Eur. Phys. J.
C (2011) 71: 1519
DOI 10.1140/epjc/s10052-010-1519-8
Regular Article - Theoretical Physics
Lump-like solitons
in a generalized Abelian-Higgs Chern–Simons model
C. dos Santos1,2,a , E. da Hora3,b
1
Centro de Física e Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
2
Departamento de Física, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
3
Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 58051-970 João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
Received: 9 July 2010 / Revised: 5 November 2010 / Published online: 8 January 2011
© Springer-Verlag / Società Italiana di Fisica 2011
Abstract In this paper we study one-dimensional sta-
tic self-dual non-topological solitons in an Abelian-Higgs
Chern–Simons model with a non-canonical kinetic term. We
choose a scalar potential with a single minimum and present
an analytical soliton solution which corresponds to an elec-
trically charged lump-like soliton without total momentum
and located in a region where the scalar field gets maximum.
The solitonic boundary conditions impose a discontinuity on
the electric field across the soliton line where, then, there is
a linear charge density.
1 Introduction
Non-topological solitons are stable solutions of classical
field theories with conserved Noether charge [1, 2], which
have been attracted much attention due to its wide range of
applications such as on the phenomenological description
of hadrons in the bag model [3–5] and on the description of
Q-balls [1, 2, 6–11] whose cosmological and astrophysical
applications have recently attracted much attention [12–16].
They can also be used in the description of localized exci-
tations in Bose–Einstein condensates [17–19] or in the de-
scription of bright solitons in optical fibers [20, 21].
In particular these kind of soliton solutions were already
found in the past in the context of the (2 + 1) Chern–Simons
theory [22–25] and its extensions to the Maxwell–Chern–
Simons theory [26–29].
In this paper we continue this research line studying
lump-like static solitons in a model that can be seen as a
generalization of the Chern–Simons Abelian-Higgs model
and where topological self-dual solitons, such as vortices
and domain walls, were already studied [30, 31]. It is a
a e-mail: cssilva@fc.up.pt
b e-mail: edahora.ufpb@gmail.com
model were the kinetic term is non-canonical and that can
be included in the so-called k-models, which have recently
attracted much attention due to their applications in strong
interaction physics and cosmology [32–40] and whose topo-
logical soliton solutions have been widely explored [30, 31,
41–56].
The non-linear effects in k-theories make the equations
of motion more difficult to solve and therefore we will fo-
cus only on BPS non-topological solutions that minimize the
energy. They can be found by minimizing the energy func-
tional [57, 58] or equivalently by using the conservation law
for the energy–momentum tensor combined with the bound-
ary conditions that require the energy for the soliton to be
finite [59].
This paper is organized as follows. In Sect. 2 we intro-
duce our model and derive the BPS equations in Sect. 3.
In particular we obtain the BPS tension and show that its
bound is saturated when the self-dual equations are verified.
In Sect. 4 we present one example of an analytical BPS lump
solution whose physical properties are studied. We then con-
clude in Sect. 5 and comment about possible future work.
Our study is in 2 + 1 dimensions for a Minkowski space-
time with a plus minus signature (+ − −). We use bold style
for the spatial components of 2-vectors. A prime denotes the
derivative d/dx.
2 The model
The Lagrangian density for our model is given as in
Ref. [30] by
    k
LS = W |ϕ| |Dμ ϕ|2 − U |ϕ| +  αβγ Aα Fβγ . (1)
4
This describes an Abelian-Higgs Chern–Simons model with
coupling k and a non-canonical kinetic term W(|ϕ|)|Dμ ϕ|2 ,
Page 2 of 7 Eur. Phys. J. C (2011) 71: 1519

