LESSON 7: Non-Parametric Statistics: Tests of Association & Test of Homogeneity

MEDT 24: MED LAB SCIENCE REESEARCH PAPER WRITING AND
PRESENTATION E-MODULE
LESSON 7: Non-parametric statistics: Tests of Association &
Test of Homogeneity
Learning Outcomes
After the completion of this lesson, you will be able to explore the commonly used
nonparametric test, specifically to:
1. know the different considerations in choosing these appropriate statistical tests;

2. interpret the results of each statistical test; and
3. analyze data using manual method or common statistical software used for each
statistical analysis.
Introduction
Most of the statistical inference procedures we have discussed up to this point are classified
as parametric statistics. One exception is our use of chi-square—as a test of goodness-of-fit
and as a test of independence. These uses of chi-square come under the heading of
nonparametric statistics. The obvious question now is, “What is the difference?” To answer,
let us recall the nature of the inferential procedures that we have categorized as parametric.
In each case, our interest was focused on estimating or testing a hypothesis about one or
more population parameters. Furthermore, central to these procedures was a knowledge of
the functional form of the population from which were drawn the samples providing the basis
for the inference.
Strictly speaking, only those procedures that test hypotheses that are not statements about
population parameters are classified as nonparametric, while those that make no
assumption about the sampled population are called distribution-free procedures. Despite
this distinction, it is customary to use the terms nonparametric and distribution free
interchangeably and to discuss the various procedures of both types under the heading
nonparametric statistics.
Lecture Notes
 Parametric Statistics
o It is an approach which assumes random sample from a normal distribution and
involves hypothesis testing about the population parameter.
o The variables being analyzed must be measured in at least the interval scale so that
the four arithmetic operations can be applied without problems.
o Assumptions:
 The samples are form normally distributed populations.
 The samples are from populations with equal variances (homoscedasticity).
 The observations are sampled randomly from clearly defined populations.
KKME, TTV, JHDC, JPA, AOA, AMR, JMF (2020) 1

 Nonparametric Statistics
o These are procedures that test hypotheses that are not statements about
population parameters.
o These are distribution-free procedures: those that make no assumption about the
sampled population.
o It is generally used in testing at least ordinal scale of measurement.
o Note: The terms nonparametric and distribution-free are used interchangeably to
discuss the various procedures of both types under the heading nonparametric
statistics.
o Advantages:
 They allow for the testing of hypotheses that are not statements about
population parameter values. (Chi-square tests of independence)
 These tests may be used when the form of the sampled population is
unknown.
 These procedures may be applied when the data being analyzed consist
merely of ranking or classifications. (The data may not be based on a
measurement scale strong enough to allow the arithmetic operations
necessary for carrying out parametric procedures.)
 Methods are available for nominal and ordinal.
 May be the only type of test applicable when sample size is very small.
 They make fewer assumption about the data.
 They are generally easier to apply and the interpretation of results are more
direct than the parametric tests.
o Disadvantages:
 The use of nonparametric procedures with data that can be handled with a
parametric procedure results in a waste of data.
 The application of some of the nonparametric tests may be laborious for
large samples.
 Central Limit Theorem

o It states that “if the population distribution is not necessarily normal, but has mean
 and standard deviation , then, for sufficiently large n, the sampling distribution of
mean is approximately normal”.
o The larger the sample size, the closer the distribution is to being normal.
o Large samples are always normally distributed.
o How large is sufficiently large? There is no exact point. The rule of thumb is that the
cut-off point is n  30.
I. Chi-square Test
 It is used when variables of interest are qualitative variables with mutually exclusive and
collectively exhaustive categories.
 The qualitative data used are the frequencies (observed and expected frequencies)
associated with each category of the variables under study.
 It compares the observed frequency of elements falling in different categories with the
expected frequency if the null hypothesis were true.

