Analytic Functions

Two marks

1. Verify f ( z )  z 3 is analytic or not.

Let f ( z )  z 3 u  x3  3x y 2 v  3x 2 y  y 3
3
 ( x  iy)
u x  3 x2  3 y 2 vx  6 xy
 x3  3x 2 (iy)  3x (iy)2  (iy)3
u y   6 xy v y  3x 2  3 y 2
  x  3x y
3 2
  i  3x y  y 
2 3

Here u x  v y and u y   vx
 f ( z ) satisfies C  R equations.
 f ( z ) is analytic

2. Verify whether f ( z )  z is analytic function or not.

(or) Show that the function f ( z )  z is nowhere differentiable.

Let f ( z)  z u x v  y
 x  iy
ux  1 vx  0
 u  iv
uy  0 vy   1
Here u x  v y
 f ( z ) is not satisfied C  R equations.
 f ( z ) is not analytic
 z is nowhere differentiable.
3. Test the analyticity of the function f ( z )  zz
Let f ( z)  z z
u  x2  y2 v0
  x  iy  x  iy 
ux  2 x vx  0
 x2  y 2
uy  2y vy  0
 x  y   i0
2 2

 u  iv
Here u x  v y and u y   vx
 f ( z ) is not satisfied C  R equations.
 z z is not analytic except (0,0)

4. Show that an analytic function with constant imaginary part is constant.

Let w  f ( z )  u  iv be an analytic function.

Given Imaginary part is constant.  v  c  vx  0
vy  0
Since f ( z ) be an analytic function it satisfies C-R equations
 u x  v y and u y   vx
u x  0 and u y  0
v is an independent of x and y
 f ( z) is constant
5. Are z , Re( z ), Im( z ) analytic? Give reason.
No. z , Re( z ), Im( z ) are not analytic.

Case (i) Case (ii) Case (iii)

f ( z)  z f ( z)  Re( z ) f ( z)  Im( z)
 x2  y2 x y
Here u  x , v  0 Here u  y , v  0
Here u  x2  y 2 , v  0
 ux  vy and u y   vx  ux  v y and u y   vx
 ux  vy and u y   vx

 In all cases v = 0
C-R equations are not satisfied in all these three cases.
 Given functions are not analytic

6. Show that u  2 x  x 3  3 xy 2 is harmonic

Given u  2x  x3  3xy 2
u x  2  3x 2  3 y 2 u y  6 xy

uxx  6 x u yy  6 x

uxx  u yy  6 x  6x  0
 u satisfies Laplace equation.
 u is harmonic.

7. Verify whether the function u  x 3  3 xy 2  3 x 2  3 y 2  1 is harmonic.

Given u  x3  3xy 2  3x2  3 y 2  1
ux  3 x 2  3 y 2  6 x u y  6 xy  6 y

uxx  6 x  6 u yy  6x  6

uxx  u yy  6 x  6  6 x  6
0
 u satisfies Laplace equation.
 u is harmonic.

8. Find the map of the circle z  3 under the transformation w  2 z

Given z 3
Given w  2 z  x  iy  3
 2( x  iy) x2  y2  3
 u  iv
x2  y 2  9
u  2x v  2y 2 2
 u v
x
u
y
v     9
 2 2
2 2
u 2  v 2  36
The image of z  3 in the z- plane is transformed into u 2  v 2  36 in the w-plane.
9. Find the image of the line x = k under the transformation w  1
z
1
Given z
w
1
 
u  iv
1 u  iv Given x k
 
u  iv u  iv u
u  iv k
 2 u  v2
2

u  v2
u  k  u2  v2 
u v
 2 2
i 2
u v u  v2 u
u 2  v2 
0
 x  iy k
u v Comparing with eqnof circle,
x , y
u2  v2 u2  v2
Which is a circle in w-plane whose centre  1 ,0  and radius 1
  2k
 2k 
10. State the basic difference between the limit of a function of a real variable and that of a complex
variable.

Real Variable Complex Variable

Limit takes along x axis and y axis or Limit takes along any path (straight
parallel to both axis or curved)

11. State the Cauchy-Riemann equation in polar coordinates satisfied by an analytic function.
Given z  r e i
w  f ( z )  f  r ei  to be analytic are,
u 1 v
 
r r 
v 1 u
and 
r r 

12. Define Conformal.

A transformation that preserves angles between every pair of curves through a point, both in
magnitude and direction is called conformal at that point

ie., A mapping w = f (z) is said to be conformal at z  z 0 if f   z0   0

A mapping w = f (z) is not conformal at z  z 0 if f   z0   0 is called Critical point of mapping

13. Define Fixed point or invariant point .

Under the transformation w  f ( z ) is the image of z is itself, then the point is called a fixed point of the
transformation.
ie., The fixed point or invariant points of the bilinear transformation w  f ( z )  az  b is
cz  d
obtained from w = z = f(z)

Ex: 1. The identity mapping w = z has every point as a fixed point.