where W(|ϕ|) is a function of the amplitude of the complex For the complex scalar field ϕ the equation of motion is
scalar field ϕ whose potential is U (|ϕ|). Note that with this given by
specific choice for the non-canonical kinetic term one gets
∂U ∂W
first order equations. Wϕ + ∂μ WD μ ϕ + − |Dμ ϕ|2 ∗ = 0 (7)
∂ϕ ∗ ∂ϕ
Also, the field strength is given by Fαβ = ∂α Aβ − ∂β Aα
and the covariant derivative by Dμ = ∂μ + ieAμ , with e be- with
ing the electric charge. We are using Aβ = (A0 , A), and 1 √ 
the electric and magnetic fields are given by Ei =F i0 = ϕ = √ D μ −gDμ ϕ (8)
−
→ −g
−Ȧi − ∇i A0 and B = ∇ × A, respectively, where the dot
means the partial time derivative. where −g is the determinant of the metric.
It is convenient for our study to write all the variables in These second order differential equations can be reduced
dimensionless units. For that we take x μ → x μ /M, where to first order ones by using the method developed in [59]. For
that we first need to obtain the components of the energy–
M is a mass scale of the model. Also, we take the electric
1 momentum tensor, given by
charge e → M 2 e. In this case, we get
√
2 ∂[ −gLN T ]
1 Tλρ = √ (9)
Aγ → M 2 Aγ . (2) −g ∂g λρ

Note that the parameter k and W|ϕ|2 have no dimensions. where LN T is the non-topological sector in the Lagrangian
1 density L. The topological sector in the Lagrangian density
We will take ϕ → M 2 ϕ and thus W → W/M. We then can
L, i.e, the Chern–Simons term, does not contribute to the
write LS → M 2 L, with L being the Lagrangian density to
energy–momentum tensor. This gives
be used from now on.
Tλρ = −gλρ LN T + 2WΨλρ (10)

where
3 The equations of motion
1
Ψλρ = Dμ ϕ(Dν ϕ)∗ [δλμ δρν + δλν δρμ ]. (11)
In this section we use some results obtained in Refs. [30, 2
31]. Writing explicitly the components of the energy–momen-
For the gauge fields the local equations of motion are tum tensor one obtains
given by
ε ≡ T00 = 2e2 WA20 |ϕ|2 − W|Dμ ϕ|2 + U (12)
k μβγ P1 ≡ T11 = W|Dμ ϕ| + 2W|D1 ϕ| − U
2 2
(13)
 Fβγ = −J μ (3)
2
P2 ≡ T22 = W|Dμ ϕ|2 + 2W|D2 ϕ|2 − U (14)
where Jμ = (ρ, j) is the conserved Noether current density
T01 = A0 j1 (15)
which comes from the invariance of the theory under local
gauge transformations [61] and is given by T02 = A0 j2 (16)
 
  T12 = W (D1 ϕ)(D2 ϕ)∗ +(D1 ϕ)∗ (D2 ϕ) . (17)
J μ = ieW ϕ(D μ ϕ)∗ − ϕ ∗ D μ ϕ . (4)
We now look for static one spatial dimensions soliton so-
For static field configurations the time and spatial com- lutions. We take then along the y axis. For the infinite soliton
ponents of (3) can be written as there is a translational invariance along its axis which gives
  that all the fields must depend only on x. Thus for the Ansatz
kB = ρ = 2e2 A0 |ϕ|2 W |ϕ| (5) we can take the Higgs field complex and the vector potential
A components depending only in x. Meanwhile we will only
kEa = ba j b (6)
look for solitons without shear stress, which implies that the
Higgs field must be real when Ax = 0.
which shows that the electric charge density ρ is propor-
For simplicity we want to write the equations of motion
tional to the magnetic field while the density current is per-
(3) and (7) in dimensionless coordinates. For that we rescale
pendicular to the electric field. This is an important fact for the x coordinate into x̄ which is a dimensionless coordinate
the phenomenological applications of Chern–Simons theo- 2
where x̄ = ek x and define
ries as effective field theories for the quantum Hall effect
[60–62]. Note that the constant k can be interpreted as the e4
U= V (18)
electric conductivity [61]. k2
Eur. Phys. J. C (2011) 71: 1519 Page 3 of 7