o Large differences between the observed and expected frequencies lead to the
rejection of the null hypothesis.
 It follows the chi-square distribution.
 Types:
o Test of Homogeneity
o Test of Association
o Goodness of Fit Test
Characteristics of the Chi-square Distribution
 The lower the degrees of freedom, the more

positively skewed the distribution.
 The greater the degrees of freedom, the more
symmetrical the distribution.
 As the degrees of freedom increases the curve
becomes more normal in distribution.
 The mean of a chi-square distribution will always
equal the degrees of freedom for the distribution.
 The total area under the curve is equal to 1. (AUC =
1)
 Chi-square distribution can range from zero to
positive infinity.
Applicability of Chi-square Test
 It is only applicable when the data in the contingency table has sufficiently large expected
frequencies.
o For a 2 x 2 table, the requirement is for all expected frequencies to be greater than
or equal to 5.
o If this requirement is not met, Fisher’s Exact Probability Test should be used.
 Requirements for larger tables:

o All expected frequencies should be greater than or equal to one.
o Not more than 20% of cells should have expected frequencies less than 5.
 Note: For larger tables, if the requirements are not met, merge adjacent categories to
increase expected frequencies in the various cells.
A. Chi-square Test of Homogeneity
 It is used to find whether two or more populations have the same proportions for
the different categories of another variable.
 When there are only two populations and the variable of interest has only two
categories, the 2 Test of Homogeneity may be used interchangeably with the z-test
for two proportions.
 Data Lay-out for Contingency Table

a) Rows represent the categories of one variable.
b) Columns represent the categories of the other variable.
c) Entries are the observed frequencies.
d) Row and column totals are referred to as marginals.

 Characteristics of the 2 Test of Homogeneity

a) Two or more populations are identified in advance, and an independent
sample is drawn from each.
b) Sample subjects or objects are placed in appropriate categories of the
variable of interest.
c) The calculation of the expected cell frequencies is based on the rationale
that if the populations are homogenous as stated in the null hypothesis, the
best estimate of the probability that a subject or object will fall into a
particular category of the variable of interest can be obtained by pooling the
sample data.
d) The hypotheses and conclusions are stated in terms of homogeneity (with
respect to the variable of interest) of populations.
 Test Statistic
row total x column total

❑2=∑ ¿ ¿ E=
grand total
where O = observed frequency

E = expected frequency
df = degrees of freedom = (r-1)(c-1)
 Problem 1
Kodama et al. (1991) studied the relationship between age and several prognostic
factors in squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. The following data were collected.
May we conclude that the populations presented by the four age-group samples are
not homogenous with respect to cell type? Use  = 0.05
 Objective: To determine homogeneity among age groups with respect to

cell type
 Population: Patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix
 Variables: Age-group and cell type
 Test: Chi-square test of homogeneity
Stepwise Hypothesis Testing
Null and Ho: The four age-group populations are homogenous with

alternative respect to the cell type.
hypothesis Ha: The four age-group populations are not homogenous with
respect to the cell type.
Level of  = 0.05
significance
Test statistic ❑2=∑ ¿ ¿ Chi-square Test of Homogeneity
Critical region df = (r-1)(c-1) = (4 – 1)(3-1) = 6
❑2 12.592
Note: Not applicable for computer output.
Computations

Statistical Since the computed 2 value (4.444) is less than the critical
decision value (12.562), do not reject Ho.
Since the p-value (0.6168) is greater than  (0.05), do not reject
Ho.
Conclusion We conclude that the four age-group populations may be
homogenous with respect to cell type.
There is no sufficient evidence to say that the four age-group
populations are not homogenous with respect to the cell type.
B. Chi-square Test of Association / Independence
 It is used to determine if there is a relationship or an association between two

qualitative variables.
o No association = independent
o A quantitative variable may be used but the data need to be transformed
into the nominal form before 2 can be applied.
 It deals with one random sample from a single population.
 Each person has data on each of the two variables.
 Each variable has mutually exclusive and exhaustive categories ( 2).
o Each observation in the sample can be classified to one and only one
category from each variable.
 Null hypothesis (Ho) versus Alternative Hypothesis (Ha)
Ho Ha
There is no association between the first There is an association between the first
and second variable. and second variable.
The first variable is not associated with The first variable and second variable are
the second variable. associated.
The first and second variable are The first and second variable are not
independent. independent.
 Data Structure
o two variables with at least two categories each
o categories of one variable as rows and the other one as columns

