Laundry Habits in Bangkok: Use Patterns of Products and Services

sustainability
Article
Laundry Habits in Bangkok: Use Patterns of Products
and Services
Dami Moon *, Eri Amasawa and Masahiko Hirao
Department of Chemical System Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
* Correspondence: moon@pse.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp; Tel.: +81-3-5841-7959

Received: 14 June 2019; Accepted: 8 August 2019; Published: 19 August 2019
Abstract: This study aimed to define the use of product–service system (PSS) associated with laundry
businesses, such as coin-operated self-service laundromats (CL) and laundry services (LS), in order to
get a better understanding of the environmental implications of PSS in laundry habits in Bangkok,
Thailand. The motivation to use PSS could vary according to the specific consumer needs often
defined by cultures, and therefore the environmental impacts from the PSS use would result differently
from country to country. Questionnaires and in-depth interviews were conducted with Bangkok
residents to determine the laundry habits related to the use of PSS. As a result, the use of private
washing machines (PW) was found to be the main option, and CL and LS were used as an additional
option in the laundry habits. The most widely observed use pattern in Bangkok was the use of CL
as an alternative to PW instead of buying a new machine for a new life in dormitories or other
residences away from home. At that time, hand washing (HW) was also used for saving money and
for the cleanliness. Regarding the environmental potential, the relationship between the PSS users and
laundry habits was specifically analyzed. The group who uses PSS frequently tended to do laundry
less often than those who only use PW. Meanwhile, the need for even more services is also expected
to increase among the PSS users. The need to improve the quality of laundry is expected to increase
with the improvement of quality of living in Bangkok in the near future. However, at the same time,
these observations imply that a change of consumer behaviors related to the use of PSS determines the
resulting energy consumption and environmental burdens. To further clarify sustainable consumption
and production systems, a quantitative analysis of the environmental impact of the laundry habits
remains as a future task.
Keywords: sustainable consumption and production; laundry habits; product–service system (PSS);
sharing economy; private washing machine; coin-operated self-service laundromat; laundry service;
consumer acceptance
1. Introduction
In the past, laundry has been a considerable burden on households in terms of time and effort.
Nowadays, machines, rather than human power, do some tasks, such as washing, rinsing, spin-drying,
and drying by consuming water, electricity, laundry detergent, and fabric softener, and process time
as resources [1,2]. Following the mechanization of laundry work, various types of laundry-related
businesses offering services and the utilization of product functions were introduced as an alternative
to doing laundry at home [3]. This represents a shift in consumption patterns from ownership to
service-based consumption to meet the needs of consumers and it is often referred to as a product–service
system (PSS, acronyms used in this study arranged in Table A1). It has been suggested that PSS could
reduce the number of machines for production and sale by sharing machines among consumers [4].
This suggests that the use of PSS can reduce the amount of resources and energy use in the shared
community. In addition, it is also possible to increase energy efficiency through the use of advanced
Sustainability 2019, 11, 4486; doi:10.3390/su11164486 www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability

Sustainability 2019, 11, 4486 2 of 17
equipment in the use stage [4]. For these reasons, the use of PSS by consumers is widely considered as
a useful contribution to environmental sustainability by departing from the conventional framework
of mass production and consumption [3,5–7].
These environmental impacts are theoretically possible, although empirical evidence in support
of the theory is still limited according to detailed reviews [2,7–9]. The reason is that the environmental
impact of laundry habits cannot be simplified to specific values; they have to be addressed considering
variations in cultures and lifestyle affecting use patterns at different locations [10]. For example, laundry
habits such as the taste of washing machine (washer) type, ownership of washer and dryer, pre and
post treatment, and laundry temperature preferences differ by country [2,11]. Moreover, PSS is also
provided in various ways to adapt to these laundry habits formed by consumers who have different
needs and interests in each country. Although many studies have introduced PSS as eco-effective
and eco-innovative practices to achieve sustainable consumption and production, the environmental
impact of the utilization of PSS can vary according to laundry habits [4,11–16]. Therefore, it is necessary
to clarify the role of PSS in the laundry habits and to propose country-specific environmentally friendly
laundry habits aiming at a more sustainable consumption and production system [17]. As part of
a study to investigate the environmental impacts of PSS associated with laundry habits (laundry PSS),
Amasawa et al. (2018) [18] have examined the potential for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction
through laundry PSS, with a focus on coin-operated self-service laundromats (CL) in Japan, where
the ownership rate of private washers (PW) is almost 100 percent [19]. In addition to using PW in
their daily lives, Japanese consumers tend to use laundromats as an additional method to meet distinct
consumer needs, that is, a laundromat is used to wash large-size items such as blankets or coats, to use
large-capacity machines, or to dry laundry using a tumble-dryer during the rainy season. These studies
indicated that the use of CL is less likely to reduce GHG emissions compared to using PW in Japan [18].
Compared to Japan, the ownership rate of PW in Thailand is still far less than 100 percent
(approximately 53 percent in 2012); it is one of the countries where CL and commercial laundry services
(LS) businesses are widely used [20,21]. The motivation to use PSS may be different according to the
specific needs and focus of residents in Bangkok, and the environmental impacts from the use of PSS
may also produce different results from other countries where most consumers own a PW. However,
few studies have investigated the environmental impact of the use of PSS and PW in laundry habits in
countries in which PW have yet to become widespread, such as Thailand [3,22]. This study aimed to
define the use of CL and LS and to clarify the environmental implications of PSS in laundry habits in
Bangkok, Thailand. Specifically, this paper focused on identifying the role of CL and LS and the typical
use pattern in daily laundry habits in Bangkok. A resident survey was conducted, with a random
sample of around 200 respondents living in Bangkok. Based on the responses obtained from the survey,
respondents were classified into groups. The role of CL and LS and the usage patterns in laundry
habits were examined by summarizing the frequency of use and the type of laundry. This paper sheds
light on the potential to reduce environmental impacts on laundry habits by using PSS in Bangkok.
2. Residential and Living Environments in Bangkok

Thailand, a Southeast Asian country located in tropical regions, has a population of more
than 69 million, and approximately 12 percent of the total population is concentrated in the capital
Bangkok [23]. The capital has a very high population density of roughly 5300 people per square
kilometer compared to the rest of the country, which has a density of 135 people per square kilometer.
The high population density in Bangkok affects residential housing types. In municipal areas, including
Bangkok, approximately 53 percent of housing consists of detached houses, which is about 36 percent
lower than non-municipal areas, in which detached houses account for 89.8 percent of housing.
Housing with insufficient space for drying laundry naturally, such as shop-houses, apartments,
and townhouses, account for nearly 41 percent of the total housing (18.4 percent, 12.7 percent,
and 9.9 percent, respectively). Moreover, in Bangkok, short-term residences such as dormitories and
lodging for students and workers from the provinces account for 31.5 percent, which is 23 percent
3. Methods
3.1. Residents Survey in Bangkok: Questionnaires and In-Depth Interviews

To investigate the current status of PSS use in the laundry habits in Bangkok, a face-to-face
questionnaire
Sustainability survey
2019, 11, and in-depth interviews were carried out between the 22nd and the 24th
4486 3 of 17of
October 2018 on approximately 200 Bangkok residents (over 18 years old) who do their own laundry.
Figure 1 shows the survey areas in Bangkok and the surrounding area. The survey was an intercept
higher than in non-municipal areas (7.7 percent) [23]. The current status of residential and living
survey; it was performed in the specific places where the PSS users can be contacted, that is,
environments in Bangkok may be the reason that there are a large number of laundry PSS-related
dormitories for students and office workers, or near CL or LS, as well as in public places such as
businesses, and these are commonly used by those living in Bangkok.
shopping malls, bus stations, marketplaces, and public squares. Here, a dormitory is defined as a
3.type of shared house in which college students or company workers live together. The dormitory is
Methods
generally composed of two spaces: a private space for a bed and relaxing and a public space for
3.1. Residents
cooking, Surveyor
washing, in recreation,
Bangkok: Questionnaires and with
which is shared In-Depth Interviews
others.
The survey was divided into two parts: questionnaire and in-depth interview, as summarized
To investigate the current status of PSS use in the laundry habits in Bangkok, a face-to-face
in Table 1. First, we received around 200 responses to the questionnaire, which took roughly five
questionnaire survey and in-depth interviews were carried out between the 22nd and the 24th of
minutes to complete and included questions regarding demographic information, how they wash
October 2018 on approximately 200 Bangkok residents (over 18 years old) who do their own laundry.
their clothes, and how they use PW, CL, and LS. Secondly, in-depth interviews were performed with
Figure 1 shows the survey areas in Bangkok and the surrounding area. The survey was an intercept
74 individual respondents who were willing to participate after completing the questionnaire. During
survey; it was performed in the specific places where the PSS users can be contacted, that is, dormitories
the in-depth interviews, the respondents provided detailed answers to the questionnaire such as the
for students and office workers, or near CL or LS, as well as in public places such as shopping malls,
reason for the use of PW, CL, and LS. To appropriately communicate and record responses, the team
bus stations, marketplaces, and public squares. Here, a dormitory is defined as a type of shared house
of interviewers basically consisted of three members; one (Thai) was the role of communicating with
in which college students or company workers live together. The dormitory is generally composed of
interviewees, another (Thai) was the role of interpreting while listening to the content of conversation
two spaces: a private space for a bed and relaxing and a public space for cooking, washing, or recreation,
between interviewer and interviewees, and the other wrote down from the dictation in order to put
which is shared with others.
on the record.
Figure1.1.Survey
Figure Surveyareas
areasininBangkok.
Bangkok.
The survey was divided into two parts: questionnaire and in-depth interview, as summarized
in Table 1. First, we received around 200 responses to the questionnaire, which took roughly five minutes
to complete and included questions regarding demographic information, how they wash their clothes,
and how they use PW, CL, and LS. Secondly, in-depth interviews were performed with 74 individual
respondents who were willing to participate after completing the questionnaire. During the in-depth
interviews, the respondents provided detailed answers to the questionnaire such as the reason for the
use of PW, CL, and LS. To appropriately communicate and record responses, the team of interviewers
basically consisted of three members; one (Thai) was the role of communicating with interviewees,
another (Thai) was the role of interpreting while listening to the content of conversation between
interviewer and interviewees, and the other wrote down from the dictation in order to put on the record.
Sustainability 2019, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 18
Table 1. An outline of a questionnaire survey and an in-depth interview survey.