W=
k
w (19) A = −2wh2 A0 (34)
e2
where the potential must be given by
with V and w dimensionless. Our Ansatz is then
e V = wh2 A20 . (35)
ϕ = √ h(x̄) (20)
k
Note that this relation between V and w is an algebraic con-
e 
A= 0, A(x̄) (21) dition that arises from the condition of vanishing of the pres-
k sures for the BPS states. Thus, it is an algebraic condition
where h(x̄) and A(x̄) are dimensionless fields. Note that for which is only valid for the BPS solutions.
simpler notation we are using the same symbol for the gauge Through (26) one gets
field as previously but note that now this is a dimensionless
field. For simpler notation we will also replace x̄ by x from ε = 4V . (36)
now on.
The second order (3) and (7) then write We may note that the first order equations (33)–(34) do sat-
isfy the second order ones (22)–(23).
  dV We now want to give a physical interpretation for the con-
[2wh ] = 2hw A2 − A20 + (22)
dh stant C. For that we note that it is through this constant that
the energy density, T00 , is related to the linear momentum
[kA0 ] = −2wAh2 (23) density along the y direction, T0y , as
with the Gauss law constraint given by  2
ε 2 = (2T0y )2 + −2wCh2 . (37)
kB
A0 = . (24) Making an analogy with the relation between the energy
2h2 w
(E) and the rest mass (m0 ) for a relativistic particle, E 2 =
Substituting it into (23) one gets that the time and spatial c2 p 2 + m20 c2 , we conclude that the
 rest mass 2of the soliton
components of the gauge field are not independent but are per unit length will be given by − dx 2wCh .
related by For simplicity we take C = 0 in this paper. From (25)
one gets that A0 = ±A and thus (33)–(34) become a two-
A20 = A2 − C (25) dimensional autonomous dynamical system whose solutions
can describe solitons provided one chooses suitable initial
with C a real constant.
conditions.
The energy–momentum tensor then reads
In this paper we look only for non-compact lump-like
ε ≡ T00 = wh2 + wCh2 + V + 2wA20 h2 (26) solitons which are one-dimensional structures depending
only on the x variable such that the scalar field vanishes both
P1 ≡ Txx = −wh2 − wCh2 − V + 2wh2 (27) at x = ±∞. Therefore we may have a maximum or a mini-
mum of ϕ in a finite region. The location of this extreme for
P2 ≡ Tyy = −wh2 − wCh2 − V + 2wA2 h2 (28) the scalar field determines the position of the lump, let us
say x0 . Now using (33) one sees that in x0 the gauge field A
T0x = 0 (29) must vanish.
In the next section we show how a solution like this may
T0y = 2wA0 Ah2 (30)
exist.
Txy = 0. (31) In order to characterize it physically we need to analyze
the conserved quantities in our model. One is the electric
Now we use the method described in Ref. [59] to reduce charge, Q, which is associated with the U (1) symmetry and
the second order equations into first order ones. For that we is related with the magnetic flux per unit length, Φ, via
set the vortex stability condition
Q=Φ with Φ = A(−∞) − A(+∞). (38)
P1 = P2 = 0 (32)
The other is a charge associated with the translational invari-
and use the Gauss law equation (24) to get the first order ance along the y direction and is given by
equations of motion 
1 
P y = dx T 0y = A2 (+∞) − A2 (−∞) (39)
h = ±hA (33) 2
Page 4 of 7 Eur. Phys. J. C (2011) 71: 1519

which is the total linear momentum along the soliton line

per unit length.
Also we need to relate these conserved quantities with
the bound for the BPS energy per unit length for the soliton.
Applying the Bogomol’nyi decomposition method [57, 58]
we can write the energy per unit length as