 Test Statistic
row total x column total

❑2=∑ ¿ ¿ E=
grand total
where O = observed frequency

E = expected frequency
df = degrees of freedom = (r-1)(c-1)
 Expected frequencies
o Frequency to be expected if the null hypothesis was true (there is no
association between the two variables)
 Characteristics of a Chi square test of independence (association) that distinguish it

from other chi-square tests:
o A single sample is selected from a population of interest, and the subjects or
objects are cross-classified on the basis of the two variables of interest.
o The rationale for calculating expected cell frequencies is based on the
probability law, which states that if two events (the two criteria of
classification) are independent, the probability of their joint occurrence is
equal to the product of their individual probabilities.
o The hypotheses and conclusions are stated in terms of the independence (or
lack of independence) of two variables.
 Problem 1
In a study to determine the effects of a five-day smoking cessation program on the

smoking behavior of selected high school students in Manila, the following data
were obtained. Is there evidence that smoking status is associated with type of
school? Use  = 0.01.
o Objective: to determine if there is an association between smoking

status and the type of school
o Population: high school students in Manila

o Variables: type of school and smoking status
o Test: Chi-square test of association
Null and Ho: There is no association between smoking status and type of
alternative school. / Smoking status is not associated with the type of
hypothesis school.
Ha: There is an association between smoking status and type of
school. / Smoking status and type of school are associated.
Level of  = 0.01
significance
Test statistic ❑2=∑ ¿ ¿ Chi-square Test of Association
Critical region Note: Not applicable for computer output.
Computations
Statistical Since the p-value (<0.00001) is less than  (0.01), reject Ho.
decision
Conclusion There is an association between smoking status and type of
school. / Smoking status and type of school are associated.
Fisher Exact Test
 A test that may be used when the sample size requirements of the chi-square test are not
met.
 The data are arranged in the form of a 2 x 2 contingency table.
 Assumptions:
a. The data consist of A sample observations from population 1 and B sample

observation from population 2.
b. The samples are random and independent.
c. Each observation can be categorized as one of the two mutually exclusive types.
 2 x 2 Contingency Table for Fisher Exact Test

Sample With Characteristic Without Total

Characteristic
1 A A-a A
2 B B-b B
Total A+B A+B–a–b A+B
 Sample Problem 1
Data on the preference of 11 female and 8 male office workers are shown below. Is there a
difference between female and male office workers with respect to jogging as the preferred
exercise? Let α = 0.05.
Group Preferred Exercise Total

Jogging Not jogging
Females 4 7 11
Males 6 2 8
1. Null and H0: Pf = Pm

alternative The proportion of those who prefer jogging is the same in female and male
hypothesis office workers.
Ha: Pf ≠ Pm
The proportion of those who prefer jogging is not the same in female and
male office workers.
2.Level of α = 0.05
significance
3.Test Fisher Exact Test
Statistic
4. Not applicable (use computer output)
Computations

. tabi 4 7 \ 6 2, exact
col
row 1 2 Total
1 4 7 11
2 6 2 8
Total 10 9 19
Fisher's exact = 0.170

1-sided Fisher's exact = 0.115
5. Statistical Since the p-value (0.115) is greater than α (0.05), do not reject H 0.
Decision
6. Conclusion There is no sufficient evidence to say that the proportion of those who
prefer jogging is not the same in female and male office workers.
Non-parametric statistics: one-sample case and k-sample case

The Sign Test
 This test got its name from the fact that plus and minuses, rather than numerical values,
provide the raw data used in the calculations.
 When to use: to test hypothesis about a population median, to know whether a sample
measurement falls above or below the hypothesized median.
 Data: consist of a single random sample X1, X2, …Xn of size n from a population with unknown
median, M.
 Assumption: The distribution of the variable of interest is continuous, measured on at least
an ordinal scale. This rules out the use of nominal data.

