 Importance and Diversity of IWM.

 Sources of Waste.
 Waste Management Criteria, Approaches and Hierarchy.
 Characteristics of Industrial Wastes.
 Compounds Containing Phosphorous and Nitrogen.
 Solid Content Estimation.
 Chlorides.
 Iron and Manganese.
 Biological Characteristics (Bacteria, Viruses and Parasites).
 Effluent vs. Stream Standard.
 Industrial vs. Municipal Waste, Pollution Load and Concentration.
 Discharges to Air (AAQ Data, Ozone, SOx, NOx, CO, CO2, PM, VOCs,
Malodorous Substances, Methane).
1
 LECTURE 3
Engr. Abaid Ullah
abaid.ullah@uettaxila.edu.pk
 It involves procedure design to develop a flow and
material balance of all processes using water and
producing waste and to establish the variation in
waste characteristics from specific operation as well
as from whole plant.
 The general procedure to be followed in developing the
necessary information with a minimum of effort can be
summarized in four steps:

1. Develop a sewer map from consultation with the plant

engineer and an inspection of the various process
operations. This map should indicate possible sampling
stations and a rough order of magnitude of the anticipated
flow.
2. Establish sampling and analysis schedules. Continuous
samples with composites weighted according to flow are the
most desirable. The period of sample composite and the
frequency of sampling must be established according to the
nature of the process being investigated.
3. Develop a flow-and-material-balance diagram. After the
survey data are collected and the samples analyzed, a flow-and-
material-balance diagram should be developed that considers
all significant sources of waste discharge.
 4. Establish statistical variation in significant waste
characteristics.

 The analyses to be run on the samples depend both on the

characteristics and on the ultimate purpose of the analysis.
From Washer Cutters Reel Reel Blanch Cool Hold Shaker Sewer Screen
to Sewer Screen Treatment
Flow, gal/min 21.7 27.0 10.4 18.0 4.5 24.5 16.9 2.1 125.1 121
BOD, Ib/d 2,500 2,300 390 973 610 1630 186 8600 6250
COD, Ib/d 3640 4,640 555 1030 870 2140 I92 13,000 9980
SS Ib/d 1,820 2,480 184 281 144 530 50 5500 1700
VSS, Ib/d 1,740 2,360 95 91 92 266 38 4700 1900
Analysis:
BOD,mg/l 9511 7,112 3130 4600 11.300 5630 918 5730 6200
COD, mg/l 14,000 14.400 4450 4780 16,100 7280 950 3670 6030
SS, mg/l 6,950 7660 1460 1300 2.670 1830 250 3670 1170
VSS, mg/l 6,690 7,290 760 420 1.710 910 190 3140 1030

gal/min = 3.78×10-3 m3/min

Waste Flow Diagram and Material Balance at
lb/day = 0.45 kg/day
Corn Plant
 Data from industrial waste surveys are highly variable
and are usually susceptible to statistical analysis.

 Statistical analysis of variable data provides the basis

for process design. The data are reported in terms of
frequency of occurrence of a particular characteristic.
 Perform the Statistical Correlation Analysis for the
data given below from a small industry.
Sr. No BOD (mg/l)
1 260
2 460
3 490
4 350
5 365
6 430
7 200
8 225
9 315
 Arrange the data in increasing order of magnitude
and assign a number m from 1 to n (where n is the
total number of values).
 The plotting position is determined as;
Plotting position = (100/n)+previous probability
 Draw a graph b/w percent of time BOD is equal to or
less than & Conc. of BOD (mg/l)
 The standard deviation can be calculated as;
S = X84.1% - X15.9%/2
 Median is the value at 50% plotting position
 The organic content of the waste can be estimated by each of four tests,
although considerable caution should be exercised in interpreting the results:
 The BOD test measures the biodegradable organic carbon and, under certain
conditions, the oxidizable nitrogen present in the waste. Nitrification may
be suppressed to determine CBOD.
 The COD test measures the total organic carbon with the exception of
certain aromatics, such as benzene, which are not completely oxidized in
the reaction. The COD test is an oxidation-reduction reaction, so other
reduced substances, such as sulfides, sulfites, and ferrous iron, will also be
oxidized and reported as COD. NH3-N will not be oxidized.
 The TOC test measures all carbon as CO2, and hence the inorganic carbon
(C02, HC03-. and so on) present in the wastewater must be removed prior to
the analysis or corrected for in the calculation.
 The TOD test measures organic carbon and unoxidized nitrogen and sulfur.
 The BOD by definition is the quantity of oxygen required
for the stabilization of the oxidizable organic matter
present after five days of incubation at 20°C. The BOD is
conventionally formulated as a first-order reaction:

dL /dt = -kL
L = Loe-kt
 Since L, the amount of oxygen demand remaining at any
time, is not known so the last equation can be re-
expressed as;
Y = L0 - L
 kt
y  L0 (1  e )
 Where, y is the amount of BOD exerted at time t.
 It must be recognized that the oxygen consumed in
the BOD test is the sum of;
 oxygen used for synthesis of the organic matter
present and
 endogenous respiration of the microbial cells

 The rate of oxygen utilization during phase 1 is 10 to

20 times that during phase 2. In most readily
degradable substrates, phase 1 is complete in 24 to 36
hours.
Phase 1
Synthesis

Phase 2
Endogenous
metabolism
Time (days)
 Total organic carbon (TOC) has become a common
and popular method of analysis due to its simplicity
of measurement. There are presently several carbon
analysers in the market.

 The theoretical oxygen demand (THOD) of a

wastewater is calculated as the oxygen required to
oxidize the organics to end products.
 A wastewater contain 150 mg/l ethylene glycol
(C2H6O2), 100mg/L phenol (C6H6O), 40mg/l
sulphide (S-2) & 125 mg/l ethylene demine hydrate
(C2H10N2O). Ethylene demine hydrate is essentially
non-biodegradable).

 Compute COD & TOC

 Compute BOD5 if K10 is 0.2/day
 After Treatment BOD5 is 25 mg/l, estimate COD
(K10 = 0.1/day)
 C6 H 6O  7O2  6CO2  3H 2O
C2 H 6O2  2.5O2  2CO2  3H 2O
C2 H10 N 2O  2.5O2  2CO2  2H 2O  2 NH3
2 2
S  2O2  SO4

 Assumption COD×0.92 = BODult

 kt
y  L0 (1  e )
 The 4-hr Composite Data from a brewery effluent
industry over 7 days period is given as under;
980 2800 1380 1250 720
8650 7200 2800 2570 1780
3200 3175 3850 2870 2600
2743 3600 4066 1550 6933
1240 580 710 3410 2910
8300 2950 2230 3325 6000
3100 2500 1830 3225 2370
1380 2600

 Perform Statistical Analysis for above data.