Cambridge IGCSE™

* 4 0 4 4 8 4 2 9 9 1 *

GEOGRAPHY 0460/11
Paper 1 Geographical Themes October/November 2020

1 hour 45 minutes

You must answer on the question paper.

You will need: Insert (enclosed)

Calculator
Ruler

INSTRUCTIONS
● Answer three questions in total, one from each section.
● Use a black or dark blue pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
● Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes at the top of the page.
● Write your answer to each question in the space provided.
● Do not use an erasable pen or correction fluid.
● Do not write on any bar codes.
● If additional space is needed, you should use the lined pages at the end of this booklet; the question
number or numbers must be clearly shown.

INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 75.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].
● The insert contains additional resources referred to in the questions.

Definitions
MEDCs – More Economically Developed Countries
LEDCs – Less Economically Developed Countries

This document has 32 pages. Blank pages are indicated.

DC (ST/CT) 180594/6
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Section A

Answer one question from this section.

1 (a) Study Fig. 1.1, which is a map showing population density in mainland USA.

Montana
N

Massachusetts

California

Key
people per sq km
Colorado over 1250

New Mexico 501 – 1250

Florida
50 – 500
0 500 1000 Texas under 50
km

Fig. 1.1

(i) Florida has a population density of 980 people per square kilometre.
Complete the shading in Fig. 1.1 for the state of Florida. [1]

(ii) Put the following states in rank order according to their population density.

California Colorado Montana Texas

............................................ Highest density

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............................................ Lowest density [2]

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(iii) Describe the distribution of states with a population density of over 1250 people per
square kilometre.

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(iv) Explain how economic factors can influence population density.

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(b) Look again at Fig. 1.1 along with Figs. 1.2 and 1.3, which show information about relief and
climate in the USA.
Relief of the USA

Key
height above sea level
over 2000 m
500 – 2000 m
under 500 m
0 500 1000
km

Fig. 1.2

Climate of the USA

New Mexico (total 184 mm) Massachusetts (total 1206 mm)

30 30
temperature (°C)

precipitation (mm)

temperature (°C)

precipitation (mm)
20 20
10 10
0 0
– 10 100
– 10
– 20 40 – 20
– 30 0 – 30 0
J FMAM J J ASOND J F MAMJJ ASOND

Key
annual precipitation
over 1500 mm
750 – 1500 mm
under 750 mm
international
0 500 1000 boundary
state boundary
km

Fig. 1.3
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(i) Using Figs. 1.1 and 1.2 only, state how relief influences population density in the USA.

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(ii) Using Figs. 1.1 and 1.3 only, suggest reasons for the difference in population density
between New Mexico and Massachusetts. Use statistics in your answer.

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(c) For a country you have studied with a high young or old dependent population, describe the
problems caused by this population structure. Circle your choice of young or old dependent
population.

Name of country ..............................................

Young dependent Old dependent

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PLEASE TURN PAGE FOR QUESTION 2

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2 (a) Study Fig. 2.1, which is a map showing selected land uses in Newcastle-upon-Tyne, an urban
area in the UK (an MEDC).

Key
N
boundary of urban area
A19 river
main road
Central Business District (CBD)
industry
Gosforth low cost housing
A1
middle cost housing
high cost housing

Town
Moor

Byker To
North
Sea
yne
R i v er T

0 2 4 6 8
km

Fig. 2.1

(i) Identify the main land use in Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Circle your answer below.

CBD housing industry [1]

(ii) Town Moor is an area of open space. Give two reasons why areas of open space are
important within urban areas.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

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2 ........................................................................................................................................

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(iii) Suggest the likely differences between the housing at Byker and Gosforth.

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(iv) Suggest reasons for the distribution of industry shown in Fig. 2.1.

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(b) Study Figs. 2.2 and 2.3 (Insert), which are photographs taken in an area which is being
developed in the rural-urban fringe of a small town.

(i) Suggest three reasons why the rural-urban fringe shown in Figs. 2.2 and 2.3 is being
developed.

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(ii) Suggest why some people may agree with the development of the area shown in
Figs. 2.2 and 2.3 but other people may oppose it.

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(c) For a named urban area you have studied, describe and explain the characteristics of the
Central Business District (CBD).

Name of urban area ..............................................

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Section B

Answer one question from this section.

3 (a) Study Fig. 3.1 (Insert), which is a photograph of a coastal area in Spain.

(i) What coastal landform is marked by an X in Fig. 3.1?

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(ii) Describe two characteristics of coastal landform X.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

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(iii) Explain how the natural arch, marked Y in Fig. 3.1, was formed by coastal erosion.

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(iv) Suggest reasons why the coastline shown in Fig. 3.1 is not straight.

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(b) Study Fig. 3.2, a map of Tobago, in the Caribbean, which shows coral reefs.

Caribbean Sea

Caribbean Sea

0 5 10 Key
km coral reefs

Fig. 3.2

(i) Describe the distribution of coral reefs shown in Fig. 3.2.

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(ii) Describe the conditions required for the development of coral reefs.

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(c) For a named coastal area you have studied, describe attempts to manage erosion.

Name of coastal area ..............................................

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4 (a) Study Fig. 4.1, which shows three traditional weather instruments.