 Test statistic
o It is either the observed number of plus signs or the observed number of minus
signs.
o The nature of Ha determines which of these test statistics is appropriate.
o In a given test, any one of the following Ha is possible:
 Ha : P(+) > (-) one sided alternative
 Ha : P(+) < (-) one sided alternative
 Ha : P(+) ≠ 1 (-) two-sided alternative
 Problem 1
A random sample of 15 student nurses was given a test to measure their level of
authoritarianism with the following results. The investigators believed that the scores
achieved the level of an ordinal scale. Assume that the measurements are taken on a
continuous variable. Test at the 0.05 level of significance the H 0 that the median score of the
sampled population is 100.
1. Null and H0: M = 100

alternative The median authoritarianism score for the sampled population is 100.
hypothesis Ha: M ≠ 100
The median authoritarianism score for the sampled population is not
100.
2. Level of α = 0.05
significance
3. Test Statistic Sign test
4. Not applicable (use computer output)
Computations

. signtest amscore=100
Sign test
sign observed expected
positive 6 7.5
negative 9 7.5
zero 0 0
all 15 15
One-sided tests:
Ho: median of amscore - 100 = 0 vs.
Ha: median of amscore - 100 > 0
Pr(#positive >= 6) =
Binomial(n = 15, x >= 6, p = 0.5) = 0.8491

Ha: median of amscore - 100 < 0
Pr(#negative >= 9) =
Binomial(n = 15, x >= 9, p = 0.5) = 0.3036
Two-sided test:
Ha: median of amscore - 100 != 0
Pr(#positive >= 9 or #negative >= 9) =
min(1, 2*Binomial(n = 15, x >= 9, p = 0.5)) = 0.6072
.
5. Statistical Since the p-value (0.6072) is greater than α (0.05), do not reject H 0.
Decision
6. Conclusion There is no sufficient evidence to say that the median authoritarianism
score for the sampled population is not 100.
The Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test for Location
 When to use
o for analysis when data are measured on at least an interval scale
o makes use of the magnitude of the differences between measurements and a
hypothesized location parameter rather than just the signs of the differences
 Assumptions
o The sample is random.
o The variable is continuous.
o The population is symmetrically distributed about its mean.
o The measurement scale is at least interval.
 Test statistic
o It is either T+ (sum of ranks with positive signs) or T- (sum of ranks with negative
signs), depending on the nature of Ha.
o When Ha is two-sided (µ ≠ µ0), either a sufficiently small value of T + or a sufficiently
small value of T- will cause us to reject H0: µ = µ0.
 Problem 1

Cardiac output (liter/minute) was measured by thermodilution in a simple random sample of

15 postcardiac surgical patients in the left lateral position. The results were as follows. We
wish to know if we can conclude on the basis of these data that the population median is
different from 5.05. Test at 0.05 level of significance.
1. Null and alternativeHo: M = 5.05

hypothesis The population median cardiac output of postcardiac surgical
patients in the left lateral position is equal to 5.05 liters/minute.
Ha: M ≠ 5.05
The population median cardiac output of postcardiac surgical
patients in the left lateral position is not equal to 5.05 liters/minute.
significance
3. Test Statistic Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test for Location
The test statistic will be T + or T-, whichever is smaller. The test
statistic is called T.
4. Computations Not applicable (use computer output)
. signrank cardiaco=5.05
Wilcoxon signed-rank test
sign obs sum ranks expected
positive 10 86 60
negative 5 34 60
zero 0 0 0
all 15 120 120
unadjusted variance 310.00

adjustment for ties 0.00
adjustment for zeros 0.00
adjusted variance 310.00
Ho: cardiaco = 5.05

z = 1.477
Prob > |z| = 0.1398

5. Statistical Decision Since the p-value (0.1398) is greater than α (0.05), do not reject H 0.
6. Conclusion There is no sufficient evidence to say that the population median

