International Journal of Green Energy

ISSN: 1543-5075 (Print) 1543-5083 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ljge20

Effect of circular inside conical ring obstacles on

heat transfer and friction characteristics of round
jets impingement solar air rectangular passage

Nitin Kumar, Anil Kumar, Rajesh Maithani, Robin Thakur, Raj Kumar & Ankit
Thakur

To cite this article: Nitin Kumar, Anil Kumar, Rajesh Maithani, Robin Thakur, Raj Kumar &
Ankit Thakur (2019): Effect of circular inside conical ring obstacles on heat transfer and friction
characteristics of round jets impingement solar air rectangular passage, International Journal of
Green Energy, DOI: 10.1080/15435075.2019.1653877

To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/15435075.2019.1653877

Published online: 09 Sep 2019.

Submit your article to this journal

Article views: 8

View related articles

View Crossmark data

Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at

https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=ljge20
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GREEN ENERGY
https://doi.org/10.1080/15435075.2019.1653877

Effect of circular inside conical ring obstacles on heat transfer and friction
characteristics of round jets impingement solar air rectangular passage
Nitin Kumara, Anil Kumara, Rajesh Maithanib, Robin Thakura, Raj Kumara, and Ankit Thakura
a
School of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, Shoolini University, Solan, India; bDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, DIT University, Dehradun, India

ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY

Turbulent convection of fluid flow through the impingement round jets solar air rectangular passage Received 2 June 2018
with circular inside conical ring obstacle shapes is studied experimentally. The testing of a rectangular Accepted 6 August 2019
solar air passage with round impinging jet contains; relative inside conical ring height (HR =DH Þ lies from KEYWORDS
0.073–0.128, ratio of inlet flow diameter to inner print diameter of ring (DIR =DBR Þ lies from 1.3–2.3, ratio Solar energy; conical ring;
of ring diameter to ring height ðDO /HR Þ lies from 1.67–2.67, relative X-axis pitch (XS =DO Þ lies from impingement round jets;
4.71–7.71, relative Y-axis pitch (YS =DO Þ lies from 2.92–5.14, relative impingement round jets diameter hydrodynamic performance;
(DIJ =DH Þ and Reynolds number (Re) of flow was varied between 5,000 to 23,000. The fixed values of heat transfer
relative impingement round jets diameter (DIJ =DH Þ of 0.366, relative X-axis jet distance (Ximp =DH Þ of
0.366, and relative Y-axis jet distance (Yimp =DH Þ of 0.311 were selected. The highest value of hydro-
dynamic and thermal performance is observed at HR =DH of 0.110, DIR =DBR of 1.7, DO /HR of 2.33, XS =DO of
5.28, YS =DO of 3.42, DIJ =DH of 0.055, Ximp =DH of 0.366, and Yimp =DH of 0.311.

1. Introduction (Gawande et al. 2016), multi V-type baffles (Kumar et al.

2016), multiple-arcs with gap shaped roughness (Pandey,
To enhance the thermal hydraulic performance of solar air
Bajpai, and Varun 2016), discrete multi V shaped and stag-
heater channels, the authors have studied and experimented
gered obstacle shape (Ravi and Saini 2016)and there found
on various categories of solar air heater channels in order to
a significant thermo-hydraulic performance of SAH. All stu-
enhance the overall performance of solar air heaters (Hans,
dies revealed that the roughness shapes used enhances both
Saini, and Saini 2009; A. Kumar, Saini, and Saini 2012). In
the heat transfer and frictional losses. A good augmentation in
Solar air heater (SAH), due to the artificial roughness on the
Nu leads to enhance the overall performance of SAH as
heated wall, an air conduit creates turbulence near the wall
compared to conventional SAH(s) without using roughness
and it breaks the laminar sublayer which results in enhance-
obstacles on the absorber or heated plate.
ment of heat transfer coefficient. The shapes on the heated
Experimental investigation is carried out to determine heat
wall can be in the form of a thin circular wire in V-shape and
transfer and friction characteristics of a SAH conduit rough-
multi V-shape obstacles (with gap and without gap). The
ened with wavy-up delta winglet vortex generators (Sawhney,
effect of these shapes on heat transfer and friction factor
Maithani, and Chamoli2017), conical protrusion type rough-
and consequently the overall performance enhancement of
ness obstacles on heated wall were used and the maximum
solar air heater are studied (Kumar 2014). Further, the
thermal efficiency of solar air heater conduit was found as
numerical optimization for the thermal as well as effective
69.8% (Alam and Kim 2017). The heat transfer and friction
efficiencies of a solar collector as a function of different
characteristics of a SAH duct roughened with multiple arc
roughness shapes on the heated wall are studied (A. Kumar
protrusion was investigated experimentally using air impinge-
and Kim 2014). The effect of noncircular perforation holes in
ment through a round shaped jets (Nadda, Kumar, and
terms of circularity of V-shaped blockages attached to the
Maithani 2017). Moreover, experimental investigation on the
heated wall of a rectangular conduit of solar air heater was
performance of a counterflow double pass solar air heater
observed and a favorable enhancement of thermal perfor-
conduit with discrete multi-V-shaped, staggered obstacle
mance of solar air heater was found (Alam, Saini, and Saini
roughness shapes on both sides of the heated wall was done
2014).
in order to enhance the overall performance of SAH (Ravi and
Numerical and experimental studies are carried on a SAH
Saini 2018).
duct to determine heat transfer and friction factor using delta-
The jet impingement plays an important role in order to
shaped obstacles (Bekele, Mishra, and Dutta 2014), multi-gap
enhance the heat transfer rate of different types of heat trans-
V-down obstacles combined with staggered obstacles (Deo,
fer channels. The studies on jet impingement are effective in
Chander, and Saini 2016), reverse L-shaped obstacles
improving the heat transfer between the air and the heated

