Use index notation with numbers to establish the index laws with positive integral indices and the zero index. * Evaluate numbers expressed as powers of positive integers. ATASK Napier’s bones are multiplication tables written on strips of bones (or paper). ‘Logarithms are indices with base 10. + Make a set of Napicr's bones (There is plenty of information on the Internet). * Learn how to use Napier's bones to multiply numbers such as 463%8. * Choose an audience and demonstrate your Napier’s bones. ALITTLE BIT OF HISTORY Logarithms are useful because they are a convenient way of handling large numbers. 1 sparithms and Multiplication Lorgarithms are used in finance, physics, Before calculators, large chemistry, agriculture, geology and many multiplication was very difficult other fields. and logarithms were used. 1614 Napier invented a form of logarithm, based on algebra, to simplify mathematical calculations. 6x2 = 10027781 90.301 1620 Burgi used a form of logarithms, 10 0-778+0.301 based on geometry, to simplify mathematical = 191.079 calculations. ers Example: 1624 Napier and Biggs invent the modern form of logarithms. Can you show that 6 = 100-7782‘Warmup Exercise 1.1 Calculate each of the following: 1 ix 2 2x2 3) 3x3 4 4x4 5 5x5 6 Ixixl 7 2x2x2 8 3x3x3 9 4xdx4 10 5x5x5. AL ixixixd 12° 2x2x2x2 13. 3x3x3x3 14 4x4x4x4 15 5x5x5x5 16 Copy and complete the following table: ‘Cubes happen now and then. (Volume cube = side) ‘Squares are often used. (Area square = side?) 17 10x10 18 10*10«10 19 10*10x10*10 20 10«10*10«10«10 21 10*10*10«10*10«10 22 10*10*10x10*10x10*10. The larger the power, the more 4xAKAKAXAXAXA useful a calculator will become. Ona calculator: | 4 || A || J || =| 16384 23 2x2x2x22x2 24 Sx5xSXSKSXSxS 25. Lxdx 1x1 dx] 26 2x2x22x2*22x2 27 How many 10s are multiplied together to equal 1 million? 28 Calculate 109 (109 is generally known as | billion). 29 1 googol is known as 10! Can your calculator handle a number this large? 30 Write a terabyte in full (A terabyte drive (HDD) will hold 10!2 bytes.). 31 Write 500 gigabytes in full (A 500 gigabyte drive will hold 500% 109 bytes).Aconvenient way of writing 2x2x2 is } <—[ndex <— Base Exercise 1.2 Write the following in index form: 2x2*22%2 axaxaxa =25 1 4x4x4 2 2x2x2x2 3 axaxa 4 10x10x10 5 bxbxbxbxb 6 hxhxh 7 mmxmxmxm 8 9x9x9x9) 9 3x3%3x3x3%3 Exercise 1.3 Write the following in factor form: Ba b> = 3x3x3x3 = bxbxb 1 4 2 bt See 4 27 5 6 6 m> 7 x4 8 p> 9 14 Exercise 1.4 Write the following in index form: 2x2*2*4x4 abbaaab = 23x42 b3 1 aabbbaa 2 3x3x3x2%2, 3 abaaababb 4 2x3x2x3x2x3x2 «S_—_bggggbbbg 6 zzzezereaet 7 pparppaarrp 8 2x2x2x3x4x4x4x3 «9 dgedgdodeg Accountants examine and advise on the finances, records and compliance of clients, Accountancy normally involves a lot of public contact. + Relevant