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Bugayong
Ratio Indicates the number of live births per 1000 population in a given
Single numbers which represent two different variables year
Result of dividing one variable by another variable Crude rate because it is related to the total population
Formula Mainly affected by the ff:
o Ratio= (a/b) * k (k=factor) o Fertility/ marriage patterns and practices of a place
Examples o Sex & age composition of a population
o No. of midwives/ size of entire population Birth registration practice
o No. of hospital beds/ No. of ward admissions If a place is under registered then the CBR is low
o No. of facilities/ No. of students
B. General Fertility Rate (GFR)
Proportion More specific than the CBR since births are related to the
Also a kind of ratio but the numerator is part of the denominator segment of the population capable of giving birth
Formula
o Proportion= [(a/(a+b)] * k
o When the k (factor) becomes 100, proportion becomes
percentage
Examples
o deaths from measles/deaths from all causes More indicative of changes in fertility behavior than the CBR
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KEN (Kim, Ecar, Neenya)
D. INFANT MORTALITY RATE (IMR) Developed countries have a higher Swaroop’s index than less
Defined as the number of deaths among infants under 1 year of developed ones.
age in a calendar year per one thousand live births in the same H. CASE FATALITY RATE (CFR)
period. CFR is the proportion of cases which end up fatally.
Formula: Formula:
This measure tells us how much of the afflicted die from the
A sensitive index of the level of health in community. disease.
High IMR means low levels of health standards which maybe High CFR means a more fatal disease.
secondary to poor maternal & child health care, malnutrition, poor The time element implied is not annual but the usual duration of
environmental sanitation, or deficient health service delivery. the particular disease.
IMR can be artificially lowered by improving the registration of The rate depends on the nature of the disease itself, the
births. diagnostic ascertainment & the level of reporting in the
Can be divided into: population.
o neonatal mortality rate (NMR) CFR from hospital statistics will be higher than from the
community.
E. MATERNAL MORTALITY RATE (MMR) Example: There were 246,057 cases of Influenza reported for the year
Measures the number of deaths due to diseases directly related 1975. With a population of 45,527,300. The incidence rate for Influenza
to pregnancy, delivery, & puerperium per 1000 live births. during that year would be:
Answer: The Incidence rate of Influenza in the Phil. in 1975 was 540
persons / 100,000 population.
This rate is affected by maternal health practices, diagnostic Incidence rate tells us the speed of development of a disease
ascertainment & the completeness of registration of births. condition & is more appropriately used to describe acute
The ideal denominator for the MMR ought to be the number of conditions.
pregnancies. It is also the measure of choice (over prevalence proportion) in
determining etiologic factors of diseases.
F. Proportionate Mortality Ratio (PMR) There are also 2 types of measures of incidence or disease
occurrence:
Proportion of total deaths occurring in a particular population
1. Cumulative incidence
group or from a particular cause
measures the proportion of persons in a population who are
Formula:
initially free of the disease of interest & who develop the
disease within the specified time interval. (Ito na yung
incidence rate sa taas)
2. Incidence density - Used when the time of exposure varies
PREVALENCE PROPORTION
Always expressed as a percentage
Measures the proportion of existing cases of a disease in the
Similar to cause of death rate, nag-iba lang sa denominator
population.
Increased during epidemics
Example: If the reported deaths from Pneumonia in the Phil. in 1990 were
43,349 & the total deaths were 271,136. Compute for PMR.
Answer: The prevalence rate of TB in the Phil in 1975 was 314 persons
per 100,000 population.
Sensitive indicator of the standards of health care & is directly OTHER MEASURES OF HEALTH & HEALTH SERVICES
proportional to the health status of a population. Expectation of life at birth (life expectancy)
Swaroop’s index of 80% means that only 20% of the population Average length of stay of patients in hospitals measures the
are dying before the age of 50 length of time a specific group of patients spend in the hospital
continuously.
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KEN (Kim, Ecar, Neenya)