cardiac output of postcardiac surgical patients in the left lateral
position is not equal to 5.05 liters/minute.
Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs Signed-Ranks Test
 When to use
o It may be used with paired data under circumstances in which it is not
appropriate to use the paired-comparisons test.
o In such cases obtain each of the n di values, the difference between each of
the n pairs of measurements.
 If we let µD (the mean of a population of such difference), we may follow the
procedure described above to test any of the following H0:
o H0 : µD = 0
o H0 : µD ≥ 0
o H0 : µD ≤ 0
 Problem 1
In a study by Davis et al. (1988), maternal language directed toward children with mental
retardation and children matched either for language ability or chronological age was
compared in free-play and instruction situations. Results were consistent with the hypothesis
that mothers of children with retardation match their verbal behavior to their children’s
language ability. Among the data collected were the measurements on the number of
utterances per minute during free-play by mothers with retardation (A) and mothers of age-
matched children who were not mentally retarded (B).
The number of utterances per minute during free-play by mothers with mentally retarded
children (A) and mothers of age-matched children who were not mentally retarded (B) are
shown below. Can we conclude on the basis of these data that there is a difference in the
median number of utterances per minute during free-play of the two groups of mothers? Let
α = 0.01.
1. Null and H0: MA = MB / MA - MB = 0

alternative There is no difference in the median number of utterances per
hypothesis minute during free-play by mothers with mentally retarded
children and mothers with age-matched children who are not
mentally retarded.
Ha: MA ≠ MB / MA - MB ≠ 0
There is a difference in the median number of utterances per
minute during free-play by mothers with mentally retarded
mentally retarded.
significance

3. Test Statistic Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs Signed Rank Test for Location
. signrank uttrpmmr= uttrpmnotmr
Wilcoxon signed-rank test
sign obs sum ranks expected
positive 10 55 27.5
negative 0 0 27.5
zero 0 0 0
all 10 55 55

adjustment for ties 0.00
adjustment for zeros 0.00
Ho: uttrpmmr = uttrpmnotmr

z = 2.803
Prob > |z| = 0.0051
.
5. Statistical Since the p-value (0.0051) is greater than α (0.01), reject H0.
Decision
6. Conclusion There is a difference in the median number of utterances per
minute during free-play by mothers with mentally retarded
mentally retarded. Mothers of children with mental retardation
had higher median number of utterances per minute.
The Median Test
 When to use: may be used to test the H0 that two independent samples have been
drawn from populations with equal medians
 Assumptions
o The samples are selected independently and at random from their respective
populations.
o The populations are of the same form, differing only in location.
o The variable of interest is continuous.
 The level of measurement must be at least ordinal.
 The two samples do not have to be of equal size.
 Test statistic
o It is X2 as computed for a 2 x 2 contingency table where a, b, c and d are the
observed cell frequencies.

 Problem 1
1. Null and Ho: MA = MB / MA - MB = 0

alternative The population median scores on the level of care of the two
hypothesis hospitals are equal / the same.
Ha: MA ≠ MB / MA - MB ≠ 0
The population median scores on the level of care of the two
hospitals are the not equal / different.
significance
3. Test Statistic Median test
. median levcare, by(hosp) exact
Median test
Greater
than the hosp
median 1 2 Total
no 2 13 15
yes 13 2 15
Total 15 15 30
Pearson chi2(1) = 16.1333 Pr = 0.000

Fisher's exact = 0.000
1-sided Fisher's exact = 0.000
Continuity corrected:
Pearson chi2(1) = 13.3333 Pr = 0.000
.
5. Statistical Since the p-value (<0.0001) is less than α (0.05), reject H0.
Decision
6. Conclusion The population median scores on the level of care of the two
hospitals are the not equal / different.
The Mann-Whitney Test
 When to use
o It is used for testing the H 0 of equal population location parameters for two
independent samples.
o It is based on the ranks of observations.
o It is sometimes called Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test or Wilcoxon Rank Sum test.
 Assumptions

o The two samples of size n and m, respectively, available for analysis, have been
independently and randomly drawn from their respective populations.
o The measurement scale is at least ordinal.
o The variable of interest is continuous.
o If the populations differ at all, they differ only with respect to their medians.
 Test statistic
o Small sample approximation (both n and m ≤ 20)

 To compute the test statistic:
 Combine the two samples and rank all observations from smallest to
largest while keeping track of the sample to which each observation
belongs.
 Tied observations are assigned a rank equal to the mean of the rank
positions for which they are tied.
n(n − 1)
T =S −
2
where n = number of sample X observations

