LB/71/20t9

NON.PARAMETRIC
STATISTICS
Dr. L.K. LEE

NON- PARAM ETRIC STATISTICS

tr Most of the parametric tests are still reliable when we experience slight
departures from normality, particularly when the sample size is large.

tr Non-parametric or distribution free tests are alternative methods that

have been practiced with the assumption of no knowledge whatsoever
about the distributions of the underlying populations.

tr Being applied when the data are not reported as values but rather on an
ordinal scale such that it is quite naturalto assign ranks to the data.

tr The ranks of the observations are often used in place of the actual
measu rements

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NON- PARAM ETRIC STATISTICS

tr The ranks of the observations are often used in place of the actual
measurements

Accident risks Accident consequences

1 - Very low 1 - Catastrophic
2-Low 2 - Major
3 - Moderate 3 - Moderate
a - High
4 - Minor
5 - Very High
5-Low

The data are measured on the ordinal or

nominal scale

tr Ordinal scale:
The Sign Test
The Mann-Whitney Test
The Rank Sum Test
(Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test)
The wilcoxon Signed-Ranks Test.
Kruskal-Wallis
(One-Wa yAn alysis oI Variance)
By Ranks

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Nominal scale
tr Fisher Exact Test
tr Chi-square test
tr McNemar Test

Y ur am*t rir and Nerpa r*m *tri* Tests

Inclependenr*S*rnplcs T Mann-Whitnel' Tcst

Test

Pnilcd-Srnrples T Test Wilcoron Signcd-Rank

Tcst

0ne*i'av AN0VA Kruskal-Wallis Tcst

0ns*r,al Repeatrd Fricelnun's AN0VA

Me{sures AN0YA

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f

SIGN TEST
tr The sign test is used to test hypotheses on a population median.

tr ln the case of many non parametric procedures, the mean is replaced by

the median as the pertinent location parameter under test.

tr The sign test is one of the simplest non-parametric procedures to apply.

tr lt has the additional advantage of being applicable to dichotomous data

that cannot be recorded on numerical scale but can be represented by
positive and negative responses.

WILCOXON SIGNED-RAN K TEST

tr A test utilizing both direction and magnitude proposed by Frank
Wilcoxon in 1945.

tr The wilcoxon signed-rank test applies in the case of symmetric

continuous distribution.

tr Under this condition we can test the null hypothesis

it = iLo

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MANN-WHITNEY U
tr Non-parametric arternative to the two sampre unpaired f-test
concerning the difference between two population means.

tr Also known as U test and Wilcoxon rank_sum test.

tr This test is able to check whether two independent samples come

from
identical populations.

tr ln particurar we can test the nuil hypothesis without havrng to assume

that the populations sampred have roughry the shape of normar
d istri b uti ons.

l.tt = lt.:.