CONTACT Anil Kumar anilkumar88242@gmail.com School of Mechanical and Civil Engineering& Nanomaterial Research Centre, Shoolini University-
India, Solan, HP, India
Color versions of one or more of the figures in the article can be found online at www.tandfonline.com/ljge.
© 2019 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
2 N. KUMAR ET AL.
wall. It can improve the jet impingement and the thermal
efficiency of a solar air collector. It has been found experi-
mentally that the flow distribution of jets along the collector is
the most significant factor in determining the efficiency of
solar air heaters. The increment in jet hole spacing was found
to be prominent in improving the efficiency of solar air
heaters (Belusko, Saman, and Bruno 2008). The impingement
heat transfer by using an array of jets can produce high
average heat transfer coefficients if the jets are closely spaced
and the spent fluid is removed through effusion holes just
after impingement (Hoberg, Onstad, and Eaton 2010).
Experimental investigation on the jet impingement heat trans-
fer in crossflow by liquid crystal thermography was done and
a possibility of controlling heat transfer by the use of obstacle
was found. The presence of obstacles causes an enhanced heat
transfer region (Wang et al. 2011). Researchers have done
numerical and experimental investigation on the heat transfer
characteristics with the help of an array of impingement
round jets on a flat and micro-obstacle roughened plate
(Xing, Spring, and Weigand 2011). The confined jet impinge-
ment of liquid nitrogen from a tube onto the heat transfer
walls with different wall shapes and conditions and the effects
of many significant factors like, jet velocity, the shape of the
heat transfer wall, heat transfer wall conditions, and distance
between the nozzle exit and heat transfer wall have been
studied (Zhang et al. 2011).
The flow boiling heat transfer experiments have been carried
out for jet impingement on smooth and enhanced walls.
Iinvestigation on the effects of saturation pressure, heat flux,
pin fin shape, Reynolds number, pin fin array configuration,
etc. has been done (Ndao, Peles, and Jensen 2012). The two-
dimensional slot impingement on two heated cylinders with
different diameters turbulent flow conditions has been studied
(Varol et al. 2012). The thermal analysis is carried out on
a coating subjected to jet impingement cooling in
a horizontal channel. During the analysis, it has been found
that the top portion of the metal foam directly impinged by the
jet of low velocities demonstrates the lowest temperature, but
on the other hand, the heat near the heated wall is transferred
primarily through conduction (Wong 2012). The heat transfer
from a hot flat wall due to turbulent twin slot-jet impingement
is also investigated. It has been found that the impingement
angle and the jet exit Reynolds number play an important role
in heat transfer from the impingement wall (Afroz and Sharif
2013). The experimental and numerical evaluation on the heat
transfer characteristics of a fully confined impingement round
jet is performed and the full wall heat transfer coefficient
distributions were obtained for the target and impingement
plate of the model (Caggese et al. 2013). The experimental
investigation is carried out to study the heat transfer and
friction factor characteristics by using impinging jets in rectan-
gular solar air heater conduit (Chauhan and Thakur 2013). In
case of water jet impingement, the flow boiling heat transfer
experiments with a liquid water jet impingement on the porous
copper walls under atmospheric pressure were conducted and
the results were compared with the jet impingement on a plain
copper wall. During observations, fourfold performance
enhancement in increasing the heat transfer from the base
wall was observed (Zhao, Peles, and Jensen 2013).
Most of the researchers like Chauhan and Thakur (2014)
designed and analyzed the thermo-hydraulic performance of
impinging jet solar air heater and compared it with the con-
ventional solar air heater. The secondary jet impingement
system has also been analyzed for an improved heat transfer
performance, and the fluid flow pattern is analysed through
visualization whereas the local heat transfer rate is evaluated
using the resistance temperature detector sensors (Choi et al.
2014). The conjugate heat and mass transfer characteristics of
an impingement round jets over a moist protrusion in the
heated surface is investigated numerically (De Bonis and
Ruocco 2014). The convective heat transfer mode related to
jet impingement is also investigated and it is implemented by
means of numerical simulation from which the local and
average Nusselt numbers were determined (Gorman,
Sparrow, and Abraham 2014). Moreover, a closed-loop
experimental setup of confined jet array impingement boiling
is designed, and during experimentation, it has been found
that higher the jet velocity, the larger the heat transfer coeffi-
cient (Hong et al. 2014). The effects of impingement cross-
flows on local, line-averaged, and spatially averaged Nusselt
numbers have been investigated by the use of alteration in jet
hole spacing and jet-to-target distances (Lee et al. 2014). The
experimental investigation on the convective heat transfer on
the obstacle-roughened wall impinged by a row of air jets
inside the semi-confined channel has been done. During the
investigation, the three obstacle configurations have been
studied and it has been found that the inverted V-shaped
obstacle gives better convective heat transfer enhancement,
especially at lower jet-to-target spacing (Tan, Zhang, and Xu
2014). Experimental investigation on the laminar forced con-
vection heat transfer from an isothermal vertical cone under
impingement of air jet is also done. It has been found that the
average Nusselt number increases by increasing the Reynolds
number and by decreasing the distance between the jet exit
and cone tip (Borjian, Yousefi, and Ashjaee 2015). In case of
slot jet impingement, the investigation on the stagnation line
heat transfer characteristics and critical heat flux of the small
slot jet impingement boiling with changing heater length with
fixed heater width is done, and the overall effect on the
performance of the heater is studied (Chen, Li, and Liu 2015).
Various studies have studied the effect of grooves on jet
impingement heat transfer and the effect of width to depth
ratios of geometric parameters of grooves. A flat plate was
used with square grooves and the effects of aspect ratio of
grooves are studied (Kannan and Sundararaj 2015).
Experimental and numerical investigation on the process of
formation of a counter jet by means of impinging of jets
radially injected into a confined crossflow of cylindrical con-
duit (Kartaev et al. 2015) is carried out. Studies on the com-
bined and separate effects of hole array spacing, jet-to-target
plate distance, and Reynolds number on cross-flows and the
resulting heat transfer for an impingement round jets array
(Lee et al. 2015) have also been done. The flow structure and
heat transfer of the air pulsed turbulent impinging jet are
studied numerically, and it has been found that the impinge-
ment heat transfer significantly increases with distance from
the pipe edge and target wall (Pakhomov and Terekhov 2015).
Analysis of jet impingement boiling heat transfer is also done
 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GREEN ENERGY 3

and the different jet impingement configurations have been Table 1. Range of experimental parameters.
studied (Qiu et al. 2015). The performance of three turbulence S. no. Parameters Range
models in predicting the heat transfer and flow physics of jet 1. HR =DH 0.073–0.128
2. DIR =DBR 1.3–2.3
impingement on the concave wall is studied and it has been 3. DO /HR 1.67–2.67
observed that the flow and the heat transfer distribution are 4. XS =DO 4.71–7.71
more affected by the jet to wall distance (Taghinia, Rahman, 5. YS =DO 2.92–5.14
6. DIJ =DH 0.055
and Siikonen 2015). The analysis on convective heat transfer 7. Ximp =DH 0.366
characteristics under a normally synthetic jet impingement 8. Yimp =DH 0.311
which is driven by a piston actuator was also done and it
was found that the continuous jets exhibit stronger local heat
transfer (Tan et al. 2015). Numerical investigation has been
carried out on the comparative heat transfer and flow char-
acteristics of multiple jet impingements on a flat plate and on
inline and staggered pin-fin roughened plates (Wan, Rao, and
Chen 2015). The heat transfer characteristics of jet impinge-
ment in cross-flow is investigated experimentally (Wang,
Wang, and Sundén 2015). Experimental investigation on
a cylindrical channel with a single row of 10 aligned imping-
ing jets has been done (Yang et al. 2015).
The conjugated convective heat transfer produced by a single
row of impinging jets inside a confined channel has been inves-
tigated (Yu, Zhang, and Shan 2015). The effect of flow and
geometric parameters on the performance of the solar thermal
collector which is provided with impinging air jets has been
studied (Chauhan et al. 2016a). Also, the study on exergetic
Figure 1. Obstacle shape and photographic view. (a) Circular inside conical ring
efficiency of impinging jet solar thermal collector and its com- obstacles. (b) Circular jets impingement plate.
parison with that of conventional solar collector has been carried
out (Chauhan et al. 2018). The experimental investigation on the
heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics of a submerged jet
impingement on a flat plate wall has been carried out, and has shape and photographic view of circular conical ring obsta-
been carried out with air and water used as the test fluids (Choo cles and location of X-axis pitch and Y-axis pitch on circu-
et al. 2016). lar jet plate is presented in Figure 1.
In the present study, the experimental analysis has been
carried out to determine the hydrodynamic and thermal per- 3. Experimental setup
formance of impingement round jets SAH with circular inside
conical ring obstacles on the heated wall (absorber plate) for An experimental setup has been designed to conduct experi-
the turbulent system under a uniform heat flux. mental analysis on the hydrodynamic and thermal perfor-
mance of an impingement round jets solar air rectangular
passage by using circular inside conical ring obstacles fitted
on the heated wall. A schematic diagram of solar air rectan-
2. Range of parameters
gular conduit is represented in Figure 2.
The obstacle shape can be defined as outer diameter of The experimental setup has been designed and fabricated for
inside conical ring (DO ), height of inside conical ring analyzing the influence of round impingement round jets on
(HR ), hydraulic diameter of impingement round jets solar target plate in a solar air rectangular passage. The solar air
air collector (DH ), inlet flow diameter of inside conical ring rectangular passage is 2000 mm extended with a stream cross
(DIR ), inner print base diameter of inside conical ring (DBR ), section of 300 mm  30 mm and is made up of plywood of
X-axis direction pitch of inside conical ring (XS ), Y-axis 20mm thickness. The solar air rectangular passage consists of
direction pitch of inside conical ring (YS ), impingement an entrance section (500 mm  300 mm  30 mmÞ, a test sec-
round jets diameter (DIJ ), X-axis pitch distance between tion (1200mm  300mm  30mmÞ, and an exit section
jets (Ximp ), and Y-axis pitch distance between jets (Yimp ). (300 mm  300 mm  30 mmÞ. The solar air rectangular pas-
These parameters have been expressed in the form of sage has been designed as per ASHRAE standard 93-77 which
dimensionless obstacle parameters, namely, relative inside recommends a minimum entry and exit section length of
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
conical ring height (HR =DH Þ, ratio of inlet flow diameter to 5 WH and 2:5 WH , respectively. Air is sucked through the
inner print diameter of ring (DIR =DBR Þ, ratio of ring dia- rectangular passage by means of an electrical centrifugal blower
meter to ring height ðDO /HR Þ, relative X-axis pitch (XS =DO Þ, driven by a 3-phase, 3:73kW, 440V, 2880rpm AC motor and
relative Y-axis pitch (YS =DO Þ, relative impingement round delivered back to the atmosphere making an open-loop system.
jets diameter (DIJ =DH Þ, relative X-axis jet distance The mass flow rate of the stream through rectangular
(Ximp =DH Þ, and relative Y-axis jet distance (Yimp =DH Þ. The passage is deliberated by providing a U-tube manometer
ranges of different parameters are shown in Table 1. The calibrated with a standard Pitot tube attached, and a flow
4 N. KUMAR ET AL.

Figure 2. Schematic diagram of the experimental setup.