 
E = dx V + wh2 + 2wh2 A20

√ √ 2 √ √ 2
= dx V − whA0 + wh ∓ whA
 √ 2 √
+ −A0 A −
2whA0 + 2 V whA0 − wh2 A20
 
± 2wh hA − wh2 A2 + 2 −2wA0 A hA0 + A A0

 
≥ ∓2 dx A0 A = ∓ A2 (+∞) − A2 (−∞) (40)

thus

E ≥ 2 P y . (41)

4 An analytical lump-like solution

Fig. 1 From top to bottom: plots of the Higgs potential and the func-
We look for analytical lump-like solitons so we choose the √ W as a function of the Higgs field in units of e /k , k/e and
tion 4 2 2

potential as e/ k, respectively

h4 
V (h) = 1 − h4 (42) Also one gets for the magnetic field
8
1
or equivalently we choose B = sech2 [x] (46)
2
1 h2 whose plot is in Fig. 3. It has a maximum at the location of
w(h) = √ (43)
2 1 − h4 the soliton, it is symmetric around it and it decreases rapidly
to zero.
whose plots as a function of the Higgs field h are in Fig. 1. We now want to get the energy density as a function of the
Note that this potential has a single minimum where it van- distance to the soliton line, x. First we note that the boundary
ishes when h2 = 1 and it is only well-defined for h2 ≤ 1. conditions cannot be satisfied if we choose an unique rela-
In Fig. 1 we have extended the plot of the potential to the tion between A and A0 . Rather, we have to take A0 = −A
4√
region h2 > 1 by taking V (h) = − h8 h4 − 1. for x > 0 and A0 = +A when x < 0. This brings about that
Through the first order equations of motion (33)–(34) one the energy density has to be defined differently according
gets two branches as
 1/2 tanh[x]
h = sech[x] (44) ε=+ sech2 [x] for x > 0 (47)
2
1
A = − tanh[x] (45) tanh[x]
2 ε=− sech2 [x] for x < 0 (48)
2
which corresponds to a lump-like solution located at x = 0. and whose plot is in Fig. 3.
There is also an anti-lump solution which is simply obtained Meanwhile the linear momentum per unit length flows
reversing the sign of the spatial component of the gauge along the soliton line according to the expressions
field.
Note that the gauge field A vanishes at the lump-line and tanh[x]
T 0y = + sech2 [x] for x > 0, (49)
as it interpolates between two different values one gets from 4
(38) that the magnetic flux per unit length does not vanishes. tanh[x]
Therefore the soliton is electrically charged. T 0y =− sech2 [x] for x < 0. (50)
4
Eur. Phys. J. C (2011) 71: 1519 Page 5 of 7

This shows that the linear momentum flows in opposite di-

rections along each “side” of the lump structure as shown in
Fig. 4. Thus the total linear momentum of the soliton van-
ishes.
In Fig. 4 we also plot A2 as a function of x. In particu-
lar, we see that A2 (+∞) = A2 (−∞), which from (40) gives
that there is no energy BPS bound and therefore neither the
energy nor the momentum is quantized. In this way the sys-
tem changes states without cost of energy.
This definition by branches brings about that the function
w has an asymptote at x = 0 as

1 sech[x]
w(x) = (51)
2 tanh[x]

as shown in Fig. 5. This gives that the electric field given by

1
G = − sech2 [x] for x > 0, (52)
2
1
G = + sech2 [x] for x < 0 (53)
2

is discontinuous at x = 0. This point will be physically in-

Fig. 2 From top to bottom: plots of the Higgs field and the spatial
component of the gauge field as a function of the√distance, x, to the
terpreted in the next section.
lump-like soliton located at x = 0 in units of e/ k, e/k and k/e2 ,
respectively

