The energy detector performance is analysed using Pd vs SNR curves for cluster distributed

cooperative sensing with ‘AND/OR rules’, as shown in Figure 4. SNR is between – 20 dB and 20 dB.
For each curves, decision threshold γ is chosen such that Pfa = 0.1. We can show from Figure 4, that
in decentralised fusion policy, OR sensing group requires SNR ≈ 5 dB at the same time as AND
sensing group requires SNR ≈ 9 dB to achieve the same Pd ≥ 0.9. This is very obvious from this figure,
that the signal detection chance is very low for AND policy at low SNR region (−20 ∼ 0 dB).
Simulation results prove that OR fusion policy achieved the best performance that it arrived at Pd ≥
0.9 at the lowest value of SNR compared to AND fusion policy. 6 Conclusion In this paper, we have
investigated the application of CRWSN on SG systems. This technology allows to meet the frequency
requirements of new services, and to adopt the heterogeneity of networks and the variety of traffic.
We have confirmed that WSNs with a cluster-tree topology are one of the proper choices for the
design of SGs. We have adopted cooperative sensing in distributed framework. Cluster124 I. Hosni
and N. Hamdi distributed cooperative sensing based on energy detection is evaluated under two
different fusion policies ‘OR’ and ‘AND’. Simulation results confirm that the distributed cooperative
sensing with OR rule attained the best performance in terms of detection probability. As a result, the
flexibility, efficiency, and reliability can significantly be enhanced in a CRWSN based on SG network.
References Akyildiz, I.F., Lee, W.Y., Vuran, M.C. and Mohanty, S. (2006) ‘Next generation/ dynamic
spectrum access/cognitive radio wireless networks: a survey’, Elsevier Journal on Computer
Networks, Vol. 50, No. 13, pp.2127–2159. Bicen, A.O., Gungor, V.C. and Akan,O.B. (2012) ‘Delay-
sensitive and multimedia communication in cognitive radio sensor networks’, Ad Hoc Network, Vol.
10, No. 5, pp.816–830. Boyd, S., Ghosh, A., Prabhakar, B. and Shah, D. (2006) ‘Randomized gossip
algorithms’, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, Vol. 52, No. 6, pp.2508–2530. Chen, Y., Zhao,
Q. and Swami, A. (2009) ‘Distributed spectrum sensing and access in cognitive radio networks with
energy constraint’, IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, Vol. 57, No. 2, pp.783–797. Digham, F.F.,
Alouini, M.S. and Simon, M.K. (2003) ‘On the energy detection of unknown signals over fading
channels’, IEEE International Conference on Communications(ICC), Alaska, USA, pp.3575–3579. Gao,
J., Xiao, Y., Liu, J., Liang, W. and Chen, C.L.P (2012) ‘A survey of communication/networking in smart
grids’, Elsevier Journal on Future Generation Computer Systems, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp.391–404.
Ghasemi, N. and Hosseini, S.M. (2010) ‘Comparison of smart grid with cognitive radio: Solutions to
spectrum scarcity’, Proceeding of 12th International Conference on Advanced Communication
Technology (ICACT), Brussels, Belgium, pp.898–903. Ghassemi, A., Bavarian, S. and Lampe, L. (2010)
‘Cognitive radio for smart grid communications’, Proceeding of the 1st IEEE International Conference
in Smart Grid Communications (SmartGrid- Comm), Maryland, USA, pp.297–302. Hu, F., Patibandla,
R. and Xiao, Y. (2008) ‘Spectrum sensing in cognitive radio sensor networks: towards ultra low
overhead, distributed channel findings’, International Journal of Sensor Networks, Vol. 3, No. 2,
pp.115–122. Iutzeler, F., Ciblat, P. and Hachem, W. (2013) ‘Analysis of sum-weight-like algorithms for
averaging in wireless sensor networks’, IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, Vol. 61, No. 11,
pp.2802–2814. Kim, W., Jeon, H., Im, S. and Lee, H. (2010) ‘Optimization of multicluster multi-group
based cooperative sensing in cognitive radio networks’, Military Communications Conference, San
Jose, California, pp.1211–1216. Li, M. and Wang, A. (2015) ‘Censoring-based cooperative spectrum
sensing with best relay’, International Journal of Sensor Networks, Vol. 17, No. 3, pp.177–187. Ma,
X., Li, H. and Djouadi, S. (2011) ‘Networked system state estimation in smart grid over cognitive radio
infrastructures’, Proceeding of the 45th Annual Conference on information Sciences and Systems
(CISS), Baltimore, USA, pp.1–5. Mekkanen, M., Virrankoski, R., Elmusrati, M. and Antila, E. (2013)
‘Communication system in smart grid using spectrum sensing techniques’, Proceeding of the 7th IEEE
Conference on Power Engineering and Optimization (PEOCO), Langkawi Island, Malaysia, pp.324–
329. Ruilong, D., Maharjan, S., Xianghui, C., Jiming, C., Yan, Z. and Gjessing, S. (2011) ‘Sensing-delay
tradeoff for communication in cognitive radio enabled smart grid’, IEEE International Conference on
Smart Grid Communications (SmartGridComm), Brussels, Belgium, pp.155–160. Teo, D., Zhong, K.
and Chong, B. (2012) ‘Cooperative spectrum sensing using energy detection in mobile and static
environment’, International Proceedings of Computer Science and Information, Vol. 35, No. 1,
pp.1434–1447. Visotsky, E., Kuffner, S. and Peterson, R. (2005) ‘On collaborative detection of TV
transmissions in support of dynamic spectrum sharing’, Proceeding of the first IEEE International
Symposium on New Frontiers in Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks (DySPAN), Baltimore, USA,
pp.338–345. Wang, J., Ghosh, M. and Challapali, K. (2011) ‘Emerging cognitive radio applications: a
survey’, IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol. 49, No. 3, pp.74–81. Yau, K.L.A., Tan, F.A.G.,
Komisarczuk, P. and Teal, P.D. (2011) ‘Exploring new and emerging applications of cognitive radio
systems: Preliminary insights and framework’, IEEE Colloquium on Humanities, Science and
Engineering (CHUSER), Penang, Malaysia, pp.153–157. Yu, R., Zhang, Y., Gjessing, S., Chau, Y., Xie, S.
and Guizani, M. (2011) ‘Cognitive radio based hierarchical communications infrastructure for smart
grid’, IEEE Network, Vol. 25, No. 5, pp.6–14