Category Questionnaires In-Depth Interviews
Survey period October 22–24 in 2018
Table 1. An outline of a questionnaire
Survey method survey and
Face-to-Face an in-depth
survey interview
(intercept survey)survey.
Respondents
Category Residents in Bangkok
Questionnaires Questionnaire survey
In-Depth respondents
Interviews
Number of samples
Survey period (n) 1 n = 192 (207) October 22–24 in 2018 n = 69 (74)
Gender distribution
Survey method Male:38.8%, Female: 61.2% survey (intercept
Face-to-Face Male:35.2%,
survey) Female: 64.8%
Respondents Under 20s:Residents
26.3%, 20~39: 50.0%,
in Bangkok Under 20s: 27.1%,survey
Questionnaire 20~39: 51.4%,
respondents
Age distribution
Number of samples (n) 1 40~59: 19.5%,
n =60~79: 4.2%
192 (207) 40~59: 15.7%,
n =60~79:
69 (74)5.7%
Estimated
Gender time
distribution 5Male:
min/respondent
38.8%, Female: 61.2% 10 min/respondent
Male: 35.2%, Female: 64.8%
Demographic information (Gender, Common questions (Frequency of
Under 20s: 26.3%, 20~39: 50.0%, Under 20s: 27.1%, 20~39: 51.4%,
Age distribution age, occupation, income, household showering, water temperature for
40~59: 19.5%, 60~79: 4.2% 40~59: 15.7%, 60~79: 5.7%
numbers, housing type) shower or laundry, number of wears per
Estimated time 5 min/respondent 10 min/respondent
item of clothing, feeling about drying
Demographic information (Gender, age, clothingCommon
outside)questions (Frequency of
occupation, income, household numbers, showering, water temperature for
Content Laundry habits (Type of machines Use of PW (Time and place to purchase
housing type) shower or laundry, number of
for laundry (own or use), hand washer/dryer, intended
wears per use for PW,
item of clothing, use
feeling
Content washing (Pre-washing, Type of of PW) about drying clothing outside)
clothes forhabits
Laundry hand(Type
washing))
of machines for laundry Use of PW (Time and place to
(own or use), hand washing (Pre-washing, Type purchase washer/dryer, intended
Use of PW (Type, frequency, drying Use of CL
of clothes for hand washing))
and LS (Intended use for CL
use for PW, use of PW)
method, the necessity of tumble- and LS, Feelings and opinions about CL
Use of PW (Type, frequency, drying method, Use of CL and LS (Intended use
dryer) and LS)
the necessity of tumble-dryer) for CL and LS, Feelings and
Use of CL and LS (Frequency, cost, opinions about CL and LS)
reason
Use offor
CL using,
and LSadditional
(Frequency,service)
cost, reason for
1 using,anadditional
To obtain significant results, effectiveservice)
sample excluding meaningless sample, in which “prefer
1 To to
obtain significant results,
not answer (PNTA)” wasanchosen
effective
forsample excludingwas
all questions, meaningless
obtainedsample, in which
from the “prefer not
total number to answer
of collected
(PNTA)” was chosen for all questions, was obtained from the total number of collected responses, and used for
responses,
analyzing theand
data.used for analyzing
The numbers the data.
in parentheses The numbers
indicate in parentheses
the total number indicate
of respondents the during
collected total number of
the survey.
respondents collected during the survey.
3.2. Grouping the Respondents
3.2. Grouping the Respondents
To determine laundry habits, respondents were divided into three groups based on their answers
To determine laundry habits, respondents were divided into three groups based on their
to the questions related to the current usage of PW, CL, and LS. Figure 2 presents the classification of
answers to the questions related to the current usage of PW, CL, and LS. Figure 2 presents the
the residents into three groups: PW-only, multi, and PSS-only.
classification of the residents into three groups: PW-only, multi, and PSS-only.
Figure 2. A flow diagram classifying respondents according to the current usage of private washers
(PW) and product–service
product–service system
system (PSS) (n =
(PSS) (n = 192).
3.3. Assessing the Role of Private Washers, Coin-Operated Laundromats, and Laundry Services
Based on the 69 valid responses from the in-depth interviews, the role of PW, CL, and LS
was assessed by measuring the range of intended use and frequency of use, as shown in Table A2.
Here, intended use was defined as the type of clothing and fabrics for laundry. Intended use can be
3.3. Assessing the Role of Private Washers, Coin-Operated Laundromats, and Laundry Services
Based2019,
Sustainability on the 69 valid
11, 4486 responses from the in-depth interviews, the role of PW, CL, and LS5 was of 17
assessed by measuring the range of intended use and frequency of use, as shown in Table A2. Here,
intended use was defined as the type of clothing and fabrics for laundry. Intended use can be
categorized
categorized into
intofour
fourmain
main types
typesof clothing and and
of clothing fabrics: all types,
fabrics: underwear
all types, and socks,
underwear and formal
socks, clothes,
formal
and large-size laundry. Formal clothes included clothes that need to be ironed regularly
clothes, and large-size laundry. Formal clothes included clothes that need to be ironed regularly such as school
such
uniforms
as school uniforms and shirts, and large-size laundry comprised clothes or fabrics that cannot by
and shirts, and large-size laundry comprised clothes or fabrics that cannot be washed be
hand
washed such
byas blankets,
hand curtains,
such as blankets, sweaters,
curtains,orsweaters,
jeans. Frequency
or jeans. of use was measured
Frequency of use wasusing a six-point
measured using
Likert scaleLikert
a six-point that ranged from
scale that “always”,
ranged “usually”,“usually”,
from “always”, “often”, “occasionally”, “seldom”,“seldom”,
“often”, “occasionally”, to “never”. to
In addition, the reason for the choice of each laundry method was also organized
“never”. In addition, the reason for the choice of each laundry method was also organized according according to the
similar responses.
to the similar responses.
4. Results
4. Results
4.1. Questionnaire Survey Results: Laundry Habits by Group
4.1. Questionnaire Survey Results: Laundry Habits by Group
There are two main types of CL and LS that are widely used in Bangkok. The two types of CL are
There are two main types of CL and LS that are widely used in Bangkok. The two types of CL
CL-outside and CL-inside. In the former type, vertical-axis (v-axis or top-load type) washers are similar
are CL-outside and CL-inside. In the former type, vertical-axis (v-axis or top-load type) washers are
to PW and are installed next to a building or on the street, which is typical in Bangkok. In the latter type,
similar to PW and are installed next to a building or on the street, which is typical in Bangkok. In the
horizontal-axis (h-axis or front-load type) washers are installed inside a building, which is becoming
latter type, horizontal-axis (h-axis or front-load type) washers are installed inside a building, which
popular in Bangkok. Tumble-dryers are also installed and are available to meet the requirement of CL
is becoming popular in Bangkok. Tumble-dryers are also installed and are available to meet the
users, unlike CL-outside, in which machines with additional drying functions such as washer-dryers
requirement of CL users, unlike CL-outside, in which machines with additional drying functions such
or tumble-dryers are rarely seen. LS is a commercial laundry service that provides three services:
as washer-dryers or tumble-dryers are rarely seen. LS is a commercial laundry service that provides
water-based-washing, drying, and folding. For an additional fee, LS users also can receive additional
three services: water-based-washing, drying, and folding. For an additional fee, LS users also can
services, such as ironing and delivery. According to LS operations managers, natural drying is preferred
receive additional services, such as ironing and delivery. According to LS operations managers,
over machine-based drying due to the amount of sunlight in Bangkok. Here, LS is mainly referring to
natural drying is preferred over machine-based drying due to the amount of sunlight in Bangkok.
the regular laundering service. The way of washing and drying is quite different with the dry-cleaning
Here, LS is mainly referring to the regular laundering service. The way of washing and drying is
service, which is another type of LS. Dry-cleaning service-related businesses are relatively minor
quite different with the dry-cleaning service, which is another type of LS. Dry-cleaning service-
compared to the regular laundering service-related business in Bangkok. Therefore, dry-cleaning
related businesses are relatively minor compared to the regular laundering service-related business
service is excluded from the boundary of LS.
in Bangkok. Therefore, dry-cleaning service is excluded from the boundary of LS.
As shown in Figure 3, PW-only, multi, and PSS-only accounted for 34.9 percent, 36.4 percent,
As shown in Figure 3, PW-only, multi, and PSS-only accounted for 34.9 percent, 36.4 percent,
and 28.7 percent, respectively. In particular, the ownership rate of PW was approximately 80.2 percent.
and 28.7 percent, respectively. In particular, the ownership rate of PW was approximately 80.2
In addition, regardless of CL and LS, PSS constituted almost 65.1 percent of the total, in which the
percent. In addition, regardless of CL and LS, PSS constituted almost 65.1 percent of the total, in
ratio of CL use and LS was 54.2 percent and 26.0 percent, respectively. It should be noted that the
which the ratio of CL use and LS was 54.2 percent and 26.0 percent, respectively. It should be noted
respondents were allowed to give multiple responses.
that the respondents were allowed to give multiple responses.
Figure 3. The percentage of respondents in each group (n = 192).

Figure 3. The percentage of respondents in each group (n = 192).
Figure 4 shows the yearly number of laundry cycles per respondent in each group. The number
Figure 4 shows the yearly number of laundry cycles per respondent in each group. The number
combines the use of PW, CL, and LS. The annual number of laundry cycles per respondent
combines the use of PW, CL, and LS. The annual number of laundry cycles per respondent was
was roughly 189 cycles/year, in which the ratio of each method was 62.9 percent, 25.7 percent,
roughly 189 cycles/year, in which the ratio of each method was 62.9 percent, 25.7 percent, and 11.4
and 11.4 percent, respectively. This frequency is similar to the figures for Western and Eastern Europe
percent, respectively. This frequency is similar to the figures for Western and Eastern Europe of 165–
of 165–173 cycles/year [2]. In terms of the differences by groups, the multi group had 250 cycles/year,
173 cycles/year [2]. In terms of the differences by groups, the multi group had 250 cycles/year,
followed by the PW-only group with 183 cycles/year, and the PSS-only group with 120 cycles/year.
followed by the PW-only group with 183 cycles/year, and the PSS-only group with 120 cycles/year.
The percentage of CL and LS use in the multi group accounted for 25.2 percent and 14.0 percent,
respectively, while PSS-only group showed 74.5 percent and 25.5 percent, respectively.
Sustainability 2019,
Sustainability 2019, 11,
11, xx FOR
FOR PEER
PEER REVIEW
REVIEW 66 of
of 18
18
The percentage
percentage
Sustainability
The of4486
2019, 11,of
and CL
and LS
LS use
CL use in
in the
the multi
multi group
group accounted
accounted for
for 25.2
25.2 percent
percent and
and 14.0
14.0 percent,
percent,
6 of 17
respectively, while
respectively, while PSS-only
PSS-only group
group showed
showed 74.5
74.5 percent
percent and
and 25.5
25.5 percent,
percent, respectively.
respectively.
Figure 4. Annual number of laundry cycles by group (n = 192, multiple responses).

Figure 4.
Figure 4. Annual
Annual number
number of
of laundry
laundry cycles
cycles by
by group
group (n
(n == 192,
192, multiple
multiple responses).
responses).
Regarding the laundry done by hand washing (HW), the ratio of users who pre-wash their laundry
Regarding the
Regarding the laundry done done by hand hand washing
washing (HW),(HW), the ratioratio of users
users who pre-wash
pre-wash their
their
by hand and the type laundry
of clothing and by fabrics washed by hand arethe shown inof Figure 5. who
Around 31.4 percent
laundry by
laundry by hand
hand and and the
the type
type of
of clothing
clothing andand fabrics washed
washed by by hand
hand are
are shown
shown inin Figure
Figure 5.5. Around
Around
of the respondents do their laundry by hand fabrics
before using a machine (Figure 5a). Even though the
31.4
31.4 percent
percent of
of the
the respondents
respondents do
do their
their laundry
laundry by
by hand
hand before
before using
using a
a machine
machine (Figure
(Figure 5a).
5a). Even
Even

