Seismic excited granular material silos < ‘ \ R. Wagner, S.-Y. Noh, C. Butenweg, K. Meskouris Chair of Structural Statics and Dynamics, Dept. of Civil Engineering, RWTH Aachen, Germany a ay oe : ABSTRACT: The aim of this paper is to investigate the damage behaviour of silos filled with granular ‘material undcr scismic excitation. A numerical model to describe the dynamic behaviour of the silo consisting of three non-linear components is presented. These components are the granular material, the contact area between the granular material and the silo wall and the silo wall itself. The intergranular strain approach is used for the granular material. A multi-evel shetl clement simulates the silo wall. The results of numerical simulations with the presented model are show. 1 INTRODUCTION ‘The aim of this paper is to investigate the damage behaviour of granular material silos under scismic excitation. The seismic behaviour of the granular material is highly non-linear and thus requires a non- linear description of the granular matcrial, the con- tact area between the granular material and the silo wall and the silo wall itself. The three-dimensional numerical model consists of these three discrete ‘components. ‘granular material silo wall contact arca Figure 1: Numerical model 2 GRANULAR MATERIAL. Typoplasticity The hypoplastic material law is used to describe the behaviour of the granular material, Different formu- lations for hypoplasticity have been investigated: the lhypoplasticity based on the formulation of Gudehus (1996), two modified versions using time history functions, onc of Bauor (1992), onc of Braun (1997) and the intergranular strain approach. To evaluate the different material descriptions, cyclic soil-mechanic tests have been simulated! ‘These tests show that the unmodified hypoplasticity is not able to describe eyclic material behaviour. The modified version of Bauer can only describe cyclic behaviour under oedometric conditions. The modi- fied version of Braun is a better description than the version of Bauer but still cannot simulate load changes with small load amplitudes. The investiga- tions show that the intergranular strain approach is the most effective material law for describing the time dopendent behaviour of granular material and ‘thus will be used for the investigations (Wagner and ‘Meskouris (2000). 22 Intergranular stain approach Tn this paragraph the intergranular strain approach ‘will be presented briefly. This is a new method for describing the cyclic behaviour of granular material which has been developed by Niemunis and Herle (1997). The hypoplastic material laws can simulate the material behaviour properly; however, they are unable to simulate smafl load amplitudes in the case of cycling loading. This leads to an accumulation of unrealistic deformations in the hypoplastic material Jaw, the so-called ratcheting effect. Both the deformation of the granular skeleton due to grain rearrangement as well as the deformation of the contact arca of the bulk material are taken into account by the intergranular strain theory. In the case of small cyclic loading before the granular skeleton has been rearranged, the loading path must pass through the state of deforming the contact area Zeki KARACA Yrd. Dog. Dr.between the grains, thus evoking the material mem- ory of the cyclic loaded grain. ‘The material memory of the granular matcrial is activated only while the slope of the sirain path stays below the stiffness of a monotonic loading, When this stiffness is reached, the material memory of the granuiar material is "erased. ‘Niemunis and Herle suggested the following ex- pression fir the calculation of the stiffness M, y Dingle PHM IL: B INE for B:D>0 i adacidat erg — tor 6:00 a) where my, me, rand x are material parameters. 8 desoribes the ‘direction of the intergranular strain 8 2 for B20 6-{ 8) @) 0 fr 8=0 and the factor p is given by Bt co @) The evolution of the intergranular strain can be calculated by: ie (-dip*):p for B:p> 0 - » fr 8:D¢0 3. INTERFACE ELEMENT ‘The interface clement is based on a formulation de- veloped by Ladewig (1994). It is used to simulate the intoraction between the silo shell and the gramu- Jar material. To neglect or to oversinnplify the con- ‘act area changes the results drastically. The contact area is modelied using an 8-node volume element consisting of two layers of nodes. This element links the adjacent nodes of the shell clement with the granular material. This dependence of the two nodes permits a local decoupling of the granular material from the shell, The Mohr-Coulomb Jaw has been uscd as a friction law. The stiffhess matrix consists of spring_stiffness values connecting the node k fo the node k’ on the opposite side. In order to calculate the stiffness ma- trix, a surface integral has to be evaluated, which gives the corresponding area of each node as a part of the overall area. The contributing area of node k results from: [NEn)=[PNEn)p,] 4 dn 6) a a The spring stiffness in normal direction ct is a product of a constant term cy and the corresponding area A\, n eA, for Aut <0 6 =O for Auk >0 Mm The stiffness in tangential direction