Definitions PAIRS: Match the phrases inthe left column with the definitions in the right columa. Then toke turns asking ‘questions and giving definitions. Speak smoothly. grouping words together Fallow the example: ‘Exaurne: Srument A What's a clock? Srupeny B: A clock is somcthing that tells time: Phrases Definitions —§ 1, aclock (something) a. has circular winds 2% a battery (something) K. tells time —— 3. abat (an animal) €. dispenses cash - 4. a glider (a plane} d. combines breakfast and hunch —_. 5 a mousetrap (something) @. does not have an engine —— & an ATM (machine) f “sees” with its ears 7. a hurricane (a storm) catches mice & brunch (a meal) h. stores energy STEP 3 COMMUNICATION PRACTICE MISTAKEN BELIEFS. EXERCISE 5; Beliefs © Alien tothe erences. Notes how the conguneon that pronounctl h he word chor follow. 1. European geographers used ta believe that California was an island. 2, Climatologisis used to believe that human settlement in dry arvas would cause a permanent increase in rainfall 3. Mtallurgists used to believe that some combination of other metals could produce gold, 4. People used to believe that a pregnant mother’s sadness meant her baby would be depressed | PAIRS: Practice the sentences. Group the conjunction that with the words that follow, 210 uNITaT(C1 PAIRS: Science has changed mary of our past behels, Fack partner hes « listof several past beliefs that ‘mmadern science hat disproved ov challenged, Readone of the past betiels to your partner, starting the sentence with People used to believe that... Your partner should then state the madern bolet, ‘Student A’ statements are on page 257 Student B's statements are on page 262. Exaurir Belief: Tomatocs are poisonous Srumorr A: People uscd to belicve that tomatoes were poisonous, Srupexr Bz Now we know that tomatoes ure nutritious, EXERCISE 6: Stereotypes @ A lustenand repeat. Make sure you understand the words and ptwases. overgeneralizations = agrainof truth khakis 1@ B 1 Listen othe recording describing stereotypes about Americans. White the stereonypes you hear. (C1 GROUPS: Discuss the stereotypes you heard. Can you add any others tothe lst? What's the “grain of truth" in these stereonypes? What makes thei fatke? What stereotypes do peop from ‘other countries heme about your courtiry? When answering these questions, use expressions like: People say that... His true that Ie isn't true thar ie QQ Accuracy Practice Listen again to Exercises 1 and 2.0n pages 208 and 209. Then record the sentences. QpFwency Practice Most cultures and societies have @ creation myth or beliet—a story about how the warld or their nation was created. Record a description of your culture's creation myth. Use sentences with think that ..., believe that..., say that..,. cfc. Ahythm Patterns: Conjunction that; Intonation and Clauses 2171e “A Contractions and Reductions of Verbs; 3 Can and Can't STEP 1 PRESENTATION Auniliary yerbs (helping verbs) are unstressed: they may be contracted or reduced. You'll understand English better if you're aware of these shortened forms, Contractions of Verbs Use contractions after pronouns wh full forms. Comtractions sound more matural th He's late. We've already seen it Vd rather Reductions of Verbs After nouns, auxiliary verbs are often reduced: consonants muy not be pronounced and tisually feduced to fo”, Reductions must be joined closely to surrounding words. Il this You, tise the Full forms of auitiartes, but don't stress them. rt 1. Has, is Has and is alter, 2.5, th 5! ate rediced to a2, They sound like the “long plural” ending Link Lit has = 2. Have Have is reduced to sawi. It sounds like of ‘The men have left “menay™ 3. Had/Would Had and would are reduced to fad/, They sound like the “long” past Ann had seen the movie. Dominick would rather sleep. “Annod’ Dominickod’ 4. wa Willis reduced to Jal, It sounds like an -al ending. The fime will be high. inal” 5. Are Are sounds like an -er en Where are my gloves? 