differences among the three groups were not statistically significant χ = 4.280, d f = 6, p = 0.639 ,
2
though the
though the differences
differences among among the three three groups
groups werewere notnot statistically
statistically significant
significant 𝜒 𝜒 4.280, 𝑑𝑓
4.280, 𝑑𝑓
the multi group represented 18.6 the percent, the PW-only group represented 14.3 percent, and the PSS-only
6, 𝑝𝑝 0.639
6, 0.639 ,, the
the multi
multi group
group represented 18.6 18.6 percent,
percent, thethe PW-only groupgroup represented
represented 14.314.3 percent,
percent,
group represented 13.0 percent.represented
For the type of clothing and PW-only
fabrics laundered by HW, 34.5 percent of
and the PSS-only
and the PSS-only group
group represented
represented 13.0 percent. For the type of clothing and fabrics laundered by
respondents indicated that they wash 13.0 theirpercent.
underwear Forthemselves.
the type of As clothing
shownand fabrics5b,
in Figure laundered
the ratio by
of
HW, 34.5
HW, 34.5 percent
percent of of respondents
respondents indicated
indicated that they they wash
wash their
their underwear themselves.
themselves. As As shown
shown in in
respondents who wash socks, shoes, shirts,that skirts, and pants by underwear
hand was 19.6 percent, 17.6 percent,
Figure
Figure 5b, the
5b, theandratio
ratio8.8of respondents
of percent,
respondents who wash socks,
who washAlthough shoes,
socks, shoes, shirts, skirts, and
shirts, skirts,among pants
and pants by hand was 19.6
15.5 percent, respectively. the differences the by handwere
groups was 19.6
not
percent, 17.6
percent, 17.6 percent,
percent, 15.5
15.5 percent,
percent, and 8.8
and 8.8 percent,
percent, respectively.
respectively. Although the
Although the differences
differences among
among the
the
statistically significant χ = 8.074, d f = 12, p = 0.779 , respondents who belong to the PSS-only group
2
groups werewere not statistically
statistically significant
significant 𝜒 𝜒 8.074, 𝑑𝑓𝑑𝑓 12, 12, 𝑝𝑝 0.779
0.779 ,, respondents
respondents who who belong
belong toto
groups
and the multi not
group tend to extend the type of 8.074,
clothes for washing by hand to shirts, skirts, and pants,
the PSS-only
the only
PSS-only group
group and and the
andsocks. multi
the multi group tend to extend the type of clothes for washing by hand to
not underwear The group
reasonstendwhyto extend
Thai the typewash
respondents of clothes
by handfor before
washing by laundry
doing hand to
shirts, skirts,
shirts, skirts, and
and pants,
pants, notnot only
only underwear
underwear and and socks.
socks. The
The reasons
reasons why
why Thai
Thai respondents
respondents wash wash byby
were found from the in-depth interviews. During the interview, they frequently mentioned the quality
hand before
hand before doing
doing laundry
laundry were were found
found from
from thethe in-depth
in-depth interviews.
interviews. During
During thethe interview,
interview, they
of the finished laundry related to cleanliness and well-finished laundry, as shown in the TabletheyA2.
frequently
frequently mentioned
mentioned the quality of the finished laundry related to cleanliness and well-finished
They pre-wash by handthe quality
in order of the the
to ensure finished
quality laundry related to
of the laundry cleanliness
in addition anduse
to the well-finished
of washers
laundry, as
laundry, as shown in the Table A2. They pre-wash by hand in order to ensure the quality of the
in Bangkok. shown in the Table A2. They pre-wash by hand in order to ensure the quality of the
laundry in
laundry in addition
addition to to the
the use
use ofof washers
washers in in Bangkok.
Bangkok.
Figure
Figure 5. Results on
5. Results
Results on hand
handwashing
washing(HW):
(HW):(a)(a)The
Theratio
ratioofofusers
users who
who pre-wash
pre-wash byby hand
hand (n =(n = 190);
= 190);
190); (b)
Figure 5. on hand washing (HW): (a) The ratio of users who pre-wash by hand (n (b)
(b)
TheThe types
types of of household
household clothing
clothing andand fabrics
fabrics (n (n
= = 118).
118).
The types of household clothing and fabrics (n = 118).
Figure
Figure 666 shows
shows the the responses
responses dryingdrying clothing
clothing and and fabrics.
fabrics. Approximately
Approximately 89 89 percent
percent of of the
the
Figure shows the responses drying clothing and fabrics. Approximately 89 percent of the
indicated thatthat they
that they usually
they usually
usually drydry their
dry their clothing
their clothing and
clothing and fabrics
and fabrics naturally
fabrics naturally whenever
naturally whenever possible
whenever possible
possible
respondents
(Figure
(Figure 6a).
6a). Among
Among them,
them, the
the ratio
ratio of
of drying
drying outside
outside and
and inside
inside was
was 81.4
81.4 percent
percent and
and 8.1
8.1 percent,
percent,
(Figure 6a). Among them, the ratio of drying outside and inside was 81.4 percent and 8.1 percent,
respectively. On
respectively. On the
On the contrary,
the contrary, only
contrary, only around
only around
around 11 11 percent
11 percent
percent ofof respondents
of respondents use
respondents use a tumble-dryer
tumble-dryer to
use aa tumble-dryer to dry
dry
respectively. to dry
laundry.
laundry. The
The differences
differences among
among the
the proportion
proportion of
of drying
drying methods
methods by
by group
group was
was not
not statistically
statistically
laundry. The2 differences among the proportion of drying methods by group was not statistically

significant χ𝜒
significant
significant 𝜒 = 4.545,
4.545, 𝑑𝑓
4.545,
f = 6,
d𝑑𝑓 6, 𝑝𝑝p = 0.603
6,
0.603 .. The
0.603 percentage
percentage of
The percentage
. The of drying
of drying using
drying using aaa tumble-dryer
using tumble-dryer increased
tumble-dryer increased
increased
in proportion
in proportion
proportion toto the
to the increasing
the increasing the
increasing the ratio
the ratioof PSS
ratio of use
of PSS
PSS usefrom
use from PW-only
from PW-only to
PW-only toPSS-only; tumble-dryer
to PSS-only; tumble-dryerinuse
PSS-only; tumble-dryer use each
use in
in in
group
each was
group7.0waspercent,
7.0 12.3
percent,percent,
12.3 and 22.2
percent, percent,
and 22.2respectively.
percent, Meanwhile,
respectively. the ratio
Meanwhile, of respondents
the ratio of
each group was 7.0 percent, 12.3 percent, and 22.2 percent, respectively. Meanwhile, the ratio of
who feel it is necessary to use a tumble-dryer are shown in Figure 6b. The results revealed that the
11, 4486
x FOR PEER REVIEW 77of
of 18
17
respondents who feel it is necessary to use a tumble-dryer are shown in Figure 6b. The results
revealed that the
respondents whonumber
feel itofisrespondents
necessary to whousewant to use a tumble-dryer
a tumble-dryer are showngenerally
in Figure increases
6b. Theasresults
the
frequency
number of
revealed of PSS
that theuse
respondents increases
number who ofwantwith statistically
to use
respondents who want
significant
a tumble-dryer to use a differences
generally increases
tumble-dryer 𝜒as 129.430,
the 𝑑𝑓
frequency
generally
of
increases6,
PSS𝑝
as use
the
0.000 . The
increases percentage
with of
statisticallyrespondents
significant who feel
differences theχ2 necessity
frequency of PSS use increases with statistically significant differences 𝜒
= of
129.430, dusing
f = a
6, p = 0.000129.430, 𝑑𝑓 6, 𝑝 of
tumble-dryer. The when doing
percentage
0.000
the laundry
respondentsinpercentage
. The eachfeel
who group was
theof 40.3 percent,
necessity of using
respondents who47.8 percent,
a tumble-dryer
feel and 100ofpercent,
when
the necessity doing arespectively.
usingthe laundry in each
tumble-dryer group
when was
doing
40.3laundry
the percent,in47.8 percent,
each group andwas100
40.3percent,
percent,respectively.
47.8 percent, and 100 percent, respectively.
Figure 6. Drying laundry: (a) The method to dry laundry (n = 192); (b) Necessity of using a tumble-
Figure
dryer (n =6. Drying laundry: (a) The method to dry laundry (n = 192); (b) Necessity of using a tumble-dryer
Figure 6.192).
Drying laundry: (a) The method to dry laundry (n = 192); (b) Necessity of using a tumble-
(n = 192).
dryer (n = 192).
Responses on the reason for use of CL and SL are shown in Figure 7a,b. Overall, the main reason
Responses on the reason for use of CL and SL are shown in Figure 7a,b. Overall, the main reason
for using CL and LS
Responses on was “I do not
the reason forhave
use ofa CL
washer”
and SL (70.4
are percent
shown in from of the
Figure 7a,b. total respondents)
Overall, the main and “I
reason
for using CL and LS was “I do not have a washer” (70.4 percent from of the total respondents) and
want my clothes
for using CL and to be
LS ironed
was “I (todo receive
not haveservices)”
a washer” (44.9
(70.4percent
percent offrom
the total),
of therespectively. Examining
total respondents) and “I
“I want my clothes to be ironed (to receive services)” (44.9 percent of the total), respectively. Examining
the differences
want my clothes in the reasons
to be ironed for
(toCL use, most
receive respondents
services)” indicated
(44.9 percent that
of the theyrespectively.
total), do not have aExamining
washer
the differences in the reasons for CL use, most respondents indicated that they do not have a washer
asthe
thedifferences
reason for in CLthe
use, regardless
reasons for CLofuse,
the most
group. There wereindicated
respondents no statistically
that they significant
do not havedifferences
a washer
as the reason for CL use, regardless of the group. There were no statistically significant differences
between the groups
as the reason for CL𝜒 use,
3.842, 𝑑𝑓
regardless 3,
of 𝑝the 0.280
group. . Meanwhile,
There
were the
no differences
statistically in the reason
significant for LS
differences
between the groups χ2 = 3.842, d f = 3, p = 0.280 . Meanwhile, the differences in the reason for
between the groups 𝜒
use showed statistical significance 𝜒 21.662, 𝑑𝑓 6, 𝑝 0.001
3.842, 𝑑𝑓 3, 𝑝2 0.280 . Meanwhile, the differences in the reason for75LS
. In terms
of LS use, roughly
LS use
percent showed statistical
of the respondents
use showed significance
in PSS only 𝜒
statistical significance thatχowned
= 21.662,
21.662, a𝑑𝑓 f6,=𝑝6, (PSS-only
PWdgroup = 0.001
p0.001 . Inw/ . terms
InPW)
terms of LS
use,use,
indicated
of LS they roughly
want75
roughly
75 percent
topercent
receive of of
services the respondents
such as ironing,
the respondents in PSS
in PSS and only
onlythis that
thatfigure owned
ownedwas a PW a
48.5 PW group
percent
group (PSS-only
in the multi
(PSS-only w/ PW) w/ PW)
group. indicated
However,
indicated they
they wantin
want
the
tocase to receive
of PSS
receive services
only but
services such such
not as
asowning ironing,
ironing,a and and
PW this
group this figure
(PSS-only
figure was
was 48.5 48.5 percent
w/opercent
PW), respondentsin the
in the multiwho multi group. However,
useHowever,
group. “ironing”in
in the
the case
represented
case of
of only
PSSPSS only
27.3
only but
percent.
but notnot owning
Here,
owning the areason
a PW PW group
group that (PSS-only
respondents
(PSS-only w/oPW),
w/o PW),own
who respondents
a PW inwho
respondents whomulti
the use“ironing”
use “ironing”
group
represented
and the PSS only
only 27.3
w/PW percent.
group Here,
answered the reason
“I do not that
haverespondents
a washer” who
while
represented only 27.3 percent. Here, the reason that respondents who own a PW in the multi group own a
having PW PWin the
mightmulti
be group
that
and
they
andarethe PSS
theliving only
PSS only w/PW
in Bangkok group
w/PW groupwithoutanswered
PW away
answered “I do not
from
“I do have
notthe a
home
have washer” while
in which
a washer” having
PW is
while PW might
installed
having PW (For be
might that
be they
details,that
are
refer living
theytoare in
theliving Bangkok
result in without
of Bangkok PW
in-depth interviews away
without PW from
inaway the
Section from home in which PW is installed (For
4.3).the home in which PW is installed (For details, details, refer to
the result of in-depth interviews in Section
refer to the result of in-depth interviews in Section 4.3). 4.3).
Figure 7. The reason for the use of PSS: (a) The reason for coin-operated laundromats (CL) use (n = 103);
Figure 7. The
(b) The reason
reason for the use
for laundry of PSS:
services (LS)(a) The
use (n reason
= 49). for coin-operated laundromats (CL) use (n =
103);
Figure 7. The reason for the use of PSS: (a) The(nreason
(b) The reason for laundry services (LS) use = 49). for coin-operated laundromats (CL) use (n =
4.2. In-Depth Interview
103); (b) The reasonSurvey Results
for laundry 1: Laundry
services (LS) useHabits
(n = 49).
4.2. In-Depth Interview Survey Results 1: Laundry Habits
In terms of the number of wears before the clothing item is washed, respondents who generally
4.2. In-Depth
wear Interview Survey Results 1: for
Laundry Habits of the total, while the rest of total interviewees
In their
termsclothes
of the only onceofaccounted
number wears before 87.8 percent
the clothing item is washed, respondents who generally
indicated
wear their that of
In terms they
clothes thewear
only items
once
number ofmore
accounted than
wears for twice.
87.8
before However,
percent
the of the
clothing they indicated
total,
item is while that
the
washed, it depends
rest on the type of
of total interviewees
respondents who generally
wear their clothes only once accounted for 87.8 percent of the total, while the rest of total interviewees
clothing. In the case of pajamas (27.7 percent), skirts, and pants including jeans (12.3 percent), formal
clothes (4.6 percent), and sweaters and jackets (3.0 percent), they can be worn for a longer period of
time. Meanwhile, sweaty clothes such as sportswear (3.1 percent) were a type of clothing that have to
be changed in less than a day.
Over 90 percent of respondents were satisfied with drying their laundry naturally. However,
16 respondents indicated that they were not keen on the bad smell caused by drying laundry during
the rainy seasons, regardless of whether they were satisfied about natural drying. Among the solutions
suggested by the respondents, the most popular was “to use CL for drying laundry during rainy seasons”
(37.5 percent), followed by “to take laundry back inside (31.3 percent), “to rewash” (18.8 percent),
and “to rehang laundry until completely dry” (12.5 percent). Some approximately 15 percent of all
respondents indicated that damage to clothes such as discoloration and stiffness caused by the strong
sunlight is another problem with natural drying.
In terms of the capacity of PW, of the 32 respondents who own a PW, 59.4 percent had a 10–12 kg
washer and 28.1 percent owned a 6–9.5 kg washer. When they do the laundry using a PW, they generally
use cold water without controlling the temperature of the water. In general, there is no option to use
warm or heated water in the washers sold in Thailand. Water temperature related to laundry habits
shows a similar trend to several Asian countries, such as China, South Korea, and Japan, which is
completely different from laundry habits in E.U. countries and the U.S. [2,9].
4.3. In-Depth Interview Survey Results 2: Assessing the Role of Product-Service System in Laundry Habits
Figure 8 shows intended use and frequency of use for each method of laundry, PW, CL, LS,
and HW. The results revealed that responses related to the actual situation of using these methods
have strong differences compared to the responses from the questionnaire. However, there was no
significant difference in the use rate between the results of the two surveys. According to the results of
the in-depth interviews, use rates of PW, CL, LS, and HW were 71.0 percent, 53.6 percent, 34.8 percent,
and 21.7 percent, respectively.
Figure 8. Laundry methods: (a) Intended use (n = 69, multiple responses); (b) Frequency of use (n = 69,
Figure 8.
multiple Laundry methods: (a) Intended use (n = 69, multiple responses); (b) Frequency of use (n =
responses).
69, multiple responses).
With respect to the intended use, PW was used for all the type of clothing and fabric. As with PW,
CL was Additionally,
also used fortoall
clarify
typesthe role of each
of laundry method,
by 89.2 percent laundry
of the CLpatterns
users,using PW, CL, 10.8
the remaining and percent
LS were
organized based on the results of the in-depth interviews (Table A2), as shown
used CL for washing large-size laundry. LS was used for many other purposes, washing formal in Table 2. In the table,
the rows
clothes wasshow the actual
the most methods
frequent and reasons
(50.0 percent of the for
totaluse.
LS The columns
users), followedshowby the intended
large-size use, which
laundry with
is divided into main usage and sub-usage, such as the type of laundry and amount of
16.7 percent. In the case of HW, 60.0 percent of the respondents indicated that they washed all the types time required.
ofAclothing
total of and
twenty types
fabric of useand
by hand, patterns were identified
the remaining in the
40.0 percent survey.that
indicated Regardless
they wash of underwear
the laundry
pattern,
and socksPW was used as
themselves. a main
Even method
though more forthan
washing
half ofallthese
typesrespondents
of laundry, while CLthat
replied and they
LS were used
do HW
as an additional method to improve the quality of laundry, to reduce time
regardless of the type, all but one who did HW answered that they were actually using PW or PSSand effort, or to provide
an alternative
(Table A2). method to PW. However, the role of each method varied with the different lifestyle
situations of the respondents.
Specifically, seventeen respondents used PW-only; they had no intention or necessity to use CL
or LS. All these respondents indicated that PW is sufficient for their laundry. Also, a total of PW-
mainly users by eighteen respondents used PSS to satisfy particular needs that could not be met by
PW. There were four reasons for using PSS: different preferences for laundry methods among family
members, no experience or intention to use other methods, living nearby a new PSS shop that had
Moreover, the frequency Sustainability of2019,use, 11, x the

