REVIEW OF NERVOUS SYSTEM FUNCTIONS

The nervous system coordinates all body functions,enabling a person to adapt to changes in internal and
external environment

*the nevous system is composed mainly of the nerve cells ( neurons and supporting cells( neuoglia)

THE NEURON

This is the basic conducting cell of the nervous system

Highly spacilized but cannot reproduce itself

Main parts are the cell body (soma) ,the fibers,axon and dendrites

*The axon is a long process with myelin sheath.this conducts impulses away from the cell body

*The dendrites bare short ,thick diffuse branching professes that receive impulses and conduct them
towards the cell body.

THE NEUROGLIA

 The support’ cells.

 They supply nutrients to the neurons and help maintain the electrical potential
 They also from pert of the blood brain barrier.
 They are made up of macroglia,microglia and ependymal cell.
 Oligodendendrocytes produce myelin sheath in the CN.
 Scwhann cells or lemmocytes produce myelin sheath in the peripheral NS.

THE ORGANIZATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

 The nervous system is decided functionally and structurally into 2 parts
1 central nervous system
Brain and spinal cord
2.peripheral nervous system
The cranial nerves and spinal nerves.

THE ORGANISATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

 The peripheral nervous system is further classified into THREE functional parts
 1 the somatic nervous system
 Controls the skeletal muscle s
 2. The autonomic nervous system
 Controls the visceral organs
 3.the enteric nervous system
 Controls the functions of the GIT

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

Composed of the brain

  The CSF This is the fluid found inside the ventricles that bathe the brain and spinal cord
Functions provides protective cushion around the CNS Produced by the choroid plexus in the
ventricles Absorbed by the arachnoid granulations
 The brain consists of the gross structure: cerebrum, cerebellum,brainstem and the
diencephalon.
 Diencephalon- Thalamus.
 Hypothalamus and pineal body
 Brainstem – pons ,medulla and midbrain

THE CEREBRUM
 This is the largest part of the brain
 Consistent of right and left hemisphere connected by the corpus callosum.
 Each cerebral hemisphere is composed of different lobes
Frontal
Temporal
Parietala and occipital
 Embedded in the cerebrum is the BASAL ganglia.

THE FRONTAL LOBE OF THE CEREBRUM

 Influences the personality of the person

 Also responsible for jugdment.abstruct resoning,social behavior.language expression and motor
movement.

THE TEMPORAL LOBE OF THE CEREBRUM

 This part of the cerebrum controls the hearing, language comprehension,storage and recall of
memories
 The LIBIC systems deeply located in the temporal lobe.this controls the basic drivers such as
hunger,anger emotion and sexuval drive.

THE PARIETAL LOBE OF THE CEREBRUM

 This is the principal center for the reception and interpretation of sensation
 This part interprets and integreates the sensory inputs like touch, temperature and pain.
 In interpreats size,shape, distance and texture.

THE OCCIPITAL LOBE THE CEREBRUM

 This functions mainly to interpret visual stimuli

SPEECH AREAS IN CEREBRUM

 1 werickle’ s area- responsible for the sensory reception of speech.
 2broca’ s Area- responsible motor speech.

THE CEREBRUM
 The second largest brain region has alostwo hemispheres
  Functions to maintain muscle tone,coordinate muscle movement,posture and control balance /
equilibrium
 If this is damaged,muscle tone decreases and fine motor movements become very clumsy.

THE BRAINSTEM

 Lies inferior to the cerebrum ceberum

 Continuous with the cerebrum and the spinal cord
 It is composed of the midbrain,the pons and the medulla oblongata
 Functions: houses the center for respiration and cardiovascular system.

THE MIDBRAIN

 This connects with the cerebrum

 Contains numerous ascending and descending tract and fibers.

THE PONS

*Connects the cerebellum with the cerebrum.

*House’s the respiratory center and cardiovascular center
*Exit points for cranial nerves 5,6 and 7

THE MEDULLA OBLONGATA

 The most inferior portion of the brainstem
 Serves as the center for autonomic reflexes to maintain homeostasis,regulating respiratory
vasomotor and cardiac functions.
 Serve as exit of crainal nerves 9,10,11 and 12.

THE DIENCEPHALON

 The Thalamus and the hypothalamus

 The Thalamus is the relaystation of all sensory stimuli towards the brain.
 The hypothalamus controls body temperature,appetite water balance,pituitary sections and
sleep wake cycle.

THE SPINAL CORD

 A long cylindrical structure extending from the foramen magnum to the L1 in adult, L3/L4 in
pedia.
* In the cross section of the spinal cord, we find the GRAY matter contains neurons and WHITE
matter-consists of nerve fibers.
*There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves that exit the spinal cord
*Each spinal nerve is formed by the dorsal root (sensory) and the ventral roof (motor).
* Cervical segments= 8 pairs .
*Thoracic segments=12 pairs.
*Lumber- 5 pairs.
* Sacral_ 5 pairs. s
 * Coccygeal- 1 pair

THE MENINGES

*These are 3 connective tissue layers surrounding the brain and spinal cord.

1.DURA MATER - the superficial, thickest layer. The area above the dura mater is called epidural space .