212) unrrazCan and Can't 1.Can Reduce can to /kani when it occurs inside a sentence, When listeners hear the reduced vowel, they hear ea Hou use the Fill vowel fa, steners nay heat cart Plants can produce vaccines for humans. than Use the full vowel aw in short answers. As Can you deliver? 1B: Yes, we can, but there's an exira charge for delivery, Auen! (Use the full vowel when no verb Follows can. WT can, PH come jt 10:00, Aen! 2. Can't ‘The negative cov? is always stressed, Cari? is always pronounced with the full vowel ‘ae. Tean't help you tomorna, sv SS EXERCISE 1: Can and Can't @ Ail Listen and repeat the phrases and sentences. Stress the pronoun more than can. Stress can’t ‘more than the pronoun. 1, Tear T can cheek his peofile opine, 2 You can ‘You can ask Tomas if she has a boviriend. 3 He can n tell you if she’s dating someone. 4 She can She can set up.a meeting, 5 We can We can go to the party together: 6. Theyean They can introduce the two af you. 7. Vsant T can't check his profile online & You cant ‘You can't ask Tomas if'she has a boyfriend % He can't He can't tell you if she's dating someone. 10. She cant She can’t set up a meeting, 11, We can't We canit go to the party together, 12, Theycan' ‘They cam’ introduce the two of you Bl PAIRS: Say a.sentence, Your partner wil tell you which sentence you said, Contractions and Reductions of Verbs; Can and Cant 213EXERCISE 2: Auxiliary Verbs 1® Read the conversations, Complete the sentences wath ounihary verbs. Them listen and check your you ever used an online dating service? Be Never, but you know—t thinking about i wd checked some out, and they seem pretty safe, Br So 1. But you have to send im a picture. 1 be embarrassed if anyone I know ever saw my picture. 2 A: Who ‘you go out with last night? Your roommate said you one out, Bi Yeah. A girl from school. She ina different class. As So who is she? Do fl know her? Be Idont know: T meeting her hove now: St Intraduce you. EXERCISE 3: Hearing Reductions @ Listen to the sentences. The underlined words hove the came or nearly the same pronunciation. Then choose a sentence and say it to the class. 1 Bea can light the beacon light, 2, My watch is broken, Who fixes swatches arcrind here? 3. Their tenants have joined the tenants of the next building in a rent strike. 4. Your objection Is Jogieal, but T don't know if logic will convince them 5. The ad had cost $800, which added to our total costs, 8 Some have spent soa of the profits 7. Why are there wires sticking out of the wall? 8 Why donit vou chew more slowly? 9. Ed had edited it 214 unrrazEXERCISE 4: Sounds Like... @ PRs: Two phrases thot sound the some for nearly the some) but have diferent spellings ond meanings are called homephrases. Listen ond repeat the horsophrases. Then work with a partner to think of a homaphrase that includes a reduced aunliay verb. (Hint: An -es ending could be has or is: at could be have: an -et ending could be are:cn-alandung couldbe wall) (You con check your answers on page 217) 1. Alaska hunter _ fil ask hunter 2, Roses scent the letter 3. the Indians of Px al Towers _ 4. Answer fast. 5. The prizes cast a lot 6. the seasonal change 7. summer home STEP3 COMM CATION PRACTICE COUPLES EXERCISE 5: Changes in Marriage Patterns AA Read the words and phrases. Make sure you understarrd the meanings. @ B1 Read the statensernts, Then ister te the recording. White T (True) or (False) next to-eoch statement 2 Marriage rates a vying, used to be, 3. Welle are lew likely to be married than less ed sicd people. _— 4, Married people are generally healthier and better off economically than unmarried people Contractions and Reductionsof Verbs: Canand Cant 215,‘C1 PAIRS: Compare your arrwers in Port fe statement sls: correct it, Then compare the marriage trends dlesccibed in the recording with thove i your eotantry. EXERCISE 6: Cyber Romance (@ A pead tne parograph anc compere he sentences with ausilinry verbs, Thien isten anct check {your answers. ‘The Internet, including social networking sites, email, and dating services, 4 now the second mast common way for couples to meet, after friends and family: Online dating services ‘ proliferated, and the industry as a whole grown fara