Instrument A Instrument B Instrument C

1010 1020

1000 1030
DRY WET

°C °C Min Max 990 1040

60 60 °C °C
50
50 50 30 1050
40 980
20
40 40 30
970 1060
10
– 20
30 30
0 960 1070
+ 10
mb
10 +
20 20
0
20 –
10 10 10
30
20
0 0
40
30
– 10 – 10 50

Fig. 4.1

(i) Which diagram, A, B or C, shows a barometer?

....................................... [1]

(ii) Using Fig. 4.1, state:

– the atmospheric pressure ......................................

– the maximum temperature ...................................... [2]

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(iii) Explain how the instrument labelled A in Fig. 4.1 is used to work out relative humidity.

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(iv) Draw and label the traditional weather instrument which is used to measure wind
direction.

[4]

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(b) Study Fig. 4.2, which shows a Stevenson Screen.

Fig. 4.2

(i) Explain how the following features of a Stevenson Screen make sure that the instruments
inside give accurate readings:

– it is painted white

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– it is on legs

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– it is made from wood

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(ii) Describe and explain the ideal location of a Stevenson Screen.

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(c) For a named river you have studied, explain why flooding has occurred.

Name of river ..............................................

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Section C

Answer one question from this section.

5 (a) Study Fig. 5.1, which is information about the climate of the Maldives (an LEDC). The
Maldives is a group of islands on the Equator in the Indian Ocean, which are important for
tourism.

Monthly average sunshine hours

300

250

sunshine 200
(hours)
150

100

50

0
J F M A M J J A S O N D
months

Monthly average temperature and rainfall

30 300

25 250

temperature 20 200 rainfall

(°C) (mm)
15 150

10 100

5 50

0 0
J F M A M J J A S O N D
months

Fig. 5.1

(i) Use Fig. 5.1 to estimate the total annual rainfall in the Maldives.

Circle your answer below.

950 mm 1750 mm 2050 mm 3250 mm [1]

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(ii) Describe the attractions of the climate of the Maldives for tourists.

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(iii) Describe the characteristics of the physical landscape of small tropical islands, such as
the Maldives, which have encouraged the growth of the tourist industry.

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(iv) Suggest ways in which the tourist industry is likely to benefit local communities in the
Maldives.

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(b) Study Fig. 5.2, a map of Hulhumalé, an island in the Maldives, and Fig. 5.3 (Insert) which
shows a new hotel being built.

The new hotel is located at X in Fig. 5.2.

sea
moorings for
fishing boats

coral reef
housing
X

beach
HULHUMALÉ

main open
ferry space main area
terminal of shops
and restaurants

beach

industrial
zone
housing
sea

to
airport

0 0.5 1
km

Fig. 5.2

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(i) To what extent is X an ideal location for a new hotel?

Give reasons for your answer.

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(ii) Suggest reasons why many people who live on Hulhumalé may not agree with the
building of the new hotel.

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(c) For a named country or area you have studied, describe the different methods which are
used to manage tourism.

Name of country or area ..............................................

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6 (a) Study Fig. 6.1, which shows information about changes over time in a coal mining settlement
in Germany.

Annual production of coal

80

annual 60
production
of coal 40
(000
tonnes) 20

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
number of years after coal was discovered

Population
8000

6000

population 4000

2000

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
number of years after coal was discovered

Employment structure
100

80

workforce 60
(%)
40

20

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
number of years after coal was discovered

Key
primary
secondary
tertiary

Fig. 6.1

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(i) Coal is a fossil fuel. What is meant by fossil fuel ?

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(ii) Describe the relationship, shown in Fig. 6.1, between the production of coal and the
size of the population in the settlement in the 20 years after coal was discovered. Use
statistics in your answer.

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(iii) Describe how the following sectors of employment have changed over the period of time
shown in Fig. 6.1.

Primary ..............................................................................................................................

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Secondary .........................................................................................................................

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(iv) Explain why a country should not rely completely on fossil fuels as a source of energy.

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(b) Study Fig. 6.2, which is an extract from a newspaper about the development of solar energy
in Pakistan.

Is Pakistan’s solar power the answer to its

energy issues?
Concerned with power cuts (outages), people are installing small-scale
roof-top solar panels to generate electricity for their homes and
businesses.

Pakistan already has one major solar park – the Quaid-e-Azam Solar
Park in Bahawalpur, built with Chinese investment. It can produce
400 megawatts of power with plans to rise to 1500 megawatts of solar
energy.

Detailed maps have recently been developed which show the areas
which have the most potential for solar power. These maps have
created interest from major overseas investors and have made
possible future development of solar energy. The south western
province of Balochistan – a desert area with little cloud cover – has
the country’s largest solar potential.

Fig. 6.2

(i) Using Fig. 6.2 only, explain why Pakistan is expected to develop solar energy.

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(ii) Explain why renewable sources do not provide large amounts of energy in many
countries.

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(c) For a named country or area you have studied, describe different methods used to supply
clean drinking water to the population.

Name of country ..............................................

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Additional Pages

If you use the following lined pages to complete the answer(s) to any question(s), the question
number(s) must be clearly shown.

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Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.

To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge
Assessment International Education Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download
at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series.

Cambridge Assessment International Education is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of the University of
Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which itself is a department of the University of Cambridge.

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