is evaluated in an analogous way to the stiffness in the normal di- rection; it is iteratively adjusted according to the ‘Mohr-Coulomb friction law. Figure 2: Interface element 4 SILO WALL, 4.1 Sheil element ‘The silo wall will be described by finite shell ele- ‘ments. The applied assumed strain finite element four nodes is formulated within an isoparamet- tic Reissner-Mindlin shell theory for finite rotations, This element formulation allows 2 consistent cou. pling of rotational degrees of freedom along the in- tersection of different geometries without introduc- ing artificial stiffness or penalty factors. ‘An arbitrary point P in the shell continuum of the undeformed and neighbouring states respectively can be approximated with Lagrange polynomials wee) ef-belx-lel}, AqT..4. The approxi- ‘mated position vectors of the shell continuum X?, xf are given taking into account the inextensibility condition as Yorn N“957D,) @)Los oO with de[-i+i], Dp=d-a=1 where H and D are thickness and director of the undeformed state and h and d those of the neighbouring one. In the five-degrees-of-freedom parametric form- lation both the position vectors of the shell middle surface x°, x° and the directors D, @ are given in nodal points exactly as scen in Figure 3, Within the finite clement the directors and position vectors of the shell middle surface are obtained by the follow- ing equations. wo pa 4) 2 (10) any The finite rotation of the director d is described by the Rodrigues vector according to Simo & Fox (1989), To avoid shear locking effects, the shcar strain is formulated according to Dvorkin & Bathe (1984) in the collocation points. — exact geometry approximated geometry wk Figure 3: Geometry description ofthe shell Figure 4: Mul-leyered shell element Physical nonfinearity of materials is implemented by means of a multi-layered shell model as shown in Figure 4. The stresses in cach material point of a specific layer are obtained through the original con- stitutive law. Integration of stresses over all layers of the shell thickness results in the internal forces. 4.2 Material model for the reinforced concrete Reinforced concrete shows a highly non-linear mate- rial behaviour. lis modeling generally requires a multitude of material parameters. For the current work a sufficiently simple concrete model in a two dimensional description was used. This concrete model is formulated according to Darwin (1977) for the biaxial state of stress. Basic advantages of this model description are the compact formulation by the introduction of an equivalent uni- axial strain in the principal stress system and its ap- plicability for a cyclic toad process with only four material parameters; tension and compression strength, strain for the compression strength as well as the initial Youngs’s modulus. The failure criteria are defined based on the experimental results of Kupfer, Hilsdorf & Risch (1969). The cyclic behav- jour in compression is formulated based on the ex- perimental data of Karsan & Jirsa (1969) regarding degradation of strength and stiffness, plastification and energy dissipation, The principal tensile stress value governs the formation of tension cracking idealised smeared- wise. After tension cracking, an uniaxial state is in- troduced in the principal stress system, If a tension crack already exists, a second crack may form per pendicularly to the first one, Depending on the load history and deformation of the structure, the crack dircotion can be rotated according to the principal strain directions and some cracks may close again by local unloading or changing of the load. direction. For the crack closing process the formulation of Zinu (1994) is used, The entire model description of the concrete is pictured in Figure 5. seater * ¥ Figure 5: Constitutive law for the used concrete model For the reinforcement which is idealised as smeared in the layered shell clement, an incremental uniaxial elasto-plastic constitutive law is applied taking kinematic hardening according to Prager into account.5 EXAMPLE, S.A Steel Silo In this paragraph the behaviour of the presented nu- merical model will be shown. For this a steel silo with elastic material behaviour has been chosen. The silo has an height of 20.00m and a diameter of 10.00 m. The bottom section is rigidly fixed. Table 1 shows some data for the silo shell. Parameters of the ‘granular matcrial (“Hochstctten Sand”) can be found in von Wolffersdorff (1996). ‘Toble 1: Parameters ofthe silo and the granular material Height fan] 20.00 Diameter [m} 10.00 ‘Wall thicknese [mi] 0.03 E-Modl (MNin?] Zin00 ‘Wal ficsom p 0.50 The finite element description is presented in Figure 6. Tt consists of 100 shell-, 100 contact- and 800 volume clements. Node $517 Node S501 Node x517 ‘Figure 6: Numerical model ‘To validate the mumerical results, they have been compared to the results of experiments with silo models carried out in Aachen, The experiments showed some typical characteristics: For one, the time-dependent behaviour of the dynamic horizontal pressure in two diametrically opposite nodes is anti- symmetric. If the pressure on one side increases, the pressure on the opposite side decreases. Addition- ally, an increase of the static pressure after the exci- {ation could be observed. The maximum horizontal pressures during the excitation on both sides do not reach the same value. This can be observed by comparing the norm of the horizontal pressure on one side with the norm of the horizontal pressure on the opposite side for the same time step. ‘The next investigation step was carried out in or- der to see if the numerical simulation of the granular material silos allowed the reproduction of this ex- petimentally determined behaviour. The earthquake excitation was a synthetic time- history function based on a spectrum of Eurocode 8 (1994) with a time increment of At=0.01 s. The time history function is depicted in Figure 7. 