healthy rate. For people with little {ree time, online services offer a private scnpensive, anid. relatively safe way to meet other people and find out about them before going an-a date. The services provide-a way to take some of the “blind” out of “blind dates.” Here are some recent facts about online dating services: + 17% af U.S, couples who got married n ‘om a dating site © VimS singles ___dlated someone they met on a dating site, © Ina survey of 3,000 singles in India, 50 perecnt had tried online dating. * The Japanese government offering a frve dating service to singles, in = the hopes of boosting marriage rates and birth rates ite ea Use the peepesition to (not with) after get married and be mersed. tn get married, the wert get Is carely stressed, ob got married i Marts it rac, My te marred ote high -choil vesthert Afar the vats mang thers sno propestion My sister married he high-achoul sweetheart BE PAIRS: Compare your answers in Part A. Then answer these questions ‘What was the nature of the relationship (Friend, 1, Have you ever met somenne new o business colleague. possitse date}? 2. you're married or have a boyfriend or girltriend, how did you meet? How did your parents meet? 216 uNITa2EXERCISE 7: Your Turn Al Compone the advantages and disadvantages of meeting someone new online or through triendsitorly, Waite your ideas inthe chart. Use ean oF ean't when possible Advantages/Disadvantages of Online Advantages/Disadvantages of Meeting Dating Services Someane Through Friends or Family B | PAURS: Read your answers to-each other. Pronounce can and can't correctly, i QQ Accuracy Practice Listen again ta Exercises | and J on pages 213 and 214. Then recard the hres and sentences, Q)Fivency Practice What information would you inchude in.an ontine profile of yourvelf? Record a.one-minute description of yourtell. Speok smoothly and use contractionuieductions of ‘ouxiliory verbs, ‘parox ane deo *p-aetunys Lae WoSwas 291g oq © 199 ey Dep 9g 5 Tem) ame UY “p KARWEN POU any SURE IHL “ASUS OH NHR HOY ORT STUN APC LEN FAST IMANA Conitactions and Reductians of Verbs: Can and Gant 217Reduction of “H-Words” e 43 Reduction of Modal Perfects; = STEP 1 PRESENTATION In pronouns and auxiliary verbs th ‘often dropped by native speakers, ve, and rad, a? is ih, sc as * >the preceding word. an word joins: Modal Perfects: Modal + have + Past Participle ‘The ausiliary five is reduced to fa or ai and pronounced like an ending on the preceding modal Have is aliiest never pronmanced in its full modal perfects ot might Kove happenc You should Kis! done it That might Mave happened, ik fal done “mightav" “shoulda donc’ Tn negative contractions of modal perfects, furve is reduced to favior /a/ and joins closely to the negative contraction, at couldn't Kive happened, That coukin': Kine hap ‘couldantan” H-Word Reductions: Inside a sentence, the beginning /r of personal prremouns ( has, had!) is often dropped. The reduced word joins closely you to join words together. you can pronounce the fh, but di him, bis, her) and auxiliary verbs (rave, the preceding word. 1 iv difficule for ‘ustress the H-words. If Me comes, give Him the message. The bus Mad already left “iffy “giv "bussod” Pronounce i when there's the word, when the word is highlighted, in short answers, care but he does, Yes, I have. I haven been to that restaurant before, STEP 2 FOCUSED PRACTICE EXERCISE 1: Modal Perfects ® Listen and repeat the phrases and sentences. Recluce have and jain ft to the preceding word. Then choose a ienience and say tio the clas 1. should Mave been watching Oh, Tm sorr 2 should Have been watching where 1 was going ikl Harve asked Don't worry, We can take it back, we asked you First. 218 UNITASa sera Mpve left Tehrould Have left eattion: don't kncrw when the next bus will come, 4 should Have looked Tagess | should Hove looked int a cookbook, 5. shold Have done know I should Have: done this last ight, but 1 ws just too busy 6 should Kave checked Now 11l have to call locksmith. T should Kave checked my bag before 1 left 7. should Kave listened {should Hove listened to you and checked the tires atthe gus station, & shouldn't Mave had ‘Another four pounds. 