Also, the standard air temperature is determined as follows:

Tin þ Tout
Tsa ¼ (2)
2

4.2. Determination of mass flow rate

The mFA has been determined by pressure condition quantity
across the standardized orifice meter as follows:
& ’1=2
Figure 3. Location of thermocouples. 2ρar ðΔPD Þ0
mFA ¼ Cha AOM (3)
1  β4OP
regulating valve is used to regulate the flow stream. In order
Here, ðΔPD Þ0 ¼ 9:81  ðΔPD Þ0ρar mFA  Sinθ
to record the temperature readings, 16 standardized T-type
thermocouples are employed for temperature indicator to find
out the entry air, outlet air, and circular inside conical ring
obstacles roughened absorber plate temperature as illustrated 4.3. Calculation of air velocity via passage
in Figure 3. The electric heater supplies uniform heat flux The Var is determined using mFA and is provided as follows:
(1000W=m2 ) to circular inside conical ring obstacles rough-
mFA
ened absorber plate. A micro-manometer of least count Var ¼ (4)
ρar Wap Hap
0:1Pais used to measure the pressure drop on the test section.

4. Data reduction 4.4. Hydrodynamic diameter

The data collected have been employed to determine heat The DH is calculated as follows:
transfer coefficientðhc Þ, Nusselt number of obstacle wallðNuos Þ,  
4  Wap  Hap
and friction factor of obstacle wallðfos Þ. The significant terms for DH ¼   (5)
the calculation of all parameters are as follows: 2  Wap þ Hap

4.1. Temperature measured 4.5. Determination of Reynolds number

The weighted standard plate temperature is calculated is as follows: Re of air stream in SAH is calculated as follows:
P
Tp Var  DH
Tp ¼ (1) Re ¼ (6)
N υ
 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GREEN ENERGY 5

4.6. Friction factor calibrations

The fos is calibrated by the calculated data of ðΔPD Þ across the
examination portion length with Darcy’s equation as follows:
2  ðΔPD Þ  DH
fos ¼ (7)
4  ρar  Lap  Var
2

4.7. Heat transfer coefficient

The functional heat gained via air is determined as follows:
Qhg ¼ mFA Cha ðTout  Tin Þ (8)
The hc for the heated test section has been determined by
using the following relation:
Figure 5. Comparison of experimental and predicted values for fss .
Q
hc ¼  hg  (9)
Aap  Tp  Tsa
values. This ensured the accuracy of data collected with the
present experimental setup.
4.8. Nusselt number
6. Uncertainty analysis
hc can be employed to calculate Nuos , which is provided as
follows: The uncertainty study has been performed to calculate the
errors caused in investigational value measurement. The
hc DH
Nuos ¼ (10) uncertainty is considered to depend upon the errors related
Kc to computing apparatus. Based on the analysis of the errors,
the uncertainty in the experimental measurements with var-
ious instruments suggested by Kline and McClintock (1953)
5. Experimental data validation
has been calculated. The maximum percentage errors in Nuss
For the validation of experimental setup,Nuss and fss are deter- and fss have been found to be ±4.67 and ±3.89; respectively.
mined by experimenting smooth solar air rectangular passage.
The respective values are also calculated theoretically from the
7. Results and discussion
smooth solar air rectangular passage correlations. For Nuss ,
the modified Dittus–Boelter equation and for fss the modified The results for the present experiment are performed to study
Blasius equation are used as follows: the effect of various parameters like Reynolds number, relative
roughness pitch, relative roughness height, relative roughness
Nuss ¼ 0:023Re0:8 Pr0:4 (11) diameter, friction factor and the thermal as well as hydraulic
0:25
fss ¼ 0:085Re (12) performance of SAH passage in which the heated wall is
roughened from one side by circular inside conical ring
The comparative values are shown in Figures 4–5. The aver- obstacles and jet plate is used with circular holes on it.
age absolute deviation of experimental values of Nuss and fss is
found to be 5:7% and 4:6%, respectively, from the predicted
7.1. Heat transfer and fluid flow
The effect of relative height of inside conical ring ðHR =DH Þ on
Nusselt number ðNuos Þ is shown in Figure 6a with different
values of Re (5000–23000). There is a slight increase in Nusselt
number value as the value of Re is increased for a smooth wall
in which there are no obstacles. It is observed that with increase
in the height of the inside conical ring as obstacles on the
heated wall, there is a significant effect of it on Nusselt number.
The value of Nusselt number increases monotonically with the
increase in relative inside conical ring heightðHR =DH Þ for all Re
investigated and by keeping the other parameters constant like
DIR =DBR ¼ 1:7, DO =HR ¼ 2:33, XS =DO ¼ 5:28, YS =DO ¼ 3:42,
DIJ =DH ¼ 0:055, Ximp =DH ¼ 0:366, and Yimp =DH ¼ 0:311.
With the increment in relative roughness height, the maximum
value of Nusselt number is found at HR =DH ¼ 0:110, and with
further increment in roughness height, the value of Nusselt
Figure 4. Comparison of experimental and predicted values for Nuss . number decreases. The minimum value of Nusselt number is
6 N. KUMAR ET AL.
Figure 6. (a) Effect of HR =DH onNuos . (b) Effect of HR =DH onNuos at selected Re.
found to be HR =DH ¼ 0:073. Figure 6b represents the data of
the Nuos as a function of HR =DH for impingement round jets
solar air rectangular passage with circular inside conical ring
obstacles at different values of Re. It can be seen that at any
value of HR =DH , Nusselt number for obstacle wallðNuos Þ is the
highest for the HR =DH of 0.110 for each value of Re. This may
be due to the fact that as the value of HR =DH increases, it leads
to enhancement in the secondary flow which in turn causes
tripping of flow and consequently the turbulence in flow
increases up to a substantial limit.
Figure 7a demonstrates the variation of Nuos with relative inlet
flow diameter of ring to inner print diameter of ringðDIR =DBR Þ at
different values of Re and by keeping other parameters
constant as HR =DH ¼ 0:110, DO =HR ¼ 2:33, XS =DO ¼ 5:28,
YS =DO ¼ 3:42, DIJ =DH ¼ 0:055, Ximp =DH ¼ 0:366, and
Yimp =DH ¼ 0:311. It is observed that the value of Nuos increases
monotonically with the increase in DIR =DBR for all Re investigated.
For smooth wall, the value of Nusselt number is comparatively
very low. The maximum value of Nuos is reached at DIR =DBR ¼
1:7 and then it decreases on the either side with the further
increment of relative roughness diameter. Nuos minimum
value is found at DIR =DBR ¼ 2:3. Figure 7b represents the
data of the Nuos as a function of DIR =DBR for impingement
round jets solar air rectangular passage with circular inside
conical ring obstacles at different values of Re. It can be seen
that at any value of DIR =DBR , Nuos is the highest for the
DIR =DBR of 1.7 for each value of Re.
Figure 7. (a) Effect of DIR =DBR onNuos . (b) Effect of DIR =DBR onNuos at selected Re.
The inside conical ring diameter to ring height ðDO =HR Þ has
also a significant effect on Nuos as shown in Figure 8a. It has been
observed that Nuos increases as the value of DO =HR is increased
at different values of Re with other parameters considered as
constant, i.e. HR =DH ¼ 0:110, DIR =DBR ¼ 1:7, XS =DO ¼ 5:28,
YS =DO ¼ 3:42, DIJ =DH ¼ 0:055, Ximp =DH ¼ 0:366, and
Yimp =DH ¼ 0:311. The maximum value of Nuos is reached at
DO =HR ¼ 2:33, otherwise the value of Nuos decreases with
further increase in DO =HR and its minimum value is found at
DO =HR ¼ 1:67. Figure 8b represents the data of the Nuos as
a function of YS =DO for impingement round jets solar air rec-
tangular passage with circular inside conical ring obstacles at
different values of Re. It can be seen that at any value of YS =DO ,
Nuos is the highest for the YS =DO of 2.33 for each value of Re. In
Figures 6 and 8, it has been seen that after a certain value of HR
the heat transfer begins to decrease. This is due to the fact that as
the roughness height increases up to a significant level, the heat
transfer increases. The obstruction to the flow enhances the
secondary flow and the tripping of flow may occur which also
increases turbulence. Consequently, more reattachment points
may occur.So, the value of Nuos is highest at a certain value of
roughness height and then it decreases.
Figure 9a demonstrates the effect of relative X-axis pitch
ðXS =DO Þ on Nuos having Reranging from 5000 to 23,000
by keeping other parameters to be kept as constant,
i.e. HR =DH ¼ 0:110, DIR =DBR ¼ 1:7, DO =HR ¼ 2:33,
YS =DO ¼ 3:42, DIJ =DH ¼ 0:055, Ximp =DH ¼ 0:366, and