Fig. 4 From top to bottom: plots of the linear energy–momentum flow,

Fig. 3 From top to bottom: plots of the magnetic field and the energy T 0y , and the square of the spatial component of the gauge field, A2 , as
density as a function of the distance, x, to the lump-like soliton located a function of the distance, x, to the lump-like soliton located at x = 0
at x = 0 in units of e3 /k 2 , e4 /k 2 and k/e2 , respectively in units of e4 /k 2 , e2 /k 2 and k/e2 , respectively
Page 6 of 7 Eur. Phys. J. C (2011) 71: 1519

Fig. 6 This figure shows the discontinuity of the electric field, E,

across the soliton line located on the y axis. The rectangle path is used
to get the results obtained in (57)–(58)

Abelian-Higgs Chern–Simons model with a specific choice

for the kinetic term that makes the soliton solutions to be
self-dual.
We present analytical solutions which describe an elec-
trically charged lump-like soliton with a linear momentum
along it flowing in opposite directions on each “side” of the
lump structure. Hence the total linear momentum of the soli-
ton vanishes. The boundary conditions cannot be satisfied
unless the electric field is discontinuous where the soliton
is located. In order to give a physical interpretation for this
Fig. 5 From top to bottom: plots of the function W and the electric discontinuity it proves useful to write the local equations of
field as a function of the distance, x, to the lump-like soliton located at motion for the gauge sector, i.e., (5)–(6), for two mediums,
x = 0 in units of k/e2 , e3 /k 2 and k/e2 , respectively. Note the discon-
1, and 2, located, respectively on the left (i.e. x < 0) and
tinuity of the function W and of the electric field at the location of the
soliton right (i.e. x > 0) of the soliton line (x = 0) with normal vec-
tors n1 and n2 as shown in Fig. 6. Through (6) and using the
rectangle path shown in Fig. 6 one gets in the limit of small
Finally we note that one can generalize the results pre-
rectangle’s length that
sented in this section by taking the scalar potential as
 J
1 e[A0+ − A0− ] = (57)
V (h) = a 2 h2/a 1 − h2/a (54) k
2
where J is the linear current density along the line x = 0
with 2/a a positive even number. It is well defined in the and where A0+ and A0− are the temporal components of the
region where h2/a ≤ 1. This potential can be extended
√ to the gauge field close to the line x = 0 but still in the mediums 2
region h2/a > 1 by taking V (h) = − 12 a 2 h2/a h2/a − 1. and 1, respectively. Note that by symmetry one can always
This yields the result choose equal values for x1 and x2 on Fig. 6. This implies
  A0− = A0+ and thus there is no linear current density J
A2 = a 2 1 − h2/a (55)
along the soliton line.
h = secha [x] (56) As well through (5) and using the rectangle path shown
in Fig. 6 one gets in the limit of a small rectangle’s length
which is a lump-like solution. Taking a = 1/2 one gets the that
solution presented above.
R
We may note that there is no field redefinition that takes e[A+ − A− ] = (58)
our model into a standard Chern–Simons model with a k
canonical kinetic term. where R is the linear density of charge along the line x = 0
and where A+ and A− are the spatial components of the
gauge field in the notation described above. As x1 = x2 on
5 Summary and discussions Fig. 6 then A+ = −A− and therefore there a charge density
R along the soliton line.
In this paper we have studied the structure of static one- It would be interesting to extend this work’s soliton solu-
dimensional non-topological solutions in a generalized tion when C = 0 and study the non-BPS lump-like solitons
Eur. Phys. J. C (2011) 71: 1519
including their interactions. Also it would be interesting to
understand whether our lump-like solutions generalize to the
presence of a gauge field the lump-like structures presented
in Refs. [19, 63].
Acknowledgements E. da Hora is financed by Coordenação de
Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior, Brazil and C dos San-
tos is partially financed by SFRH/BSAB/925/2009, Fundação Ciên-
cia e Tecnologia Grant No. CERN/FP/109306/2009 and would like to
thank the Departamento de Fisica USC for all their hospitality while
doing this work.
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