1 shouldn't Kave had sa much. EXERCISE 2: Guesses with Modal Perfects ‘PAIRS: Make guestes about why the sentences in Exercise 1 were said, Use the madal perfects inthe ‘bowand reduce have. Strong guesses (99% sure) must (nod) Jive « Past Participle Guesses might (noi) have + Past Participle could have « Past Participle Impossible couldn’ have + Past Participle Advice should(ert) have + Past Participle ‘Exanrnss Sentence: [know I shouldn't Mave tried 1o go through that yellow fight Guesses: a. The person might Have been speeding. ‘b. A policeman could Keve given her a ticket. EXERCISE 3: Conversation @ Al Listen 10:the conversation. Cross out in the underlined words if sn’t pronounced. As Something's going: 07 at the office with my bows, He inn’ interested in what T have 40 nay, B: Maybe something's on his mind. Maybe it isn't vou. Maybe it's him. Why don't vou ask Rachel? She always has her ear to the ground! A Yeah [can trust her 1 probably should have talked with her before now: The atmospheres been difficul for a while, 1B: Is your job in danger? Has your boss complained about your work? (As He hasn, but know the manager in the sales department docsn't like me. He always gives me dirty looks, Br Talk to Rachel. She might have heard something, In the meantime, mayle you'd better dust off your résumd. "has (er) ear to the ground: fo Know wha role om: * dust OFF ger something roculy that ye Aven Yee a while Reduction of Madal Perfects; Reduction of*H-Words” 219PAIRS: Practice the conversation in Part A. Speak smoothly. EXERCISE 4: Twenty Questions @ Al Listen and repeat the questions L ig Me alive or dead? 3 ‘What's Her occupation? | 2. What does Ke do? 4. How old is he? pad cles BI GROUPS: Play the game 20 Questions it small groups. Student A thinks of@ person and gives the group the first letter of the person's name ffor example, E for Albert Einstein). Choose a person your classmates have heard of. The other players can ask up to 20 questions (total. not ‘per player to find out who the person is, The player wha guesses the person correctly then becomes Student A Exaurur: Sruvesr A Srupexr Bi Is the person male or femile? Srenexr A: Hes male. Sruvexr C: Ig Me alive or dead? TEP 3 COMMUNICATION PRACTICE REGRETS Th thinking of a persan whose last name begins with P. EXERCISE 5: Woulda, Coulda, Shoulda @ Ai Listen ta the converzation between Joe (a teaching assistant) and Maya ja student) Mavs: Tm sary my paper’ late, Joe. T would have poten it ia you earlier, but my compuster wasnt working Jor papers? I don't think Professor Watson will accept it Maya: Can't you talk to him? My computer really was broken. I would have tured it in on time. Jor Woulda, coulda, shoulda, Maya, Every time you say you're sory and every time you have going to have to talle ta hire this time:When have is the main-verb, and in forms of have fo, the vowel in ave is not reduced, and b is: asually pronaunced, Remember that have fo/has.fa is pronounced as one woe Every (ime wou Ihave an escuse haw tw talk to him yourself ‘hata! BI PAIRS: Practive the conversation in Part A. Then write two mew excures for Maya, 1. Toul have turned the paper in on time brit 2. know I should fave turned te baat EXERCISE 6: It’s Not My Problem @ Al Listen to three situations in which the speaker could have dane something about what te sow, but chose not to, Take notes on the situations. Situation 1 Situation 2: Situation 3 PAIRS: in each ofthe situations, what should the speaker have done? What would you have done? Use modal perfects. Under what circumstances would you intervene to help a stranger? TEP 4 EXTENDED PRACTICE QO Accuracy Practice Listen again to Exercise 1 on pages 218 and 219. Then recard the phrases ond sertences Qprtuency Practice Thinkat something you did in the past that you now regret. Record what happened and why you now regret i. Use modal perfects raexpress what you could have dane, should have done, ete Reduction of Modal Perfects; Reduction of H-Words” 221