Figure 8. (a) Effect of DO =HR onNuos . (b) Effect of DO =HR onNuos at selected Re.
Yimp =DH ¼ 0:311. The values of Nuos are found to increase
with the increase in XS =DO . The maximum value ofNuos is
reached at XS =DO ¼ 5:28, and with further increase in XS =DO
value,Nuos decreases. Minimum value of Nuos is found at
XS =DO ¼ 7:71. Figure 9b represents the data of the Nuos as
a function of XS =DO for impingement round jetssolar air
rectangular passage with circular inside conical ring obstacles
at different values of Re. It can be seen that at any value of
XS =DO , Nuos is the highest for the XS =DO of 5.28 for each
value of Re. The reason for this is the breaking of laminar sub-
layers or reattachment due to obstacles, which provides a better
thermal performance. The occurrence of reattachment points
depends upon the spacing between the obstacles. The number of
reattachment points can reduce as the spacing between obstacles
is increased. As the reattachment points are more, the local
turbulence is higher because of the interaction of main stream
with the flow adjacent to the heated surface. For better heat
transfer from the heated surface, the obstacles should be placed
adequately apart so that the reattachment points occur just before
the adjacent obstacle. That is why the maximum value of Nuos is
observed at XS =DO ¼ 5:28, and as we further increase the value of
x-axis pitch, there may be less occurrence of reattachment points
which consequently results in lower values of Nuos .
The effect of Y-axis pitch (YS =DO ) on Nuos is shown in Figure
10a at different values of Re and by keeping other parameters
constant, i.e. HR =DH ¼ 0:110, DIR =DBR ¼ 1:7, DO =HR ¼ 2:33,
XS =DO ¼ 5:28, DIJ =DH ¼ 0:055, Ximp =DH ¼ 0:366, and
Yimp =DH ¼ 0:311. With the increase in Y-axis pitch, the Nuos
increases monotonically, and with further rise in YS =DO , it
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GREEN ENERGY 7
Figure 9. (a) Effect of XS =DO onNuos . (b) Effect of XS =DO onNuos at selected Re.
decreases. The maximum value of Nuos is attained at YS =DO ¼
3:42 and the minimum value of Nuos is found at YS =DO ¼ 5:14.
Figure 10b represents the data of the Nuos as a function of YS =DO
for impingement round jets solar air rectangular passage with
circular inside conical ring obstacle at different values of Re. It
can be seen that at any value of YS =DO , Nuos is the highest for the
XS =DO of 3.42. Table 2 demonstrates the effect of various rough-
ness parameters on the heated wall as inside conical ring obsta-
cles corresponding to maximum Nuos .
The effect of relative inside conical ring height (HR =DH Þ
on friction factor (fos ) is shown in Figure 11a. The Reynolds
number (Re) range between 5000 and 23,000 is considered.
The parameters like DIR =DBR ¼ 1:7, DO =HR ¼ 2:33,
XS =DO ¼ 5:28, YS =DO ¼ 3:42, DIJ =DH ¼ 0:055,
Ximp =DH ¼ 0:366, and Yimp =DH ¼ 0:311 are kept constant. It
has been observed that relative inside conical ring height
affects the friction factor value significantly at different values
of Re. A continuous increase in fos was found at a point up to
HR =DH ¼ 0:128 which is the highest value of HR =DH . With
further increment in HR =DH value, it lowers down the value
of fos on the other side. The minimum value of fos is found at
HR =DH ¼ 0:073. Figure 11b represents the data of the fos as
a function of HR =DH for impingement round jets solar air
rectangular passage with circular inside conical ring obstacle
at different values of Re. It can be seen that at any value of
HR =DH , fos is found to be highest at HR =DH ¼ 0:128 for each
value of Re.
Figure 12a demonstrates the effect of DIR =DBR onfos . The
variation in fos is found at different values of Re by keeping
8 N. KUMAR ET AL.

Figure 11. (a) Effect of HR =DH onfos . (b) Effect of HR =DH onfos at selected Re.
Figure 10. (a) Effect of YS =DO onNuos . (b) Effect of YS =DO onNuos at selected Re.

Table 2. Inside conical ring roughness shape parameter corresponding to maximum of Nuos .
S. no. Fixed parameters Varied parameters Nuos Range
1 DIR =DBR ¼ 1:7, DO =HR ¼ 2:33, Xs =DO ¼ 5:28, Ys =DO ¼ 3:42, DIJ =DH ¼ 0:055, Ximp =DH ¼ 0:366, Yimp =DH ¼ 0:311 HR =DH ¼ 0:073 52–234
2 DIR =DBR ¼ 1:7, DO =HR ¼ 2:33, Xs =DO ¼ 5:28, Ys =DO ¼ 3:42, DIJ =DH ¼ 0:055, Ximp =DH ¼ 0:366, Yimp =DH ¼ 0:311 HR =DH ¼ 0:092 58–261
3 DIR =DBR ¼ 1:7, DO =HR ¼ 2:33, Xs =DO ¼ 5:28, Ys =DO ¼ 3:42, DIJ =DH ¼ 0:055, Ximp =DH ¼ 0:366, Yimp =DH ¼ 0:311 HR =DH ¼ 0:110 85–308
4 DIR =DBR ¼ 1:7, DO =HR ¼ 2:33, Xs =DO ¼ 5:28, Ys =DO ¼ 3:42, DIJ =DH ¼ 0:055, Ximp =DH ¼ 0:366, Yimp =DH ¼ 0:311 HR =DH ¼ 0:128 70–284
5 HR =DH ¼ 0:110, DO =HR ¼ 2:33, Xs =DO ¼ 5:28, Ys =DO ¼ 3:42, DIJ =DH ¼ 0:055, Ximp =DH ¼ 0:366, Yimp =DH ¼ 0:311 DIR =DBR ¼ 1:3 69–285
6 HR =DH ¼ 0:110, DO =HR ¼ 2:33, Xs =DO ¼ 5:28, Ys =DO ¼ 3:42, DIJ =DH ¼ 0:055, Ximp =DH ¼ 0:366, Yimp =DH ¼ 0:311 DIR =DBR ¼ 1:7 85–308
7 HR =DH ¼ 0:110, DO =HR ¼ 2:33, Xs =DO ¼ 5:28, Ys =DO ¼ 3:42, DIJ =DH ¼ 0:055, Ximp =DH ¼ 0:366, Yimp =DH ¼ 0:311 DIR =DBR ¼ 2:0 58–261
8 HR =DH ¼ 0:110, DO =HR ¼ 2:33, Xs =DO ¼ 5:28, Ys =DO ¼ 3:42, DIJ =DH ¼ 0:055, Ximp =DH ¼ 0:366, Yimp =DH ¼ 0:311 DIR =DBR ¼ 2:3 47–241
9 HR =DH ¼ 0:110, DIR =DBR ¼ 1:7, Xs =DO ¼ 5:28, Ys =DO ¼ 3:42, DIJ =DH ¼ 0:055, Ximp =DH ¼ 0:366, Yimp =DH ¼ 0:311 DO =HR ¼ 1:67 50–238
10 HR =DH ¼ 0:110, DIR =DBR ¼ 1:7, Xs =DO ¼ 5:28, Ys =DO ¼ 3:42, DIJ =DH ¼ 0:055, Ximp =DH ¼ 0:366, Yimp =DH ¼ 0:311 DO =HR ¼ 2:00 67–283
11 HR =DH ¼ 0:110, DIR =DBR ¼ 1:7, Xs =DO ¼ 5:28, Ys =DO ¼ 3:42, DIJ =DH ¼ 0:055, Ximp =DH ¼ 0:366, Yimp =DH ¼ 0:311 DO =HR ¼ 2:33 85–308
12 HR =DH ¼ 0:110, DIR =DBR ¼ 1:7, Xs =DO ¼ 5:28, Ys =DO ¼ 3:42, DIJ =DH ¼ 0:055, Ximp =DH ¼ 0:366, Yimp =DH ¼ 0:311 DO =HR ¼ 2:67 56–258
13 HR =DH ¼ 0:110, DIR =DBR ¼ 1:7, DO =HR ¼ 2:33, Ys =DO ¼ 3:42, DIJ =DH ¼ 0:055, Ximp =DH ¼ 0:366, Yimp =DH ¼ 0:311 Xs =DO ¼ 4:71 77–289
14 HR =DH ¼ 0:110, DIR =DBR ¼ 1:7, DO =HR ¼ 2:33, Ys =DO ¼ 3:42, DIJ =DH ¼ 0:055, Ximp =DH ¼ 0:366, Yimp =DH ¼ 0:311 Xs =DO ¼ 5:28 85–308
15 HR =DH ¼ 0:110, DIR =DBR ¼ 1:7, DO =HR ¼ 2:33, Ys =DO ¼ 3:42, DIJ =DH ¼ 0:055, Ximp =DH ¼ 0:366, Yimp =DH ¼ 0:311 Xs =DO ¼ 6:50 69–277
16 HR =DH ¼ 0:110, DIR =DBR ¼ 1:7, DO =HR ¼ 2:33, Ys =DO ¼ 3:42, DIJ =DH ¼ 0:055, Ximp =DH ¼ 0:366, Yimp =DH ¼ 0:311 Xs =DO ¼ 7:71 59–262
17 HR =DH ¼ 0:110, DIR =DBR ¼ 1:7, DO =HR ¼ 2:33, Xs =DO ¼ 5:28, DIJ =DH ¼ 0:055, Ximp =DH ¼ 0:366, Yimp =DH ¼ 0:311 Ys =DO ¼ 2:92 79–291
18 HR =DH ¼ 0:110, DIR =DBR ¼ 1:7, DO =HR ¼ 2:33, Xs =DO ¼ 5:28, DIJ =DH ¼ 0:055, Ximp =DH ¼ 0:366, Yimp =DH ¼ 0:311 Ys =DO ¼ 3:42 85–308
19 HR =DH ¼ 0:110, DIR =DBR ¼ 1:7, DO =HR ¼ 2:33, Xs =DO ¼ 5:28, DIJ =DH ¼ 0:055, Ximp =DH ¼ 0:366, Yimp =DH ¼ 0:311 Ys =DO ¼ 4:14 65–273
20 HR =DH ¼ 0:110, DIR =DBR ¼ 1:7, DO =HR ¼ 2:33, Xs =DO ¼ 5:28, DIJ =DH ¼ 0:055, Ximp =DH ¼ 0:366, Yimp =DH ¼ 0:311 Ys =DO ¼ 5:14 57–250