0__——$—$$— | ‘Tine Figure 7: Time-history function of the used earthquake excilae ion Figure 8 shows the calculated time dependant be- haviour of the horizontal pressure of two diametri- cally opposite nodes of the silo wall at a height of 10.00 m. The horizontal pressure of the node 5501 and the pressure of the node on the opposite side (node 5517) is shown. The curves indeed exhibit the predicted behaviour: the pressure on the right side increases while the pressure on the opposite side de- creases. Only the norm of the pressure is different. Both curves shows an increase of the static pressure after the excitation. This is caused by the consolida- tion of the granular material Time(s) Figure 8: Comparison of the horizontal pressures in node $501 and 5517 ‘The comparison of the norm of the horizontal pressure over the hicight in thc two nodes for the same time-step contirms this statement.Figure 9 compares the maximum pressure on the left and the right side. The two curves show a nearly identical shape, only the norm of the pressure is dif- ferent 20 Height sbove ground [mi] & 7 09 a0 30 Horizontal pressure [KN] 60 Figure 9: Comparison of the norm of the horivontal pressure ‘over the height The results of the numerical simulation closely mirror the experience from the experiments. 5.2 Concrete silo The sccond silo investigated is a conerete silo with an height of 40,00 m and a diameter of 16.00 m. The. wall thickness and the reinforcement are determined, by a lincar analysis based on DBV(1991). The bot- tom section is rigidly fixed. Table 2 shows some data for the silo shell. The same granular material (sand) as for the stec! silo was used. ‘Table 2: Parameters ofthe silo and the granular matesial | Height [m] 40.00, [Diameter fm 16.007 ‘Wall thickness [mi] 0.30 [Concrete 55 Reinforesneat Bss500 Meridian reinforcement [eou?/nl) a Circumferential 5 seinforoement [omn?/m] ft First the static load case (dead load of the silo wall and the granular material) has been simulated. Figure 10 shows the comparison of the horizontal pressure, calculated with the present model and thooretical results based on the theory by Janssen (1895), The results show a very good agrecment, Height shove ground fr] rae 00 0 0 7S 190 aia Horizontal pressure N/m] Figure 10: Horizontal pressure at the silo wall for the static load case; numerical and theoretical results Figure 11 shows the deformation (1000 times enlarged) as well as the crack damage state in the shell for this load casc. The scale indicates the per- centage of cracked concrete layers in the shell thick- ness, with red denoting 100 % cracking in the thick- ness direction and blue an uncracked section. Figure 11: Deformation and erack damage sate in the silo shell under dead toad As expected, the simulation shows that the shell experiences bending cracks in the lower part due to the fixed support, while the middle part of the sheil cracks in tension. The conerete in the upper area isnot cracked. The calculation reproduces the expected behaviour of the structure successfully. Subsequently the silo was subjected to a triangu. Jar impulse load with a peak acceleration of Imv/s” and a 2 s duration. The deformation of the silo after 1.15 seconds is shown in Figure 13. The upper edge of the silo is deformed up to a maximum of 1.05 em. This figure also shows the crack damage evolution: ‘The cracks in the lower part of the shell increase, the concrete layers on the left side of the shell are now cracked completely. This crack state does not heal after complete unloading, Figure 12: Deformation and crack damage state in the silo shel tunder impulse oad 6 CONCLUSION AND OUTLOOK, A numerical model is presented which is able to de- seribe the typical non-lincar behaviour of granular ‘material silos. The numerical model can be used to evaluate the dynamic behaviour of a silo under carthquake excitation. 7 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The presented study is supported by a grant of the German National Science Foundation (DFG). This support is gratefully acknowledged, 8 REFERENCES Bauer (1992), Zum mechanischen Verhalten granularct Stolfe unter vorwiegend ddometriseher Beanspruchungen. Dis sottation, Verbfientliciungen des Institutes fir Bodcumechanik. uund Felsmcehanik der Universitit Fridcriciana in Karlsruhe, No 130, Braun (1997). 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