FOR PEER ratio of respondents who “always” use, in each 10method
REVIEW of 18 of
laundry, PW, CL, LS, and HW was 69.4 percent, 43.2 percent, 8.3 percent,
Table 2. Use patterns of private washers (PW), coin-operated laundromats (CL), and laundry services
and 100 percent, respectively.
The ratio of users Sustainability
who “always” (LS)
2019, 11,(n and
= 69).
x FOR “usually”
Sustainability 2019, do
PEER REVIEW PW
11, x FOR and
Sustainability
PEER REVIEWCL11,was
2019, x FOR PEER71.4REVIEWpercent and 10 of 18 72.9 percent, 10 of 18
respectively. Meanwhile,Sustainability in the case 2019, ofx FOR

11,
Use Patterns respondents
PEER REVIEW who use LS, the largest
Table 2. Use patterns Main ofTableprivate 2. washers
Use patterns Sub
(PW), ofUsage ratio
coin-operated
private oflaundromats
washers residents 10was
(PW), coin-operated
(CL),
of 18 users
and laundromats
laundry services
(CL), and laundry serv
Table 2. Use patterns of private washers (PW),
Actual No. coin-operated laundromats
All Formal (CL), and laundry
Large- Busy services HW (No.)
who indicated they use LS “often” (50
Reason percent)
for Use(LS) (n =followed
69). Usage by (LS) (n = 69). use it “occasionally”
those Drying (33.3 percent).
(LS) (nMethods
= 69).
Table 2. Use patterns of private washers (PW), coin-operated Types Clothes
laundromatsSize (CL), Time
and laundry services 1
No intention and Use Patterns Use Patterns Sub Usage Sub Usage
This reveals that PW and Sustainability CL
Use(LS)
PW-only
are (n =used
Patterns 69).
2019, 11, xroutinely,
necessary FOR
about PEER
usingREVIEW
while
Main
LS is used
17 x FOR Actual
Subon
No.
Usage special
Main occasions.
No.
Main Underwear
10 ofFormal
18 Large-HW
Actual
Actual
Sustainability
No. 2019, 11, Reason AllforPEER
Use REVIEW
Formal Large-
Usage
Reason for Busy
Use
All Formal
Usage
Large-All (1)
HW (No.)
Busy
Drying 10(No.)
Busy
of 18 Drying
H
Use Patterns Sustainability 2019, 11, x FOR PEER
Sub REVIEW
Usage
Additionally, Methods to clarify Actual
theSustainability
Reason role
for Use PSSofMethods
2019, each
11, x FOR method,
Usage
No. Types laundry
PEER Main Methods
REVIEW
Clothes
All
Sizepatterns
Formal
Time
Large-
using
TypesDrying
Busy
Clothes PW, CL,
SizeTypes
HW
Time
(No.)
and
Clothes LS10 Size
of 18 Time 1
1 1
Table 2.Different
Use patterns of private washers
preferences 1 intention (PW), coin-operated laundromats (CL), and laundry
Drying services
No intention Reason
and for Use Table 2. UseNo Usage
patterns ofand
private No intention
washers (PW),Sizeand
coin-operated laundromats (CL), and laundry services
were organized based SustainabilityonSustainability
the
Methods (LS)
PW-only 2019,necessary
11, results
(n2019,
x FOR =PEER
69).
about
11, x of
betweenFOR
REVIEW
Table
using
Sustainability
the
family
Sustainability
PW-only
2. Use
2019, 1711,(n
in-depth
PEERpatterns
REVIEW
x FOR
2019,of11,
necessary
1PEER
xabout
privateFOR
REVIEW
interviews
PEER
PW-only Types
Table
using
washers 2.(PW),
Use
REVIEW
necessary
17 (Table
Clothes
patterns
aboutof using
coin-operated A2),
private 17as shown
Time
washers
laundromats (PW),
Underwear
10 of 18
(CL), in
coin-operated
10 of
and laundry Table
18 2. Underwear
laundromats
services
10 of 18
(CL),10and
(1)
laundry serv
of 18
U 1
No intention
members (LS)
and = 69). PSS (LS) (n = 69). PSS (1)
Underwear
In the table, the rowsTable show the
PW-only actual
Table 2.
2. UseDifferent
patterns
PSS
Use
Use
(LS)methods
(n = 69).
Patterns
necessary
No about
experience/intention
patterns
of private of1 Table
washers private
and
Use
(PW),
17 reasons
using Sustainability
2.Different
washers
4Use patterns
Patterns
forPEER
2019, 11, x FOR
preferences
(PW),ofcoin-operated
Main
coin-operated
use.
privateDifferent
1washers
laundromats
The
REVIEW Sub columns
Usage
preferences
laundromats
(CL),(PW),
show
(CL),1 services
andcoin-operated
laundry and laundry
laundromats
Sub Usage
the(1)(CL),
services
intended
and laundry services
10 of 18
preferences
Table
Actual LS2.Use
PSS Use patternsNo. of private
between washers
family (PW),
AllUse coin-operated
Main
Formal
Patterns
between Large-laundromats
family BusyUsage(CL), and HW laundry
(No.)services
Sub Usage
use, which is divided into
(LS) (n = 69). main
(LS) (n
between
Methods Living
=usage
69). Reason
family
Different andfor
Actual Use
preferences
nearby a= new sub-usage,
Patterns
(LS)
1 PSS
(n = 69).
Sus
1 Reason
Usage
a2.for
nabsuch
Use
Actual
as
Main
y 2019
Types
No.the
1 Clothes
11 type
xfor
Usage FOR of
All
SizePEER laundry
Sub Formal
1REV EW
Time
No.
Drying
Main and
Large-
All
amount
Busy
Formal
of
Drying
HW (No.)
H 1
PW- members
(LS)
Actual (nMethods
69). 1 Tablemembers Use patterns
No. ofReason
private
members
All washers
UseFormal
Types(PW), coin-operated
Large-
ClothesUsage BusySize laundromats
Time HW Large-
(CL), and laundry
(No.) Busyservices
Drying 1
Sustainability 2019, 11, x FORUse PEER between
shop
NoREVIEW familyand
intention Reason for Use Usage Drying
time required. A total of twenty types of use patterns were
=Methods identified TypesSubin the Size 10 of
survey. 18 Types
Regardless Clothes
of Size Time 1
mainly
Use Patterns Patterns
Methods No 1experience/intention
Use(LS)
No Patterns
(nMain
intention 69).
and No experience/intention
Sub Usage Usage
Clothes Sub
Time Usage
Underwear 1
Sustainability 2019, 11, x FOR No 11,experience/intention
x FOR
PEER REVIEW PEER REVIEW Use Patterns 4 Main 4
Sub Usage10 of 18
PW-only members
necessary about 4No Main 6No.
using 17
AllLS NoFormal
intention
LSBusy and All10Busy of 18
Always (1) Underwear
Actual Actual LS Reason
No.
PW-onlyActual intention
for Use Usage
and
necessary about
Usage
Reason forFormal
using
Use
All
Main 17No.
Large- Large-
Usageusing
Formal
HW (No.)Large-
Drying
HW(1) (No.)
Busy HW (No.) U
the laundry pattern, PW2.2019,
Table
Methods
Sustainability
was
Use used
x FORfor
Reason
patterns
Methods
Living
11, x
No
nearby
FOR
PEER
as
Actual
ofUse aPSS
a private
PW-only
new
Convenience
Methods
PEER
main
REVIEW
PSS
REVIEW
washers method
Sustainability
Methods
PW-
of using
Living
(PW),
Reason
necessary nearbyfor
4 coin-operated
2019,
for
about 11,
Use xPSS
using
Types FORTab
Use washing
No.
eREVIEW
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PW-only
a new PSS 2Usage
Use
17 laundromats
PEER Types
Clothes
PW- 1Size all
necessary
Living paAll
(CL),
Clothes
Types
types
aerns
about
nearby Timenew
and
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PSS ofpr
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oMain
laundry
Size Types
Clothes
laundry,
17Large-
Time
1 va e10
services
Clothes
Size 10
ofBusy
washers
ofTime
while
18
18
Size Sub
Underwear CL
PW Usage
Time
Drying coDrying
and
HW (No.)
Underwear
n opera
(1)
(1)10 ed
of 18aundrom 1 1
1
1
Table Table
Sustainability 2.
PW-patterns
2. Use Use11,
2019, patterns
of private
x FOR of
PEER private
Different
washers
No REVIEW washers
LSpreferences
(PW),
intention 1and (PW), 2 coin-operated
coin-operated
Actual
PSS laundromats
1 Noshop
intention laundromats
and (CL), and (CL),
PSS No.
laundry
shop andservices
laundry services All10 of Formal
18 Large- Busy HW (No.)
(LS) (n = 69). No intentionshop and PSSmainly Different preferences
mainly (1)
PEER REV EW LS were used as (LS)an additional
= mainly
Table
(LS) (n2.
Sustainability
(nPW-only
69). = Use
69).
2019, 11,
PW-only
PW-
necessary
method
patterns
x FOR Living
of
PEER
about
nearby
between
private to
REVIEW
necessary
using about improve
afamily
new
washers No
PW-only
17
intention
PSS(PW),
using
Different
the
and
coin-operated
Methods
necessary
17
preferences
2. 1Use
quality
oLSof
10 family
about118
of
Reason for 1Use
n = 69
laundromats 17laundry,
privateDifferent
using 6washers(CL), to reduce
Usage
and laundry
preferences 10 oftime
Underwear
61 services
Types Clothes
18 and
Underwear
Sizeeffort, Drying
Time Always
Underwear
Underwear
(1) A
1
Table 2.=Use
Use patterns
Patterns PW-only shop
members
of private
private washers 6 Table
necessary
Sustainability about
2019,
(PW), 311,
patterns
between
1 using
x FORPSS
coin-operated PEER
No17REVIEW
laundromats
Sub1 and
intention (CL),
between
Usage(CL),
(PW), coin-operated
and laundry
family laundry services
laundromats
Always
services (1) (1)
(CL),
(1) and laundry services
10 of(1)18
(LS) (n2. 69).
mainly PSS
or to provide an alternativeUse
Table
Patterns
Sustainability
Actual Use
2019, method
Use patterns
Sustainability
Patterns
11, x
PSS
FOR
of
2019,
No
PEER to
11, xPW.
FOR washersHowever,
REVIEW No.
(LS)(PW),
between
Sustainability
PEER REVIEW
(n
MainPSS= 69). theof
coin-operated
family
2019,
PW-only
11, x
members
Convenience
FOR role
PEER
Sub 1 Usage
using
necessary
ofSubeach
laundromats
REVIEW
about Usage
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1 members
2 using
and
of using varied
1
17 laundry2 services HW
with
10 of
Underwear 18 the
(No.) Always (1)
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user Discussion
install season,
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Conclusions
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37and indicates the use PW, CL, and LS,LS, respectively.
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No Discussion
eDiscussion
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Conclusions
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Conclusions
half 5.
1
Discussion
use
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andofy
Conclusions
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Conclusions
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who use tumble-dryers
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though the use
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Moreover, space
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o ns a 1 by hand1The
5., Discussion
1 Busy results
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ain the respondents
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kg
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oo
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ain The space
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capacity bythough
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2
2 the
21 Busy ,When
before
washers.
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time ofDiscussion
once
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and The
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times
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No and
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to
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w only
usage
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tumble-dryers
5. Discussion
general, TheThe no ,
resultsoptionsand , and Conclusions
indicated
tomore control indicates
that
necessary theonce the
the
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temperature use
before
capacity of
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becoming washers in
common, Thailand. some And most
respondents still pre-wash their clothes
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who necessary
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who
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the respondents necessity feel once the of necessity
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5. Discussion capacity
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Conclusions
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ve
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in respondents
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Thailand.
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The
Discussion
the
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Conclusions most is
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percent) capacity
Discussion
capacity no
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Conclusions
When
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that a use washer
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as of
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Always sold
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dryers.
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though
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capacity
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before
5. Discussion
(87.8
During
the
no , use
washers.
percent)
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the,and
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washers
capacity
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When
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Conclusions ofseason,
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nd
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ehave
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and
in
anddry
depending
laundry,
LS laundry,
for
respondents
Thailand.
had
theiruse
tumble-dryers
such their using
aover
longer
clothes
echaracteristics.
they
characteristics.
jackets.
pe such
ve y
And
tumble-dryers
characteristics.
ason laundry
10
asthe
tumble-
period
indicated
cleanliness.
generally
3And kgusage
during
most
Even
load
Even Even
that
naturally
use In
exams.
time they
terms
cold
Always
ofas pajamas,
generally
instead
water,
(1) andof wear
using
there
their
tumble-
are,
clothing
in in
only
by
(87.8 hand
general,
dryers.
(87.8
in order nobefore
percent)
During
percent)
to options
dry of
of using
Spec fica y seventeen respondents used PW-on y they had no ntent on or necess ty to use
capacity the the
the
quickly. to
rainy askirts
washer
respondents
HW-only
washers.
control season,
respondents
ThePW/Living
user
and When
the
tendencytosome
pants,ensure
generally
capacity
temperature
generally
alone using the
washers.
respondents
formal
of a
once
using dry
washer
dry quality
of
clothes,
before the their
their forof
bring
tumble-dryers the
laundry
laundry,
sweaters,
the theirin
laundry,
laundry laundry,
the anaturally
they
laundry
HW and
also washer
washers
except
naturally on such
jackets.
changes generally
toy
the as
for
sold
CL
user cleanliness.
insteadlaundry,
items
instead in
and
depending use ofcold
Thailand.
use
which
of using
they In
water,
tumble-dryers
using can
on theterms
tumble-
generally
be and
most
worn
tumble-
usage 1of there
foruse a cold
are,
longer in
water,
period andof there
time are,
such as pajamas,
on LS in order
by to
though
5.
of dry
capacity
hand though
before The
Discussion
PSS.
though quickly.
the
the
Thewashers.
usingresultsuse
the
use
thegeneral, a
useand
2 The
of
capacity
of
respondents of When
indicated
washer tendency
washers
washers
Conclusions
washers
, to ,ofusing
and is
PW,
that
ensure
Not
who of
becoming
a
becom
necessary
use using
dryers.
more
washer
laundry
the
general,
is becoming PSS
indicates ng tumble-dryers
thanmore
quality
of mo
feel
no During
for
habits
more half
thee
options
the common,
laundry,
of
common
use necessity
common, of
of
thethe
of the
Bangkok
to also
rainy
laundry,
PW, some
respondents
they
control ome
of
CL, some changes
season,
using
and respondents
generally
have
such
the e pondensome
the
as depending
in
tumble-dryer
temperature
respondents
LS, use the
cleanliness.
respectively. cold
following still
respondents of
still p on
pre-wash
depth-interviews
water,
more
theIn
e the
wa
pre-wash and
terms usage
bring
characteristics.
h
than
water their
there
he
inof their
had
those
theirthe clothes
c are,
o laundry
over
Evenhe
who
washers
clothes in 10 to
kg
sold CL
loadin and use
Thailand. tumble-dryers
And most
the
dryers.
(87.8
in
of ordercapacity During
percent)
to dryof PW,
the
1of the
quickly.
Busy more
rainy
no options
respondents
time The than
season,
means half
to
tendency some
general,
control
times generally ofinfeelthe
respondents
of the
no respondents
using
which temperature
options
dry1there theirbring
tumble-dryersto
isbring
not in
controltheir
of
laundry
enough the the depth-interviews
laundry
the
water
also temperature
naturally
time changes
to indotothe CL
theinsteadand
washers
dependingof
laundry,had use
the
of over
using
such on 10
tumble-dryers
sold
water in
as in
the kgthe
Thailand.
tumble-
usage
during load washers Andsold
Always most
(1) in Thailand. And most
sary o CL or LS A these
the capacity
by
only
by of
hand
use
handPW,of PSS. The
respondents
PW. more
bebefore
dryers.
by PSS.
respondents
hand
general,
thoughthan
o Moreover, ng a5half
e quickly.
u using
During
The
no
the
awabefore
nd
most
D of
he
washer cated
capacity
options
use
scuss the
of(87.8
the
respondents
of
the who
using
to
on
rainy
washers
respondents
owasher that
enrespondents
uof
percent)
ensure
and use
HW-only
a washer
towashers.
control
efor he
Conc
season,
who
thePSS
PW
qua
ofis user
PW/Living
in thethe
quality
us ons
use
feel
When
the to
becoming some
stheyinPSS
the
ensure
suffic
alone
temperature
odepth-interviews
yrespondents
indicated of he that
the aund they
laundry, ent
order
usingnecessity
for
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ychanges
uch
generally
generally
skirts
respondents
the
to
had
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dry
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common,
over necessity
1quality
r10use
of
c cleanliness.
wear
dry
as ean their kg
ne
their
and
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aundry
loadquickly.
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laundry
pants,
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clothing m A
only
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o
naturally
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The
laundry,
of
formal
using
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in laundry,
so tumble-
ainstead
tota
the laundryclothes,
tumble-dryer
of of
tendency
they
washers
respondents using tumble- such to
more sweaters,
CL
ofsold
generally as
using
still and
thaninmore
cleanliness.useand
those
Thailand.
pre-wash than
tumble-dryers
use cold jackets.
tumble-dryers
who In
theirthose
water,Andterms who
also
and
most
clothes ofexams.
Always
changes
there are, (1)depending
in on the usage
only usein
capacity
in order
dryers.
of PSS.The
order washers.
to
During
The dry
(87.8
results
to the
respondents When
percent)
rainy
indicated
, of the using
The of
season,
,The
and
who that the
usealaundry
tendency (87.8
respondents
some
indicates
PSS using
percent)
respondents
feel habits
the
the laundry,
use2 tumble-dryers
generally
ofof
ofthat
necessity the
bring
Bangkok
PW, Busy
CL,
of generally
respondents
dry
their
have
and
using theiralso me
laundry
LS, the means
use
laundry
generally
tocold
following
respectively.
tumble-dryer water,
depending
naturally
dry
CLdepending
and mes
more and
their n
on wh
there
instead
laundry
tumble-dryers
characteristics.
than those ch
are,
usage
of
Even
who inhere
using
naturally s(1)no enough
instead of using me o do he
tumble-
1 only
PW.
the
(87.8
by use
capacity
hand PW.
Moreover,
percent)5.ydry
before of quickly.
Moreover,
general,
ofmost
PW,
Busytheno
using
Discussion more most
aaoptions
HW-only
time than
means
respondents
washer
and tendency
of
respondents
user to the
half
times
to
Conclusions of ofin
PSS.
control of
respondents
generally
ensure the using
indicated
The
the
which respondents
the tumble-dryers
A
respondents
temperature
1quality
there
dry1 ways
indicated
is worn
their they
not
of in 1who
that
ofgenerally
the
nenough
laundry
the the
laundry,also
they
water
time changes
generally
depth-interviews
use hPSS
naturallywear
to in
suchdoefeel
the their
vthe
wear
the
washers
laundry,
instead
as cleanliness.their
clothing
had
necessityover
soldon
only
such
ofsuch
using 10
of
in
as
In the
clothing kg
using usage
Thailand.
during
tumble-
terms only
loadtumble-dryer
And
ofexams. CLmost
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g a one PW-ma n ycapacity
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he
once
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capacity
e
order
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to
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When
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o
the of
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dryers.
dry
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of
mo
to more
respondents
During
washers
Moreover,
washer
ewho
except
control
The
most
han
than
the
is
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dryers.
rainy
tendency
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o
items of
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temperature
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dryers.
he
which
During
feel
season,
of the
more
respondents the
During
using
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erespondents
ponden
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the
of generally