2. The mapping w  z has infinitely many fixed points.
3. The mapping w  1 has two fixed points.
z
14. Find the fixed points of mapping w  6 z  9
z
The invariant (or) fixed point are given by w = z
6z  9
z
z
2
 z  6z  9
 z2  6z  9  0
 ( z  3)( z  3)  0
 z  3,3 are fixed points.
15. Find the invariant points of the transformation w  2 z  6
z7
The invariant (or) fixed point are given by w = z
2z  6
w
z7
2z  6
z
z7
2
 z  7z  2z  6
 z 2  5z  6  0
 ( z  6)( z  1)  0

 z  1,  6 are fixed points.

16. Find the invariant points of f ( z )  z 2

The invariant (or) fixed point are given by w = z

w  z2
 z  z2
 z2  z  0
 z ( z  1)  0

 z  0,1 are invariant points.

17. Find the critical points of the transformation w  1  2
z
2
Given w  1   1  2 z 1      (1)
z

Critical points occur at dw  0 and

dz
0
dz dw

To Find the critical points

dz z 2
dw 2 So Take 
 dw 2
dz z 2 dz
dw Put 0
Put 0 dw
dz z2
2  0
 0 2
z2  z0
 2  0  which is the critcial po int.
 It is absurd
18. Find the critical points of the transformation w 2  ( z   ) ( z   )
Given w2  ( z   ) ( z   )
Critical points occur at dw  0 and
dz
0
dz dw

To Find the critical points

Diff (1) w.r.to z, Diff (1) w.r.to w,

dw
2w  ( z   )(1)  ( z   ) (1)
dz dz 2w
 2 z      So Take 
dw 2 z     
dw 2 z      dz
 Put 0
dz 2w dw
dw 2w
Put 0  0
dz 2 z     
2 z       w0
 0
2w (z   ) (z   )  0
 2 z       0  z  , 

 z
2

The Critical points are z   ,  ,   

2

19. Find the constants a, b, c if f ( z )  x  ay  i ( bx  cy ) is analytic

Let f ( z)   x  ay   i (bx  cy )
u  x  ay v  bx  cy
Since f ( z ) is analytic
 f ( z ) is satisfied C  R equations. ux  1 vx  b
uy  a vy  c
 ux  vy and v x   u y
Here
 1 c b  a

20. Find the constants a, b, c if f ( z )  x  2ay  i (3 x  by ) is analytic

Let f ( z)  x  2ay  i (3x  by)

Since f ( z ) is analytic u  x  2ay v  3x  by
 f ( z ) is satisfied C  R equations. ux  1 vx  3
ux  v y and vx   u y u y  2a vy  b
 1 b 3  2a
b 1 & a   3
2
21. Show that 2x(1-y) can be the imaginary part of an analytic function
Let v = 2x(1-y)

Since the real and imaginary parts of an analytic function are harmonic functions ,

they satisfy the Laplace equation.

vx  2(1  y) v y  2 x

vxx  0 vyy  0

vxx  vyy  0  0
0
v satisfies Laplace equation.
Hence , v can be the imaginary part of an analytic function.

22. Prove that a bilinear transformation has at most two fixed points.

Let the bilinear transformation be az  b if ad  bc  0

w      (1)
cz  d
The fixed point of the transformation are given by w = z
az  b
(1)  z
cz  d
2
 cz  dz  az  b
 cz 2   d  a  z  b  0
If c  0 , it is quadratic(bilinear) in z, giving two roots and so there are two fixed points.
If c  0, d  a , there is one fixed point. In this case, It is a linear transformation. So a bilinear
transformation has at most two fixed points in the extended plane.

23. Determine the analytic function where real part is u  x 3  3 xy 2  3 x 2  3 y 2  1

Given u  x3  3xy 2  3x 2  3 y 2  1
1 ( x, y)  ux  3x 2  3 y 2  6 x 2 ( x, y)  u y  6 xy  6 y
  
By Milne’s Thomson method, 1 ( z,0)  3 z 2  6 z  2 ( z,0)  0
f ( z)   1 ( z,0) dz  i  2 ( z,0) dz
   3z 2  6 z  dz  0 (u is given)
z3 z2
3 6 c
3 2
3 2
 z  3z  c

24. Define Complex Potential Function

In two dimensional steady flow problems in thermodynamics, hydrodynamics and electronics we

represent the complex potential function as F ( z )   ( x, y )  i  ( x, y ) where
 ( x, y )  velocity potential function
 ( x, y )  stream function (or) lines of force