2 ARACHNOID-second layer, thin and wispy .

3. PIA MATER- the deepest layer, adhered to the brain and spinal cord substance .

4.The space in between the arachnoid and pia mater is called the arachnoid space.

5. This arachnoid space contains the cerebro spinal fluid (CSF).

6. In this space, blood vessels are also found .

.THE VENTRICLES

*These are CSF filled cavities in the brain The lateral ventricle- found in the .

The third ventricle in the center of the thalammus and hypothalamus .

The fourth ventricle located at the base of .

The CSF

This is the fluid found inside the ventricles that bathe the brain and spinal cord Functions provides
protective cushion around the CNS Produced by the choroid plexus in the ventricles Absorbed by the
arachnoid granulations.

Tracing the CSF pathway

Lateral ventricle Interventricular foramen of Monro Third ventricle Cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius Fourth
ventricle exits trough the median foramen of Magendie or the lateral foramen of Luscka Subarachnoid
spaces in the cisterna magna, spinal cord subarachnoid space of the brain superior sagittal sinus.

THE CRINAL NERVES

Are 12 pairs of nerves that exit the brain.

Can be classified as Sensory Motor mixed (sensory and motor)

Cranial Nerves are

1.Olfactory

2.Optic

3.Oculomotor

4.Trochlear

5.trigeminal
6.abducence

7 Facial

8 Vestibulocochlear

9glossopharyngeal

10Vagus

11.Accessssary

12.Hypoglossal

The Autonomic Nervous System

The part of the peripheral nervous system that innervates cardiac muscles, smooth muscles and glands
Functionally divided into Sympathetic Nervous System Parasympathetic Nervous System

THE SYMPATHETIC SYSTEM

Originates from the T1-L2/L3 segments spinal cord (thoracolumbar) Elized by the body for FLIGHT and
FIGHT response Neurotransmitter agents are Epinephrine and Norepinephrine (coming from the adrenal
gland) ADRENERGIC system

SYMPATHETIC RESPONSE

Increase

Hr

RE

Visual Acuity (Pupillary Dilation)

Smooth Muscle tone

sphincters are contracted

Vasoconstriction

Metabolism glucose, ↑ fatty acid

Decreased

Peristalsis

Salivary secretions

Ejaculation

PARSSYMPATHTIC SYSTEM

CHOLINERGIC SYSTEM

Te vegetative system
Feed and Breed responses Granio-sacral location

Cranial nerves- 3, 7, 9, 10 and S2-S4 Neurotransmitter is Acetylcholine

PARA SYMPATHETIC RESPONCES

Increased

Gastric secretions

Salivary secretions

peristalsis Pubillary constriction

Decreased Smooth muscle tone

sphincters are relaxed erection

NERVE PHYSIOLOGY

The nerve cells are excitable cells Any stimulus will change the membrane potential and cause an action
potential to generate→ impulse transmission or action potential The myelin sheath of the nerve cell is
responsible for the SALTATORY

ACTION OF POTENTIAL

opening and closing of Nat and K gates result in the movement of electrical charges that generates a
nerve impulse or action Cotential Action potentials reach the end of each neuron where these electrical
signals are either transmitted directly to the next cell in the sequence via gap junctions, or are
responsible for activating the release of specialized neurotransmitter chemicals. increases the nerve
transmission4 people clipped this slide

An action potential at one node of Ranvier causes inwards currents that move down the axon,
depolarizing the membrane and stimulating a new action potential at the next node of Ranvier

THE SYNAPSE

This is the region where communication occurs between

2 neurons or between a neuron and a target cell

A neurotransmitter is released from the nerve cell towards the other cell with receptor

SYNPATIC TRANSMISSION

synapatic is the process by Which nerve cells communicate among memselves and with muscles and
glands.

The synapse is the anatomic site where this communication occurs.

Most synaptic transmission is carried out by a chemical called a neurotransmitter.

PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION

* Light waves travel at a speed of 186,000 miles per second,

*Light is reflected into the eyes by objects within the field of Vision In order to achieve clear vision,

* light reflected from objects within the visual field is focused in to the retina of both eyes.

*The processes involved in producing a clear image are refraction of the light rays and accommodation
of the eyes.

The eye and the visual pathway

Vision is made possible by the stimulation of the photoreceptor cells in the retina Receptor cells are the
RODS and CONES The eye is made up of three layers Fibrous layer sclerae and cornea Uvea- choroid and
iris and ciliary bodies Nervous coat- retina

FUNCTIONS OF THE PART OF THE EYE

Lens- refraction and focusing

Lris- Regulated light entrance

Pupil- opening in the iris

Choroid-absorb stray light

Sclera-for protection

Cornea-Rfergraction of light

Ciliary body- holds lens inplace

Retina- contains receptors

Rods-for block and white vision

Cones-for color vision

Optic nerve- transmits impulse

Ciliary muscle- for accommodation

OPTIC NERVE

 This is the collection of the fibers from the cells,in the retina.
 It passes through the brainstem as the optic chiasm
 It will reach the occipital love for visual interpretation.

PHYSIOLOGY OF SMELL

The sense of smell is perceived when odorous materials in the air are carried into the nose and stimulate
the olfactory cells. Perception of odor decreases and eventually ceases due to smell adaptation the
sense of smell may affect the appetite.