other parameters constant, i.e. HR =DH ¼ 0:110, DO =HR ¼ 2:33,
XS =DO ¼ 5:28, YS =DO ¼ 3:42, DIJ =DH ¼ 0:055, Ximp =DH
¼ 0:366, and Yimp =DH ¼ 0:311. The maximum fos is found at
DIR =DBR ¼ 1:7, and with further increase in DIR =DBR value,
decrease in fos is found. The minimum value of fos is found at
DIR =DBR ¼ 2:3. Figure 12b represents the data of the fos as
a function of DIR =DBR for impingement round jets solar air
rectangular passage with circular inside conical ring obstacles at
different values of Re. It can be seen that at any value of DIR =DBR ,
fos is the highest for DIR =DBR ¼ 1:7 for each value of Re. This may
be due to the secondary flow reattachment process. As the aspect
ratio of diameters is increased up to a significant level, the fluid
 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GREEN ENERGY 9

Figure 13. (a) Effect of DO =HR onfos . (b) Effect of DO =HR onfos at selected Re.

Figure 12. (a) Effect of DIR =DBR onfos . (b) Effect of DIR =DBR onfos at selected Re.

may trap inside the obstacle ring which may result in turbulence
and more reattachment points will occur. As we further increase
the aspect ratio of diameters, it may obstruct the formation of
laminar sublayers, and so fewer reattachment points will occur.
Accordingly, the highest value of fos is reached at DIR =DBR ¼ 1:7
and then it decreases.
Figure 13a demonstrates the effect of DO =HR onfos at different
Re and the parameters like HR =DH ¼ 0:110, DIR =DBR ¼ 1:7,
XS =DO ¼ 5:28, YS =DO ¼ 3:42, DIJ =DH ¼ 0:055, Ximp =DH
¼ 0:366, and Yimp =DH ¼ 0:311 are kept constant. It has been
observed that fos increases as we increase the ratio of ring diameter
to ring height at different values of Re. During observations, the
maximum value of fos is found at DO =HR ¼ 2:67 and fos decreases
further as we increase the value of DO =HR . The minimum value of
fos is found at DO =HR ¼ 1:67.Figure 13b represents the data of the
fos as a function of DO =HR for impingement round jets solar air
rectangular passage with circular inside conical ring obstacle at
different values of Re. It can be seen that at any value of DO =HR , fos
is the highest for the DO =HR of 2.67 for each value of Re.
Effect of XS =DO onfos is shown in Figure 14a. The parameters
like HR =DH ¼ 0:110, DIR =DBR ¼ 1:7, DO =HR ¼ 2:33,
YS =DO ¼ 3:42, DIJ =DH ¼ 0:055, Ximp =DH ¼ 0:366, and
Yimp =DH ¼ 0:311 are kept constant and the variation of fos is Figure 14. (a) Effect of XS =DO onfos . (b) Effect of XS =DO onfos at selected Re.
observed at different values of Re and XS =DO . The maximum
value of fos is attained at XS =DO ¼ 4:71 and then the value of fos minimum value of fos is found. Figure 14b represents the data of
decreases with further increase in XS =DO . At XS =DO ¼ 7:71, the the fos as a function of XS =DO for impingement round jetssolar air
10 N. KUMAR ET AL.

Table 3. Inside conical ring roughness shape parameter corresponding to maximum fos .
S. no. Fixed parameters Varied parameters fos range
1 DIR =DBR ¼ 1:7, DO =HR ¼ 2:33, Xs =DO ¼ 5:28, Ys =DO ¼ 3:42, DIJ =DH ¼ 0:055, Ximp =DH ¼ 0:366, Yimp =DH ¼ 0:311 HR =DH ¼ 0:073 0.082–0.108
2 DIR =DBR ¼ 1:7, DO =HR ¼ 2:33, Xs =DO ¼ 5:28, Ys =DO ¼ 3:42, DIJ =DH ¼ 0:055, Ximp =DH ¼ 0:366, Yimp =DH ¼ 0:311 HR =DH ¼ 0:092 0.091–0.117
3 DIR =DBR ¼ 1:7, DO =HR ¼ 2:33, Xs =DO ¼ 5:28, Ys =DO ¼ 3:42, DIJ =DH ¼ 0:055, Ximp =DH ¼ 0:366, Yimp =DH ¼ 0:311 HR =DH ¼ 0:110 0.101–0.127
4 DIR =DBR ¼ 1:7, DO =HR ¼ 2:33, Xs =DO ¼ 5:28, Ys =DO ¼ 3:42, DIJ =DH ¼ 0:055, Ximp =DH ¼ 0:366, Yimp =DH ¼ 0:311 HR =DH ¼ 0:128 0.1122–0.1382
5 HR =DH ¼ 0:110, DO =HR ¼ 2:33, Xs =DO ¼ 5:28, Ys =DO ¼ 3:42, DIJ =DH ¼ 0:055, Ximp =DH ¼ 0:366, Yimp =DH ¼ 0:311 DIR =DBR ¼ 1:3 0.091–0.118
6 HR =DH ¼ 0:110, DO =HR ¼ 2:33, Xs =DO ¼ 5:28, Ys =DO ¼ 3:42, DIJ =DH ¼ 0:055, Ximp =DH ¼ 0:366, Yimp =DH ¼ 0:311 DIR =DBR ¼ 1:7 0.101–0.127
7 HR =DH ¼ 0:110, DO =HR ¼ 2:33, Xs =DO ¼ 5:28, Ys =DO ¼ 3:42, DIJ =DH ¼ 0:055, Ximp =DH ¼ 0:366, Yimp =DH ¼ 0:311 DIR =DBR ¼ 2:0 0.0822–0.1092
8 HR =DH ¼ 0:110, DO =HR ¼ 2:33, Xs =DO ¼ 5:28, Ys =DO ¼ 3:42, DIJ =DH ¼ 0:055, Ximp =DH ¼ 0:366, Yimp =DH ¼ 0:311 DIR =DBR ¼ 2:3 0.0743–0.1013
9 HR =DH ¼ 0:110, DIR =DBR ¼ 1:7, Xs =DO ¼ 5:28, Ys =DO ¼ 3:42, DIJ =DH ¼ 0:055, Ximp =DH ¼ 0:366, Yimp =DH ¼ 0:311 DO =HR ¼ 1:67 0.0834–0.1094
10 HR =DH ¼ 0:110, DIR =DBR ¼ 1:7, Xs =DO ¼ 5:28, Ys =DO ¼ 3:42, DIJ =DH ¼ 0:055, Ximp =DH ¼ 0:366, Yimp =DH ¼ 0:311 DO =HR ¼ 2:00 0.0926–0.1186
11 HR =DH ¼ 0:110, DIR =DBR ¼ 1:7, Xs =DO ¼ 5:28, Ys =DO ¼ 3:42, DIJ =DH ¼ 0:055, Ximp =DH ¼ 0:366, Yimp =DH ¼ 0:311 DO =HR ¼ 2:33 0.101–0.127
12 HR =DH ¼ 0:110, DIR =DBR ¼ 1:7, Xs =DO ¼ 5:28, Ys =DO ¼ 3:42, DIJ =DH ¼ 0:055, Ximp =DH ¼ 0:366, Yimp =DH ¼ 0:311 DO =HR ¼ 2:67 0.1103–0.1363
13 HR =DH ¼ 0:110, DIR =DBR ¼ 1:7, DO =HR ¼ 2:33, Ys =DO ¼ 3:42, DIJ =DH ¼ 0:055, Ximp =DH ¼ 0:366, Yimp =DH ¼ 0:311 Xs =DO ¼ 4:71 0.113–0.139
14 HR =DH ¼ 0:110, DIR =DBR ¼ 1:7, DO =HR ¼ 2:33, Ys =DO ¼ 3:42, DIJ =DH ¼ 0:055, Ximp =DH ¼ 0:366, Yimp =DH ¼ 0:311 Xs =DO ¼ 5:28 0.101–0.127
15 HR =DH ¼ 0:110, DIR =DBR ¼ 1:7, DO =HR ¼ 2:33, Ys =DO ¼ 3:42, DIJ =DH ¼ 0:055, Ximp =DH ¼ 0:366, Yimp =DH ¼ 0:311 Xs =DO ¼ 6:50 0.0916–0.1176
16 HR =DH ¼ 0:110, DIR =DBR ¼ 1:7, DO =HR ¼ 2:33, Ys =DO ¼ 3:42, DIJ =DH ¼ 0:055, Ximp =DH ¼ 0:366, Yimp =DH ¼ 0:311 Xs =DO ¼ 7:71 0.0801–0.1061
17 HR =DH ¼ 0:110, DIR =DBR ¼ 1:7, DO =HR ¼ 2:33, Xs =DO ¼ 5:28, DIJ =DH ¼ 0:055, Ximp =DH ¼ 0:366, Yimp =DH ¼ 0:311 Ys =DO ¼ 2:92 0.1133–0.1393
18 HR =DH ¼ 0:110, DIR =DBR ¼ 1:7, DO =HR ¼ 2:33, Xs =DO ¼ 5:28, DIJ =DH ¼ 0:055, Ximp =DH ¼ 0:366, Yimp =DH ¼ 0:311 Ys =DO ¼ 3:42 0.101–0.127
19 HR =DH ¼ 0:110, DIR =DBR ¼ 1:7, DO =HR ¼ 2:33, Xs =DO ¼ 5:28, DIJ =DH ¼ 0:055, Ximp =DH ¼ 0:366, Yimp =DH ¼ 0:311 Ys =DO ¼ 4:14 0.0915–0.1175
20 HR =DH ¼ 0:110, DIR =DBR ¼ 1:7, DO =HR ¼ 2:33, Xs =DO ¼ 5:28, DIJ =DH ¼ 0:055, Ximp =DH ¼ 0:366, Yimp =DH ¼ 0:311 Ys =DO ¼ 5:14 0.081–0.107