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rainy
to water sat
respondents
rainy
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common, indicated
season,
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he
for
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longer
some
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respondents
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washers
bring
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nperiod
respondents
depth-interviews
tumble-dryer
some their
changes cu
generally
and sold and
ew
ar
respondentsof
laundry
still in
depending
there
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needs bring
had
Thailand.
more
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wear to
are,
ove
over
than
bring
theirCL on
asin
10
their
that
and
theirAnd
those kg
pajamas,
10
their
the
clothing
laundry
kg
usecou oad
load
most
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clotheslaundry
usage d to to
not
tumble-dryers
only CLand
beanduseuse
met tumble-dryers
tumble-dryers
end ca es he use otumble-
PW CLtheirand LS respec ve y
of
once
once before PSS.
the The
before
laundry, respondents
the laundry,
except the who
except The
items use
the e u
PSS
items feelnd
which ca
the ed
necessity
can ha
be worn aund
of y
using
for hab o
tumble-dryer
adepth-interviews
longer periodBangkok of more
time have than
such he those
as o
pajamas,owwho ng cha ac e c Even
capacity washers. When
,When using
, temperature
and aawhichwasher
indicates can forbe
the worn
laundry,
use for
ofin PW, ahey
longer
theyCL, period
generally
and LS, of
use time
yrespectively.cold dsuch
water, as pajamas,
and there aare, in
21
general, dryers.
the
no options
capac yDuring
capacitywa (87.8
to of
he the
PW,percent)
control
Busy rainy
Whenmore
the
time u ofngthe
season,
than
means half
times
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respondents
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he of
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which
o PW.
respondents
the water Moreover,
generally
respondents
there
aund bring
yis the
not in most
dry
their
the
washers
enough
gene their of
laundry the
sold
atime to
u respondents
laundry
inedoto CL
Thailand.
co the naturally
and had
laundry,
wa indicated
use
And instead
overmost
such asthat
tumble-dryers
10 kg
during they
ofare,
e using
load generally
nexams. wear onclothing only
skirts
(87.8
only and
capacity
percent)
use PW.pants,
washers.
5. in Theformal
Discussion
of
order the
Moreover, results clothes,
adry and
torespondents
most using
indicated
quickly.in sweaters,
Conclusions
of theorder
washer
in generally to
respondents
that
order
The anddry
for
laundry
tendency
to jackets.
dry
dry quickly.
laundry, their
indicated
habits
quickly.
of The
they
of laundry
using of tendency
generally
that
The Bangkok they
tumble-dryers
atendencynaturally of
use
generally
have using
of cold
instead
the
also
using water,
wearchanges ofand
tumble-dryers
their
following and
usinghethere
clothing
tumble-dryers
depending
etumble-
also
1pajamas, only
characteristics.
alsochanges
onin
changes
p the
depending
Even
usage
hdepending
the usage
heonasthe usage
1 by PW There (87.8 were
skirts andof
by
once
onlyPSS.
hand
skirts
general,use
and
four
pants,
ingeneral,
order
capacity
percent)
gene
dryers. aof
oncecapacity
The
beforebefore
PW.
to
nothe
no
During
before
respondents
the
pants,
formal
no reasons
dry
washers.
op
the
though
using
laundry,
Moreover,
formal
clothes,
options
dryers. ,to
During
quickly.
options
the
When
respondents
on
laundry, o con
to
rainy
the use
who
washer
except
hough
most
clothes,
,for
sweaters,
control
The
using
and
control the
season,
except
of
use
the
of
us
thehe to
rainy
tendency
generally
o heathe
of
the
washers
the PSS
ensure
items
u
sweaters,
ng
and
once
washer
indicates
empe
PSS.
some
items dry
feel
eseason,
The
temperature
which
obefore
ofawa
respondents
PSS
jackets.
temperature and the
the
using
forthe
their
u
he
PSS
thed
somecan
of
laundry,
euse2
o
respondents
respondents
which can
A
offferent
necessity
quality
of
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he
be
indicated
jackets.
the ways
laundry, worn
becom
water
respondents
tumble-dryers
the
be
PW,
wa
bring
they
worn
of
the
CL,
e
who
water
using
laundry,
for
ng
Lexcept
v
1that
in ng
themo
generally
and
naturally
nin
their he
use
they
preferences
thebring
also
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tumble-dryer
longer
washers
the
wa
PSS
laundry
foru aadepth-interviews
longer
such
neinstead period
common
Dorm
generally
items
their
changes
use
respectively.
he
washersfeel to
period
coldo
as
sold
which of
Bangkok
wear
for
laundry
of
the
CL
in more
cleanliness.
ometime
depending
d
sold water,
using
n
and
of inTha
necessity
time
to
use
ethan
such
their
aundry
Thailand.
can be
andCL
and
Thailand.on
tumble-
of
as
ponden those
In
clothing
worn andAnd
there
terms
for
the
And
usingAnd
tumble-dryers
such as
use
pajamas,
who
only
usage
are,
of
methods
most
amo e wa
in periodamong
longer
tumble-dryers
tumble-dryer
most ofhetime
more
c osuch
than thosepajamas,
who
only
the
skirts
once
(87.8 use
and
beforePW.
percent)5. ofof
pants,
the PSS.
Moreover,
PW,
laundry,
Discussion
The
of
The
formal more
results
the byrespondents
most
and than
clothes,
hand
except
torespondents
of
the the
half of
sweaters,
be
Conclusions
indicated eis
PSS.
who
ogenerally
items
skirts thatubecoming
respondents
of the
and
The
use
and
ng
which respondents
ma
laundry jackets.
drywa
can more
arespondents
PSS nythe feel
indicated
he
be
yformal worn
habits
their ocommon,
the
in en
ofnecessity
who
that
the
for
laundry eav
Bangkok use
ethey some
he
longer ng PSS
of
naturallyqua respondents
using
generally feel
period
home
have y the
otumble-dryer
wear
of
own
the
instead had
he
time still
necessity
their
over
aund
ofsuch
following pre-wash
usingyof
as more
clothing
10 using
kg load
uch
pajamas, a their
than
only
characteristics.
tumble- c ean clothes
tumble-dryer
those
theEvennewho more
n e mthan o those who
of
87 PSS.
general,
dryers. During 8 pe
(87.8 The
no
thecen
percent) in order
respondents
options
rainy o of heto
season,
the dry
eor who
control
some
pondenquickly.
respondents use
the PSS
respondents
only The
temperature
gene
use feel
ofPW.
generally ausingypants,
tendency
the
bring
d necessity
of
Moreover,
dry of
their
he using
water
their ofclothes,
laundry
aund
most tumble-dryers
using
in
laundrythe
of to
yalso
ofna
the sweaters,
tumble-dryer
washers
CL uanda ysold
respondents
naturally and
also
use n in jackets.
changes
more
tumble-dryers
ead
instead o
indicated than
Thailand.
ofu depending
ngthose
And
that
using umb
they who
amost
tumble- eon
generally usage
wear their clothing only
mes n wh ch here fams no yenough
members inno
meskirtsoorder
skirts
once do
capacity
dryers.
only
(87.8
exper
and
before
and
use
he
to dry
pants,
by only
the
washers.
PW.
percent)pants,
though
5.
During of
ence
aundry
handquickly.
formal
use
laundry,
the
PSS.
Moreover,
of
before
When
formal
Discussion the PW.
rainy
The
the usehe such
The
clothes,
using ntent
using
Moreover,
exceptcapac
clothes,
andof
season,
respondents
most
respondents
the
washers
of
as
tendency only
asweaters,
Conclusionssome
the
on
odur
sweaters,
awasher
ywasher
most
items is
who
use
PW to
ng
and
of
which
for to
PW.
and
becoming mo
respondents
respondents
generally use
use e5
exams
ensure
the Moreover,
can
laundry,
jackets.
PSS
dry
hanbe
more
other
Discussion
tumble-dryers
jackets.
feel
the
respondents worn
bring
indicated
their
they
ha
the
quality
mostmethods
oforindicated
ahe
generally
common,
their
necessity
that
laundry
of
longerethe
the
some
laundry
they
and
changes
uselaundry,
respondents
that
period
ponden
of
generally
naturally to
using
coldthey
respondents
CL
vof
Conclusions
water,
and
ng
depending
such
ngenerally
timehe
tumble-dryer
wear
instead use
nearby
as
indicated
such
and
dep
still
their
of
on as2the
cleanliness.
wear
there
h that
pre-wash
tumble-dryers
more
clothing
using
usage
n etheir
pajamas, they
are,
tumble-
v new
in
ew
their
than
only had PSS
Ingenerally
terms
clothing
clothes
those ove
who
shop
ofwear
only 10 kgtheiroadclothing only
in order dto dry
ye
dryers. quickly.
Du During The
ngcapacity
he
The the tendency
arainy
ny
results ea on
season, of
indicatedonce using
omebefore
some that tumble-dryers
erespondents
ponden
the
laundry laundry, habits also
brespondents
ng
except
bring of changes
hetheirthe
Bangkok aunditems
laundrydepending
yhave otoCL
which CL
the and
can on
and be the
u use
worn
following usage
ethan
umb for eadlonger
tumble-dryers ye 10period
characteristics. Even of time such as as
pajamas,
nd ca es he use o that
PW had ust
CL and opened
LS of
in
once
of PSS. The
PSS.
skirts
general,
respecorder
dryers.
andThe
orno
ve
beforeto
the
During
ninorespondents
de
order
respondents
once
pants,
by options
conven
y
dryhand
only
the
othough
tod
before
formal
laundry,
the
yThe
dry who
qu before
quickly.
use ck PW.
rainy
quickly.
the use
of
the who
The
y except
The
PW,
clothes,
to control
ence
capac using
Moreover,
season,
PSS
The
of
use
laundry,more
the
y
tendency
the
feel
endencya
skirts
tendency
washers
PSS
once
sweaters,
Among
wa than
except
temperature
he
washer
some
the most
itemsand
is
feel
before
of and
When
of
which to
the
half
the
them
using
respondents
necessity
o of u
pants,
becoming
the necessity
of
items
ensure
the
ngcan
using of
the
laundry,
jackets.
u the
umb
formal
ng which
water
the
the
tumble-dryers
respondents
be a
worn
bring
using
waof using
except
can
in
qualityhe
for
their
the
respondentsbe
indicated
dtumble-dryer
eclothes,
tumble-dryers
more ye
common,
the
o
of
also
tumble-dryer
aasweaters,
longer
laundry
in
worn
washers
the the
items
aund
o change
also
some
for
laundry,
changes
that
period
to
more
changes
which
a
sold
y
and
longer
who
they
CL
respondents
hey more
depth-interviews
depending
of
and
than
depend
can
insuch period
generally
time
jackets.
depending use
be
Thailand.
genechoose
those asworn
a
such
ng
of
y those
had
time
And
u for
cleanliness.
onwear
as the
tumble-dryers
who
on on 3he d
e
the
a
cofferent
who
over
such
longer
most
usage
their
pajamas, d
u only
age
usage
wa
Inas kg
e
terms
clothing
load
pajamas,
period of
only
of
methods
and hetime
e a such
e n pajamas,
only
(87.8
of PSS.
use PW.
percent)
The the
Moreover,
capacity
skirtsof and
capacity
respondents
results
washers.
the pants,most
respondents
gene
of who
indicated
PW,
of
When
aformal
no
more
use
the op that
respondents
using
skirts
clothes,
generally
PSS than on and
feel
laundry
ahalfwasher
osweaters,
pants,
dry
con of
habits
indicated
oformal
thetheir and
he The
forrespondents of
laundry,that resu
Bangkok
clothes,
jackets.
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empe they
athey ts
ohave
generally
generally
sweaters,
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utumble-dryer
in echanges
the nd
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and cated
wear
instead
wa usejackets.
emore
depth-interviews ofstill
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their
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nperiod
he
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Even
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dryers.
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Moreover,
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Theby once
pants,
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and
ehand
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During
before
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ponden who
respondents
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the
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before
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no
rainyusethe
clothes,
The
the
options
87
who
of
except
laundry,
whove
using
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8 washers
pe to the
sweaters,
tendency
nearby
respondents
u aesome
use PSSexcept
PSS
washer
items
control
cen is
o
of
ee and
feel
becoming
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the
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indicated
to
respondents
he
he new
the necessity
items
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nece
ensure
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e
thatwhich
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necessity
more
ponden PSS
the
bebring they
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ycommon,
o
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can
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for
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be
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u ng
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awaterofworn
also used
umb
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a y
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tumble-dryer
the
din
daCL
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ythe
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depending
their
erespondents
ye of
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CL or
and
mo
aund
more
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clothing than
estill
han
as
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use y
on
n
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ho
those
cleanliness.
pre-wash
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Thailand.
tumble-dryers
na a y
who
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eusage
same
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n
as
InAnd
their pajamas,
manner
terms
ead clothes
most
o u
of
ng as e
umb
only
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on PSS.
theuse PW.
The capacity
laundry,
y uand
only e PW
use PW. Moreover,
skirts
Mo exceptwashers.
and
respondents
eove
Moreover, pants,
the most
who
mo items
most When
of
formal
use the
which
omore
ofahe
using
PSS
the respondents
clothes,
feel
can a
erespondents
ponden be washer
sweaters,
the worn though
necessity
nd for
indicated
for and
ca
indicated laundry,
edof
a longer the
that
jackets.
using
ha period use
they
they
hey of
generally
generally
tumble-dryer
of
gene time washers
a ysuch use
wear
wea more cold
their
as he s
than
pajamas, becom
water,7
clothing
those
c clothing
ohad and
h ngover only
who
ononlyng
there more
y10termsare, in common some respon
clusions skirts
in order the
toby
pants,
(87.8
dry capacity
hand before
formal
percent)
quickly. ofThe
of
ye
PW,
dclothes,using
the Du sweaters, than
washer
respondents
tendency ng ofthe
he
half
to
and
using oftumble-dryers
ensure the
jackets.
generally
atemperature
ny ea on
respondents
the dry
ome vthat
quality
L the ng
their of
also
aewater
they
nin
the
laundry
ponden
generally
the
Dormlaundry,
changes Bangkokwear
depth-interviews
naturally such
depending
bwashers
ng
their
hetheir as cleanliness.
instead
on
aund yofusage
the CLIn
using
oonly and
kg load
tumble-e of
umost umb e d ye
skirts andonce
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pants,
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use
be egeneral,
PW.
oformal the
he Moreover,no
laundry,
clothes,
aund options
yof except
most
sweaters,
excep to
ofthecontrol
he the items
and em which
respondents
jackets.
wh ch of can
can
by be
indicated
be worn
wo
hand of
n for
that
o a
before longer
theyonge inpe
usthe
period
generally od
ng ofuse
wear
o time
me sold
ayewasher such
uch inaasThailand.
clothingpajamas,
pa to ama ensure And
the onqua ty of the aundry
once before the the
capacity
dryers. laundry,
capacity washers.
During except
PW, Whenmore the items
using
than awhich
washer
half can
the be
for worn
laundry,
respondents for a
they longer
in period
generally
the of
depth-interviews time
cold such
water, as
had
3 use pajamas,
and
over there
10 kgare,loadin
of PSS.and
skirts The respondents
(87.8
pants, percent)
formal othe
who
nclothes,
of de
the rainy
use o d season,
PSS y qu
respondents
sweaters, feelck and
some
theygenerally
The respondents
necessity
jackets. endency of using
dry obring
their ng their
utumble-dryer
laundry umb laundrye dmore
naturally to CL a and
than those
o change
instead of whotumble-dryers
usingdepend tumble-ng he u age
once
kskirtsbefore
andand panthe
pants,
general,
capacity laundry,
oformal
madry
no cexcept
options
washers. oquickly.
he
clothes, to
When the weaitems
sweaters,
control using which
e tendency
the aand and can
acke be worn
jackets.
temperature
washer for awater
oftumble-dryers
the longer inperiod
the ofuse
washers time such
sold inasThailand.
pajamas, And most
ted that aundry hab ts of Bangkok onlyhave
skirts
use PW. the
in
and dryers.
order
pants, fo
Moreover,to
During
formal ow o most
PSS
the
clothes,ng of
The
rainycharacter
the The
erespondents
ponden
season,
sweaters, and some st the
who csfor
of using
indicated
respondents
jackets.
laundry,
Even
ucapace PSS that ty
ee
bring
they
they of generally
PW
hegenerally
nece
their also
laundry changes
more
ywear
o uto cold
their
ng
CL
water,
depending
thanclothing
umb
and 1 ha
useeand fon
donly
yethere
of the
mo
tumble-dryers
are,
theusage
e han in ho e who
respondents n the depth
(87.8
general, percent)
no options of the respondents generally dry their laundry naturally instead ofthanusing tumble-
once before ofthe
in PSS.
order The
laundry,
to dry respondents
onexcepty u to
quickly. ethe control
PW who
items
The
the
Motendencyuse
which
eove temperature
PSS can
mo feel
of be othe
worn
using heof the
necessity
for awater
e ponden
tumble-dryers longer of in the
using
period
ndalso
washers
tumble-dryer
caof edtime
changes hasold
such
hey inmore
asThailand.
pajamas,
gene
depending a ony wea And
those most
whoc o h ng on y
he
the usage
hers s becom ng more common some respondents
skirts and (87.8 dryers. During
percent) st the
of be pre-wash
rainy
theo sweaters, season,
respondents the
some r
capac c
respondents
generally othes ty washers
bring their When
laundry to usCL ng
and ause washer
tumble-dryers for aundry they genera y
only
pants,
of PSS.use PW.respondents
formal
The Moreover,
clothes,
once e most
he
who aundof
useandthe y
PSS respondents
jackets.
excepfeel thehedry em their
indicated
No
necessity whspace laundry
of that
ch can o
using they
be naturallyan o ainstead
wogenerally
ns
tumble-dryer wear
ongemore
of using
1 their
pe od
than clothing tumble-
othosemewhoonly
uch a pa ama
a washer to ensure the qua ty of the aundry in order
dryers. such to dry
During as quickly.
the c ean
rainy The ness
season, tendency some In of
terms using
respondents tumble-dryers
of bring their also
laundry changes to CL depending
and use onas the
tumble-dryers usage
once
only before
useThe the laundry,
kMoreover,
PW.respondents and pan except
most the
oofma the
PSS
items genera
cono he which
respondents can no
e opt
be
weaindicated worn
and that ons
for
acke a togenerally
longer
they controwear
period of thetheir
time temperature
such clothing only of the water n the wa
pajamas,
of
in PSS.
order
skirts andtopants,dry quickly.formal clothes, whotendency
The use PSS
sweaters, of yusing
feel andthejackets.
necessity
tumble-dryers of using also tumble-dryer
changes depending more
1 than onthose who
the usage
ore than ha f of the respondents n the depth- once nterv
before ews
the laundry, had except over the 10 which
items kg oadcan be worn for a longer period of time such as pajamas,
PW. And the remaining two patterns of respondents used PSS to reduce the effort and time to wash
laundry. For example, CL was used to dry laundry quickly or to wash large-size laundry easily, LS
was used when additional services such as ironing formal clothes or washing and drying large loaded
laundry was required. Twenty-four respondents who usually used CL or LS as an alternative to PW
in order to live in dormitories or other residences away from home for study or work was the most
widely observed pattern. This use pattern was seen among the respondents that used PSS-mainly
and PSS-only. They had no choice but to use PSS to adapt to a new life without PW. Among them,
PSS-mainly users by fourteen respondents used PW when they return to their hometown, but they do
not feel the need to use PSS while they are using PW. They tended to use LS when they did not have
enough time to do laundry. In addition, HW was used for saving money while living in Bangkok or for
the cleanliness. The rest of PSS-only users by eight respondents used CL or LS for two reasons: living
in a house with no space to install PW, and no intention to use PW or other methods because of living
alone. A total of two respondents answered that they do laundry mainly or only by HW because they
prefer cleanliness. One of those two respondents used LS only for washing and drying large-size items.
5. Discussion and Conclusions