S = sum of the ranks assigned to the sample
observations from the population of X values
Note: The choice of which sample’s values to be labelled X is
arbitrary.
o Large sample approximation (either n or m > 20)

 Note: Compare the result, for significance, with critical values of the
standard normal distribution.
 Problem 1
In an experiment designed to assess the effects of prolonged inhalation of cadmium oxide,

30 laboratory animals served as experimental subjects while 25 similar animals served as
controls. The variable of interest was hemoglobin level following the experiment. The results
are shown below. Can we conclude that the median hemoglobin levels of the exposed and
unexposed animals are different? Suppose we let α = 0.05.

1. Null and H0: ME = MC / ME – MC = 0

alternative There is no difference in the population median hemoglobin
hypothesis levels of the cadmium oxide exposed animals and unexposed
animals.
Ha: ME ≠ MC / ME – MC ≠ 0
There is a difference in the population median hemoglobin
levels of the cadmium oxide exposed animals and unexposed
animals.
significance
3. Test Statistic Mann-Whitney test
. ranksum hemoglobin, by(expusure)
Two-sample Wilcoxon rank-sum (Mann-Whitney) test
expusure obs rank sum expected
1 30 577 840
2 25 963 700
combined 55 1540 1540

adjustment for ties -10.48
Ho: hemogl~n(expusure==1) = hemogl~n(expusure==2)

z = -4.452
Prob > |z| = 0.0000
.
5. Statistical Since the p-value (<0.0001) is less than α (0.05), reject H0.
Decision
6. Conclusion There is a difference in the population median hemoglobin
levels of the cadmium oxide exposed animals and unexposed
animals. Those animals exposed to cadmium oxide had lower
hemoglobin levels.
Kruskal-Wallis One-Way Analysis of Variance by Ranks
 When to use: when the assumptions underlying one-way analysis of variance are
not met
 Assumptions
o The samples are independent random samples from their respective
populations.
o The measurement scale employed is at least ordinal.

o The distributions of the values in the sampled populations are identical except
for the possibility that one or more of the population are composed of values
that tend to be larger than those of other populations.
 Test Statistic
 Hypotheses
o H0: All of the k population medians are equal.
o Ha: At least one of k population medians is different.
 Problem 1
In a study of pulmonary effects on guinea pigs, Lacroix et al. (2002) exposed ovalbumin
(OA)-sensitized guinea pigs to regular air, benzaldehyde or acetaldehyde. At the end of
exposure, the guinea pigs were anesthetized and allergic responses were assessed in
bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). One of the outcome variables examined was count of
eosinophil cells. Can we conclude that the three populations represented by three samples
differ with respect to eosinophil cell count?
1. Null and H0: MR = MB = MA

alternative All of the three population median eosinophil cell counts of
hypothesis guinea pigs are equal.
Ha: At least one of the population median eosinophil count of
guinea pigs tends to exhibit larger values than the other
populations.
significance
3. Test Statistic Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA by ranks

. kwallis eosino, by (treatment)
Kruskal-Wallis equality-of-populations rank test
treatm~t Obs Rank Sum
1 5 47.00
2 5 16.00
3 5 57.00
chi-squared = 9.140 with 2 d.f.

probability = 0.0104
chi-squared with ties = 9.140 with 2 d.f.

probability = 0.0104
.
5. Statistical Since the p-value (0.0104) is less than α (0.05), reject the H0.
Decision
6. Conclusion There is a difference in the population median eosinophil
counts of ovalbumin-sensitized guinea pigs exposed to regular
air, benzaldehyde and acetaldehyde.
TEST STATISTICS SUMMARY
Type of Analysis Parametric Test Non-parametric Test