school subjects are English, Mathematics, IT. + Courses normally involve a Degree with a major in accounting. Chapter I_ Index lawsIndex Law 1 ‘Multiplying Indices: 24x22 =2x2«2«2 x 2x2 =26 js the same as ‘Multiplying Indices: = 242 =26 2x2 Index Law 1 m+n alcqlt Exercise 1.5 “Multiplying Indices: abxa? = axaxa x axa =a je Same aS “Multiplying Indices: abxa2 = a3+2 = , . a This only works if the Simplify and write the following in index form: _] pases are the same. 23x22 axad = 2x2x2 x 2x2 axa x axaxaxaxa =25 al or 23x22 =23t2 =25 or a2xad 1 22x23 2 33x32 4 44x43 5 atxa? 6 bexb? 8 whw3 9 23x2l qo ext 12 104105 13 32x34 14 Bx? 16 m3xm3 17 ctxc3 18 107x104 20 bexb 21 ndxh? 22 23x22 24 105102 This only works if the 32x33x32 = g2t3t2 atxaoxa bases are the same. =37 25 22x23x22 26 34%33x3? 27 adxadxa> 28 wxuxu3 29 2x23x23 30 p>xp3xp. 31 d2xd3xd4 32. m3xm3xm3 33 ctxc3xe 34. y2xy4xy2 35 a2xa3xa? 36 b>xbxb? 37 bexh? 38 2x22xz4 39 b>xb?xb 40 23x2?xz4Index Law 2 \ Index Law 2 ‘Meg = gm-n Exercise 1.6 Simplify and write the following in index form: Dividing Indices: 4a? = 2X2x2x2 _ 5, ha Pp = 2x2 =2 isthe same as isthe same as Dividing Indices: Dividing Indices: he? 2742 abeg? = a2 =2 = This only works if the pag? = 222 Pemeeaenar = =axaxaxa =at or 23422 =23-2 =2 bases are the same. or aSza? eas Dee aa 3 24222 5 afta? 6 bib? 7 10°+108 8 whew 9 23421 10 1714 11 59254 12 105+107 13, 36-34 14 B+? 15 108105 16 34:33 17 atza3 18 utsu2 19 29323 20 p3+p3 m* & u no ao a A 10” af 37 3 26 Chapter I_ Index lawsIndex Exercise 1.7 3-7 Write each of the following in index form: d *—Base 3x3x3x3 = 34 dxdxd= a 1 xix 2 2x2x2x2 3 3x3%3x3, 4 4x4xdxdxd 5 5x5 6 1xlx1xIx1 7 2x2x2 8 3x3x3 9 10x10 10 10%10x10 11 10x10x10%10 12 bxbxbxbxbxb 13° nxnxnxnxnxnxn 14 pxpxpxpxp 15. axaxaxaxaxa Exercise 1.8 Write each of the following in factor form: wi = wxwxwxw 1 2 2 a4 3 6 4 2 5 gf 6 2B 7 28 8 ih? 9 14 Exercise 1.9 Simplify and write the following in index form: 22x94 = 2244 = 96 243 — 5 yxy =y’ 1 22x23 2 32x32 3 54x52 4 24x23 5 adxa2 6 b xb! 7 kSxk3 8 p*xp? 9 103x101 10 10410 nm 12x13 12 h4xhd Exereise 1.10 Simplify and write the following in index form: 34232 = 34-2 = 32 prereset 1 24223 ease 3 Score 6 b8+b? 7 9 = w iT B 10°Index Law 3 Power Indices: @y (2x2x2)? 2x2+2)s(2x2s2) Power Indices: (32 =232 =26 Exercise 1.11 Simplify and write the following in index form: (P= Gx3)3 (b4? = (bxbxbxb)? = (3x3)x(3%3)x(3%3) = (bxbxbxb)x(bxbxbxb) =36 =o8 or (323 =323 =36 or (b42 =bh2 = 8 1 2 2 @p 3 323 4 (ys 5 (@? 6 (b3)4 7 (ey 8 (n2)5 9 (322 10 (2) (mp 12 Gt? 13 (8) 14 (102) 15 (10)3 16 (g2)5 17 (1032 18 (ny 19 (a2)! 20 (253 34(32)3. = 34x36 = 310 (64/263 =b8xb3 =p! 2 22x(223 25 (a2)? 29 (52)2x5 22 22x(233 26 b4(b3)4 30 s2(s?)5 23 (32)3x33 27 (yd 31 m(m2)3 24 44x(42)3 28 n3(n2)> 32 3x(34)? Chapter I_ Index laws