The results indicated that laundry habits of Bangkok have the following characteristics.
Even though the use of washers is becoming more common, some respondents still pre-wash
their clothes by hand before using a washer to ensure the quality of the laundry, such as cleanliness.
In terms of the capacity of PW, more than half of the respondents in the depth-interviews had over 10 kg
load capacity washers. When using a washer for laundry, they generally use cold water, and there are,
in general, no options to control the temperature of the water in the washers sold in Thailand. And most
(87.8 percent) of the respondents generally dry their laundry naturally instead of using tumble-dryers.
During the rainy season, some respondents bring their laundry to CL and use tumble-dryers in order
to dry quickly. The tendency of using tumble-dryers also changes depending on the usage of PSS.
The respondents who use PSS feel the necessity of using tumble-dryer more than those who only use
PW. Moreover, most of the respondents indicated that they generally wear their clothing only once
before the laundry, except the items which can be worn for a longer period of time such as pajamas,
skirts and pants, formal clothes, sweaters, and jackets.
Among the various laundry options, PW is the most commonly used to do laundry, and CL and LS
are used as an additional option. In the case of PSS usage, there was a slight difference in the motivation
for usage between CL and LS. The groups who were in PSS-only and multi groups commonly used CL
because they did not have a PW, that is, CL was used to overcome the physical limitation of space,
while LS was used for additional services, such as ironing. Considering the intended use and the
timing, 20 types of use patterns were identified from the survey. The most widely observed use pattern
in Bangkok was the use of CL as an alternative to PW instead of buying a new machine for a new life
in dormitories or other residences away from home. At that time, HW was also used for saving money
while living in Bangkok, or for the cleanliness. Meanwhile, many respondents use PSS effectively for
saving time and effort as well as increasing the quality of laundry, which resembles the use pattern of
Japanese consumers [17].
These details related to the typical characteristics of laundry habits in Bangkok are very useful to
estimate and define the parameter for quantifying environmental impact factors: the general process
for laundry, load capacity of washer, water temperature for laundry, the use of tumble-dryer, and the
amount of clothing. Considering the environmental potential, the relationship between the PSS users
and laundry habits was qualitatively analyzed. The group who uses PSS frequently tended to do
laundry less often than those who only use PW. Frequent PSS users adopted the use of tumble-dryers
more often, and the need to use was high compared to others who do not use PSS. The need for even
more services is also expected to increase among the PSS users. When these aspects are considered,
the use of PSS could help to reduce the annual frequency of laundry at present. On the other hand,
there is a high possibility that the use of PSS can increase the energy consumption and environmental
loads because of the increase of the demands for additional services.
This study revealed that PSS are used in various ways to match the needs and preferences of users
(Table 2) and the requirements to enhance the quality of its service have also been detailed (Table A3).
The need to improve the quality of laundry is expected to increase with the improvement of quality of
living in Bangkok in the near future. Indeed, this study shows similar results with a past study that PSS
can enhance the functionality and quality of the service [24]. At the same time, a change of consumer
behaviors related to the use of PSS determines the resulting energy consumption and environmental
burdens [18,25]. It means that the use of CL and LS can have an effect on environment, therefore
laundry habits related to use of PSS have been analyzed to clarify the impact of environmental factors
in Bangkok. It is also a significant method for consumers to make environmentally sustainable choices
while increasing their environmental awareness at the same time [26,27]. However, further information
to evaluate environmental burdens and energy consumption by the use of PSS, such as the source of
energy use, the use of water, and the use of laundry detergents, is yet to be obtained and remained as
a limitation of this study. To propose an appropriate use of PSS to encourage sustainable consumption
and production systems, a quantitative analysis of the environmental impacts of laundry habits should
be done as a future task.
Author Contributions: Conceptualization, D.M., E.A., and M.H.; methodology, D.M., E.A., and M.H.; formal
analysis, D.M.; investigation, D.M. and E.A.; writing-original draft preparation, D.M.; writing-review and editing,
D.M., E.A., and M.H.; visualization, D.M.; supervision, M.H.; project administration, D.M. and M.H.; funding
acquisition, M.H.
Funding: This research was supported by the Environment Research and Technology Development Fund (S-16)
of the Environmental Restoration and Conservation Agency.
Acknowledgments: We would like to express our gratitude to Pongsun, B. of Transportation Institute,
Chulalongkorn University in Thailand, and on-site researchers (each name is Chawan, A., Rungravee, P., and her
sister, Ranaporn, T., and Thitiwut, M.) for their kind and generous support to our study.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
referencesLS 1
nving nearby a new PSS
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1 1
bers shop
ce/intention
9, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW6 10 of(1)18
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PSS 1 Sustainability 2019,coin-operated
11, 4486 laundromats (CL), and laundry services
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op
69).
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se Patterns Sub Usage Underwear
ce of using 2 Appendix
8 Main
A
No. All Formal Large- Busy (1) HW (No.)
SS Reason for Use Usage Drying
Types Clothes Size Time 1 Always/all
ving 1
Noin Dorm/Bangkok
intention 3
and types (1)
(leaving hometown) Table A1. A list of acronyms used Underwear
in this paper.
necessary about using 17
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rm/Bangkok 1
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iving
essary in times in which 1there is not enough time to do the laundry, such as during exams.
ofDorm/Bangkok
1 Multi The group that uses both of private washing types (1) (PW) and Product- Service system (PSS)
Always (1)machines
,(leaving
ng and indicates
alone hometown) the use of PW, CL, and LS, respectively.
2 always (1)
1
PSS-only The group that uses product-service system (PSS) only
Always (1)
and Conclusions 3
times in which there is notPW+CL
enough time to doThe
thegroup that such
laundry, uses as
both private
during washing machines (PW) and coin-operated self-service
exams.
7 laundromats
Always(CL)
(4)
indicates
lts
iving the use
indicated thatoflaundry
in Dorm/Bangkok PW, CL, and LS, of
habits respectively.
Bangkok have the following characteristics. Even
3 PW+LS The group that uses both private washing machines (PW) and laundry services (LS)
se of washers is becoming more common, some respondents still pre-wash their clothes
1
nclusions
re using a washer to ensure PW+CL+LS the quality The
ofgroup that uses such
the laundry, privateaswashing In Always
machines
cleanliness. (PW)(1)
terms together with coin-operated self-service
of
No space to install 1 laundromats (CL) and laundry services (LS)
of
atedPW, more
that than half
laundry habitsof of
theBangkok
respondentshaveinthethefollowing
depth-interviews had over
characteristics. Even 10 kg load
hers. CL+LS Thethey
group that uses use
bothcold
coin-operated self-service laundromats (CL) and laundry services (LS)
hers is becoming more common, some respondents still pre-wash their clothes are, in
When using a washer
1 for laundry, generally water, and there
ptions
No to control
space to install/Not
a washer the temperature
CL-only of the water in the
The washers
respondent sold
who
to ensure the quality of the laundry, such as cleanliness. In terms of in Thailand.
uses And
coin-operated most
self-service laundromats (CL) only
)orenecessary
of than PW/No
the respondents 5
generally
half of the respondentsLS-only dry their
in the laundry naturally
depth-interviews The instead
over 10ofwho
respondent
had kgusing
uses tumble-
load laundry services (LS) only
intention LS
g the
enNotusingrainy season,
a washer some respondents
for laundry, bring their laundry
HW-onlythey generally use cold water,
to CL and use
and therewho
The respondent
tumble-dryers
are,doinlaundry by hand (HW)only
necessary of
y PW/Living
quickly. 1 Always (1)
control the The
alonetendencyofofthe
temperature n
using
watertumble-dryers
in the washers also changes
sold in depending
Thailand. And on the
most usage
The number of samples
espondentsuser who
respondents
W-only use PSS
generally feeltheir
1 dry the necessity of using tumble-dryer
laundry naturally instead of usingmoretumble-
than those who
Always (1)
Moreover, most of the No.
respondents indicated that they generally wearThe number
their of respondents
clothing only
ny season, some respondents bring their laundry to CL and use tumble-dryers
me means times in which there 2is not enough time to do the laundry, such as during exams.
e laundry,
y. The tendencyexceptof theusing χ
items which can be worn for a longer period ofon time
thesuch as pajamas,
Chi-squared value
, and indicates the use tumble-dryers
of PW, CL, and LS, also changes
respectively.depending usage
nts, formal
nts who useclothes,
PSS feel sweaters, d fand jackets.
the necessity of using tumble-dryer more than those degrees
whoof freedom
er,and
n most of the respondents indicated
Conclusions p that they generally wear their clothing only
P-value
y, except the items which can be worn for a longer period of time such as pajamas,
ults indicated that laundryw/ habits of Bangkok have the following characteristics. With Even
al clothes, sweaters, and jackets.
se of washers is becoming w/omore common, some respondents still pre-wash their clothes
Without
re using a washer to ensuremin.the quality of the laundry, such as cleanliness. Minute
In terms of
of PW, more than half of OCC.
the respondents in the depth-interviews had over 10 kg load
Occasionally
hers. When using a washer for laundry, they generally use cold water, and there are, in
Dorm. Dormitory
ptions to control the temperature of the water in the washers sold in Thailand. And most
(B)
) of the respondents generally dry their laundry naturally instead ofUsing in busy
using time
tumble-
(D)
ng the rainy season, some respondents bring their laundry to CL Using for tumble-dryers
and use drying by tumble-dryer
ry quickly. The tendency ofQ.using tumble-dryers also changes depending onQuality the usage
espondents who use PSS feel the necessity of using tumble-dryer more than those who
Moreover, most of the respondents indicated that they generally wear their clothing only
he laundry, except the items which can be worn for a longer period of time such as pajamas,
nts, formal clothes, sweaters, and jackets.
Table A2. The details of use patterns of private washers (PW), coin-operated laundromats (CL), and laundry services (LS).
Actual Reason for Use: Lifestyle Changes or HW PW CL LS