rectangular passage with circular inside conical ring obstacle at
different values of Re. It can be seen that at any value of XS =DO , fos
is the highest for the XS =DO of 4.71 for each value of Re.
Figure 15a demonstrates the effect of relative Y-axis pitch on
friction factor. The parameters like HR =DH ¼ 0:110,
DIR =DBR ¼ 1:7, DO =HR ¼ 2:33, XS =DO ¼ 5:28, DIJ =DH ¼
0:055, Ximp =DH ¼ 0:366, and Yimp =DH ¼ 0:311 are kept constant
and the variation in fos is found at different values of Re and
YS =DO . It has been observed that friction factor fos attained its
maximum value at YS =DO ¼ 2:92. With further increase in
YS =DO , the value of fos decreases, and at YS =DO ¼ 5:14, the
minimum value of fos is found. Table 3 demonstrates the effect
of various roughness parameters on the heated wall as inside
conical ring obstacles corresponding to maximum fos . Figure 15b
represents the data of the fos as a function of YS =DO for impinge-
ment round jets solar air rectangular passage with circular inside
conical ring obstacles at different values of Re. It can be seen that at
any value of YS =DO , fos is the highest for the YS =DO ¼ 2:92 for
each value of Re.

7.2. Thermal and hydrodynamic performance

With the overall testing of Nuos and fos performances, it has
been revealed that the value of Nuos in wall roughness of
heated wall with combination of inside conical ring obstacle
impingement round jets solar air rectangular passage is
improved with a considerable enhancement infos . Therefore,
it is required to choose obstacle shapes which not just influ-
ence Nuos but also sustain fos on a feasible required phase. To
attain such purpose of concurrent consideration of ηper , Lewis
(1975) offered a ηper parameter accepted as effectiveness para-
meter ηper choosing the Nuos through HR =DH , DIR =DBR ,
DO =HR , XS =DO , YS =DO of heated wall roughness with com-
bination of inside conical ring obstacle per unit driving power
calculated among Nuos for the entirely formed turbulent
stream in solar air rectangular passage by smooth walls is
given by Eq. (25) as follows:

ηper ¼ ðNuos =Nuss Þ=ðfos =fss Þ0:33 (25)

Figure 15. (a) Effect of YS =DO onfos . (b) Effect of YS =DO onfos at selected Re.
Figure 16a–e demonstrates the effect of inside conical ring
obstacle impingement round jets solar air rectangular passage
onηper ¼ ðNuos =Nuss Þ=ðfos =fss Þ0:33 as a function of Re. Table 4
demonstrates the data of roughness parameters with which ηper
factors ðNuos =Nuss Þ=ðfos =fss Þ0:33 data have been achieved to be
the highest. The highest data of ðNuos =Nuss Þ=ðfos =fss Þ0:33
obtained are found to be 2.16 corresponding to HR =DH =
0.110,DIR =DBR = 1.7,DO =HR = 2.33,XS =DO = 5.28, and