Comparing two related t-test for dependent samples Wilcoxon signed-rank test
samples
Comparing two unrelated t-test for independent Mann-Whitney test
samples samples
Comparing 3 or more related Repeated measures Analysis Friedman test
samples of Variance (ANOVA)
Comparing 3 or more One-way Analysis of Kruskal-Wallis test
unrelated samples Variance (ANOVA)
Comparing categorical data none Chi-square test and Fisher
test
Comparing two rank-ordered Pearson product moment Spearman rank-order
variables correlation correlation
References
 Asaad, AS. (2011). Simplified Biostatistics. Manila: REX Book Store
 Biostat 201 Lecture Notes 1st Sem, SY 2017-2018
 Biostat 301 Lecture Notes 1st Sem, SY 2019-2020 by Tolabing, MC, Asaad, AS &
Mira, NC

 Mendoza, OM, Borja, MP, Sevilla, TL, Ancheta, CA, Saniel, OP, Sarol, JN Jr., &
Lozano, JP. (2010). Foundations of Statistical Analysis for the Health Sciences.
Cubao, Quezon City: Buencamino Press
 Daniel, WW & Cross, CL. (2014). Biostatistics Basic Concepts and Methodology for
the Health Sciences. 10th Ed. John Wiley & Sons Singapore.

LESSON 7: Non-Parametric Statistics: Tests of Association & Test of Homogeneity

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LESSON 7: Non-Parametric Statistics: Tests of Association & Test of Homogeneity

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MEDT 24: MED LAB SCIENCE REESEARCH PAPER WRITING AND

1. know the different considerations in choosing these appropriate statistical tests;

KKME, TTV, JHDC, JPA, AOA, AMR, JMF (2020) 1

 Central Limit Theorem

KKME, TTV, JHDC, JPA, AOA, AMR, JMF (2020) 2

Characteristics of the Chi-square Distribution

 The lower the degrees of freedom, the more

Applicability of Chi-square Test

 Requirements for larger tables:

A. Chi-square Test of Homogeneity

 Data Lay-out for Contingency Table

KKME, TTV, JHDC, JPA, AOA, AMR, JMF (2020) 3

 Characteristics of the 2 Test of Homogeneity

row total x column total

where O = observed frequency

 Objective: To determine homogeneity among age groups with respect to

Stepwise Hypothesis Testing

KKME, TTV, JHDC, JPA, AOA, AMR, JMF (2020) 4

KKME, TTV, JHDC, JPA, AOA, AMR, JMF (2020) 5

B. Chi-square Test of Association / Independence

 It is used to determine if there is a relationship or an association between two

 Null hypothesis (Ho) versus Alternative Hypothesis (Ha)

KKME, TTV, JHDC, JPA, AOA, AMR, JMF (2020) 6

row total x column total

where O = observed frequency

 Characteristics of a Chi square test of independence (association) that distinguish it

In a study to determine the effects of a five-day smoking cessation program on the

o Objective: to determine if there is an association between smoking

KKME, TTV, JHDC, JPA, AOA, AMR, JMF (2020) 7

Stepwise Hypothesis Testing

Fisher Exact Test

a. The data consist of A sample observations from population 1 and B sample

 2 x 2 Contingency Table for Fisher Exact Test

KKME, TTV, JHDC, JPA, AOA, AMR, JMF (2020) 8

Sample With Characteristic Without Total

Group Preferred Exercise Total

Stepwise Hypothesis Testing

1. Null and H0: Pf = Pm

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Fisher's exact = 0.170

Non-parametric statistics: one-sample case and k-sample case

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Stepwise Hypothesis Testing

1. Null and H0: M = 100

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sign observed expected

Ho: median of amscore - 100 = 0 vs.

The Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test for Location

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Cardiac output (liter/minute) was measured by thermodilution in a simple random sample of

Stepwise Hypothesis Testing

1. Null and alternativeHo: M = 5.05

Wilcoxon signed-rank test

sign obs sum ranks expected

all 15 120 120

unadjusted variance 310.00

adjusted variance 310.00

Ho: cardiaco = 5.05

KKME, TTV, JHDC, JPA, AOA, AMR, JMF (2020) 13

6. Conclusion There is no sufficient evidence to say that the population median

Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs Signed-Ranks Test

Stepwise Hypothesis Testing

1. Null and H0: MA = MB / MA - MB = 0