Group 1 No. 2
Methods 3 Preferences 4 Types 5 Frequency 5 Types 5 Frequency 5 Types 5 Frequency 5 Types 5 Frequency 5
Housekeeper do (2)
Preferring self-laundry (2)
- - All types (14) Always (14) - - - -
14 PW-only Avoiding share with others (2)
Having experience (3)
PW-only PW-only No experience/intention PSS (6)
1 - All types (1) Always (1) All types (1) OCC. (1) - - - -
No intention to use PSS (2) - - large-size (1) OCC. (1) - -
3 PW+CL All types (3) Occasionally (3)
No good shop nearby (1) All types (2) OCC. (D)(2)
3 PW+LS - - - All types (3) OCC. (3) - - Formal clothes (3) Often (3)
1 LS-only Living alone, needless of PW All types (1) Always (1) - - - - large-size (1) OCC. (1)
Living in Dorm 1 . (6)/No intention LS (2) - - All types (6) Often (6) All types (6) Usually (6) - -
Living in Dorm, HW: using for saving
All types (1) Always (1) All types (1) Often (1) All types (1) OCC. (B)(1) -
money (1)
9 PW+CL
New shop is opened (1) - - All types (1) Usually (1) All types (1) Usually (1) - -
No experience/intention LS (1) - - All types (1) Always (1) Large-size (1) OCC. (1) - -
- - Formal clothes (1) Often (1)