Figure 16. (a) Effect of HR =DH on ηper . (b) Effect of DIR =DBR on ηper . (c) Effect of DO =HR on ηper . (d) Effect of XS =DO on ηper . (e) Effect of YS =DO on ηper .
YS =DO = 3.42 for overall data of Refor current examination.
Figure 17 reveals the variation of the heat transfer coefficient
for different pumping power requirement at different values of
ðHR =DH Þ. It is revealed from the figure that the maximum heat
transfer coefficient occurs at ðHR =DH Þ of 0.11 and least at
ðHR =DH Þ of 0.073. It is also seen that the maximum pumping
power is required for ðHR =DH Þ of 0.128. The consolidated out-
come of the figure is that the height of the conical ring plays an
important role in heat transfer coefficient enhancement. As the
height of the conical ring increases, the pumping power require-
ment is boosted up due to entrapment of air in the cavity as well
as increase in the resistance in the direction of air flow.
8. Conclusions
Experimental analysis has been carried out to determine the
hydrodynamic and thermal performance of impingement round
jets solar air heater with circular inside conical ring obstacles on
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GREEN ENERGY 11
the heated wall the turbulent regime under a uniform heat flux.
The main outcomes of the experimental study can be summarized
as follows:
● The highest value of Nuos has been observed at a relative
inside conical ring height ðHR =DH Þof 0.110; however, the
maximum value of fos is observed corresponding to relative
inside conical ring height ðHR =DH Þ of 0.128.
● An increase in ratio of inlet flow diameter to inner print
diameter of ring (DIR =DBR Þ results in an increase in Nuos
and fos attaining the highest value corresponding to a ratio
of inlet flow diameter to inner print diameter of ring
(DIR =DBR Þ of 1.7, and the values of this parameter decrease
with further increase of ratio of inlet flow diameter to inner
print diameter of ring (DIR =DBR Þ.
● Maximum enhancement of Nuos has been observed at
a ratio of ring diameter to ring height ðDO /HR Þ of
2.33, however the maximum enhancement of fos is
12 N. KUMAR ET AL.
Table 4. Maximum values of ηper .
Roughness
S. no. parameters Constant parameters ηper =ðNuos =Nuss Þ=ðfos =fss Þ0:33
1. HR =DH DIR =DBR ¼ 1:7,
DO =HR ¼ 2:33,
Xs =DO ¼ 5:28,
Ys =DO ¼ 3:42,
DIJ =DH ¼ 0:055,
Ximp =DH ¼ 0:366,
Yimp =DH ¼ 0:311
2. DIR =DBR HR =DH ¼ 0:110,
DO =HR ¼ 2:33,
Xs =DO ¼ 5:28,
Ys =DO ¼ 3:42,
DIJ =DH ¼ 0:055,
Ximp =DH ¼ 0:366,
Yimp =DH ¼ 0:311
3. DO =HR HR =DH ¼ 0:110,
DIR =DBR ¼ 1:7,
Xs =DO ¼ 5:28,
Ys =DO ¼ 3:42,
DIJ =DH ¼ 0:055,
Ximp =DH ¼ 0:366,
Yimp =DH ¼ 0:311
4. Xs =DO HR =DH ¼ 0:110,
DIR =DBR ¼ 1:7,
DO =HR ¼ 2:33,
Ys =DO ¼ 3:42,
DIJ =DH ¼ 0:055,
Ximp =DH ¼ 0:366,
Yimp =DH ¼ 0:311
5. Ys =DO HR =DH ¼ 0:110,
DIR =DBR ¼ 1:7,
DO =HR ¼ 2:33,
Xs =DO ¼ 5:28,
DIJ =DH ¼ 0:055,
Ximp =DH ¼ 0:366,
Yimp =DH ¼ 0:311
Figure 17. Variation of h for different Pm at various HR =DH .
achieved at a ring diameter to ring height ratio of ring
diameter to ring height ðDO /HR Þ of 2.67.
● The uppermost value of Nuos has been observed at X-axis
pitch (XS =DO Þ of 5.28 and the highest value of fos is
achieved corresponding to X-axis pitch (XS =DO Þ of 4.71.
● The highest value of Nuos has been observed at a Y-axis
Maximum values of pitch (YS =DO Þ of 3.42 and the maximum observed value of
fos corresponds to Y-axis pitch (YS =DO Þ of 2.92.
2.16 ● The highest value of hydrodynamic and thermal perfor-
mance is observed at HR =DH of 0.110, DIR =DBR of 1.7,
DO /HR of 2.33, XS =DO of 5.28, YS =DO of 3.42, DIJ =DH of
0.055, Ximp =DH of 0.366, and Yimp =DH of 0.311. The
extreme value of the hydrodynamic and thermal perfor-
2.16 mance was found to be 2.16 for the range of parameters
examined.
2.16
Nomenclature
Aap Area of intense heated wall(m2)
AF Area of flow (m2)
AOM Area of orifice meter (m2)
Cdo Coefficient of discharge of orifice meter
2.16 Cha Specific heat of air (J/kg K)
DBR Inner print base diameter of inside conical ring (m)
DH Hydraulic diameter of impingement round jets solar air col-
lector (m)
DIJ Impingement round jets diameter (m)
DIJ =DH Relative impingement round jets diameter
2.16
DIR Inlet flow diameter of inside conical ring (m)
DIR =DBR Ratio of inlet flow diameter to inner print diameter of ring
DO Outer diameter of inside conical ring (m)
DO /HR Ratio of ring diameter to ring height
do Diameter of orifice meter (m)
f Friction factor
fos Friction factor with roughness shape
fss Friction factor for smooth wall
HR Height of inside conical ring or obstacle (m)
HR =DH Relative inside conical ring height
Hap Height of air passage (m)
hc Heat transfer coefficient (W/m2 K)
Kc Thermal conductivity (W/m K)
Lap Length of air passage (m)
mFA Mass flow rate of air (kg/s)
N Number of thermocouples
Nu Nusselt Number
Nuos Nusselt number for obstacle wall
Nuss Nusselt number for smooth wall
Par Air pressure (Pa)
ðΔPD Þo Pressure drop across the orifice (Pa)
ΔPD Pressure drop across the test section (Pa)
Qhg Heat transfer from heated wall to the flowing air (W)
Re Reynolds number
Rg Specific gas constant for dry air (287.05 J/kg K)
SAH Solar air heater
Tin Bulk mean temperature of air at inlet (K)
Tout Bulk mean temperature of air at outlet (K)
Tp Plate temperature of air (K)
Tsa Standard air temperature (K)
Var Velocity of air (m/s)
Wap Width of air passage (m)
XS X-axis direction pitch of inside conical ring (m)
XS =DO Relative X-axis pitch of inside conical ring
X-axis pitch distance between impingement round jets (m)
Ximp
Ximp =DH Relative X-axis jet distance
YS Y-axis direction pitch of inside conical ring (m)
YS =DO Relative Y-axis pitch of inside conical ring
Yimp Y-axis pitch distance between impingement round jetss (m)
Yimp =DH Relative Y-axis jet distance
Z Jet to target plate spacing (m)
 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GREEN ENERGY 13

