294 Chapter 6.

Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

7 Elimination produces A D LU . The eigenvalues of U are on its diagonal; they

are the . The eigenvalues of L are on its diagonal; they are all . The
eigenvalues of A are not the same as .

8 (a) If you know that x is an eigenvector, the way to find is to .

(b) If you know that is an eigenvalue, the way to find x is to .

9 What do you do to the equation Ax D x , in order to prove (a), (b), and (c)?
2
(a) is an eigenvalue of A2 , as in Problem 4.
1 1
(b) is an eigenvalue of A , as in Problem 3.
(c) C 1 is an eigenvalue of A C I , as in Problem 2.

10 Find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors for both of these Markov matrices A and A 1 .
Explain from those answers why A100 is close to A1 :

:6 :2 1=3 1=3
AD and A1 D :
:4 :8 2=3 2=3

11 Here is a strange fact about 2 by 2 matrices with eigenvalues 1 ¤ 2 : The columns

of A 1 I are multiples of the eigenvector x 2 . Any idea why this should be?

12 Find three eigenvectors for this matrix P (projection matrices have D 1 and 0):
2 3
:2 :4 0
Projection matrix P D 4 :4 :8 0 5 :
0 0 1

If two eigenvectors share the same , so do all their linear combinations. Find an
eigenvector of P with no zero components.

13 From the unit vector u D 16 ; 16 ; 36 ; 56 construct the rank one projection matrix
P D uuT . This matrix has P 2 D P because uT u D 1.

(a) P u D u comes from .uuT /u D u. /. Then u is an eigenvector with D 1.

(b) If v is perpendicular to u show that P v D 0. Then D 0.
(c) Find three independent eigenvectors of P all with eigenvalue D 0.

14 Solve det.Q I / D 0 by the quadratic formula to reach D cos ˙ i sin :

cos sin
QD rotates the xy plane by the angle . No real ’s.
sin cos

Find the eigenvectors of Q by solving .Q I /x D 0. Use i 2 D 1.