PW+CL Having PW (2) All types (2) Always (2) All types (2) OCC. (D)(2)
3 PW+CL+LS Large-size (1) OCC. (1)
Living in Dorm (1) All types (1) Often (1) All types (1) Usually (1) All types (1) OCC (B) (1)
1 PW+LS Having PW (1) All types (1) Always (1) All types (1) Always (1) - - Formal clothes (1) Often (1)
1 PW-only No intention PSS (1) All types (1) Always (1) All types (1) Always (1) - - – -
Preferring self-laundry, No intention LS (1) - - - - All types (1) Always (1) - -
3 CL-only
Living in Dorm. (2) Underwear (2) Always (2) - - All types (2) Always (2) - -
- - - - Formal clothes (2) Often (2)

No experience/intention CL (3) All types (3) Always (3)
Multi
Large-size (1) OCC. (1)
PW+LS 5 PW+LS Different laundry preferences between
- - All types (1) Always (1) - - All types (1) Always (1)
family members (1)
Living in Dorm., No experience/intention Underwear and
- All types (1) Often (1) All types (1) Usually (1)
CL (1) socks (1)
- - Always (1) Always (1) OCC. (B) (1)

Living in Dorm. (2) All types (2) Often (2) All types (2)
3 PW+CL+LS OCC. (B)(1) Formal clothes (1) Often (1)
Preferring self-laundry (1) - - All types (1) Always (1) Large-size (1) OCC. (1) All types (1) OCC.(B) (1)
Different laundry preferences between
PW+CL+LS 1 PW+CL - - All types (1) Always (1) All types (1) Always (1) - -
family members
1 PW-only - Underwear (1) - All types (1) Always (1) - - - -
1 PW+LS - Underwear (1) - All types (1) Always (1) - - Large-size (1) OCC. (1)
- - - - Formal clothes (1) Often (1)

2 CL+LS Preferring LS (2) All types (2) Always (2)
All types (1) OCC.(B)(1)
Table A2. Cont.
Actual Reason for Use: Lifestyle Changes or HW PW CL LS

Group 1 No. 2
Methods 3 Preferences 4 Types 5 Frequency 5 Types 5 Frequency 5 Types 5 Frequency 5 Types 5 Frequency 5
CL+LS 0 - - - - - - - - - -
Living in Dorm. - - - -
1 PW+CL All types (1) Often (1) All types (1) Usually (1)
LS: Not suitable to lifestyle
PSS-only CL-only
w/PW 1 CL+LS Living in Dorm. - - - - All types (1) Always (1) Formal clothes (1) Often (1)
1 (HW-only) HW: Preferred for cleanliness All types (1) Always (1) - - - - - -
Living in Dorm. - - - -
LS-only 1 PW+LS All types (1) Often (1) All types (1) Usually (1)
Having experience/No intention CL
1 CL+LS No PW All types (1) Always (1) - - Large-size (1) Often (1) Formal clothes (1) Often (1)
Prefer self-laundry - - - - - -
CL+LS 1 CL-only All types (1) Always (1)
CL: suitable to lifestyle
1 LS-only - - - - - - - Formal clothes (1) Often (1)
No space to install (1)
- - - - All types (5) Always (5) - -
PSS-only Do not want PW (2)
w/o PW No intention LS (2)
8 CL-only
CL-only
HW: using for cleanliness (1) - - - -
All types (2) Always (2) All types (1) Always (1)
No space to install (1)
Socks and shirts
No intention LS (1) Always (1) - - All types (1) Always (1) - -
(1)
1 PW+CL Living in Bangkok/ No intention LS - - All types (1) Often (1) All types (1) Usually (1) - -
LS-only 1 LS-only No space to install - - - - - - All types (1) Always (1)
1 2
Group was divided based on the answers from the questionnaire. Numbers in parentheses in the table (No.) indicates the number of respondents. Actual methods were classified 3
based on the responses of the in-depth interview. 4 Reason for using shows the motivations of using each method related to lifestyle changes or personal preferences. 5 Types and frequency
shows intended use and frequency of use, respectively. 6 Dorm. and OCC. is the abbreviation for dormitory and occasionally, respectively. w/ and w/o = “with” and “without,” respectively.
7 (B) and (D) shows busy time and using for drying by machine, respectively.
Table A3. Opinions about the use of private washers (PW), coin-operated laundromats (CL), and laundry services (LS) by groups.
PW CL LS
Technical Functional Service Technical Functional Service Technical Functional Service
Quality Quality Environment Quality Quality Environment Quality Quality Environment
pros
Q. 4 of service/shop
Group No. and
Well-finished
Well-finished
Well-finished
Saving effort
Saving effort
Saving effort
Saving time
Saving time
Saving time
cons
Sanitary
Sanitary
Sanitary
Speedy
Speedy
Speedy
Access
Access
Access
Cost
Cost
Cost
pros O O O O O O O
PW-only PW-only 22
cons • • • • • • • • •
pros O O O O O O O
PW+CL 17
cons • • •
Multi pros O
PW+LS 5
cons •
pros O O O O O O O O O
PW+CL+LS 8
cons
pros
CL+LS 0
cons
w/PW pros O O O O O O
CL-only 4
cons • • • • • • • •
pros O O O
PSS-only LS-only 1
cons
pros O O O O
CL+LS 3
cons •
w/o PW pros O O O
CL-only 9
cons • • • • • •
pros O O O O O O O O O
LS-only 1
cons
pros 3 1 2 2 2 0 0 0 3 2 4 4 4 1 2 0 2 1 4 5 3 0 1 3
Total
cons 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 1 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 2 3 3 1 5 2
1Group was divided based on the answers from the questionnaire. 2 The row in each group is divided into 2 rows: Upper row = “the advantages (pros, O)”, lower rows = “the
•
disadvantages (cons, )” of each method. 3 Multiple answers were permitted. 4 Q. is the abbreviation for quality.
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sustainability

Sustainability 2019, 11, 4486; doi:10.3390/su11164486 www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability

2. Residential and Living Environments in Bangkok

3.1. Residents Survey in Bangkok: Questionnaires and In-Depth Interviews

Table 1. An outline of a questionnaire survey and an in-depth interview survey.

Figure 3. The percentage of respondents in each group (n = 192).

Figure 4. Annual number of laundry cycles by group (n = 192, multiple responses).

Moreover, the frequency Sustainability of2019,use, 11, x the

respectively. Meanwhile,Sustainability in the case 2019, ofx FOR

5. Discussion and Conclusions

Actual Reason for Use: Lifestyle Changes or HW PW CL LS

- - Formal clothes (1) Often (1)

- - - - Formal clothes (2) Often (2)

- - Always (1) Always (1) OCC. (B) (1)

- - - - Formal clothes (1) Often (1)

Table A2. Cont.

Actual Reason for Use: Lifestyle Changes or HW PW CL LS

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