Greek symbols impinging air jets. Journal Of King Saud University - Engineering
Sciences 30:355-62. doi: 10.1016/j.jksues.2016.07.003.
βOP Ratio of orifice meter to pipe diameter (dimensionless) Chauhan, R., T. Singh, N. S. Thakur, and A. Patnaik. 2016a.
ηper Thermo-hydraulic performance (dimensionless) Optimization of parameters in solar thermal collector provided with
impinging air jets based upon preference selection index method.
ρar Density measurement of air (kg/m3)
Renewable Energy 99:118–26. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2016.06.046.
μ Dynamic viscosity of air (kg/m.s) Chen, Y.-J., -Y.-Y. Li, and Z.-H. Liu. 2015. Experimental study on the
υ Kinematic viscosity of air (m2/s) stagnation line heat transfer characteristics with high-velocity free slot
jet impingement boiling. International Journal of Heat and Mass
Transfer 91:282–92. doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2015.07.114.
Choi, G., B. S. Kim, H. Lee, S. Shin, and H. H. Cho. 2014. Jet impinge-
Subscripts ment in a crossflow configuration: Convective boiling and local heat
ap Heated wall transfer characteristics. International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow
ar air 50:378–85. doi:10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2014.09.010.
Choo, K., B. K. Friedrich, A. W. Glaspell, and K. A. Schilling. 2016. The
FA Flow rate of air influence of nozzle-to-plate spacing on heat transfer and fluid flow of
H Hydraulic submerged jet impingement. International Journal of Heat and Mass
IJ Impingement round jets Transfer 97:66–69. doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2016.01.060.
imp Impingement De Bonis, M. V., and G. Ruocco. 2014. Conjugate heat and mass transfer by jet
in In impingement over a moist protrusion. International Journal of Heat and
Mass Transfer 70:192–201. doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2013.11.014.
OM Orifice meter Deo, N. S., S. Chander, and J. S. Saini. 2016. Performance analysis of
OP Orifice to pipe solar air heater conduit roughened with multigap V-down obstacles
OS Obstacle wall combined with staggered obstacles. Renewable Energy 91:484–500.
out Out doi:10.1016/j.renene.2016.01.067.
p plate Gawande, V. B., A. S. Dhoble, D. B. Zodpe, and S. Chamoli. 2016.
Experimental and CFD investigation of convection heat transfer in
per performance solar air heater with reverse L-shaped obstacles. Solar Energy
R Ring or obstacle 131:275–95. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2016.02.040.
sa Standard air Gorman, J. M., E. M. Sparrow, and J. P. Abraham. 2014. Slot jet impin-
SS Smooth wall gement heat transfer in the presence of jet-axis switching.
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 78:50–57.
doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2014.06.041.
Hans, V. S., R. P. Saini, and J. S. Saini. 2009. Performance of artificially
References roughened solar air heaters—A review. Renewable and Sustainable
Energy Reviews 13 (8):1854–69. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2009.01.030.
Afroz, F., and M. A. R. Sharif. 2013. Numerical study of heat transfer Hoberg, T. B., A. J. Onstad, and J. K. Eaton. 2010. Heat transfer mea-
from an isothermally heated flat wall due to turbulent twin oblique surements for jet impingement arrays with local extraction.
confined slot-jet impingement. International Journal of Thermal International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow 31 (3):460–67.
Sciences 74:1–13. doi:10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2013.07.004. doi:10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2010.01.009.
Alam, T., and M.-H. Kim. 2017. Heat transfer enhancement in solar air heater
Hong, F. J., C. Y. Zhang, W. He, P. Cheng, and G. Chen. 2014. Confined
conduit with conical protrusion roughness obstacles. Applied Thermal
jet array impingement boiling of subcooled aqueous ethylene glycol
Engineering 126:458–69. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.07.181.
solution. International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer
Alam, T., R. P. Saini, and J. S. Saini. 2014. Effect of circularity of
56:165–73. doi:10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2014.06.013.
perforation holes in V-shaped blockages on heat transfer and friction
Kannan, B. T., and S. Sundararaj. 2015. Steady state jet impingement heat
characteristics of rectangular solar air heater conduit. Energy
transfer from axisymmetric plates with and without grooves. Procedia
Conversion and Management 86:952–63. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.
Engineering 127:25–32. doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2015.11.320.
2014.06.050.
Kartaev, Е. V., V. А. Emelkin, M. G. Ktalkherman, S. М. Aulchenko,
Bekele, A., M. Mishra, and S. Dutta. 2014. Performance characteristics of
S. P. Vashenko, and V. I. Kuzmin. 2015. Formation of counter flow jet
solar air heater with wall mounted obstacles. Energy Conversion and
resulting from impingement of multiple jets radially injected in a
Management 85:603–11. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2014.04.079.
crossflow. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 68:310–21.
Belusko, M., W. Saman, and F. Bruno. 2008. Performance of jet impin-
doi:10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2015.05.009.
gement in unglazed air collectors. Solar Energy 82 (5):389–98.
Kline, S. J., and F. A. McClintock. 1953. Descobstacleing uncertainties in
doi:10.1016/j.solener.2007.10.005.
single-sample experiments. Mechanical Engineers 75:3–8.
Borjian, E., T. Yousefi, and M. Ashjaee. 2015. Optical interferometry to
Kumar, A. 2014. Analysis of heat transfer and fluid flow in different
investigate the heat transfer from a vertical cone under air jet
shaped roughness elements on the heated wall solar air heater conduit.
impingement. Optics and Lasers in Engineering 67:205–11.
Energy Procedia 57:2102–11. doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2014.10.176.
doi:10.1016/j.optlaseng.2014.12.002.
Kumar, A., and M.-H. Kim. 2014. Numerical optimization of solar air heaters
Caggese, O., G. Gnaegi, G. Hannema, A. Terzis, and P. Ott. 2013.
having different types of roughness shapes on the heated plate – Technical
Experimental and numerical investigation of a fully confined impin-
note. Energy 72:731–38. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.05.100.
gement round jet. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer
Kumar, A., R. P. Saini, and J. S. Saini. 2012. Heat and fluid flow
65:873–82. doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2013.06.043.
characteristics of roughened solar air heater conduits – A review.
Chauhan, R., and N. S. Thakur. 2013. Heat transfer and friction factor
Renewable Energy 47:77–94. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2012.04.001.
correlations for impinging jet solar air heater. Experimental Thermal
Kumar, R., A. Kumar, R. Chauhan, and M. Sethi. 2016. Heat transfer
and Fluid Science 44:760–67. doi:10.1016/j.expthermflusci.
enhancement in solar air channel with broken multiple V-type
2012.09.019.
baffle. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering 8:187–97. doi:10.1016/j.
Chauhan, R., and N. S. Thakur. 2014. Investigation of the thermohy-
csite.2016.07.001.
draulic performance of impinging jet solar air heater. Energy
Lee, J., Z. Ren, P. Ligrani, D. H. Lee, M. D. Fox, and H.-K. Moon.
68:255–61. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2014.02.059.
Chauhan, R., N. S. Thakur, T. Singh, and M. Sethi. 2018. Exergy based 2014. Cross-flow effects on impingement array heat transfer with
modeling and optimization of solar thermal collector provided with varying jet-to-target plate distance and hole spacing. International
14 N. KUMAR ET AL.
Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 75:534–44. doi:10.1016/j.
ijheatmasstransfer.2014.03.040.
Lee, J., Z. Ren, P. Ligrani, M. D. Fox, and H.-K. Moon. 2015. Crossflows
from jet array impingement cooling: hole spacing, target plate dis-
tance, reynolds number effects. International Journal of Thermal
Sciences 88:7–18. doi:10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2014.09.003.
Lewis, M. J. 1975. Optimising the thermohydraulic performance of rough
walls. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 18
(11):1243–48. doi:10.1016/0017-9310(75)90232-X.
Nadda, R., A. Kumar, and R. Maithani. 2017. Developing heat transfer
and friction loss in an impingement round jetss solar air heater with
multiple arc protrusion obstacles. Solar Energy 158:117–31.
doi:10.1016/j.solener.2017.09.042.
Ndao, S., Y. Peles, and M. K. Jensen. 2012. Experimental investigation of
flow boiling heat transfer of jet impingement on smooth and micro
structured walls. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 55
(19–20):5093–101. doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2012.05.009.
Pakhomov, M. A., and V. I. Terekhov. 2015. Numerical study of fluid
flow and heat transfer characteristics in an intermittent turbulent
impinging round jet. International Journal of Thermal Sciences
87:85–93. doi:10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2014.08.007.
Pandey, N. K., V. K. Bajpai, and Varun. 2016. Experimental investigation
of heat transfer augmentation using multiple arcs with gap on heated
wall of solar air heater. Solar Energy 134:314–26. doi:10.1016/j.
solener.2016.05.007.
Qiu, L., S. Dubey, F. H. Choo, and F. Duan. 2015. Effect of conjugation on jet
impingement boiling heat transfer. International Journal of Heat and
Mass Transfer 91:584–93. doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2015.07.121.
Ravi, R. K., and R. P. Saini. 2016. Experimental investigation on performance
of a double pass artificial roughened solar air heater conduit having rough-
ness elements of the combination of discrete multi V shaped and staggered
obstacles. Energy 116:507–16. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2016.09.138.
Ravi, R. K., and R. P. Saini. 2018. Nusselt number and friction factor
correlations for forced convective type counter flow solar air heater
having discrete multi V shaped and staggered obstacle roughness on
both sides of the heated wall. Applied Thermal Engineering
129:735–46. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.10.080.
Sawhney, J. S., R. Maithani, and S. Chamoli. 2017. Experimental inves-
tigation of heat transfer and friction factor characteristics of solar air
heater using wavy delta winglets. Applied Thermal Engineering
117:740–51. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.01.113.
Taghinia, J., M. Rahman, and T. Siikonen. 2015. Heat transfer and flow
analysis of jet impingement on concave walls. Applied Thermal
Engineering 84:448–59. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.03.064.
Tan, L., J.-Z. Zhang, and H.-S. Xu. 2014. Jet impingement on a
obstacle-roughened wall inside semi-confined channel. International
Journal of Thermal Sciences 86:210–18. doi:10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.
2014.06.037.
Tan, X.-M., J.-Z. Zhang, S. Yong, and G.-N. Xie. 2015. An experimental
investigation on comparison of synthetic and continuous jets impin-
gement heat transfer. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer
90:227–38. doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2015.06.065.
Varol, Y., D. E. Alnak, H. F. Oztop, and K. Al-Salem. 2012.
Numerical analysis of heat transfer due to slot jets impingement
onto two cylinders with different diameters. International
Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 39 (5):726–35.
doi:10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2012.03.006.
Wan, C., Y. Rao, and P. Chen. 2015. Numerical predictions of jet impin-
gement heat transfer on square pin-fin roughened plates. Applied
Thermal Engineering 80:301–09. doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.
2015.01.053.
Wang, C., L. Wang, and B. Sundén. 2015. A novel control of jet impin-
gement heat transfer in cross-flow by a vortex generator pair.
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 88:82–90.
doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2015.04.056.
Wang, L., B. Sundén, A. Borg, and H. Abrahamsson. 2011. Control of jet
impingement heat transfer in crossflow by using a obstacle.
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 54 (19–20):4157–66.
doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2011.06.004.
Wong, K.-C. 2012. Thermal analysis of a metal foam subject to jet
impingement. International Communications in Heat and Mass
Transfer 39 (7):960–65. doi:10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2012.05.021.
Xing, Y., S. Spring, and B. Weigand. 2011. Experimental and numerical
investigation of impingement heat transfer on a flat and
micro-obstacle roughened plate with different crossflow schemes.
International Journal of Thermal Sciences 50 (7):1293–307.
doi:10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2010.11.008.
Yang, L., Y. Li, P. M. Ligrani, J. Ren, and H. Jiang. 2015. Unsteady heat
transfer and flow structure of a row of laminar impingement round
jetss, including vortex development. International Journal of Heat and
Mass Transfer 88:149–64. doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2015.04.051.
Yu, Y.-Z., J.-Z. Zhang, and Y. Shan. 2015. Convective heat transfer of
a row of air jets impingement excited by triangular tabs in a confined
crossflow channel. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer
80:126–38. doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2014.08.066.
Zhang, P., G. H. Xu, X. Fu, and C. R. Li. 2011. Confined jet impingement
of liquid nitrogen onto different heat transfer walls. Cryogenics 51
(6):300–08. doi:10.1016/j.cryogenics.2010.06.018.
Zhao, Z., Y. Peles, and M. K. Jensen. 2013. Water jet impingement
boiling from structured-porous walls. International Journal of
Heat and Mass Transfer 63:445–53. doi:10.1016/j.
ijheatmasstransfer.2013.03.085.